German States to 1918 F-M

Note: The list below is only complete for those polities that survived beyond 1806. Within
the Holy Roman Empire, there existed countless minor states (ecclesiastical states, imperial
cities, imperial villages, lordships, counties, baronies, principalities, etc.), which
are nearly impossible to list with even partial accuracy. A major reorganization was
brought about by the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss of 1803, when more than 100 polities were
abolished. Polities listed prior to 1806 are a sample of the major or most well known
polities of the Holy Roman Empire and the Confederation of the Rhine. After 1806, all the
polities that survived the Napoleonic Wars and the Congress of Vienna are listed.

For the sake of providing a division between eras, after the republican revolutions
of 1918, which overthrew the last German monarchies, remaining states are listed under
German states since 1918; these include the states and provinces of the Weimar Republic, Third Reich, and the modern period. The provinces of Prussia are listed in a separate section following the entry for Prussia (Prussian provinces to 1946). Statistical data is given only for those polities that survived to 1918.

Religious titles: Abt/Abtissin = Abbot/Abbess; Bischof = bishop; Erzbischof = Archbishop; Fürstäbte = Prince-Abbot; Fürstinabtissin = Princess-Abbess; Fürstbischof = Prince-bishop

Maps showing some of the major territorial changes: Historical Map of Germany in 1660;
Historical map of Germany in 1789; Historical map of Germany in 1803; Map of Germany in 1812;
Map of German Confederation 1815; Map of German Empire 1871

856                      Benedictine Abbey of Gandersheim (Stift Gandersheim).
1021                     Abbesses also Countesses.
1417                     Abbesses made Princess of the Empire.
1542 - 1547              Protestant rule.
1589                     Becomes a Protestant abbey.
23 Sep 1802              Secularized and annexed to Brunswick.
2 Nov 1806              French occupation.
28 Aug 1807              Annexed to Kingdom of Westphalia.
1813 - 6 Nov 1813       Allied administration.
6 Nov 1813              Reincorporated to Brunswick.

Princess-Abbesses (title Fürstinäbtissin zu Gandersheim)
1693 - 1713              Henriette Christine Herzogin       (b. 1646 - d. 1713)
                           von Braunschweig
1713 - 1766              Elisabeth Christine Antonie        (b. 1681 - d. 1766)
                           Herzogin von Sachsen-Meiningen
1766 - 1777              Therese Natalie Herzogin von       (b. 1728 - d. 1778)
                           Braunschweig
1777 - 23 Sep 1802       Auguste Dorothea Herzogin von      (b. 1749 - d. 1810)
                           Braunschweig

Gaster: see under Swiss Cantons
Geneva: see Swiss Cantons
Gersau: see under Swiss Cantons
Glarus: see Swiss Cantons
Görz: see Görz and Gradisca under Austrian Lands
Gotteshausbund (League of God's House): see Swiss Cantons
Gradisca (Gradiska): see Görz and Gradisca under Austrian Lands
Graubünden: see Swiss Cantons

Grauder Bund (Grey League): see Swiss Cantons

Gutenzell

1237                     Cistercian Abbey of Gutenzell (Stift Gutenzell)
1417/37                  Abbesses made Princesses of the Empire.
27 Apr 1803              Secularized given to the Count of Törring.
12 Jul 1806              Annexed to Württemburg.

Princess-Abbesses (title Fürstinäbtissin zu Gutenzell)
1696 - 1718              Viktoria Hochwind
1718 - 1747              Bernardina von Donnerberg
1747 - 1759              Franziska von Gall
1759 - 1776              Alexandra Zimmermann
1776 - 27 Apr 1803       Justina von Erolzheim              (d. 1809)

Hamburg

[Hamburg (Germany)]
Adopted 14 May 1751

Map of Hamburg National Anthem
"Heil über dir Hammonia"
(aka "Stadt Hamburg an der
Elbe Auen")
Text of National Anthem
(1828-1918)

Constitution Capital: Hamburg Population: 875,090 (1905)

834                        Bishopric of Hamburg
848 - 1072                 In personal union with Bishopric of Bremen.
1189                       Free City of Hamburg
1358 - 1669                Member of the Hanseatic League.
1510                       Free Imperial City
1618                       The Bundeskammergericht confirms that Hamburg
                             is reichsunmittelbar; the polity usually gives itself
                             the style Free Imperial City of Hamburg; four mayors to
                             1861, alternating with two of them worthaltend (in charge)
                             at any time; four "succession lines" can be distinguished.
13 Nov 1806                Free Hanseatic City of Hamburg
19 Nov 1806                Occupied by France.
13 Dec 1810 - 18 Mar 1813 Incorporated into France; départementof Bouches-de-l'Elbe
                             created 1 Jan 1811 (see under Germany).
18 Mar 1813                Free Hanseatic City of Hamburg (restored).
29 May 1813 - 31 May 1814 Incorporated into France.
31 May 1814                Free Hanseatic City of Hamburg (restored).
20 Dec 1819                Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg
                             (from 1918 see German states since 1918).
1 Jan 1868                Bergedorf incorporated into Hamburg (ruled jointly
                             with Lubeck 1420-1868).

Governors-general of the Hanseatic Cities
15 Dec 1806 - 29 Apr 1807  Louis-Bertrand-Pierre Brun de (b. 1773 - d. 1845)
Villeret
14 Jul 1807 - 7 Mar 1809 Jean-Baptiste Jules Bernadotte    (b. 1763 - d. 1844)
Feb 1810 - Jul 1810        Gabriel Jean Joseph Molitor       (b. 1770 - d. 1849)
1 Dec 1810 - 18 May 1813 Louis Davout, duc du Auerstedt,   (b. 1770 – d. 1823)
                             prince du Eckmühl
13 Jul 1810 - 3 Mar 1812 Charles Antoine Morand            (b. 1771 - d. 1835)
                            (acting for Davout)
1812 - 1813                Claude Carra de Saint-Cyr         (b. 1760 - d. 1834)
                            (acting for Davout)
Military governor
30 May 1813 - 10 May 1814 Louis Davout, duc du Auerstedt,   (s.a.)
                             prince du Eckmühl
2 Jul 1813 - 1814         Soyer
                            (acting for Davout)

Mayors (Bürgermeister)
- Line 1 -
18 Nov 1697 - 17 Nov 1709 Peter von Lengerke                 (b. 1651 - d. 1709)
27 Nov 1709 - 15 Jul 1716 Lucas von Borstel                  (b. 1649 - d. 1716)
24 Jul 1716 - 30 Jul 1720 Bernhard Matfeld                   (b. 1661 - d. 1720)
6 Aug 1720 - 1 Feb 1728 Hinrich Diedrich Wiese             (b. 1676 - d. 1728)
11 Feb 1728 - 22 Nov 1742 Rütger Rulant                      (b. 1665 - d. 1742)
1 Dec 1742 - 19 Oct 1754 Conrad Widow                       (b. 1686 - d. 1754)
29 Oct 1754 - 28 Jul 1783 Nicolaus Schuback                  (b. 1700 - d. 1783)
4 Aug 1783 - 12 Jan 1790 Johann Anderson II                 (b. 1717 - d. 1790)
22 Jan 1790 - 13 Nov 1801 Franz Anton Wagner                 (b. 1715 - d. 1801)
20 Nov 1801 - 13 Feb 1811 Friedrich von Graffen (1st time)   (b. 1745 - d. 1820)
18 Mar 1813 - 29 May 1813 Friedrich von Graffen (2nd time)   (s.a.)
31 May 1814 - 17 Mar 1820 Friedrich von Graffen (3rd time)   (s.a.)
25 Mar 1820 - 1 Feb 1850 Johann Heinrich Bartels            (b. 1761 - d. 1850)
- Line 2 -
22 Aug 1684 - 28 Mar 1704 Joachim Lemmermann
4 Apr 1704 - 30 Jun 1712 Paul Paulsen
7 Jul 1712 - 30 Jun 1722 Ludwig Becceler
8 Jul 1722 - 15 Nov 1729 Hans Jacob Faber
23 Nov 1729 - 29 Jan 1739 Daniel Stockfleth
7 Feb 1739 - 16 Sep 1741 Johann Hermann Luis
26 Sep 1741 - 20 Nov 1759 Cornelius Poppe
23 Nov 1759 - 21 Apr 1780 Peter Greve
28 Apr 1780 - 22 Aug 1784 Frans Doormann
27 Aug 1784 - 31 Jan 1788 Johann Luis
8 Feb 1788 - 12 Apr 1798 Martin Dorner
20 Apr 1798 - 31 Dec 1810 Daniel Lienau (1st time)           (b. 1739 - d.1816)
18 Mar 1813 - 29 May 1813 Daniel Lienau (2nd time)           (s.a.)
31 May 1814 - 5 Jun 1816 Daniel Lienau (3rd time)           (s.a.)
12 Jun 1816 - 6 Jul 1821 Christian Matthias Schröder
13 Jul 1821 - 26 Apr 1829 Johann Daniel Koch
4 May 1829 - 24 Feb 1835 Martin Garlieb Sillem
2 Mar 1835 - 5 Mar 1851 Christian Daniel Benecke           (b. 1768 - d. 1851)
- Line 3 -
10 Mar 1697 - 6 Dec 1702 Hieronymus Hartwig Moller
14 Dec 1702 - 28 Jul 1703 Julius Surland
4 Aug 1703 - 28 Jan 1723 Gerhard Schröder
5 Feb 1723 - 3 May 1743 Johann Anderson I
14 May 1743 - 23 May 1749 Nicolaus Stampeel
3 Jun 1749 - 8 Dec 1750 Clemens Samuel Lipstorp
17 Dec 1750 - 27 Jul 1751 Lucas von Spreckelsen
3 Aug 1751 - 9 Jan 1765 Lucas Corthum
17 Jan 1765 - 20 Mar 1781 Vincent Rumpff
28 Mar 1781 - 22 Aug 1800 Jacob Albrecht von Sienen
29 Aug 1800 - 16 Oct 1802 Peter Hinrich Widow
23 Oct 1802 - 31 Dec 1810 Wilhelm Amsinck (1st time)         (b. 1752 - d. 1831)
18 Mar 1813 - 29 May 1813 Wilhelm Amsinck (2nd time)         (s.a.)
31 May 1814 - 21 Jun 1831 Wilhelm Amsinck (3rd time)         (s.a.)
29 Jun 1831 - 14 Dec 1842 Amandus Augustin Abendroth         (b. 1767 - d. 1842)
23 Dec 1842 - 31 Dec 1860 Heinrich Kellinghusen              (b. 1796 - d. 1879)
- Line 4 -
3 Nov 1687 - 28 Aug 1717 Peter Lütkens II
7 Sep 1717 - 26 Dec 1732 Garlieb Sillem
6 Jan 1733 - 11 Jan 1751 Martin Lucas Schele
19 Jan 1751 - 20 Nov 1774 Martin Hieronymus Schele
29 Nov 1774 - 5 Sep 1778 Johann Schlüter
11 Sep 1778 - 3 Jan 1786 Albert Schulte
11 Jan 1786 - 28 Aug 1907 Johann Adolf Poppe
4 Sep 1807 - 31 Dec 1810 Johann Arnold Heise (1st time)     (b. 1747 - d. 1834)
18 Mar 1813 - 29 May 1813 Johann Arnold Heise (2nd time)     (s.a.)
31 May 1814 - 5 Mar 1834 Johann Arnold Heise (3rd time)     (s.a.)
12 Mar 1834 - 19 Aug 1835 Martin Hieronymus Schrötteringk    (d. 1835)
26 Aug 1835 - 24 Nov 1843 David Schlüter                     (d. 1844)
27 Nov 1843 - 25 Jan 1855 Johann Ludewig Dammert             (d. 1855)
31 Jan 1855 - 31 Dec 1860 Nicolaus Binder                    (b. 1785 - d. 1863)
First mayors
2 Jan 1861 - 31 Dec 1862 Friedrich Sieveking (1st time)     (b. 1798 - d. 1872)
1 Jan 1863 - 31 Dec 1864 Nicolaus Ferdinand Haller
                             (1st time)                       (b. 1805 - d. 1876)
1 Jan 1865 - 31 Dec 1865 Friedrich Sieveking (2nd time)     (s.a.)
1 Jan 1866 - 31 Dec 1867 Nicolaus Ferdinand Haller
                             (2nd time)                       (s.a.)
1 Jan 1868 - 31 Dec 1868 Friedrich Sieveking (3rd time)     (s.a.)
1 Jan 1869 - 31 Dec 1869 Gustav Heinrich Kirchenpauer
                             (1st time)                       (b. 1808 - d. 1887)
1 Jan 1870 - 31 Dec 1870 Nicolaus Ferdinand Haller
                             (3rd time)                       (s.a.)
1 Jan 1871 - 31 Dec 1872 Gustav Heinrich Kirchenpauer
                             (2nd time)                       (s.a.)
1 Jan 1873 - 31 Dec 1873 Nicolaus Ferdinand Haller
                             (4th time)                       (s.a.)
1 Jan 1874 - 31 Dec 1874 Hermann Gossler                    (b. 1802 - d. 1877)
1 Jan 1875 - 31 Dec 1875 Gustav Heinrich Kirchenpauer
                             (3rd time)                       (s.a.)
1 Jan 1876 - 31 Dec 1877 Carl Friedrich Petersen (1st time) (b. 1809 - d. 1892)
1 Jan 1878 - 31 Dec 1878 Gustav Heinrich Kirchenpauer
                             (4th time)                       (s.a.)
1 Jan 1879 - 31 Dec 1879 Hermann Anthony Cornelius Weber
                             (1st time)                       (b. 1822 - d. 1886)
1 Jan 1880 - 31 Dec 1880 Carl Friedrich Petersen (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1881 - 31 Dec 1881 Gustav Heinrich Kirchenpauer
                             (5th time)                       (s.a.)
1 Jan 1882 - 31 Dec 1882 Hermann Anthony Cornelius Weber
                             (2nd time)                       (s.a.)
1 Jan 1883 - 31 Dec 1883 Carl Friedrich Petersen (3rd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1884 - 31 Dec 1884 Gustav Heinrich Kirchenpauer
                             (6th time)                       (s.a.)
1 Jan 1885 - 31 Dec 1885 Hermann Anthony Cornelius Weber
                             (3rd time)                       (s.a.)
1 Jan 1886 - 31 Dec 1886 Carl Friedrich Petersen (4th time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1887 -3/4 Mar 1887 Gustav Heinrich Kirchenpauer
                             (7th time)                       (s.a.)
14 Mar 1887 - 31 Dec 1888 Johannes Georg Andreas Versmann
                             (1st time)                       (b. 1820 - d. 1899)
1 Jan 1889 - 31 Dec 1889 Carl Friedrich Petersen (5th time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1890 - 31 Dec 1890 Johannes Georg Mönckeberg
                             (1st time)                       (b. 1839 - d. 1908)
1 Jan 1891 - 31 Dec 1891 Johannes Georg Andreas Versmann
                             (2nd time)                       (s.a.)
1 Jan 1892 - 14 Nov 1892 Carl Friedrich Petersen (6th time) (s.a.)
14 Nov 1892 - 31 Dec 1893 Johannes Georg Mönckeberg          (s.a.)
                             (acting to 31 Dec 1892)
                             (2nd time)
1 Jan 1894 - 31 Dec 1894 Johannes Georg Andreas Versmann
                             (3rd time)                       (s.a.)
1 Jan 1895 - 31 Dec 1895 Johannes Christian Eugen Lehmann
                             (1st time)                       (b. 1826 - d. 1901)
1 Jan 1896 - 31 Dec 1896 Johannes Georg Mönckeberg
                             (3rd time)                       (s.a.)
1 Jan 1897 - 31 Dec 1897 Johannes Georg Andreas Versmann
                             (4th time)                       (s.a.)
1 Jan 1898 - 31 Dec 1898 Johannes Christian Eugen Lehmann
                             (2nd time)                       (s.a.)
1 Jan 1899 - 31 Dec 1899 Johannes Georg Mönckeberg
                             (4th time)                       (s.a.)
1 Jan 1900 - 15 Sep 1900 Johannes Christian Eugen Lehmann
                             (3rd time)                       (s.a.)
15 Sep 1900 - 31 Dec 1901 Georg Hachmann (1st time)          (b. 1838 - d. 1904)
                             (acting to 19 Nov 1900)
1 Jan 1902 - 31 Dec 1902 Johannes Georg Mönckeberg
                             (5th time)                       (s.a.)
1 Jan 1903 - 31 Dec 1903 Johann Heinrich Burchard
                             (1st time)                       (b. 1852 - d. 1912)
1 Jan 1904 - 5 Jul 1904 Georg Hachmann (2nd time)          (s.a.)
5 Jul 1904 - 31 Dec 1905 Johannes Georg Mönckeberg          (s.a.)
                             (6th time) (acting to 11 Jul 1904)
1 Jan 1906 - 31 Dec 1906 Johann Heinrich Burchard
                             (2nd time)                       (s.a.)
1 Jan 1907 - 31 Dec 1907 Johann Otto Stammann               (b. 1835 - d. 1909)
1 Jan 1908 - 27 Mar 1908 Johannes Georg Mönckeberg
                             (7th time)                       (s.a.)
27 Mar 1908 - 31 Dec 1909 Johann Heinrich Burchard
                             (3rd time)(acting to 3 Apr 1908) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1910 - 31 Dec 1911 Max Predöhl (1st time)             (b. 1854 - d. 1923)
1 Jan 1912 - 6 Sep 1912 Johann Heinrich Burchard
                             (4th time)                       (s.a.)
6 Sep 1912 - 31 Dec 1913 Carl August Schröder (1st time)    (b. 1855 - d. 1945)
                             (acting to 13 Sep 1912)
1 Jan 1914 - 31 Dec 1914 Max Predöhl (2nd time)             (s.a.)
1 Jan 1915 - 31 Dec 1915 Werner von Melle (1st time)        (b. 1853 - d. 1937)
1 Jan 1916 - 31 Dec 1916 Carl August Schröder (2nd time)    (s.a.)
1 Jan 1917 - 31 Dec 1917 Max Predöhl (3rd time)             (s.a.)
1 Jan 1918 - 12 Nov 1918 Werner von Melle (2nd time)        (s.a.)

Hanau

1168                       County of Hanau (Grafschaft Hanau).
1404 - 1419                Part of Mainz.
28 Mar 1736                Under special administration of Hesse-Kassel.
4 Nov 1806 - 16 May 1810 French administration.
16 May 1810                Part of Frankfurt.
2 Dec 1813                Incorporated into Hesse-Kassel.
1 Oct 1867                Annexed to Prussia.

Counts (title Graf von Hanau)
30 Mar 1685 - 4 Oct 1712 Philipp Reinhard II           (b. 1664 - d. 1712)
4 Oct 1712 - 28 Mar 1736 Johann Reinhard               (b. 1665 - d. 1738)
28 Mar 1736 - 1754         Wilhem I von Hessen           (b. 1682 - d. 1760)
1754 - 31 Oct 1785         Wilhelm II von Hessen         (b. 1743 - d. 1821)
31 Oct 1785 - 4 Nov 1806 ....
Governors
31 Oct 1785 - 4 Nov 1806 ....
4 Nov 1806 - 16 May 1810 François Christophe Kellerman (b. 1735 - d. 1820)
                             duc de Valmy
Intendant
4 Nov 1806 - 16 May 1810 Marcotte de Forceville

Hanover (Hannover)

to c.1727	c.1727 - 28 Aug 1801	28 Aug 1801 - 20 Jun 1837 State flag
1837 - 20 Sep 1866


1286 Fürstentum Göttingen detached from Brunswick.
23 Nov 1432 Fürstentum Calenberg detached from Brunswick.
6 Feb 1463 Calenberg and Göttingen merged into Fürstentum
Calenberg-Göttingen.
19 Dec 1692 The ruler of Calenberg-Göttingen is made a prince-elector
of the Holy Roman Empire; the polity is styled
Kurfürstentum Braunschweig und Lüneburg; the abbreviation
Kurbraunschweig is also in official use, and the style
Kurfürstentum Hannover (from the name of the capital city)
come into gradual official use also; the change in Erzamt
("arch-office") in the ruler's style in 1710 and the
technically incorrect retention of the new one in 1714 are
the indirect result of corresponding changes for the rulers
of Bavaria (Bayern) and the Palatinate (Pfalz).
1 Aug 1714 - 20 Jun 1837 Personal union with Great Britain.
26 Jul 1757 - Nov 1757 Occupied by France.
4 Jun 1803 - 26 Oct 1805 Occupied by France.
26 Oct 1805 - 1 Apr 1806 Occupied by Prussia.
1 Apr 1806 Annexed to Prussia.
12 Nov 1806 Occupied by France.
1 Mar 1810 - 29 Oct 1813 Incorporated into Kingdom of Westphalia.
29 Oct 1813 - 6 Nov 1813 Allied administration.
6 Nov 1813 Electorate restored.
12 Oct 1814 Kingdom of Hanover (Königreich Hannover).
20 Sep 1866 Annexation by Prussia.

Dukes and Electors (title Herzog zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg, Erzbannerträger
[from 1710 Erzschatzmeister] und Kurfürst des Heiligen Römischen Reiches - Duke of
Brunswick and Lüneburg, Archbannerbearer [then Archtreasurer] and Prince-elector of
the Holy Roman Empire)
19 Dec 1692 - 2 Feb 1698 Ernst August                       (b. 1629 - d. 1698)
2 Feb 1698 - 22 Jun 1727 Georg I                            (b. 1660 - d. 1727)
22 Jun 1727 - 25 Oct 1760 Georg II                           (b. 1683 - d. 1760)
26 Jul 1757 - Nov 1757     Louis Charles César le tellier     (b. 1695 - d. 1771)
                             d'Estrées, marquis de
                             Courtanvaux -French Military governor
25 Oct 1760 - 1 Mar 1810 Georg III (1st time)               (b. 1738 - d. 1820)
French Military governors
4 Jun 1803 - Feb 1804     Édouard Alphonse Casimir Joseph    (b. 1768 - d. 1835)
                             Mortier (1st time)
Feb 1804 - 17 Jun 1804     Jean Joseph Paul Augustin          (b. 1767 - d. 1828)
                             Dessolles
17 Jun 1804 - Sep 1805     Jean-Baptiste Jules Bernadotte     (b. 1763 - d. 1844)
Sep 1805 - 18 Mar 1806     Gabriel Barbou Descourières        (b. 1761 - d. 1816)

Regent
26 Oct 1805 - 27 Jan 1806 Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand Herzog      (b. 1735 - d. 1806)
                             von Braunschweig
Prussian Military governor
27 Jan 1806 - 1 Apr 1806 Freidrich Wilhelm Graf von der     (b. 1742 - d. 1815)
                             Schulenburg-Kehnert
President of the administrative commission
1 Apr 1806 - 12 Nov 1806 Karl Heinrich Ludwig Freiherr      (b. 1753 - d. 1831)
                             von Ingersleben
French military governors
12 Nov 1806 - 1807         Édouard Alphonse Casimir Joseph    (s.a.)
                             Mortier (2nd time)
1807                       Jean Jacques Colaude de la         (b. 1759 - d. 1834)
                             Salcette
General Intendant
1807 - 1810                Belleville
Military governors
29 Oct 1813 - 4 Nov 1813 Ludwig Georg Thedel Graf von       (b. 1769 - d. 1862)
                             Wallmoden-Gimborn
4 Nov 1813 - 24 Oct 1816 Adolph Frederick,                  (b. 1774 - d. 1850)
                             Duke of Cambridge (U.K.)
Duke and Elector (title s.a.)
6 Nov 1813 - 12 Oct 1814