Italian states to 1861  P-V

754                        Donation of Pepin creates a temporal Papal State for
                             the Popes of the Roman Catholic Church (also called the Papal 
                             States or the States of the Church) Status Pontificius (Italian:
                             Stato della Chiesa).
 9 Mar 1309 - 13 Jan 1377  Popes rule from Avignon in France,
                             referred to as the "Babylonian Captivity of the Church" 
                             by historians.
31 Oct 1537 - 18 Mar 1649  Separate Duchy of Castro under the Farnese dynasty.
19 May 1769 - 1774         "Sicily" (Naples) occupies Benevento and Pontecorvo.
19 Jun 1796 - 16 Oct 1796  Ferrara and Bologna are occupied by France
                            (from 16 Oct 1796 annexed to Cispadane Republic).
10 Feb 1798 - 27 Nov 1798  Rome occupied by France.
15 Feb 1798 - 30 Sep 1799  In rebellion: Roman Republic.
27 Nov 1798 - 12 Dec 1798  Rome occupied by "Sicily" (Naples).
11 Jul 1799 - 28 Sep 1799  Rome occupied France.
30 Sep 1799 - 23 Jun 1800  Rome occupied by "Sicily" (Naples).
23 Jun 1800                Papal State (restored)
 2 Feb 1808 - 17 May 1809  French occupation.
17 May 1809                Papal State (Rome and Latinum) annexed to France; divided
                             into départements of Tibre (from 1810 Rome) and Trasimène.
17 Feb 1810                Rome is declared to be the second capital of the French Empire.
20 Mar 1811                Title "King of Rome" given to Napoléon I's infant son.
24 Mar 1814                Papal State (restored)
22 Mar 1815                Rome occupied by Naples (under Murat).
22 May 1815 -  7 Jun 1815  Austrian occupation.
 7 Jun 1815                Papal State (restored)
26 Feb 1831 - 26 Mar 1831  In rebellion: United Italian Provinces.
 9 Feb 1849 -  4 Jul 1849  In rebellion: Roman Republic.
1849 - 1859                Austrian troops stationed in Legations of Romagna and the Marche.
18 Mar 1860                Sardinia annexes Romagana (part of Central Italy from 3 Dec 1859).
17 Dec 1860                Sardinia annexes Umbria, the Marches, Benevento (25 Oct 1860)
                             and Pontecorvo (26 Dec 1860).
21 Sep 1870                Rome occupied by Kingdom of Italy.
 9 Oct 1870                Annexation of the Papal States (Latium, the Coast and Campania)
                             by Italy.
19 Oct 1870                Incorporation into the Kingdom of Italy.

Popes¹
754 - 19 Oct 1870          see Popes of the Roman Catholic Church

Secretaries of State
1691 - 27 Sep 1700         Fabrizio Cardinal Spada               (b. 1643 - d. 1717)
 3 Dec 1700 - 19 Mar 1721  Fabrizio Cardinal Paolucci (1st time) (b. 1651 - d. 1726)
10 May 1721 -  7 Mar 1724  Giorgio Cardinal Spinola              (b. 1667 - d. 1739)
1724 - 12 Jun 1726         Fabrizio Cardinal Paolucci (2nd time) (s.a.)
13 Jun 1726 - 21 Feb 1730  Niccolo Maria Cardinal Lecari         (b. 1675 - d. 1757)
1730 - 16 Sep 1733         Antonio Cardinal Banchieri            (b. 1667 - d. 1733)
Oct 1733 -  6 Feb 1740     Giuseppe Firrao                       (b. 1670 - d. 1744)
Aug 1740 - 28 Aug 1756     Silvio Cardinal Valenti Gonzaga       (b. 1690 - d. 1756)
10 Sep 1756 -  3 May 1758  Alberico Cardinal Archinto            (b. 1698 - d. 1758)
1758 -  2 Feb 1769         Luigi Maria Cardinal Torreggiani      (b. 1697 - d. 1777)
1769 - 23 Feb 1785         Lazzaro Opizio Cardinal Pallavicini   (b. 1719 - d. 1785)
Jun 1785 - Sep 1789        Ignazio Cardinal Boncompagni          (b. 1743 - d. 1790)
                             Ludovisi
13 Oct 1789 - Aug 1796     Francesco Saverio Cardinal De Zelada  (b. 1717 - d. 1801)
Aug 1796 - Mar 1797        Ignazio Cardinal Busca                (b. 1731 - d. 1803)
Mar 1797 - 29 Aug 1799     Giuseppe Cardinal Doria Pamphili      (b. 1751 - d. 1816)
                             (1st time)
29 Aug 1799 - 18 Jun 1808  Ercole Consalvi,                      (b. 1757 - d. 1824)
                             marchese di Consalvi  (1st time) 
                            (29 Aug 1799 chosen by conclave;
                            Mar 1800 pro-secretary of state;
                            11 Aug 1800 secretary of state)
                            (from 11 Aug 1800, Ercole Cardinal Consalvi)
Jun 1806 - Feb 1808        Filippo Cardinal Casoni (acting)      (b. 1733 - d. 1811) 
                            (Pro-Secretary of State)
Feb 1808 - 23 Mar 1808     Giuseppe Cardinal Doria Pamphili      (s.a.)
                            (2nd time)(Pro-Secretary of State) 
23 Mar 1808 - 16 Jun 1808  Giulio Cardinal Gabrielli (acting)    (b. 1748 - d. 1822)
                            (Pro-Secretary of State) 
18 Jun 1808 - 17 May 1814  Bartolommeo Cardinal Pacca (1st time) (b. 1756 - d. 1844)
                            (Pro-Secretary of State) (1st time)
17 May 1814 - 30 Aug 1823  Ercole Cardinal Consalvi (2nd time)   (s.a.)
19 May 1814 -  2 Jul 1815  Bartolommeo Cardinal Pacca (2nd time) (s.a.)
                             (acting)
30 Aug 1823 - Jun 1828     Guilio Maria Cardinal della Somaglia  (b. 1744 - d. 1830)
Jun 1828 - 10 Feb 1829     Tomaso Cardinal Bernetti (1st time)   (b. 1779 - d. 1852)
Mar 1829 - 30 Nov 1830     Giuseppe Cardinal Albani              (b. 1750 - d. 1834)
12 Feb 1831 - 20 Jun 1836  Tomaso Cardinal Bernetti (2nd time)   (s.a.)
20 Jan 1836 - 16 Jun 1846  Luigi Cardinal Lambruschini           (b. 1776 - d. 1854)
 1 Aug 1846 -  5 Jul 1847  Pasquale Cardinal Tomaso Gizzi        (b. 1787 - d. 1849)
 5 Jul 1847 - 20 Jan 1848  Carlo Cardinal Vizzardelli            (b. 1791 - d. 1852)
20 Jan 1848 -  9 Mar 1848  Giuseppe Cardinal Bofondi             (b. 1795 - d. 1867)
 9 Mar 1848 -  2 Aug 1848  Luigi Cardinal Ciacchi                (b. 1788 - d. 1865)
                            (in Ferrara, did not take up office)
10 Mar 1848 -  3 May 1848  Giacomo Cardinal Antonelli (1st time) (b. 1808 - d. 1876)
                            (acting for Ciacchi)
 5 May 1848 -  3 Jun 1848  Antonio Francesco Cardinal Orioli     (b. 1778 - d. 1852)
                            (acting for Ciacchi)
 4 Jun 1848 - 29 Nov 1848  Giovanni Cardinal Soglia              (b. 1775 - d. 1856)
                            (to 2 Aug 1848 acting for Ciacchi)
Dec 1848 -  6 Nov 1876     Giacomo Cardinal Antonelli (2nd time) (s.a.) 
                            (to Mar 1852 Pro-Secretary;
                             24 Nov 1848 - 12 Apr 1850 in exile in Naples)
18 Dec 1876 -  7 Feb 1878  Giovanni Cardinal Simeoni             (b. 1816 - d. 1892)
 5 Mar 1878 - 31 Jun 1878  Alessandro Cardinal Franchi           (b. 1819 - d. 1878)
 9 Aug 1878 - 16 Dec 1880  Lorenzo Cardinal Nina                 (b. 1812 - d. 1885)
16 Dec 1880 - 28 Feb 1887  Lodovico Cardinal Jacobini            (b. 1832 - d. 1887)
 1 Jun 1887 - 29 Jul 1903  Mariano Cardinal Rampolla,            (b. 1843 - d. 1913)
                             marchese del Tindaro
Aug 1903 - 20 Aug 1914     Raffaele Cardinal Del Val             (b. 1865 - d. 1930)
                            (to Nov 1903 Pro-Secretary)
13 Oct 1914 -  9 Feb 1930  Pietro Cardinal Gasparri              (b. 1852 - d. 1934)

Prime ministers (First ministers)
14 Oct 1847 - Jan 1848     Lodovico Cardinal Altieri             (b. 1805 - d. 1867) 
Jan 1848 - 10 Feb 1848     Giacomo Cardinal Antonelli (1st time) (s.a.)
12 Feb 1848 - 10 Mar 1848  Giuseppe Cardinal Bofondi             (s.a.) 
10 Mar 1848 - 29 Apr 1848  Giacomo Cardinal Antonelli (2nd time) (s.a.)
 3 May 1848 -  2 Aug 1848  Luigi Cardinal Ciacchi                (s.a.)
                             (did not take office)
 3 May 1848 -  2 Aug 1848  Terenzio, conte Mamiani della Rovere  (b. 1799 - d. 1885)
                             (acting for Ciacchi)
 2 Aug 1848 - 15 Sep 1848  Giovanni Cardinal Soglia              (s.a.)
15 Sep 1848 - 15 Nov 1848  Pellegrino Luigi, conte Rossi         (b. 1787 - d. 1848)
16 Nov 1848 - 24 Nov 1848  Carlo Emanuele, conte Muzzarelli      (b. 1797 - d. 1856)
24 Nov 1848 -  4 Jul 1849  Papal Commission (in Gaeta exile) 
                           - Castruccio Cardinal Castracane      (b. 1779 - d. 1852)
                               degli Antelminelli (president)
                           - Principe Barberini 
                           - Principe Roviano
                           - Marchese Ricci
                           - Marchese Bevilaqua
                           - Zucchi
                           - Roberti
17 Jul 1849 - 12 Apr 1850  Papal Governing State Commission
                           - Lodovico Cardinal Altieri           (b. 1805 - d. 1867)       
                           - Gabriel Cardinal della Genga        (b. 1801 - d. 1861)
                               Sermattei    
                           - Luigi Cardinal Vannicelli Casoni    (b. 1801 - d. 1877) 
Lieutenant General of the King for Rome and the Roman Provinces
 9 Oct 1870 - 25 Jan 1871  Alfonso Ferrero Della Marmora         (b. 1804 - d. 1878)

Comacchio
       
971                        Comacchio part of the Papal State.
1299                       Part of Duchy of Ferrara.
1505 - 15..                Occupied by Venice.
1597                       Part of Papal State.
24 May 1708                Seized by Austria (Marquisate of Comacchio).
 1 Sep 1724                Restored into Papal State.
      
Marquis (also Archdukes of Austria)
24 May 1708 - 17 Apr 1711  Giuseppe (Joseph I)                   (b. 1678 - d. 1711)
17 Apr 1711 -  1 Sep 1724  Carlo (Karl III)                      (b. 1685 - d. 1740)

French Governors of Rome
 9 Nov 1798 - 11 Jan 1799  Etienne Jacques Joseph Alexandre      (b. 1765 - d. 1840)
                             Macdonald
1808 - 1809                Sextius Alexandre François,           (b. 1759 - d. 1828)
                             comte Miollis (1st time)
1809 - Feb 1811            Jean Léonard François Lemarois        (b. 1776 - d. 1836)
19 Feb 1811 - 1814         Sextius Alexandre François,           (s.a.)
                             comte Miollis (2nd time)

Rome (Roma)

15 Jul 1809                French département Tibre (Tiber).
17 Feb 1810                Renamed département Rome (Roma).
1814                       End of French rule.

Prefect
 6 Sep 1809 - Jan 1814     Camille Casimir Philippe Marcellin,   (b. 1778 - d. 1833) 
                             comte de Tournon-Simiane 

Trasimène

15 Jul 1809                French département Trasimène (prefecture Spoleto).
1814                       End of French rule.
Prefect
 6 Sep 1809 - 24 Feb 1814  Antoine Marie, baron Roederer        (b. 1782 - d. 1865)

15 Feb 1798 - 23 Jun 1800  Roman Republic
27 Nov 1798 - 12 Dec 1798  Occupied by "Sicily" (Naples).
11 Jul 1799 - 28 Sep 1799  Occupied by France.
30 Sep 1799 - 23 Jun 1800  Occupied by "Sicily" (Naples).
 9 Feb 1849 -  4 Jul 1849  Roman Republic

Consuls
15 Feb 1798 - 20 Mar 1798  Provisional Consuls
                           - Briganti
                           - Carlo Luigi Costantini           (b. 1739 - d. 1799)
                           - Pio Camillo, duca Bonelli-       (b. 1757 - d. 1837)
                               Crescenzi
                           - Gioacchino Pessuti               (b. 1743 - d. 1814)
                           - Antonio Bassi
                           - Domenico Maggi
                           - Angelo Stampa
                           - Liborio Angelucci                (b. 1746 - d. 1811)
20 Mar 1798 - Sep 1798     Consuls
                           - Liborio Angelucci                (s.a.) 
                           - Giacomo De Mattheis
                           - Pietro Panazzi
                           - Pietro Reppi
                           - Ennio Quirino Visconti           (b. 1751 - d. 1818)
Sep 1798 - 27 Nov 1798     Consuls
                           - Brigi (1st time)
                           - Calisti (1st time)
                           - Francesco Pierelli (1st time)
                           - Giuseppe Rey (1st time)
                           - Federico Maria Domenico Michele  (b. 1760 - d. 18..)
                              Zaccaleoni (1st time) 
29 Nov 1798 - 12 Dec 1798  Provisional Government
                           - Principe Giambattista Borghese
                           - Principe Paolo-Maria Aldobrandini
                           - Principe Gibrielli
                           - Marchese Camillo Massimo
                           - Giovanni Ricci
12 Dec 1798 - 24 Jul 1799  Consuls
                           - Brigi (2nd time)
                           - Calisti (2nd time)
                           - Francesco Pierelli (2nd time)
                           - Giuseppe Rey (2nd time)
                           - Federico Maria Domenico Michele  (s.a.)
                              Zaccaleoni (2nd time) 
President of the Provisional Committee
24 Jul 1799 - 30 Sep 1799  Périller
30 Sep 1799 -  3 Jul 1800  Diego Naselli -Neapolitan Commander(b. 1754 - d. 1832)
 3 Oct 1799 - 23 Jun 1800  Provisional Government
                           - Conte Alessandro Bonaccorsi
                           - Marchese Angelo Massimi
                           - Girolamo Colonna
                           - Marchese Clemente Muti
                           - Antonio Lippi
 9 Feb 1849 - 29 Mar 1849  Executive Committee
                           - Carlo Armellini                  (b. 1777 - d. 1863)
                           - Aurelio Saliceti                 (b. 1804 - d. 1862)
                           - Mattia Montecchi                 (b. 1816 - d. 1871)
29 Mar 1849 -  1 Jul 1849  Triumvirate
                           - Carlo Armellini                  (s.a.)
                           - Giuseppe Mazzini                 (b. 1805 - d. 1872)
                           - Conte Aurelio Saffi              (b. 1819 - d. 1890)
 1 Jul 1849 -  4 Jul 1849  Triumvirate
                           - Aurelio Saliceti                 (s.a.)
                           - Alessandro Calandrelli           (b. 1805 - d. 1888)
                           - Livio Mariani                    (b. 1799 - d. 1855)
 4 Jul 1849 - 12 Apr 1850  Papal Commissioners
                           - Luigi Cardinal Altieri           (b. 1805 - d. 1867)
                           - Annibale Cardinal della Genga    (s.a.)
                           - Luigi Cardinal Vannicelli Casoni (b. 1801 - d. 1877)

Prime minister (President of the coucil of ministers)
23 Dec 1848 -  4 Jul 1849  Carlo Emanuele, conte Muzzarelli   (b. 1797 - d. 1856)

 ¹full Papal title: "Bishop of Rome, Vicar of Jesus Christ, Successor of the Prince of the Apostles, Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church, Patriarch of the West, Primate of Italy, Archbishop and Metropolitan of the Province of Rome, Sovereign of the Papal State"; 
 In several cases Popes continued to reign as heads of the Roman Catholic Church while in exile or captivity, exercising no temporal authority over the Papal State. In 1798-1799, 1800-20 Aug 1813, 1848-49, 1870-1929, the Popes continued as heads of the Roman Catholic Church, but without temporal sovereignty over the Papal State.

   26 Feb 1831 - 26 Mar 1831

President of the Assembly 
26 Feb 1831 -  4 Mar 1831  Giovanni Vicini                    (b. 1771 - d. 1845)
President of the Provisional Government
 4 Mar 1831 - 26 Mar 1831  Giovanni Vicini                    (s.a.) 

             1797 - 7 Mar 1798

1348                       Free City of Ancona.
21 Sep 1532                Annexed to Papal State.
19 Nov 1797                Anconine Republic (Repubblica Anconitana).
 7 Mar 1798                Incorporated into the Roman Republic.

Consul
19 Nov 1797 -  7 Mar 1798? Pietro Reppi

1350 - 1355                Occupied by Milan.
1402 - 1438                Occupied by Milan.
10 Nov 1506                Bologna annexed to Papal State.
19 Jun 1796                Senate receives all powers but delegates them to the
                             Gonfaloniere di Giustizia chosen for 2 months from among
                             the senators. Called the Bologna Republic (Repubblica Bolognese).
16 Oct 1796                Part of Cispadane Republic (see Modena).
 9 Jul 1797                Part of Cisalpine Republic (see Lombardy).
12 Aug 1799 - 1800         Austrian occupation.

Gonfaloniere di Giustizia
19 Jun 1796 - 30 Jun 1796  Filippo Hercolani                  (b. 1736 - d. 1810)
 1 Jul 1796 - 31 Aug 1796  Vincenzo Grassi                    (d. 1821)
 1 Sep 1796 - 31 Oct 1796  Giuseppe Carlo de Bianchi          (d. 1811)
 1 Nov 1796 - 31 May 1797  Girolamo Legnani Ferri             (b. 1721 - d. 1805)
Regia Cesarea Provvisoria Reggenza in Bologna
12 Aug 1799 - 1800         Francesco Ghisilieri
                             (chairman)
                           - Giorgio Cospi
                           - Alamanno Isolani
                           - Pietro Bianchetti
                           - Giuseppe Malvizzi
                           - Vicenzo Salaroli
                           - Vincenzo Berni degli Antoni

Consul
 4 Feb 1798 -  7 Mar 1798  Gian (Giovanni) Angelo Cocchi ?       (b. 1753 - d. 1826)

Benevento

           5 Jun 1806  - Mar 1814

571                        Duchy of Benevento
774                        Principality of Benevento
891 - 895                  Byzantine rule.
1077 - 1418                Part of the Papal State.
1418 - 1458                Occupied by "Sicily" (Naples).
1497 - 14 Jun 1497         Duchy under Giovanni Borgia duca de
                             Gandia (b. 1474 - d. 1497).
1761 - 1774                Occupied by "Sicily" (Naples).
1798 - 21 May 1799         Part of the Roman Republic.
1799 - 1802                Occupied by "Sicily" (Naples).
 5 Jun 1806                Principality of Benevento (Bénévent), under French rule.
Mar 1814 - 1815            Occupied by Austria and Naples. 
 9 Jun 1815                Restored to the Papal State.
 3 Sep 1860 - 21 Sep 1860  Provisional Government in name of the King of Sardinia.
25 Oct 1860                Annexed by Kingdom of Sardinia.

Pontecorvo

1336                       Piacenza part of Duchy of Milan.
1346                       Parma part of Duchy of Milan.
1512 - 1545                Parma and Piacenza part of Papal States.
1515 - 1521                French occupation.
16 Sep 1545                Duchies of Parma and Piacenza created.
10 Sep 1547                Parma is annexed by the Papal State, Piacenza by Milan.
 9 Nov 1549                Duchy of Parma re-established.
15 Sep 1556                Duchy of Piacenza re-established.
 7 May 1796 - 30 Apr 1799  Piacenza occupied by France.
 1 Nov 1802                Under French administration.
24 May 1808                Annexed by France as the département Taro.
14 Feb 1814 -  2 Mar 1814  Austrian occupation.
 2 Mar 1814 -  9 Mar 1814  French re-occupation (in Piacenza to 27 Apr 1814).
 9 Mar 1814 - 11 Apr 1814  Austrian occupation.
11 Apr 1814                Duchies of Parma and Piacenza (restored).
17 Dec 1847                Pontremoli annexed.
11 Apr 1848                Separate provisional governments in Parma and in Piacenza.
10 May 1848 (Parma) and
25 May 1848 (Piacenza)     Annexation to Kingdom of Sardinia decreed.
12 May 1848 - 12 Aug 1849  Pontremoli annexed by Tuscany.
Aug 1848 - 1848            Austrian occupation.
14 Aug 1848                Annexation rescinded by Sardinia.
18 Aug 1848                Duchies of Parma and Piacenza (restored).
Mar 1849                   Sardinian occupation.
1849 - 25 Aug 1849         Annexation by Kingdom of Sardinia.
Mar 1849 - 1849            Austrian occupation.
17 Jun 1859 - 18 Aug 1859  Administered by Kingdom of Sardinia.
18 Aug 1859                Parma and Piacenza (dictatorship) united with Modena.
12 Sep 1859                Administered by Kingdom of Sardinia.
 3 Dec 1859                Part of the United Provinces of Central Italy
                            (see Tuscany).
25 Dec 1859                Part of Emilian Provinces (see Modena).
18 Mar 1860                Annexation by Kingdom of Sardinia.

Dukes
16 Sep 1545 - 10 Sep 1547  Pier Luigi                         (b. 1503 - d. 1547)
 9 Nov 1549 - 15 Sep 1586  Ottavio                            (b. 1524 - d. 1586)
                            (to 1556, duke of Parma only)
15 Sep 1586 -  3 Dec 1592  Alessandro "il Gran Capitano"      (b. 1545 - d. 1592)
 3 Dec 1592 -  5 Mar 1622  Ranuccio I                         (b. 1569 - d. 1622)
 5 Mar 1622 - 11 Sep 1646  Odoardo                            (b. 1612 - d. 1646)
11 Sep 1646 - 11 Dec 1694  Ranuccio II                        (b. 1630 - d. 1694)
11 Dec 1694 - 26 Feb 1727  Francesco Maria                    (b. 1678 - d. 1727)
26 Feb 1727 - 20 Jan 1731  Antonio Francesco                  (b. 1679 - d. 1731)
20 Jan 1731 - 29 Dec 1731  Regency
                           - Enrichetta Maria d'Este (f)      (b. 1702 - d. 1777)
                           - Camillo Marazzani, vescovo       (b. 1680 - d. 1760)
                               di Parma                    
                           - Conte Federigo Dal Verme
                           - Conte Artaserse Bajardi          (b. 1676 - d. 1767)
                           - Conte Giacomo Sanvitale 
                           - Conte Odoardo Anvidi
29 Dec 1731 -  3 Oct 1735  Carlo I                            (b. 1716 - d. 1788)
 3 Oct 1735 - 20 Oct 1740  Carlo                              (b. 1685 - d. 1740)
                            (Holy Roman Emperor Karl VI)
20 Oct 1740 - 18 Oct 1748  Maria Teresa (f) -Duchess          (b. 1717 - d. 1780)
                            (Archduchess Maria Theresia of Austria)
18 Oct 1748 - 18 Jul 1765  Filippo                            (b. 1720 - d. 1765)
18 Jul 1765 -  9 Oct 1802  Ferdinando                         (b. 1751 - d. 1802)
 9 Oct 1802 -  1 Nov 1802  Regency
                           - Maria Amalia, arciduchessa       (b. 1746 - d. 1804)
                               d'Austria (f) 
                           - Cesare Ventura, marchese di      (b. 1741 - d. 1826)
                               Gallinella
                           - Conte Francesco Schizzati
Commissioner of Parma, Piacenza, and Guastalla
28 Oct 1802 - 19 Jan 1806  Jean Victor Moreau de Saint-Méry   (b. 1763 - d. 1813)
Governors-general
19 Jan 1806 - Sep 1806     Jean Andoche Junot                 (b. 1771 - d. 1813)
1806 - 1808                Hugues Eugène Nardon               (b. 1768 - d. 1823)
                             (Prefect of Parma)
18 Sep 1806 - 23 Jul 1808  Dominique Catherine Pérignon       (b. 1754 - d. 1818)
Nominal Duke of Parma
24 Apr 1808 - Apr 1814     Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès,  (b. 1753 - d. 1824)
                             duc de Parme
Nominal Duke of Piacenza
24 Apr 1808 - Apr 1814     Charles-François Lebrun,           (b. 1739 - d. 1824)
                             duc du Plaisance
Prefects of Taro département
24 May 1808 - Aug 1810     Hugues Eugène Nardon               (s.a.)
 7 Aug 1810 - 1814         Henri Jean Pierre Antoine,         (b. 1783 - d. 1854)
                             baron Dupont-Delporte
1814 - Apr 1814            Charles Nicolas Vraincourt,        (b. 1773 - d. 1852)
                             comte d'Anthouart
Duchess¹
Apr 1814 - 10/11 Apr 1814  Provisional Government
                           - Cesare Ventura, marchese di      (s.a.)
                               Gallinella
                           - Filippo Francesco, conte Magawly (b. 1787 - d. 1835)
                               Cerati de Carly
                           - Casimiro Meli-Lupi, marchese     (b. 1773 - d. 1865)
                               di Soragna
                            - Conte Alberto Douglas Scotti
                              (in Piacenza)
                            - G. Battista Anguissola
                              (in Piacenza)
10/11 Apr 1814-17 Dec 1847 Maria Luigia (f)                   (b. 1791 - d. 1847)
                            (Empress of France 1809-1814)
President of Provisional Government
15 Feb 1831 - 13 Mar 1831  Conte Filippo Linati               (b. 1757 - d. 1837)
                            (in rebellion; in Parma)
Duke¹
17 Dec 1847 - 11 Apr 1848  Carlo II (1st time)                (b. 1799 - d. 1883)
President of the Regency
20 Mar 1848 - 11 Apr 1848  Luigi Sanvitale, conte di          (b. 1799 - d. 1876)
                             Fontanellato
President of the Provisional Government
11 Apr 1848 - 18 Aug 1848  Girolamo Cantelli, conte di        (b. 1815 - d. 1884)
                             Rubbiano (in Parma)(1st time)
11 Apr 1848 - 18 Aug 1848  Provisional Government (in Piacenza)
                           - Pietro Giòia (president)         (b. 1795 - d. 1863)
                           - Antonio Anguissola
                           - Camillo Piatti
                           - Corrado Marazzani
                           - Antonio Emmanueli
Sardinian Administrators
30 Jun 1848 - 18 Aug 1848  Federico Colla                     (b. 1790 - d. 1879)
11 Jul 1848 - 18? Aug 1848 Barone Giuseppe Sappa (in Piacenza)(b. 1803 - d. 1873)
Dukes¹
18 Aug 1848 - 16 Mar 1849  Carlo II (2nd time)                (s.a.)
                            (in exile 19 Apr 1848 - 17 May 1849)
16 Mar 1849 - 22 Mar 1849  Provisional Government
                           - Salvatore Riva (president)       (b. 1802 - d. 1875)
                           - Guido Dalla Rosa                 (b. 1821 - d. 1888)
                           - Alessandro Cavagnari             (b. 1804 - d. 1892)
Sardinian Administrator
22 Mar 1849 -  4 Apr 1849  Giacomo Plezza                     (b. 1806 - d. 1893) 
Governor-general in Parma
 8 Apr 1849 - 23 Aug 1849  Vincenzo Cornacchia                (b. 1796 - d. 1855)  
 6 Apr 1849 -  9 May 1849  Central Government Junta (in Piacenza)
                           - Giulio Baratieri
                           - Luigi Guarnaschelli  
                           - Gaetano Petrucci
Extraordinary Commissioner in Piacenza 
 9 May 1849 - 23 Aug 1849  Gian Francesco Pallavicino         (b. 1800 - d. 1884)
Dukes¹
23 Aug 1849 - 27 Mar 1854  Carlo III                          (b. 1823 - d. 1854)
27 Mar 1854 -  9 Jun 1859  Roberto I                          (b. 1848 - d. 1907)
27 Mar 1854 -  9 Jun 1859  Duchess Luigia di                  (b. 1819 - d. 1864)
                             Borbone -Regent (in exile 1-4 May 1859)
Extraordinary Commissioner
 9 Jun 1859 - 10 Jun 1859  Luigi cavalieri Draghi
President of the Provisional Government Commission
 9 Jun 1859 - 17 Jun 1859  Girolamo Cantelli, conte di        (s.a.)
                             Rubbiano (2nd time)(in Parma) 
10 Jun 1859 - 17 Jun 1859  Giuseppe Manfredi (in Piacenza)    (b. 1828 - d. 1918)
Sardinian Royal Commissioners
17 Jun 1859 -  9 Aug 1859  Diodato conte Pallieri             (b. 1833 - d. 1892)
 9 Aug 1859 - 18 Aug 1859  Giuseppe Manfredi                  (s.a.)
Dictator
18 Aug 1859 - 12 Sep 1859  Luigi Carlo Farini                 (b. 1812 - d. 1866)

Chief ministers
 6 Aug 1814 - 1816         Filippo Francesco, conte Magawly   (s.a.)
                             Cerati de Carly
1834 - 20 Mar 1848         Charles Renè, comte de Bombelles   (b. 1785 - d. 1856)
 6 Apr 1849 - 17 May 1849  Antonio cavaliere Lombardi         (b. 1794 - d. 1869)
17 May 1849 -  3 May 1859  Enrico Salati

Commissioner of States of Parma and Piacenza for Austria
30 Jun 1814 -  6 Aug 1814  Ferdinando Marescalchi             (b. 1764 - d. 1816)
Austrian commanders
Aug 1848 - Aug 1848        Georg Graf von Thurn und           (b. 1788 - d. 1866)
                             Valsassina Como-Vercelli
18 Aug 1848 - 15 Mar 1849  August Graf von Degenfeld-         (b. 1798 - d. 1876)
                             Schonburg (military governor)
 5 Apr 1849 - 27 Apr 1849  Konstantin Freiherr d'Aspre von    (b. 1798 - d. 1850)
                             Hoobreuck
27 Apr 1849 - 27 Aug 1849  Karl Freiherr Stürmer              (b. 1792 - d. 1853)

 ¹full style of the ruler:
(a) 1815 - 1847: Principessa Imperiale ed Archiduchessa di Austria, per la grazia di Dio Duchessa di Parma, Piacenza e Guastalla ("Imperial Princess and Archduchess of Austria, by the Grace of God, Duchess of Parma, Placentia and Guastalla");
(b) from 17 Dec 1847: Infante di Spagna (Infante de España), Per la Grazia di
Dio Duca di Parma, Piacenza, Castro (from 1847 e Stati annessi)("Infant of Spain, by
the Grace of God Duke of Parma, Placentia, Castro [from 1847 and annexed States]).

1115                       Part of Republic of Pisa.
1399                       Piombino and Elba sold to Milan by Pisa; the
                             Appiani dynasty is granted Lordship over the territories.
1404 - 1463                Under suzerainty of Florence.
1463 - 28 Mar 1801         Under suzerainty of Kingdom of "Sicily" (Naples).
1501 - 1503                Occupied by Cesare Borgia, duca di Valentino.
 8 Nov 1509                Principality of Piombino and Lordship of Elba (incl. Piombino, 
                             Elba, Pianosa, Capraia, Plmaiola, and Montecristo); an immediate
                             fiefdom of the Holy Roman Empire, under suzerainty of Spain.
1548                       Florentine occupation.
1552 - 1557                Florentine occupation.
29 May 1557                Elba partitioned between Florence, Piombino and Spain; Principality
                             of Piombino rules only the interior of the island.
1603 - 1611                Spanish occupation.
1624 - 1626                Spanish occupation.
May 1646 - 15 Aug 1650     French occupation, prince's reign allowed to continue.
 3 Oct 1735                Under the suzerainty of "Sicily" (Naples).
 7 Nov 1796 - 1796         British occupation.
Mar 1799 - Jul 1799        French occupation.
28 Mar 1801                Annexed to the Kingdom of Etruria (see Tuscany).
17 Apr 1803                Annexed to France.
18 Mar 1805                Principality of Piombino (under French rule).
24 May 1808                Part of Tuscany (which itself is part of France).
Mar 1814 - 1814            Austrian occupation.
27 Apr 1814                Principality of Piombino (restored).
 9 Jun 1815                Ceded to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany by Congress of Vienna.
22 Mar 1860                Part of the Kingdom of Sardinia.

Princes
1634 - 25 Sep 1664         Niccolò I                            (b. 1613 - d. 1664)
25 Sep 1664 - 1699         Giovanni Battista I                  (b. 1647 - d. 1699)
1699 - 1700                Niccolò II
1699 - 1700                Anna Maria Arduino (f) -Regent       (d. 1700)
Princesses
1700 - 27 Nov 1700         Olimpia                              (b. 1656 - d. 1700)
27 Nov 1700 - 16 Dec 1733  Ippolita                             (b. 1663 - d. 1733)
                           - jointly with the following two -
27 Nov 1700 -  1 Jan 1707  Gregorio -Prince                     (b. 1642 - d. 1707)
 1 Jan 1707 - 28 Jan 1721  Antonio I -Prince                    (b. 1658 - d. 1721)
16 Dec 1733 -  5 Jan 1745  Maria Eleonora                       (b. 1686 - d. 1745)
Princes
 5 Jan 1745 - 24 May 1777  Gaetano I                            (b. 1704 - d. 1777)
24 May 1777 - 28 Mar 1801  Antonio II                           (b. 1735 - d. 1805)
Administrator
1803 - 1805                Jean-François Carteaux               (b. 1751 - d. 1813)
Princess
18 Mar 1805 -  1 Feb 1814  Elisa Baciocchi Bonaparte            (b. 1777 - d. 1820)
Prince
27 Apr 1814 -  7 Jun 1815  Luigi Maria                          (b. 1767 - d. 1841)

Governor-general 
May 1806 - 1811            Adolphe Beauvais                     (b. 17.. - d. 1811)

1444                       Lordship of Sabbioneta 
1565                       Marquisate of Sabbioneta
 8 Aug Nov 1577            Duchy of Sabbioneta
1684 - 1702                Spanish occupation.
1702                       Annexed to Duchy of Manuta.
1707                       Ceded to Duchy of Guastalla.
1747                       Annexed to Duchy of Milan (see Lombardy). 

Lords
1478 - 28 Jun 1496         Gianfrancesco                        (b. 1443 - d. 1496)
28 Jun 1496 -  Dec 1532    Ludovico                             (b. 1500 - d. 1532)
Dec 1532 - 1565            Vespasiano                           (b. 1531 - d. 1591) 
Marquis
1565 - 18 Nov 1577         Vespasiano                           (s.a.) 
Duke
18 Nov 1577 - 26 Feb 1591  Vespasiano                           (s.a.)
Duchess
10 Oct 1592 - 1609         Isabella                             (b. 1565 - d. 1637)
Dukes 
1609 - 1670                Scipion                              (b. 1595 - d. 1670)
1670 - 1672                Ferrante                             (b. 1643 - d. 1672)
1672 - 1702                Gianfrancesco                        (b. 1643 - d. 1703)

687                        Four giuducati (rennu in Sardinian) are founded, each
                             governed by at Giudice/Giudichessa di Logu: Cagliari, Torres,
                             Gallura and Arborea.
687 - 807                  The Giudice of Cagliari is usually styled King.
1038 - 1054                Barisone, giudice of all four giuducati, is styled King.
1164 - 1191                Barisone, giudice Arborea, and later Guelfo, a "Guelph" is
                             prince is styled King.
1243 - 1272                Enzo, son of Emperor and King Frederico, and giudice of Torres
                             and Gallura, is styled king.
1284                       Torres is annexed by Genoa.
1298                       One-third of Cagliari is annexed by Pisa.
1308                       One-third of Cagliari, and Gallura are annexed by Genoa.
24 Apr 1326                Kingdom founded by Jaime II of Aragón; the kings of Aragón,
                             later as part of the Spanish Monarchy, remain kings of
                             Sardinia (Regno di Sardegna).
1355                       The remaining third of the Giuducato of Cagliari becomes extinct.
1478                       The Giuducato of Arborea becomes extinct. 
13 Aug 1708 - 30 Sep 1717  Austrian Habsburg rule under Carlo (VII) Giuseppe Francesco.
30 Sep 1717 - 17 Feb 1720  Spanish occupation.
17 Feb 1720                The House of Savoy acquires the island of Sardinia with
                             the (thitherto nominal) style of Kingdom of Sardinia
                             (although the core of the possessions of the House is
                             Piedmont, the royal style of Sardinia leads to the entire
                             monarchy being styled Kingdom of Sardinia, it includes
                             the island, the Principality of Piedmont and the Counties
                             of Savoy and Nice).
27 Nov 1792 - 25 Apr 1814  Savoy and Nice (from 4 Jan 1793) annexed by France.
28 Apr 1796 - 28 May 1799  Piedmont occupied by France.
28 May 1799                Piedmont re-incorporated into Savoy monarchy.
23 Jun 1800 - 25 Apr 1814  Piedmont occupied by France (annexed from 11 Sep 1802).
25 Apr 1814                Restoration of the Piedmontese core to the monarchy,
                             following the Napoleonic wars.
20 Dec 1814                Genoa annexed to Sardinia-Piedmont.
10 Nov 1859                Lombardy annexed by Kingdom of Sardinia
18 Mar 1860                Annexation of Guastalla, Parma, Modena, Tuscany, and Romagna.
Nov 1860                   Annexation of Umbria, the Marches, and the Two Sicilies.
 2 Aug 1860                Counties of Savoy and Nice ceded to France.
17 Mar 1861                After having annexed all the Italian states with the exceptions
                             of the Papal State and of Venetia, the monarchy becomes
                             the Kingdom of Italy.

Prime ministers
11 May 1814 - 1821         Filippo Antonio Asinari,                    (b. 1767 - d. 1838)
                             marchese di San Marzano
1822 - 21 Mar 1835         Vittorio Sallier della Torre                (b. 1774 - d. 1858)
21 Mar 1835 - 16 Mar 1848  Clemente Solaro, conte della Margherita     (b. 1792 - d. 1869)
16 Mar 1848 - 27 Jul 1848  Conte Cesare Balbo                          (b. 1789 - d. 1853)
27 Jul 1848 - 15 Aug 1848  Conte Gabrio Casati                         (b. 1798 - d. 1873)
15 Aug 1848 - 11 Oct 1848  Cesare Alfieri, marchese di Sostegno        (b. 1799 - d. 1869)
11 Oct 1848 - 16 Dec 1848  Ettore, conte Perrone di San Martino        (b. 1789 - d. 1849)
16 Dec 1848 - 21 Feb 1848  Vincenzo Gioberti                           (b. 1801 - d. 1852)
21 Feb 1848 - 27 Mar 1849  Barone Agostino Chiodo                      (b. 1791 - d. 1861)
27 Mar 1849 -  7 May 1849  Claudio Gabriele Delaunay                   (b. 1786 - d. 1850)
 7 May 1849 -  4 Nov 1852  Massimo Taparelli, marchese d'Azeglio       (b. 1798 - d. 1866)
 4 Nov 1852 - 19 Jul 1859  Camillo Benso, conte di Cavour (1st time)   (b. 1810 - d. 1861)
19 Jul 1859 - 21 Jan 1860  Alfonso Ferrero, marchese di La Marmora     (b. 1804 - d. 1878)
21 Jan 1860 - 17 Mar 1861  Camillo Benso, conte di Cavour (2nd time)   (s.a.)
                             (acting to 23 Mar 1860)

Viceroys of Sardinia
1697 - 1699                José de Solís y Valderrábano,               (b. 1643 - d. 1713)
                             conde de Montellano
1700 - 1701                Fernando de Moncada, 
                             duque de San Giovanni
1701 - 1704                Ginez Gernández de Portugal Castro,
                             conde de Lemos
1704 - 1708                Baltasar de Zúñiga y Guzmán,                (b. 1658 - d. 1727)
                             marchese di Valero
1708                       Pedro de Portugal Colón,
                             marchese di Jamaica
13 Aug 1708 - 1710         Fernando de Silva, 
                             conde de Cifuentes
1710 - 1713                Bartolomé Isidro de Moncayo,
                             conde de Fuentes
Dec 1713 - 1715            Conte d'Attalaya
1715 - 18 Jun 1717         Francisco d'Eril, conte d'Eril
18 Jun 1717 - 30 Sep 1717  José marqués de Rubi
22 Aug 1717 - 1717         Juan Francisco de Vete, marques de
                             Lede (Spanish commander)
1717 - 1719                José de Armendáriz,                         (d. c.1740) 
                             marchese de Castelfuerte
1719 -  3 Aug 1720         Gonzales Chacón
 3 Aug 1720 -  4 Aug 1720  Principi d'Ottaiano (Austrian commander)
1720 - 1724                Filippo-Guglielmo Pallavicini, 
                             baron di St. Rémy (1st time)
1724 - 1726                Doria Del Marco
1726 - 1728                Filippo-Guglielmo Pallavicini, 
                             baron di St. Rémy (2nd time)
1728 - 1730                Pedro, marchese di Cortanye
1730 - 1735                Girolamo Galletti, 
                             marchese di Castagnole i di Barolo
1735 - 1739                Carlo-Amadeo San-Martino,
                             marchese di Rivarolo
1739 - 1741                Conte d'Allinge d'Apremont
1741 - 1745                Barone di Blonay
1745 - 1748                Del-Carretto, 
                             marchese di Santa-Giulia
1748 - 1751                Emanuele, principi di Valguarnera
1751 - 1755                Giamnattista Cacherano, 
                             conte di Brischerasio
1755 - 1763                Costa, conte della Trinitá
1763                       Giambattisa Alfieri
1763                       Solaro De Govone
1763 - 1767                Lodovico Costa Della Trinitá
1767 - 1771                Vittorio-Lodovico d'Hallot, 
                             conte des Hayes
1771 - 1773                Caissotti, conte di Roubion
1773 - 1777                Filippo Ferrero,
                             marchese di La Marmora
1777 - 1781                Francesco-Maria Lascaris,
                             marchese della Rocchetta
1781 - 1783                Carlo-Francesco De Valperga,
                             conte di Masino
1783 - 1787                Solaro de Maretta
1787 - 1790                  conte Thaon de Sant 'Andrea
1790 - 1794                Carlo Balbiano
1794 - 1799                Filippo, marchese Vivalda
1799 - 1806                Carlo-Felice di Savoia,                         (s.a.)
                             duca di Genevois (1st time)                   (s.a.)
1806 - 1814                the King 
1814 - 1817                Carlo-Felice di Savoia, 
                             duca di Genevois (2nd time)                   (s.a.)
1817 - 1820                Ignazio Thaon De Revel, 
                             conte di Pratolungo
1820 - 1822                Ettore Veuillet, 
                             marchese d'Yenne
1822 - 1823                Giuseppe-Maria Galleani, 
                             conte di d'Agliano
1823 - 1824                Gennaro Roero, 
                             conte di Monticelli
1824 - 1829                Giuseppe Tornielli, 
                             conte di Vergano
1829 - 1831                Giuseppe-Maria Robert, 
                             conte di Castelvero
1831 - 1840                Giuseppe-Maria Montiglio d'Ottiglio 
                             ed Villanova
1840 - 1843                Giacomo, conte d'Asarta
1843 - 1848                Claudio Gabriele Delaunay                       (s.a.) 

 ¹full style 1815 - 1860: Per la grazia di Dio Re di Sardegna, di Cipro e di Gerusalemme, Duca di Savoia, di Genova, di Monferrato, d'Aosta, del Chiablese, del Genevese e di Piacenza; Principe di Piemonte e d'Oneglia; Marchese d'Italia, di Saluzzo, d'Ivrea, di Susa, di Ceva, del Maro, d'Oristano et di Sezana; Conte di Moriena, di Ginevra, di Nizza, di Tenda, di Romonte, d'Asti, d'Alessandria, di Goceano, di Novara, di Tortona, di Vigevano e di Bobbio; Barone di Vaud e di Faussigny; Signore di Vercelli, di Pinerolo, di Tarantasia, della Lomellina e della Valle di Sesia, ec. ("King of Sardinia, of Cyprus, and of Jerusalem, Duke of Savoy, of Genoa, of Montferrat, of Aoste, Chablais, Genevois, and of Piacenza; Prince of Piedmont and Oneglia; Margrave in Italy, of Saluzzo, Ivrea, of Susa, of Ceva, of the Maro, of Oristano, of Cesana, and of Savona; Count of Maurienne, of Genève, of Nice, of Tenda, of Romonte, of Asti, of Alessandria, of Goceano, of Novara, of Tortona, of Vigevano and of Bobbio; Baron of Vaud and of Faucigny; Lord of Vercelli, of Pinerolo, of Tarentaise, of the Lomellina, and of the Valley of Sesia, etc.").

942                        County of Turin (Contea di Turino) founded.
1027                       County of Savoy (Contea di Savoia) founded.
1050                       County of Turin belongs to the family of the Counts of
                             Savoy.
1092 - 1130                Bishop of Turin is conte di Turino.
1136 - 1191                Bishop of Turin is conte di Turino.
1230 - 1235                Interruption by the Marchese di Monferratom styled
                             Signore di Torino.
1245                       County of Piedmont (Contea de Piemonte).
1262 - 1280                Interruption by King of Sicily and the Marchese di
                             Monferrato, consecutive signori di Torino.
11 Jun 1313                Savoy becomes a Principality (Pincipato di Savoia).
28 Sep 1388 - 29 Sep 1792  County of Nice incorporated into Savoy.
1424                       Principality of Piedmont (Principato de Piemonte); although
                             this may originally have been intended as a territorial
                             designation, it was generally regarded as a nominal component
                             of the polity of the house of Savoy (usually called Duchy of
                             Savoy [Ducato di Savoia]; from 1720 Kingdom of Sardinia, or,
                             even in official use, Stati Sabaudi); the territory of Piedmont
                             was, with its capital Turin, however, the core of this monarchy;
                             this arrangement is interrupted from 1798 to 1814, as indicated
                             below.
1536 -  2 Apr 1559         Piedmont and Savoy occupied by France (largley annexed to France 
                             Jun 1538), returned by the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis.
1536 - 1574                French occupy Pinerolo (Pignerol); de jure restored 
                             to Piedmont 2 Apr 1559, de facto returned 1574.
28 May 1576 - 1801         Port enclave of Oneglia purchased from Genoa (occupied 1614-49,                              1744-45 by Spain; 1649-72 by Genoa; from 4 Apr 1796 by France).
29 Mar 1630 - 29 Mar 1696  French re-occupy Pinerolo; ceded to France 31 Mar 1631.
23 Dec 1632                The ruler acquires the nominal styles re di Cipro e di
                             Gerusalemme ed Armenia ("king of Cyprus, and of Jerusalem and 
                             Armenia").
17 Feb 1720                The House of Savoy acquires the island of Sardinia with
                             the (thitherto nominal) style of Kingdom of Sardinia
                             (although the core of the possessions of the House is
                             Piedmont, the royal style of Sardinia leads to the entire
                             monarchy being styled Kingdom of Sardinia, it includes
                             the island, the Principality of Piedmont and the Counties
                             of Savoy and Nice).
27 Nov 1792                French département Mont-Blanc formed from part of Savoia.
 4 Feb 1793                French département Alpes-Maritimes formed from the
                             Sardinian County of Nice and the County of Tende.
12 Apr 1796 - 28 Apr 1796  Piedmont occupied by France.
26 Apr 1796 - 28 Apr 1796  Piedmontese revolutionaries attempt to seize power and proclaim 
                             the Republic of Alba (Repubblica di Alba).
12 Dec 1798                Piedmontese Republic (Repubblica Piemontese) proclaimed.
28 May 1799 - 23 Jun 1800  Re-incorporated into Savoy monarchy (Kingdom of Sardinia, etc.).
27 Jun 1800                Piedmontese Republic re-proclaimed.
1800                       Renamed Subalpine Republic (Repubblica Subalpina).
19 Apr 1801                Occupied by France.
11 Sep 1802                Incorporated into France; divided into départements of
                             Alpes-Maritimes, Doire, Marengo, Éridan (from 1802 Pô),
                             Sésia, Stura, and (to 1805) Tanaro.
25 Apr 1814                Re-incorporated into Savoy monarchy (Kingdom of Sardinia, etc.).
30 May 1814 - 24 Mar 1860  County of Nice incorporated into Savoy.

French governors in Piedmont
18 Feb 1537 - Nov 1537     Jean d'Humières (also in Saluzzo)  (d. 1550)
29 Nov 1537 - 1539         René de Montjean                   (d. 1539)
Apr 1539 - 1539            Guillaume Du Bellay, seigneur      (d. 1543)
                             de Langey 
                            (possibly acting for de Montjean)
28 Sep 1539 - 1543         Claude d'Annebault                 (b. 1495 - d. 1552)
 6 Dec 1543 - 1545         François de Bourbon, comte         (b. 1519 - d. 1546)
                             d'Enghien
 4 Oct 1545 - 1550         Giovanni Caracciolo, prince de     (d. 1550)
                             Melfi
10 Jul 1550 - 1559         Charles de Cossé, comte de Brissac (b. 1506 - d. 1563)
                             (also in Saluzzo)
 5 Apr 1567 - 19 Oct 1574  Louis de Gonzague, duc de Nevers   (b. 1539 - d. 1595) 
                             (also in Saluzzo)
French governors in Savoy
 8 Mar 1537 - 15..         Jean d'Humières                    (s.a.)
 1 Dec 1540 - 154.         Jean de La Baume, comte de         (d. 1552)
                             Montrevel
14 Aug 1544 - 154.         François de Bourbon, duc           (d. 1545)
                             d'Estouteville, comte de Saint Pol
14 May 1547 - 15..         François de Lorraine, comte de     (b. 1519 - d. 1563)
                             d'Aumale, duc de Guise
Dukes of Savoy
12 Jun 1675 - 17 Feb 1720  Vittorio Amedeo II                 (b. 1666 - d. 1732)
17 Feb 1720 - 12 Dec 1798  the kings of Sardinia
26 Apr 1796 - 28 Apr 1796  Giovanni Antonio Ranza             (b. 1741 - d. 1801)
                           + Ignazio Bonafous                 (b. 1758 - d. 1836)
                           (delegate commissioners of Executive
                            Power of Republic of Alba, in dissidence)
12 Dec 1798 -  2 Apr 1799  Provisional Government
                           (chair rotates for 10-day terms)
                           - Innocenzo Maurizio Baudisson     (b. 1737 - d. 1805)
                           - Giovanni Battista Bertolotti     (b. 1745 - d. 1814)
                           - Giovanni Battista Agostino Bono  (b. 17.. - d. 1799)
                              (to 14 Mar 1799)
                           - Giuseppe Carlo Aurelio di       
                               Sant'Angelo
                           - Ugo Bottone, conte di            (b. 1753 - d. 1828)
                               Castellamonte
                           - Francesco Brayda                 (b. 1756 - d. 1839)
                           - Giuseppe Cavalli, conte di       (b. 1761 - d. 1828)
                               Olivola
                           - Luigi Colla                      (b. 1766 - d. 1848)
                           - Felice Clemente Fasella          (b. 1751 - d. 1837)
                           - Giuseppe Fava
                           - Francesco Favrat, barone di      (b. 1738 - d. 1817)
                               Bellevaux
                           - Pietro Gaetano Galli, conte      (b. 1732 - d. 1813)
                               della Loggia
                           - Stefano Giovanni Rocci           (b. 1770 - d. 1847)
                           - Felice Giovanni San Martino,     (b. 1762 - d. 1818)
                               conte della Motta
                           - Giuseppe Felice Sartoris         (b. 17.. - d. 1799)
                           Members added 19 Dec 1798:
                           - Pietro Avogadro, conte di        (b. 1760 - d. 1800)
                               Valdengo e Formigliana
                           - Giovanni Battista Balbis         (b. 1765 - d. 1831)
                           - Antonio Bellini
                           - Carlo Giuseppe Guglielmo Botta   (b. 1766 - d. 1837)
                           - Filippo Benedetto Bunico
                           - Domenico Capriata di Sardigliano (b. 17.. - d. 1821)
                           - Guglielmo Michele Cerise         (b. 1769 - d. 1820)
                           - Secondo Enrico Chiabrera         (b. 1765 - d. 1801)
                           - Pietro Geymet                    (b. 1753 - d. 1822)
                           - Alessio Antonio Simian           (b. 1762 - d. 1802)
Plenipotentiary Civil Commissioners
Dec 1798 - Mar 1799        Ange-Marie d'Eymar                 (b. 1747 - d. 1803)
Mar 1799 -  3 May 1799     Joseph-Mathurin Musset             (b. 1754 - d. 1828)
President of the General Administration
 3 May 1799 - 28 May 1799  Pietro Geymet                      (s.a.)
President of the Supreme Interim Council
10 Jun 1799 - 27 Jun 1800  Carlo Francesco Marchese Thaon di  (b. 1725 - d. 1807)
                             Revel, Conte di Sant'Andrea
President of the General Administration
27 Jun 1800 - 24 Dec 1800  Commission of Government
                           - Filippo Avogardo, conte di       (b. 1734 - d. 1812)  
                               Quarenga e Cerreto 
                               (to 4 Oct 1800)
                           - Innocenzo Maurizio Baudisson     (s.a.)
                               (to 4 Oct 1800)
                           - Ugo Bottone, conte di
                               Castellamonte                  (s.a.)
                               (to 4 Oct 1800)
                           - Francesco Brayda                 (s.a.)
                           - Giuseppe Cavalli, conte di       (s.a.)
                               Olivola (to 4 Oct 1800)
                           - Pietro Gaetano Galli, conte      (s.a.)
                               della Loggia
                           - Stefano Giovanni Rocci           (s.a.)
                               (to 4 Oct 1800)
24 Dec 1800 - 19 Apr 1801  Executive Commission
                           - Giuseppe Carlo Aurelio di        (s.a.)
                               Sant'Angelo
                           - Carlo Stefano Giulio             (b. 1757 - d. 1815)
                           - Carlo Giuseppe Guglielmo Botta   (s.a.)
Provisional Executive
20 Apr 1801 - 11 Sep 1802  Jean-Baptiste Jourdan              (b. 1762 - d. 1833) 
                             (Plenipotentiary minister since 13 Aug 1800)
Administrators-general
Dec 1802 - Mar 1803        de Charbonnière                    (b. 1764 - d. 1819)
Mar 1803 - 1805            Jacques-François de Menou          (b. 1750 - d. 1810)
                             baron de Menou 
1805 - 1807                César Berthier                     (b. 1765 - d. 1819)
1807 - 27 Apr 1814         Camillo, Prince Borghese           (b. 1775 - d. 1832)
27 Apr 1814 - 1814         François Marie Clément de La       (b. 1773 - d. 1854)
                             Roncière
Dukes of Savoy
25 Apr 1814 - 17 Mar 1861  the kings of Sardinia

Military commanders
Dec 1798                   Barthélemy-Catherine Joubert       (b. 1769 - d. 1799) 
Dec 1798 -  2 May 1799     Emmanuel Grouchy                   (b. 1766 - d. 1847)
 2 May 1799 -  2 Jun 1799  Pascal-Antoine Fiorella            (b. 1752 - d. 1818)

Doire

26 Aug 1802                French département Doire (Forêts la Doire).
1814                       End of French rule.

Prefects
26 Aug 1802 - 1805         Ange Gandolfo
 4 May 1805 - 1808         Adrien Godard d'Aucour de Plancy    (b. 1778 - d. 1855)
30 May 1808 - 12 Mar 1813  Augustin Jubé de La Perelle         (b. 1765 - d. 1824)
                             (from 14 Apr 1810, Augustin Jubé, 
                             baron de La Perelle)
12 Mar 1813 - 1814         Scipion Louis Marie Élisabeth       (b. 1780 - d. 1843)
                             Nicolaï

26 Aug 1802                French département Marengo.
 6 Jun 1805                Bobbio, Tortona and Voghera annexed by the new 
                             département Gênes (see Genoa); Asti attached to Marengo.
1814                       End of French rule.

Prefects
 3 Jun 1801 - 1801         Braida
 7 Aug 1801 - 1805         François Frédéric Campana           (b. 1771 - d. 1807)
 4 May 1805 -  8 Feb 1806  Luc Jacques Édouard Dauchy          (b. 1757 - d. 1812)
 7 Mar 1806 - 1809         Jacques Robert                      (d. 1809)
13 Apr 1809 -  1 May 1812  Augustin Marie Timoléon de Cossé-   (b. 1775 - d. 1848)
                             Brissac (from 9 Sep 1810, Augustin
                             Marie Timoléon, baron de Cossé-
                             Brissac [from 20 Feb 1812,
                             Augustin Marie Timoléon, 
                             comte de Cossé-Brissac])
 1 May 1812 - 1814         Jean-Pierre Grégoire du Colombier,  (b. 1769 -d. 1819)
                             baron du Colombier

24 Sep 1792                Chambéry, the main city, is occupied by French troops.
27 Nov 1792                French département Mont-Blanc formed from Savoia.
25 Aug 1798                Faucigny and Chablais attached to new département Léman
                            (Geneva).
30 May 1814                Eastern Savoia is restored to Sardinia; the western area 
                             remains part of France.
30 Apr 1815                Western Savoia is restored to Sardinia.

Commissioners of the Convention
24 Sep 1795 - Sep 1792     Anne Pierre de Montesquiou           (b. 1739 - d. 1798)
                             (French commander)
Sep 1792 - Oct 1792        Edouard Louis Alexis Dubois de       (b. 1746 - d. 1814)
                             Crancé (1st time)
                           + Thomas Augustin de Gasparin        (b. 1754 - d. 1793)
                           + Jean-Pierre Lacombe de Saint-Michel(b. 1753 - d. 1812)
14 Dec 1792 - 18 May 1793  Henri Grégoire (to 18 Feb 1793)      (b. 1750 - d. 1831)
                           + Jean Hérault de Séchelles          (b. 1759 - d. 1794)
                           + Philibert Simond (1st time)        (b. 1755 - d. 1794)
                           + Grégoire Jagot (to 18 Feb 1793)    (b. 1750 - d. 1838)
May 1793 - Aug 1793?       Edouard Louis Alexis Dubois de       (s.a.)
                             Crancé (2nd time)
                           + Antoine François Gauthier des      (b. 1752 - d. 1838)
                             Orcières (1st time)
31 Aug 1793 - Dec 1793     Philibert Simond (2nd time)          (s.a.)
                           + Jacques Dumaz (1st time)           (b. 1762 - d. 1839)
29 Dec 1793 - Feb 1794     Benoît Louis Gouly                   (d. 1823)
Feb 1794 - 21 Aug 1794     Antoine Louis Albitte                (b. 1761 - d. 1812)
 3 Sep 1794 - 18 Mar 1795  Antoine François Gauthier des        (s.a.)
                             Orcières (2nd time)(to Jan 1795)
                           + Joseph François Cassanyès          (b. 1758 - d. 1843)
                             (1st time)
                           (acting)
Apr 1795 - Aug 1795        Jacques Dumaz (2nd time)             (s.a.)
                           + Guillaume André Réal               (b. 1755 - d. 1832)
                           + Jean-Marie Bion (from 11 Jun 1795) (b. 1730 - d. 1798)
30 Aug 1795 - Nov 1795     Joseph François Cassanyès (2nd time) (s.a.)
Commissioners of the Executive Directory
Nov 1795 - Sep 1797        François Jean Baptiste Carelli de    (b. 1759 - d. 1818)
                             Bassy, comte de Cevins
Sep 1797 - Nov 1799        Hyacinthe François Garin
Nov 1799 - 1800            Humbert Ducoudray
Prefects
21 Feb 1800 - 27 Mar 1802  Antoine de Sauzay                    (b. 1745 - d. 1821)
28 Apr 1802 - Feb 1804     Joseph Verneilh-Puyrasseau           (b. 1756 - d. 1839)
 9 Mar 1804 - 1810         Charles Poitevin de Maissemy         (b. 1742 - d. 1830)
30 Nov 1810 - 1815         Antoine Bernard Finot                (b. 1780 - d. 1844)
                             (from 2 Aug 1811, Antoine Bernard, baron Finot)
1815                       Jean Louis Rieul, baron Viefville    (b. 1744 - d. 1820)
                             des Essarts

26 Aug 1802                French département Éridan.
20 Sep 1802                Renamed département Pô.
1813                       End of French rule.

Prefects
26 Aug 1802 - 1805         Victor Hercule Joseph Ferdinand,    (b. 1753 - d. 1826)
                             comte de La Ville de Villastellone
 4 May 1805 - 1808         Pierre Loysel
15 Jan 1808 - 1809         Étienne Vincent-Marniola            (b. 1781 - d. 1809)  
19 Feb 1809 - 1813         Alexandre Théodore Victor de        (b. 1760 - d. 1829)
                             Lameth (from 14 Feb 1810,
                             Alexandre Théodore Victor, 
                             baron de Lameth)

26 Aug 1802                French département Sésia.
1814                       End of French rule.

Prefects
26 Aug 1802 - 21 Apr 1804  Jean-François Félix Saint-Martin   (b. 1762 - d. 1818) 
                             La Motte
13 May 1804 - 1814         baron Giulio

26 Aug 1802                French département Stura.
 6 Jun 1805                Annexion of Alba from Tanaro.
1814                       End of French rule.

Prefects
26 Aug 1802 - 1803         Jean Laurent de Grégory            (b. 1746 - d. 1817)
24 Sep 1803 - 1810         Pierre Amédée Vincent Joseph Marie (b. 1767 - d. 1811) 
                             Arborio-Biamino
30 Nov 1811 - 12 Mar 1813  Auguste Joseph Baude de la         (b. 1768 - d. 1835)
                             Vieuville (from 12 Feb 1812,
                             Auguste Joseph Baude, comte
                             de la Vieuville)
12 Mar 1813 - Mar 1813     Antoine Louis Campan
25 Mar 1813 - 1813         Louis Honoré Félix, baron          (b. 1782 - d. 1855)
                             Le Peletier d'Aunay

24 Apr 1801                Tanaro département established.
26 Aug 1802                Annexed to France.
 6 Jun 1805                Abolished and divided between départements
                             of Marengo, Stura and Montenotte (see Genoa).

Prefects
26 Aug 1802 - 1803         Jules Robert
26 Feb 1803 - 1805         Jean André Louis Rolland de        (b. 1764 - d. 1849) 
                             Villarceaux

bf.1388                    Nice part of Provence.
28 Sep 1388                Nice places itself under the protection of the Counts
                             of Savoy, area known as "Terres Neuves de Provence"
                            (New Territories of Provence).
c.1526                     Style of Count of Nice starts to be by Dukes of Savoy.
 8 Apr 1691                French occupation of the fortress of Nice.
27 May 1691                King of France assumes the style of Comte de Nice.
24 Aug 1696                By Peace Treaty of Torino Nice is returned to Savoy.
10 Apr 1705                French occupation of the town of Nice and some parts 
                             of the county.
13 Jul 1713                By Peace Treaty of Utrecht France returns all 
                             occupied areas of Nice to Savoy.
 2 Apr 1744                French-Spanish occupation of the town of Nice. In the
                             course of the following months all of the county except 
                             the fortress of Saorge is occupied.
Nov 1746                   Nice is liberated by an Austria and Sardinia.
Jun 1747                   French-Spanish reconquest of the county, Saorge fortress.
17 Oct 1748                By Peace Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle France and Spain retun
                             return Nice to Sardinia (completed by Feb 1749).
29 Sep 1792                French occupation.
31 Jan 1793                Annexation to France.
 4 Feb 1793                The county becomes part of the département des Alpes-Maritimes
                             (forming its districts of Nice and of Puget-Théniers
                             24 Mar 1793 - 17 Feb 1800, there after Arrondissements of Nice 
                             and of Puget-Théniers). Formed from the Sardinian counties
                             of Nice and the County of Tende.
14 Feb 1793                Annexation of Monaco.
11 May 1800 - 29 May 1800  Brief Austrian occupation of Nice.
May 1805                   San Remo ceded by Ligurian Republic and incorporated into
                             Alpes-Maritimes.
30 May 1814                By Peace Treaty of Paris the Counties of Nice and Tende returned 
                             to Piedmont-Sardinia.
24 Mar 1860                Ceded to France by Sardinia.
23 Jun 1860                Part of the re-established département des Alpes-Maritimes.

Governors
1388 - 1395                Jean de Grimaldi, baron de Beuil
1396                       François de Compey
1396 - 1399                Oddon de Villars (1st time)
1399                       Boniface de Challant (1st time)
1399 - 1402                André de Grolée
1402 - 1405                Jean de Conflans
1405                       Boniface de Challant (2nd time)
1405                       Guillaume de Grolée
1406 - 1411                Oddon de Villars (2nd time)
1411 - 1415                Jean de la Chambre
1415                       Claude de Saix
1415 - 1422                Pierre Bonivard
1422 - 1427                Louis Ravoyre
1427 - 1435                Pierre de Beaufort
1435 - 1440                Nicod de Menthon
1440 - 1449                Lancelot de Layrieux
1449 - 1456                Théobald d'Avanchy
1457 - 1458                Jacques de Montbel
1459 - 1462                Janus de Savoie
1462 - 1466                Jacques de Grimaldi, seigneur
                             de Massoins
1466 - 1473                Jacques de Montbel
10 Apr 1473 - 1476         Antoine de Orly, seigneur de 
                             Saint-Innocent
14 Nov 1476 - 1477         Philippe de Savoie, comte de 
                             Bourg-en-Bresse
21 Apr 1477 - 1478         Ludovic, seigneur d'Aranchieri
27 Jul 1478 - 1480         Philippe de Camperio
1480 - 1482                Ludovic, comte de Challant
20 May 1482 - 28 May 1482  Jean-Ludovic de Savoie, 
                             évêque de Genève
28 May 1482 - 1483         Hugues de la Forêt
13 Oct 1483 - 1488         Antoine de la Forêt, 
                             seigneur de Riant
14 Nov 1488 - 1490         Pierre de Pesines, 
                             seigneur de Brondy
10 Apr 1490 - 1496         Richard, comte de Frissonnus
14 Mar 1496 - 1501         Jacques de Bussy, 
                             seigneur de Mériac
1501 - 1502                René, grand bâtard de Savoie, 
                             comte de Villars et Beaufort
31 Aug 1502 - 1507         Claude de Cordone
 5 Jan 1507 - 1514         Claude de Pallude
14 Aug 1514 - 1516         Alexandre, seigneur d'Altavilla
26 Nov 1516 - 13 Oct 1519  Ludovic de Bellegarde
13 Oct 1519 - 1521         Ludovic Malingri, seigneur 
                             de Bagerolo (1st time)
 5 Oct 1521 - 1524         Alexandre, seigneur d'Aula Nova
 9 Aug 1524 - 1526         François de Belletranchiis,
                             seigneur de Chenay
22 Jan 1526 - 1527         Ludovic Malingri, seigneur 
                             de Bagerolo (2nd time)
 9 Aug 1527 - 1529         Claude de Belletranchiis
23 Mar 1529 - 1530         Nicodus de Beaufort, 
                             seigneur de Salegrine
29 Dec 1530 - 1537         Alexandre, baron de Sales
1537 - 1529                Antoine de Belletranchiis
19 Apr 1539 - 1556         Andreas, comte de Montfort 
                             (1st time)
1556 - 1557                Etienne Doria, seigneur de
                             Dolceacqua, comte de la Roquette
 8 Oct 1557 - 1562         Andreas, comte de Montfort 
                             (2nd time)
21 Jan 1562 - 1580         Honoré de Grimaldi, 
                             comte de Beuil (1st time)
1580 - 1581                Claude, comte de Challant
25 May 1581 - 1591         Honoré de Grimaldi,
                             comte de Beuil (2nd time)
15 Dec 1591 - 1615         Annibal de Grimaldi, 
                             comte de Beuil
1615 - 1625                Ludovic Solaro, 
                             marquis de Dogliani 
20 Jul 1625 - 1630         Félix de Savoie 
1630 - 1632                comte de Cartignano (acting)
1632 - 1638                Philibert del Carretto, 
                             marquis del Carretto
 3 Jun 1638 - 1642         Jérôme, comte de Roussillon
15 Jun 1642 - 1660         Prince Maurice de Savoie
12 Feb 1660 - 1688         Antoine de Savoie, Abbé de
                             Saint-Michel della Chiesa
15 Jun 1688 - 1691         Victor-Amédée Maillard,
                             marquis d'Alby
27 Mar 1691 - 29 Sep 1696  chevalier de la Fare
                             (French governor)
29 Sep 1696 - 1705         Guido Biandrate, marquis de 
                             Saint-Georges
11 Apr 1705 - 16 Nov 1707  marquis d'Usson (French governor)
16 Nov 1707 - 29 May 1713  marquis de Mont-Georges 
                             (French governor)
29 May 1713 - 1714         Paul-Dominique Doria,
                             comte de Prelà
30 Aug 1714 - 1720         Joseph Cauda, comte de
                             Caseletti
16 Dec 1720 - 1733         Charles Foschieri, 
                             marquis de Reveredo
1733 - 1736                Charles André Baptiste 
                             Saint-Martin d'Aglié, 
                             marquis de Rivarolo
1736 - 1741                Luigi Poccone, comte de la Perosa
1741 - 1743                François Ludovic Emmanuel 
                             d'Alinges, comte d'Aspremont
24 Nov 1743 - 1744         Victor-Amédée François de 
                             Savoie, marquis de Suse
 5 Apr 1744 -  3 Jun 1744  Comte de Joseph Aramburo
 3 Jun 1744 - 18 Feb 1746  marquès de Castellar
18 Feb 1746 -  2 Jun 1747  Charles-Emmanuel III 
 2 Jun 1747 - 26 Feb 1749  marquis de Mirepoix
26 Feb 1749 -  9 Jul 1749  Victor Amédée Joseph Philibert 
                             Costa, comte de la Trinité
 9 Jul 1749 - 16 Feb 1752  Joseph Marie del Carretto, 
                             marquis de Santa Giulia 
Vice governors
16 Feb 1752 - 17 Jun 1752  Jean-Baptiste de Bellegarde,
                             comte de Naugy (1st time)
17 Jun 1752 - 16 Apr 1763  Jacques de Patterson 
18 Apr 1763 - 13 Mar 1771  Jean-Baptiste de Bellegarde,
                             comte de Naugy (2nd time)
13 Mar 1771 - 1778         Philippe Antoine de Blonay      (d. 1778)
1778                       Gavino Pagliacciu de la 
                             Planargia (1st time)(acting)
30 Jan 1778 -  9 Sep 1789  Philippe-Valentin Asinari de 
                             Saint-Marsan 
1789 - 28 Aug 1792         Gavino Pagliacciu de la 
                             Planargia (2nd time)(acting)
28 Aug 1792 - 28 Sep 1792  Pierre Obrenant
Intendants
25 Jun 1688 - Apr 1697     Luigi Francesco, cavaliere
                             Morozzo
26 Apr 1697 - Jun 1697     François-Hyacinthe, comte
                             de Galinati 
17 Jun 1697 - May 1699     Francesco Nicola, conte di
                             Robilant e Sant'Albano
22 May 1699 - May 1702     Pierre Mellarède (or Mellaredo)
25 May 1702 - 1705         Gian Giacomo, conde Fontana
1709 - 1713?               Gayot -French governor
1713                       Giulio Luigi Torrini
26 May 1713 - Oct 1715     conde Ruschis
27 Oct 1715 - Dec 1717     Gian Carlo Fecia di Cossato
15 Dec 1717 - Sep 1722     Carlo Pavia
1722 - 1723                cavaliere Luigi Lovera
1724 - Jun 1724            Marc Antoine Gondona (acting)
 3 Jun 1724 - Feb 1733     Giovanni Stefano Sapellani
                             (or Zappeloni)
 3 Feb 1733 - Mar 1742     Carlo Alfonso Dalmazzone 
13 Mar 1742 - Jan 1750     Secundo Domenico Bolla
17 Jan 1750 - Aug 1759     Gaspard Joanini 
25 Aug 1759 - Nov 1772     Giuseppe Mattone di Benevello
10 Nov 1772 - Apr 1775     Giuseppe Felix Angiono
29 Apr 1775 - Oct 1779     Felix Vacca
12 Oct 1779 - Dec 1785     Domenico Benedetto conte
                             Cortina di Malgra
19 Dec 1785 - Nov 1792     Lorenzo Perpetuo Cristiani
 6 Nov 1792 - Apr 1794     Giovanni-Battista Mattone de 
                             Benevello
French Commander
29 Sep 1792 - 31 Jan 1793  Jacques Bernard Modeste         (b. 1740 - d. 1814)
                             d'Anselme
Commissioners of the Directory to the Army of Italy
Oct 1792 - 13 Nov 1792     Paul Barras (1st time)          (b. 1755 - d. 1829) 
                             (to ... 1792)       
                           - François Aubry (from ... 1792)(b. 1747 - d. 1802)
                           - Maximin Isnard (from ... 1792)(b. 1758 - d. 1830)
                           - Antoine-Joseph-Marie          (b. 1757 - d. 1829)
                               Despinassy (from ... 1792)         
18 Nov 1792 -  1 Mar 1793  Jean-François Goupilleau de     (b. 1754 - d. 1823)
                             Fontenay                  
                           - Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois   (b. 1750 - d. 1796)
                           - Marie-David-Albin Lasource    (b. 1762 - d. 1793)
                           - Abbé Henri-Jean-Baptiste      (b. 1750 - d. 1831)   
                               Grégoire
                           - Grégoire Jagot                (b. 1750 - d. 1838)   
May 1793 - Aug 1793        Paul Barras (2nd time)          (s.a.)
                           - Louis-Stanislas Fréron        (b. 1755 - d. 1822)
Sep 1793 - Jun 1794        Augustin-Bon-Joseph de          (b. 1763 - d. 1794)
                             Robespierre
                             (on leave 26 Dec 1793 - Feb 1794)
                           - Jean-François Ricord          (b. 1760 - d. 1818)
                           - Cristoforo Saliceti           (b. 1757 - d. 1809)
                              (1st time)(25 Feb 1794 - Apr 1794)
Jun 1794 -  5 Aug 1794     Jean-François Ricord            (s.a.)
                           - François-Sébastien-Christophe (b. 1760 - d. 1823)
                               Laporte
Aug 1794 - Sep 1794        François-Sébastien-Christophe   (s.a.)
                              Laporte
                           - Cristoforo Saliceti           (s.a.)
                              (2nd time)
                           - Antoine-Louis Albitte         (b. 1761 - d. 1812)
                              (to 21 Aug 1794)
                           - Louis Turreau                 (b. 1761 - d. 1797)
                              (from 21 Aug 1794)
 6 Sep 1794 - Jun 1795     François-Joseph Ritter          (b. 1758 - d. 1809)
                              (1st time)
                           - Louis Turreau (to Jan 1795)   (s.a.)
                           - Louis-Etienne Beffroy de      (b. 1754 - d. 1826)
                               Beauvoir
 8 Jan 1795 - 22 Jun 1795  Ange Chiappe                    (b. 1766 - d. 1826)
                           - Jacques-Marie Dumaz (or Dumas)
                               (from ... 1795)             (b. 1762 - d. 1839)
                           - André Réal                    (b. 1752 - d. 1832)
Jun 1795 - Sep? 1795       François-Joseph Ritter          (s.a.)
                              (2nd time)
                           - Pétré
                           - Jacques-Henri-Marie Maisse    (b. 1756 - d. 1806)
Commissioners of the Executive Directory
Sep 1795 - Apr 1798        André Gastaud                   (b. 1755 - d. 1821)
Apr 1798 - 1799            Rufin Massa                     (b. 1743 - d. 1831)
Austrian commanders
11 May 1800 - 18 May 1800  Melas
18 May 1800 - 29 May 1800  Freiherr Elnitz
Prefects of Alpes-Maritimes département
31 May 1800 - Nov 1801     Joseph Antoine Florens          (b. 1762 - d. 1842)
 3 Nov 1801 - 1803         Alexandre Paul Guérin           (b. 1757 - d. 1816)
                             de Châteauneuf-Randon
1803                       Capelle (acting)
1803 - 18 May 1814         François Joseph de Gratet du    (b. 1746 - d. 1829)
                             Bouchage
18 May 1814 - 27 May 1814  Sauvaigue (acting)
Governors
1814 - 1820                Polycarpe Capchenaz, comte
                             d'Osasc
1820 - 1822                Annibal di Saluzzo              (b. 1775 - d. 1852)
1822 - 1827                Emilio Roero di San Severino
1827 - 1830                Henri Milliet de Faverges et de
                             Challes, maquis de Faverges   (b. 1775 - d. 1839)
1830 - 1831                Louis Bongioanni de Castelborgo (b. 1756 - d. 1834)
1831 - 1834                Bernardino, conte Morra de      (b. 1769 - d. 1851)
                             Lavriano
1834 - 1837                Etienne de Candia
1837 - May 1848            Rodolphe de Maistre, comte de   (b. 1789 - d. 1866)
                             Maistre     
May 1848 - 1849            Hippolyte Gerbaix de Sonnaz     (b. 1783 - d. 1871)
Intendants
27 May 1814 - 1816         Jean-François Fighiera          (b. 1754 - d. 1826) 
1816 - 1819                cavaliere di Guidici
12 Aug 1819 - 1827         Alessandro Crotti di Castiglioni
1827 - 1828                Pullino (acting)
1828 - 1831                Pierre Bianchi
1831 - 1837                Joseph Fernex
1837 - 1841                Pantaleone Gandolfo
 2 Oct 1841 - Aug 1844     Luigi Des Ambrois de Nevache    (b. 1807 - d. 1874)
Aug 1844 - 1848/49         Felice barone di Boccard
Intendants general
1849 - 1850                Teodoro de Rossi di Santa Rosa
1850 - 1851                Alessandro Radicati di Marmorito
1851 - 1856                Ottavio Ferrero Della Marmora   (b. 1806 - d. 1868)
                             (1st time)
1856 - 1858                Pietro Boschi
1858 - 1859                Ottavio Ferrero Della Marmora   (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)  
Governors
23 Oct 1859 - 1860         Enrico Cordero di Montezemolo
1860                       Louis Lubonis (provisional)     (b. 1815 - d. 1893)

954                        Seborga (French: Sabourg) ceded by Counts of Ventimiglia to the
                             Cistercian Abbey of Lerino (French: Lérins) near Cannes.
1079                       Abbots also made Princes of Holy Roman Empire
                             (Principality of Seborga).
1635 - 1637                Spanish occupy Lerino (Lérins).
20 Jan 1729                Sold by Abbey of Lérins to Piedmont-Sardinia.
1787                       Abbey of Lerino (Lérins) disestablished.
23 Apr 1995                Referendum votes in favor of "independence" from Italy
                             (see Self-Proclaimed Micronations).

Prince-Abbots (also the Abbots of Lerino)
1523 - 14 Apr 1532         Agostino Grimaldi            (b. 1482 - d. 1532)
                             (also Lord of Monaco)
1532 - 1535                Jean-Baptiste de Tortone
1534 - 1536                Benoît de Venise
1536 - 1542                Laurent de Crémone
1542 - 1544                Jérôme du Pont
1544 - 1547                Denis Faucher
1547 - 1550                Césaire de Laude (1st time)
1550 - 1552                Honoré de Saluces (1st time)
1552 - 1554                Placide de Gênes
1554 - 1555                Simplicien de Valteline
1555 - 1561                Césaire de Laude (2nd time)
1561 - 1566                Honoré de Saluces (2nd time)
1566 - 1570                Maxime de Colmars Rodolphe
1570 - 1575                Césaire de Laude (3d time)
1575 - 1577                Germain Bellon d'Aiglun (1st time)
1577 - 1582                Jérôme de Pérouse
1582 - 1585                Benoît de Venise
1585 - 1590                Germain Bellon d'Aiglun (2nd time)
1590 - 1593                Ange de Fréjus
1593 - 1601                Hilaire d'Antibes
1601 - 1602                Julien d'Azala
1602 - 1604                Pierre-Paul de Florence
1604 - 1608                César Barcillon de Saint-Paul
                             (1st time)
1608 - 1609                Zenobio de Pérouse
1609 - 1612                César Barcillon de Saint-Paul
                             (2nd time)
1612 - 1614                Antoine de Murs
1614 - 1615                Marc-Antoine Escarras de Cannes
1615 - 1621                Théodore Tardivi (1st time)
1621 - 1623                Ange de Grasse
1623 - 1626                Ange de Reggio
1626 - 1632                Théodore Tardivi (2nd time)
1632 - 1638                Honoré d'Ubraye
1638                       Louis Meynier d'Aix (1st time)
1638 - 1645                Hyacinthe Fradet
1645                       Léandre
1645 - 1651                Louis Meynier d'Aix (2nd time)
1651 - 1654                Honoré d'Ubraye
1654 - 1656                César Barcillon de Saint-Paul
                             (1st time)
1656 - 1659                Benoît Tornon
1659 - 1666                Louis Meynier d'Aix
1666 - 1672                César Barcillon de Saint-Paul
                             (2nd time)
1672 - 1682                Maure de Guérin
1682 - 1699                Joseph de Meyronnet (1st time)
1699 - 1707                André Bernardi d'Antibes
1707 - 1711                Joseph de Meyronnet (2nd time)
1711 - 20 Jan 1729         Giuseppe Antonio Biancheri   (d. 1746)

c.300                      Bishopric of Trent (Ger. Trient, It. Trento)(subject to the
                             patriarchate of Aquileia to 1751)(Hochstift Trient).
1027                       Bishops made princes of the Holy Roman Empire.
 5 Sep 1796 - 12 Nov 1796  Occupied by France.
12 Nov 1796 - 30 Jan 1797  Occupied by Austria.
30 Jan 1797 - 10 Apr 1797  Occupied by France.
10 Apr 1797 -  7 Jan 1801  Occupied by Austria.
 7 Jan 1801 -  9 Mar 1801  Occupied by France.
 9 Mar 1801                Bishopric secularized and annexed to Austria.
 4 Feb 1803                Incorporated into Austrian Tyrol.
25 Dec 1805                Annexed to Bavaria.
28 Feb 1810                Annexed to the Kingdom of Italy (see Lombardy)
                             as département of Haut-Adige (Alto Adige).
10 Oct 1813                Annexed to Austria.
 3 Nov 1918                Annexed to Italy.

Prince-Bishops (title Fürstbischof zu Trient)
 8 Mar 1696 - 22 Apr 1725  Johann Michael Graf von Spaur und      (b. 1638 - d. 1725)
                             Valör 
 9 Sep 1725 - 20 Sep 1725  Giovanni Benedetto Gentilotti          (b. 1672 - d. 1725)
26 Nov 1725 -  5 Apr 1730  Anton Dominik Graf von Wolkenstein-    (b. 1662 - d. 1730)
                             Trostburg
19 Jun 1730 -  7 Sep 1758  Dominik Anton Graf von Thun            (b. 1685 - d. 1758)
1748 -  7 Sep 1758         Leopold Ernest Graf von Firmian        (b. 1708 - d. 1783) 
                             (administrator)
 7 Sep 1758 - 31 Dec 1762  Francesco Felice Alberti d'Enno        (b. 1701 - d. 1762)
 2 Jul 1763 - 13 Jun 1776  Cristoforo Francesco Sizzo de          (b. 1706 - d. 1776)
                             Norris
16 Sep 1776 - 17 Jan 1800  Peter Michael Vigil Graf von Thun und  (b. 1724 - d. 1800)
                             Hohenstein (flees Trent on 20 May 1796)
 2 Apr 1800 -  9 Mar 1801  Emmanuel Maria Graf von Thun           (b. 1763 - d. 1818)
                             und Hohenstein
                             (continues as secular prince to 6 Nov 1802)

1197                       Republic of Florence
1399 - 1404                Pisa and Siena part of Duchy of Milan.
1404 - 1494                Pisa part of Florence.
 8 Jan 1509                Pisa annexed.
1532                       Duchy of Florence
 3 Jul 1557                Sienna annexed (resistance continues to 1559).
27 Aug 1569                Grand Duchy of Tuscany
27 Mar 1799 - Jul 1799     Occupied by France.
27 Mar 1799                Etruscan Republic
 7 Jul 1799                Grand Duchy of Tuscany restored.
 3 Aug 1801                Kingdom of Etruria
10 Dec 1807                Annexed to France.
24 May 1808                Divided into the départements of Arno,
                             Méditerranée, and Ombrone.
 1 Feb 1814 - 27 Apr 1814  Occupied by "Sicily" (Naples).
27 Apr 1814                Grand Duchy of Tuscany (restored).
 5 Oct 1847                Lucca annexed.
28 Apr 1859                Provisional Government offers dictatorship over Tuscany
                             to the King of Sardinia.
10 May 1859                Administered by Kingdom of Sardinia.
 3 Dec 1859                Part of the United Provinces of Central Italy
                             (Tuscany, Modena, Parma, and Piacenza).
22 Mar 1860                Annexation by Kingdom of Sardinia, but keeping 
                             large degree of internal autonomy.
 9 Oct 1861                Autonomy abolished. 

Grand Dukes
23 May 1670 - 31 Oct 1723  Cosimo III                         (b. 1642 - d. 1723)
31 Oct 1723 -  9 Jul 1737  Giovanni Gastone                   (b. 1671 - d. 1737)
 9 Jul 1737 - 18 Aug 1765  Francesco II                       (b. 1708 - d. 1765)
 9 Jul 1737 - 1766         Regency Council
                           - Marc de Beauvau, prince of Craon (b. 1679 - d. 1754)
                             (chairman 1737 - 1749)
                           - Déodat-Emmanuel de Nay-Richecourt(b. 1694 - d. 1768)
                             (chairman 1749 - Apr 1747) 
                           - Antonio Botta-Adorno             (b. 1688 - d. 1774)
                            (chairman Sep 1757 - 1766)
18 Aug 1765 - 22 Jul 1790  Pietro Leopoldo I                  (b. 1747 - d. 1792)
May 1766 - 28 Dec 1770     Regency Council
                           - Franz-Xaver Orsini-Rosenberg     (b. 1723 - d. 1796)
                             (chairman)
22 Jul 1790 - 27 Mar 1799  Ferdinando III (1st time)          (b. 1769 - d. 1824)
Organizing Commissioner of the Provisional Government
27 Mar 1799 - Jul 1799     Charles Frédéric Reinhardt         (b. 1761 - d. 1837)
President of the Provisional Government
27 Mar 1799 -  5 Jul 1799  Rivani
Chairman of the Supreme Delegation of Arezzo
 6 May 1799 - 1799         Benedetto Mancinetti         
                             (in opposition to French rule)
President of the Senate
 5 Jul 1799 -  7 Jul 1799  Cesare Gori
Grand Dukes
 7 Jul 1799 - 15 Oct 1800  Ferdinando III (2nd time)          (s.a.)
                            (deposed by international treaty 9 Feb 1801)
15 Oct 1800 - 27 Nov 1800  Grand-Ducal Commission
                           - Giuseppe Francesco Pierallini 
                              (1st time)
                           - Antonio Cercignani (1st time)
                           - Bernardo Lessi (1st time)
                           - Giulio Piombanti (1st time)
27 Nov 1800 - 27 Mar 1801  Provisional Government
                           - Francesco Chiarenti
                           - Enrico Pontelli
                           - Giovanni De Ghores
27 Mar 1801 -  3 Aug 1801  Grand-Ducal Commission
                           - Giuseppe Francesco Pierallini
                              (2nd time)
                           - Antonio Cercignani (2nd time)
                           - Bernardo Lessi (2nd time)
                           - Giulio Piombanti (2nd time)
Governor-general of the Tuscan Provinces
1800 - 1801                Annibale marchese di Sommariva     (b. 1755 - d. 1829)
Kings
 3 Aug 1801 - 27 May 1803  Ludovico I                         (b. 1773 - d. 1803)
27 May 1803 - 10 Dec 1807  Carlo Ludovico II                  (b. 1799 - d. 1883)
27 May 1803 - 10 Dec 1807  Maria Luisa -Queen Regent          (b. 1782 - d. 1824)
Governors-general
May 1808 -  3 Mar 1809     Jacques François de Boussay,       (b. 1750 - d. 1810)
                             baron de Menou 
 3 Mar 1809 -  1 Feb 1814  Elisa Baciocchi Bonaparte (f)      (b. 1777 - d. 1820)
                            (with courtesy style of Grand Duchess of Tuscany)
Prefects of Arno département
25 Feb 1808 - Mar 1809     Jean Jacques Racault de Reuilly
16 Mar 1809 - 1814         Jean Antoine Joseph, chevalier     (b. 1761 - d. 1834)
                             Fauchet (from 4 Jun 1810, Jean
                             Antoine Joseph, baron Fauchet)
Prefects of Méditerranée département
25 Feb 1808 - 30 Nov 1810  Guillaume Antoine Benoît,          (b. 1775 - d. 1843)
                             baron Capelle 
30 Nov 1810 - 1814         Michel Augustin de Goyon           (b. 1764 - d. 1851)
Prefect of Ombrone département
25 Feb 1808 - 1814         Ange Gandolfo
Grand Dukes
27 Apr 1814 - 18 Jun 1824  Ferdinando III (3rd time)          (s.a.)
18 Jun 1824 - 21 Feb 1849  Leopoldo II (1st time)             (b. 1797 - d. 1870)
                            (in exile 7 Feb 1849 - 27 Jul 1849)
21 Feb 1849 - 27 Mar 1849  Giuseppe Montanelli                (b. 1813 - d. 1862)
                            (president of Provisional Government)
27 Mar 1849 - 12 Apr 1849  Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi       (b. 1804 - d. 1873)
                            (Head of the Executive Power)
12 Apr 1849 - 21 Jul 1859  Leopoldo II (2nd time)             (s.a.)
                            (in exile from 27 Apr 1859, though not formally
                             dispossessed, unrecognized by Provisional Government)
21 Jul 1859 - 16 Aug 1859  Ferdinando IV                      (b. 1835 - d. 1908)
                            (though not formally dispossessed until 16 Aug 1859,
                             unrecognized by Provisional Government and by
                             Sardinian administration)
27 Apr 1859 - 10 May 1859  Ubaldino Peruzzi                   (b. 1822 - d. 1891)
                            (president of Provisional Government)
Administrators
10 May 1859 - 16 Aug 1859  Conte Carlo Boncompagni di Mombello
                            (extraordinary royal commissioner)(b. 1804 - d. 1880)
16 Aug 1859 -  3 Dec 1859  Barone Bettino Ricasoli            (b. 1809 - d. 1880)
                            (head of government)
Governor-general of the United Provinces of Central Italy
(includes Modena, Parma and Piacenza, Tuscany)
 3 Dec 1859 - 20 Mar 1860  Conte Carlo Boncompagni di         (s.a.)
                             Mombello
                            (nominally for Eugenio Emanuele 
                             di Savoia-Carignano, principe 
                             di Carignano                     (b. 1816 - d. 1888)
Royal Lieutenant
20 Mar 1860 -  9 Oct 1861  Eugenio Emanuele di Savoia-        (s.a.)
                             Carignano, principe di Carignano
Governor-general
20 Mar 1860 -  9 Oct 1861  Barone Bettino Ricasoli            (s.a.)
 

Chief ministers
Dec 1770 - 15 Sep 1775     Pompeo Neri                        (b. 1706 - d. 1775)
1775 - 1784                Francesco Maria Gianni             (b. 1728 - d. 1801)
Councillors of State
 6 Apr 1748 - af.1794      Antonio Serristori
1796                       Francesco Seratti
1815 - 13 Apr 1844         Vittorio Conte Fossombroni         (b. 1754 - d. 1844)
Apr 1844 - 25 Oct 1845     Prince Neri III Corsini            (b. 1771 - d. 1845)
25 Oct 1845 - Sep 1847     Vacant
Sep 1847 -  2 Jun 1848     Prince Neri IV Corsini,            (b. 1805 - d. 1859)
                             marchese di Lajatico
 2 Jun 1848 - 30 Jul 1848  Cosimo, marchese di Ridolfi        (b. 1794 - d. 1865)
Presidents of the Council of Ministers (Prime minister)
 1 Aug 1848 - 27 Oct 1848  Gino, marchese di Caponi (1st time)(b. 1792 - d. 1876)
27 Oct 1848 - 21 Feb 1849  Giuseppe Montanell                 (b. 1813 - d. 1862)
21 Feb 1849 - 11 Mar 1849  Vacant
11 Mar 1849 -  5 May 1849  Gino, marchese di Caponi (2nd time)(s.a.)
 5 May 1849 - 24 May 1849  Luigi, conte Serristori            (b. 1793 - d. 1857)
                             (Extraordinary Commissioner of the Grand Duke)
24 May 1849 - 27 Apr 1859  Giovanni Baldasseroni              (b. 1790 - d. 1876)
27 Apr 1859 - 10 May 1859  Ubaldino Peruzzi                   (s.a.)
                             (president of Provisional Government)
16 Aug 1859 - 20 Mar 1860  Barone Bettino Ricasoli            (s.a.)

Austrian Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary 
1849 - 1859                Karl Freiherr von Hugel            (b. 1795 - d. 1870)
                             (chargé d'affaires to 1850)

 ¹full style of the ruler from 1765-1801, from 1814: Principe reale di Ungheria e Boemia, Arciduca di Austria, Granduca di Toscana ("Royal Prince of Hungary and Bohemia, Archduke of Austria, Grand Duke of Tuscany").

29 May 1557                Spanish possession of Porto Santo Stefano, Orbetello, 
                             Talamone and Porto Ercole as Stato dei Reali Presidi di Spagna
                             confirmed by Treaty of London; subordinated to the Spanish
                             Viceroy of Kingdom of "Sicily" (Naples).
 3 Jul 1557                Spanish possession confirmed.
 8 May 1602 -  9 Feb 1801  Porto Longone on Elba part of the Stato dei Presidi.
 9 May 1646 - 20 Jul 1650  French occupation of Porto Santo, Talamone, and from
                             30 Oct 1646 Porto Longone.
24 Dec 1707 -  7 Mar 1714  Occupied by Imperial forces under Austria.
 7 Mar 1714                Austrian possession confirmed by Treaty of Rastatt.
 3 Oct 1735                Stato dei Presidi subordinated to Kingdom of "Sicily" (Naples). 
1800 - 1801                Occupied by France.
 9 Feb 1801                Annexed to France.
1802                       Separate administration terminated.
27 Apr 1814                Incorporated into Tuscany. 

Governors of Stato di Presidi (also the Vicarios generales de los Presidios de Toscana)
(subordinated to the Viceroy of Naples to 1707)
1557 - 1802                the Vicar generals of the Tuscan Presidios
Castellanos of Orbetello and Talamone
(subordinated to the governors of the Stato dei Presidi)
1557 - 1574                Blas de Vargas                         (d. 1574)
28 Sep 1574 - 1584         Cristóbal de Ezpeleta y Aguerre        (d. 1584)
1584 - 1593                Francesco de Montes de Oca y Meneses   (b. c.1526 - d. 1593)
1593 - 1601                Martin Fernández Ceron  (d. c.1606)
1601 - 1608                Juan Chasco                            (d. c.1608)
1605 - 1617                Egidio Nuñez Orejón                    (d. 1618)
1618 - 1624                Mateo de Otáñez Mota                   (b. 1568 - d. 1628)
1625 - 1627                Martin de Arostegui Marañón de la Peña (d. 1627)
1628 - 1635                Sebastián de Culebro
1635 - 1646                Martin de Berrio
1646 - 1652                Pedro de la Puente y Hurtado de Ulloa, (b. c.1605 - d. 1667)
                             barón de Reiffenberg                
1652 - 1656                Pablo de Castelló y de Puig
1656 — 1666                Cristóbal Velázquez de Carvajal,
                             señor de Almazquilla
1666 — 1674                Juan Flores de Quiñones
1674 — 1675                José Espluga y Juste
1675 - 1688                ....
24 Nov 1688 - 1689         Juan Gomez de Enterría y Noriega
1689 - 1698                Pedro de Meneses
1698 - 1707                Bartolomé de Espejo
17.. - 1714                António Luís de Sousa, conde de Prado, (b. 1644 - d. 1721)
                             marqués das Minas
1714 - 17..                Braitwiz
1741 - 17..                Placido de Sangro, duca di
                             Torremaggiore
1771 - 1775?               Josef Karl von Schorno                (d. 1775)
.... - ....                Francesco Marchese Masi
.... - ....                Salvatore Marchese Gomez Paloma
                             dell'Olivera
1775? - 1802               ....     

Castellanos of Porto Longone (on Elba)
 8 May 1602 - 1707         see under Elba

25 Dec 1130                Kingdom of Sicily, encompassing the island of Sicily and
                             a large region, centered on Naples, on the mainland.
31 Mar 1282                Split into two kingdoms, sometimes in personal union:
                            (1) Kingdom of Sicily, informally Kingdom of Naples or
                             Kingdom of "Sicily this side of the Lighthouse"
                            (Sicilia al di qua del Faro);
                            (2) Kingdom of Sicily, thus called informally, also
                             Kingdom of "Sicily beyond the Lighthouse."
                            (Sicilia al di là del Faro).
 8 Dec 1816                The two kingdoms merge as Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
11 May 1860 -  8 Nov 1860  Giuseppe Garibaldi conquers Sicily and Naples.
 8 Nov 1860                Administered by Kingdom of Sardinia.
17 Dec 1860                Annexation by Kingdom of Sardinia.
 

Naples (Sicily this side of the Lighthouse)

25 Dec 1130                Part of Kingdom of Sicily, encompassing the island of Sicily
                             and a large region, centered on Naples, on the mainland.
1139                       Duchy of Naples
26 Feb 1154 -  6 Jan 1266  United with Sicily.
 6 Jan 1266                Kingdom of Sicily
31 Mar 1282                Split into two kingdoms, sometimes in personal union:
                            (1) Kingdom of Sicily, informally Kingdom of Naples or
                             Kingdom of "Sicily this side of the Lighthouse"
                            (Sicilia al di qua del Faro);
                            (2) Kingdom of Sicily, thus called informally, also
                             Kingdom of "Sicily beyond the Lighthouse"
                            (Sicilia al di là del Faro).
12 Jun 1442                Naples ruled by Aragón.
11 Aug 1480 - 10 Sep 1481  Otranto occupied by Ottoman Empire.
22 Feb 1495 -  7 Jul 1496  French occupation of Naples.
 2 Aug 1501 - 14 May 1503  French occupation of Naples (partition with Aragon agreed by
                             Treaty of Granada 11 Nov 1500).
23 Jan 1516                Under Spanish rule.
11 Jul 1647 - Apr 1648     Commune of Naples in rebellion.
 7 Jul 1707                Naples under Austrian rule.
23 Jan 1799 - 23 Jun 1799  French occupation of Naples.
23 Jan 1799                Neapolitan Republic, unofficially styled
                             Parthenopean Republic.
23 Jun 1799                Kingdom of Sicily restored.
27 Dec 1805 - 1814         French occupation of Naples.
 1 Mar 1806                Annexed by France.
30 Mar 1806                Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (thus named, although its
                             authority does not extend to the island), under French rule.
 1 Aug 1808                Kingdom of Sicily restored.
 8 Dec 1816                The two kingdoms merge as Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
 8 Aug 1860 -  8 Nov 1860  Giuseppe Garibaldi conquers Naples.
 6 Sep 1860 - 14 Feb 1861  King Francesco II takes refuge in Gaeta.
 8 Nov 1860                Administered by Kingdom of Sardinia.
17 Dec 1860                Annexation by Kingdom of Sardinia; Naples keeping a
                             large degree of internal autonomy.
15 Feb 1861                Gaeta occupied by Sardinian troops.
20 Mar 1861                Last Neapolitan fortress, Civitella del Tronto, surrenders.
 5 May 1861                Abolition of Neapolitan autonomy.
 9 Oct 1861                Neapolitan provinces fully integrated into
                             the new Kingdom of Italy.

Kings¹
16 Nov 1700 -  7 Jul 1707  Filippo (IV)                       (b. 1683 - d. 1746)
                            (Felipe V of Spain)
 7 Jul 1707 -  2 Jun 1734  Carlo (VII) Giuseppe Francesco     (b. 1685 - d. 1740)
                            (Karl VI of Holy Roman Empire)
 2 Jun 1734 -  6 Oct 1759  Carlo (IV) Sebastiano              (b. 1716 - d. 1788)
 2 Jun 1734 - 1738         Regency
                           - Marqués de Montemar
                           - José Joaquin de Monte Alegre,    (b. 1698 - d. 1771)
                               marqués de Salas
 6 Oct 1759 - 23 Jan 1799  Ferdinando IV (1st time)           (b. 1751 - d. 1825)
                            (in Palermo, Sicily refuge 21 Dec 1798 - Aug 1801)
 6 Oct 1759 - 12 Jan 1767  Regency
                           - Bernardo marchese Tanucci        (b. 1698 - d. 1783)
                           - Domenico Cattaneo principi di    (b. 1698 - d. 1782) 
                               San Nicandro
Presidents of the Provisional Government
23 Jan 1799 - 19 Feb 1799  Carlo Lauberg                      (b. 1752? - d. 1834)
19 Feb 1799 - 23 Mar 1799  Ignazio Ciaja                      (b. 1766 - d. 1799)
23 Mar 1799 - 15 Apr 1799  Giuseppe Abbamonte                 (b. 1759 - d. 1818)
President of the Executive Commission²
15 Apr 1799 -  5 Jun 1799  Ercole D'Agnese                    (b. 1745 - d. 1799)
President of the Executive Directory³
 5 Jun 1799 - 23 Jun 1799  Ercole D'Agnese                    (s.a.)
King¹
23 Jun 1799 -  1 Mar 1806  Ferdinando IV (2nd time)           (s.a.)
                            (in Palermo, Sicily refuge from 8 Feb 1805)
Chairman of State Junta
(ruling in name of the absent king)
23 Jun 1799 - 1799         Felice Damiani
Lieutenant General
27 Dec 1805 - 30 Mar 1806  Giuseppe Napoleone                 (b. 1768 - d. 1844) 
                            (Joseph Bonaparte)
Kings⁴
30 Mar 1806 -  8 Jul 1808  Giuseppe Napoleone                 (s.a.)
 8 Jul 1808 -  1 Aug 1808  Regency
                           - Antonio Cristoforo Saliceti      (b. 1757 - d. 1809)
                           - Michelangelo Cianciulli          (b. 1734 - d. 1819)
                           - Principe Pignatelli di Cerchiara
 1 Aug 1808 - 22 May 1815  Gioacchino Napoleone               (b. 1767 - d. 1815)
                            (Joachim Murat)
King¹
22 May 1815 -  8 Dec 1816  Ferdinando IV (3rd time)           (s.a.)
Administrator (for Ferdinando IV)
22 May 1815 -  2 Jun 1815  Prince Leopoldo di Borbone         (b. 1790 - d. 1850) 
 

First Secretaries
Jan 1768 - 1776            Bernardo marchese Tanucci          (s.a.)
                            (de facto since 6 Oct 1759)
1779 - 1798                Sir John Francis Acton             (b. 1736 - d. 1811)
                            (in Palermo refuge 21 Dec 1798 - 19 Jun 1799)
Chief mininster (in Naples)
1806 - 1808                Ferri Pisani de San Anastasio      (b. 1770 - d. 1846) 

French Viceroys
May 1495 - Oct 1495        Gilbert de Bourbon, comte de       (b. 1443 - d. 1496)
                             Montpensier               
1500 - 1501                Béraud Stuart d'Aubigny            (b. 1447 - d. 1508)
Aug 1501 - 28 Apr 1503     Louis d'Armagnac, duc de Nemours   (b. 1473 - d. 1503)
Viceroys of Naples
1672 - 1675                Antonio Pedro Sancho Dávila y      (b. c.1615 - d. 1689)
                             Osorio, marqués de Astorga
1675 - 1683                Fernando Joaquín Fajardo de        (b. 1635 - d. 1693)
                             Requesens y Toledo, marqués de
                             los Vélez
1683 - 1687                Gaspar de Haro y Guzmán, marqués   (b. 1629 - d. 1687)
                             del Carpio
1687 - 1696                Francisco de Benavides, marqués de
                             Santisteban
1696 - 1702                Luis Francisco de la Cerda, duque
                             de Medinaceli                    (b. 1660 - d. 1711)
1702 - 1707                Juan Manuel Fernández Pacheco y    (b. 1650 - d. 1725) 
                             Zúñiga, duque d'Escalona, 
                             marques de Villena
 7 Jul 1707 - 31 Oct 1707  Georg Adam Graf von Martinitz      (d. 1714)
 1 Nov 1707 - 30 Jun 1708  Wirich Philipp Lorenz Graf
                             von Daun (1st time)              (b. 1669 - d. 1741)
 1 Jul 1708 - 27 Sep 1710  Cardinal Vincenzo Grimani          (b. 1652 - d. 1710)
1710 - 1713                Carlo Borromeo conte d'Arese       (b. 1657 - d. 1734)
20 May 1713 -  4 Jul 1719  Wirich Philipp Lorenz Graf 
                             von Daun (2nd time)              (s.a.)
 4 Jul 1719 - 25 Jul 1719  Johann Wenzel von Gallas           (b. 1669 - d. 1719)
1719 - 1721                Wolfgang Hannibal von Schrattenbach 
                             Erzbischof von Olmütz            (b. 1670 - d. 1738)
1721 - 1722                Marcantonio Borghese, príncipe de  (b. 1660 - d. 1729)
                             Sulmona    
1722 - 1728                Cardinal Michael Friedrich von
                             Althann
31 Jul 1728 -  9 Dec 1728  Joaquín Fernández Portocarrero,    (b. 1681 - d. 1760) 
                             marques de Almahara (acting)
 9 Dec 1728 - 1733         Aloys Thomas Raimund von Harrach   (b. 1669 - d. 1742)
12 Jun 1733 -  1 Jun 1734  Giulio Borromeo, conte Visconti    (b. 1664 - d. 1751)
Vicars-general (in opposition to French rule)
21 Dec 1798 - 17 Jan 1799  Principe Francesco Pignatelli      (b. 1734 - d. 1812)
25 Jan 1799 - 22 May 1815  Fabrizio Cardinal Ruffo            (b. 1744 - d. 1827)
                            (from 31 Jul 1799, Lieutenant-general of the Realm)
French Commissioners
 7 Jan 1799 -  6 Feb 1799  Guillaume Charles de Faipoult      (b. 1752 - d. 1817)
19 Feb 1799 - 1799         André Joseph, comte Abrial         (b. 1750 - d. 1828)
                             (arrived 28 Mar 1799)
French Governors
17 Mar 1806 - Jul 1808     Jean-Baptiste Jourdan,             (b. 1762 - d. 1833)
                             comte Jourdan 
23 Jul 1808 - 27 Mar 1813  Dominique Catherine Pérignon,      (b. 1754 - d. 1818)
                             comte Pérignon

French Commanders of the Armée de Naples 
24 Jan 1799 - 27 Feb 1799  Jean Etienne Championnet           (b. 1762 - d. 1800)
27 Feb 1799 -  3 Aug 1799  Etienne Jacques Joseph Alexandre
                             MacDonald                        (b. 1765 - d. 1840)

Jul 1061                   County of Sicily
25 Dec 1130                Kingdom of Sicily, encompassing the island of Sicily and
                             a large region, centered on Naples, on the mainland.
20 Oct 1194 - 25 May 1254  Part of Holy Roman Empire under the Hohenstaufen dynasty.
31 Mar 1282                Communes of Palermo and Messina independent.
31 Mar 1282                Split into two kingdoms, sometimes in personal union:
                            (1) Kingdom of Sicily, informally Kingdom of Naples or
                             Kingdom of "Sicily this side of the Lighthouse";
                            (2) Kingdom of Sicily, thus called informally, also
                             Kingdom of "Sicily beyond the Lighthouse" 
                            (Sicilia al di là del Faro).
 4 Sep 1282                Kingdom of Sicily restricted to the island, restored.
31 Aug 1302                Renamed Kingdom of Trinacria.
1314                       Name Kingdom of Sicily restored.
1372                       Name Kingdom of Trinacria restored.
21 May 1392                Name Kingdom of Sicily restored.
25 Jul 1409                Ruled by Aragón.
23 Jan 1516                Under Spanish Habsburg rule.
28 Apr 1675 - 1678         French occupation in Messina.
22 Sep 1713                Part of the Duchy of Savoy.
Jul 1718 - 29 Oct 1719     Spanish occupation.
29 Oct 1719 - 17 Oct 1720  Austrian occupation.
17 Feb 1720                Under Austrian rule.
 2 Jun 1734                Spanish rule.
 6 Oct 1759                Part of Naples.
 8 Dec 1816                Merged into Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
13 Apr 1848 -  5 May 1849  Kingdom of Sicily (in rebellion).
12 Jan 1848                Rebellion begins in Palermo.
13 Apr 1848                Sicilian Parliament deposed the Neapolitan King
                            (and his successors) and proclaimed Sicily an
                             independent kingdom "to become part of a future
                             Italian federation" (Kingdom of Sicily). 
10 Jul 1848                The Sardinian prince Ferdinando Maria Alberto
                             Amadeo Filiberto Vincenzo, principe de Saboia,
                             duca di Genova (b. 1822 - d. 1855) elected King of
                             Sicily; he did not react to or accept the title.
 5 May 1849                Neapolitan rule restored.
11 May 1860                Giuseppe Garibaldi conquers Sicily.
12 Dec 1860                Sicily annexed to the Kingdom of Sardinia;
                             keeping a large degree of internal autonomy.
12 Mar 1861                Occupation of the fortress of Messina, the last Neapolitan
                             stronghold on the island.
 1 Feb 1862                Autonomy abolished.

Kings¹
16 Nov 1700 - 22 Sep 1713  Filippo (IV)                       (b. 1683 - d. 1746)
                            (Felipe V of Spain)
                            (6 Jul 1718 - 17 Feb 1720 in rebellion
                             against Vittorio Amedeo II)
22 Sep 1713 - 17 Feb 1720  Vittorio Amedeo II                 (b. 1666 - d. 1732)
17 Feb 1720 -  2 Jun 1734  Carlo (IV)                         (b. 1685 - d. 1740)
                            (Karl VI of Holy Roman Empire)
 2 Jun 1734 -  6 Oct 1759  Carlo (IV) Sebastiano              (b. 1716 - d. 1788)
 6 Oct 1759 -  8 Dec 1816  Ferdinando III                     (s.a.)
                            (Ferdinando IV of Naples)
1812 - 19 May 1815         Principi Francesco di Borbone,     (b. 1777 - d. 1830)
                             duca di Calabre -Regent
President of the Committee of Fieravecchia
12 Jan 1848 - 14 Jan 1848  Giuseppe La Masa                   (b. 1819 - d. 1881) 
President of the Provisional Revolutionary Committee
14 Jan 1848                principe di Grammonte
President of the General Committee
14 Jan 1848 - 13 Apr 1848  Ruggero Settimo                    (b. 1778 - d. 1863) 
President of the Provisional Government
13 Apr 1848 - 22 Apr 1849  Ruggero Settimo                    (s.a.)
Mayors of Palermo
22 Apr 1849 - 29 Apr 1849  A. Statella, marchese di Spaccaforno
29 Apr 1849 -  5 May 1849  Pietro Riso, barone Della Colobria
Dictator
11 May 1860 -  8 Nov 1860  Giuseppe Garibaldi                 (b. 1807 - d. 1882)

Chief ministers
21 Dec 1798 - 19 Jun 1799  Sir John Francis Acton (1st time)  (s.a.)
27 Dec 1805 - 1811         Sir John Francis Acton (2nd time)  (s.a.)
Ministers-Secretaries of State for the Affairs of Sicily (in Naples)
26 Jul 1849 - 185.         Giovanni cavaliere Cassisi
185. - 19 Mar 1860         Paolo cavaliere Cumbo
Head of the Provisional Government
14 May 1860 -  3 Jun 1860  Francesco Crispi                   (b. 1819 - d. 1901) 
Prime ministers (Presidents of the Council of Ministers)
 3 Jun 1860 -  1 Jul 1860  Francesco Crispi (1st time)        (s.a.)
                             (de facto)
 1 Jul 1860 -  8 Jul 1860  Giuseppe, barone Natoli            (b. 1805 - d. 1857) 
 8 Jul 1860 - 23 Jul 1860  Michele Amari                      (b. 1806 - d. 1889) 
23 Jul 1860 -  1 Aug 1860  Agostino Depretis                  (b. 1813 - d. 1887)
 1 Aug 1860 - 17 Sep 1860  Francesco Crispi (2nd time)        (s.a.)
17 Sep 1860 -  7 Nov 1860? Antonio Mordini                    (b. 1819 - d. 1902)
 

Viceroys of Sicily
1696 - 1701                Pedro Colónde Portugal, duque de   (b. 1651 - d. 1710)
                             Veragua
1701 - 1702                Juan Manuel Fernández Pacheco de   (b. 1650 - d. 1725) 
                             Zúñiga, marqués de Villena,
                             duque d'Escalona
1702 - 1705                Francesco Cardinal del Giudice
1705 - 1707                Isidor de La Cueva y Benavides,
                             marqués de Bedmar
1707 - 1714                Carlo Spinola, 
                             marqués de Los Balbares
Commanders
1714 - 1718                Aníbal Maffei, conte de Maffei
1718 - 1719                Juan Francisco de Bette, marqués de
                             Lede 
1719 - Jul 1719            Florimund Claudius Graf von Mercy  (b. 1666 - d. 1734)
                             (1st time)
Jul 1719 - 1719            Johann Hieronymus Zumjungen (acting)
1719 - 11 Nov 1719         Florimund Claudius Graf von Mercy  (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
Viceroys
11 Nov 1719 - 1722         Niccolò Pignatelli,
                             duca di Monteleón y Terranova    (b. 1648 - d. 1730)
 2 Jul 1722 - 1728         Joaquín Fernández Portocarrero,    (b. 1681 - d. 1760) 
                             marqués de Almahara
1728 -  2 Sep 1734         Cristóbal Fernández de Córdoba de
                             Alagon, conde de Sástago y Morato, 
                             marqués de Aquilar
 2 Sep 1734 - 1734         José Carrillo de Albornoz y        (b. 1674 - d. 1747) 
                             Montiel, duque de Montemar
                            (military commander)
1734 - 1737                Pedro de Castro y Figueroa         (b. c.1685 - d. 1741)
                             marqués de Gracía Real (acting)
1737 - 1747                Bartolomeo Corsini,
                             príncipe de Gismano
1747 - 1754                Eustaquio de Laviefuille,
                             duque de Laviefuille
1754 - 1755                Giuseppe Griman (acting)
1755                       Marcello Papiniano Cusani,
                             obispo de Palermo (acting)
Jun 1755 - 1768            Giovanni Fogliani Sforza de Aragón
                             marqués de Pellegrino           (b. 1697 - d. 1780)
                             (1st time) 
1768                       Egidio Pietrasanta,
                             principe de San Pietro (acting)
1768 - 1773                Giovanni Fogliani Sforza de Aragón
                             marqués de Pellegrino           (s.a.)
                             (2nd time) 
1774 - 1775                Serafino Filangieri,
                             obispo de Palermo (acting)
1775 - 1778                Marco Antonio Colonna, 
                             principe d'Alliano
1778 - 1781                Antonio de Cortada y Bru (acting)
1781 - 1784                Domenico Caracciolo,
                             marchese di Villamaina
1784 - 1786                Francesco Ferdinando Sanseverino,
                             obispo de Palermo (acting)
1786                       Joaquín Fons de Viela (acting)
Apr 1786 - 1794            Francesco d'Aquino,                (b. 1738 - d. 1795)
                             principe di Caramanico
1794 - 1798                Felipe López y Royo,
                             arzobispo de Palermo (acting)
1798                       Tommaso Ferrao, principi de Luzzi
1798 - 1802                Ferdinando III (1st time)          (s.a.)
1802 - 1803                Domenico Pignatelli,
                             arzobispo de Palermo (acting)
1803 - 1806                Alessandro Filangieri,
                             principe di Cutò
1806 - 1812                Ferdinando III (2nd time)          (s.a.) 
Vicars-General
1812 - 1814                Francesco di Borbone,
                             duca di Calabre (1st time)       (s.a.)
1814 - 1815                Ferdinando III                     (s.a.)
1815 - 1816                Francesco di Borbone,
                             duca di Calabre (2nd time)       (s.a.)
1816 - 1817                Niccolò Filangieri, 
                             principe di Cuto (acting)
1817 - 1818                Francesco di Borbone,              (s.a.)
                             duca di Calabre (3rd time)
1818 - 1819                Carlos de Avarna, duque de Avarna
                           + Gioachino de Ferreri,
                             duque de Ferreri
                           (acting)
1819                       Francesco di Borbone,              (s.a.)
                             duca di Calabre (4th time)
Lieutenants-general
1819 - 1820                Diego Naselli, príncipe d'Aragón
1820                       Ruggiero Settimo                   (s.a.)
1820 - 1821                Antonio Ruffo,
                             principe di Scaletta
1821                       Pietro Cardinal Gravina,
                             archbishop of Palermo
1821 - 1823                Niccolò Filangieri,
                             principe di Cuto
1822 - 1824                Antonio Lucchesi-Palli,
                             principe di Campofranco          (b. 1781 - d. 1856)
                             (1st time)
1824 - 1830                Pietro Ugo, 
                             marchese della Favare
1830 - 1831                Vito, marchese Nunziante
1831 - 1835                Leopoldo, conte di Syracuse
1835 - 1837                Antonio Lucchesi-Palli,
                             principe di Campofranco          (s.a.)
                             (2nd time) 
1837 - 1839                Onorato Gaetani, 
                             duca di Laurenzana
Nov 1839 - 1840            Guiseppe Tschudy,
                             marchese di San Pasquale (acting)
1840 - Sep 1848            Luigi Nicola de Majo,
                             duca de San Pietro
                             (after 1848 revolution only in fortress of Messina)
Sep 1848 - 1854            Carlo Filangieri,                  (b. 1784 - d. 1867)
                             principe de Satriano, 
                             (from 1849, duca de Tairmina)
                             (to Mar 1849 only in fortress of Messina)
18 Mar 1855 - 1860         Paolo Ruffo,
                             principe de Castelcicala
Extraordinary Commissioner
18 May 1860 - 1860         Ferdinando Lanza                   (b. 1788 - d. 1865)
Prodittatori (governors)
23 Jul 1860 - 17 Sep 1860  Agostino Depretis                  (s.a.)
17 Sep 1860 - Sep 1860     Antonio Mordini                    (s.a.)
Lieutenants-general
Sep 1860 -  4 Jan 1861     Giuseppe Massimo Cordero,
                             marchese di Montezemolo
14 Apr 1861 - 1861         Alessandro, marchese Della Rovere  (b. 1815 - d. 1864)
1861 - 1862                Ignazio, conte de Genova di 
                             Pettinengo

Kings¹
 8 Dec 1816 -  4 Jan 1825  Ferdinando I                       (s.a.)
                            (Ferdinando IV of Naples)
 4 Jan 1825 -  8 Nov 1830  Francesco I                        (b. 1777 - d. 1830)
 8 Nov 1830 - 22 May 1859  Ferdinando II                      (b. 1810 - d. 1859)
22 May 1859 -  7 Sep 1860  Francesco II                       (b. 1836 - d. 1894)
                            (to Mar 1861 in name only
                             [6 Sep 1860 - 14 Feb 1861 in Gaeta,
                             then to 19 Oct 1870 in Rome exile])
Dictator
 7 Sep 1860 -  8 Nov 1860  Giuseppe Garibaldi                 (b. 1807 - d. 1882)
                            (on the island of Sicily from 11 May 1860)
Lieutenants-general
 8 Nov 1860 - 17 Dec 1860  Luigi Carlo Farini                 (b. 1812 - d. 1866)
 3 Jan 1861 - May 1861     Eugenio Emanuele di Savoia-        (b. 1816 - d. 1888)
                             Carignano, principe di Carignano
20 May 1861 - Jul 1861     Gustavo conte Ponza di San Martino (b. 1840 - d. 1876)
Jul 1861 - Oct 1861        Enrico Cialdini                    (b. 1811 - d. 1892)
 

Minister Secretaries of State (Presidents of the Council of Ministers)
1839 - 1848                Giuseppe Ceva Grimaldi Pisanelli,  (b. 1776 - d. 1862) 
                             marchese di Pietracatella
28/29 Jan 1848-3 Apr 1848  Nicola Maresca, duca di 
                             Serracapriola
 3 Apr 1848-16/19 May 1848 Carlo Troja                        (b. 1798 - d. 1858)
16/19 May 1848 - 1849      Gennaro Spinelli, principe di      (b. 1780 - d. 1851)
                             Cariati
1849 - 1852?               Giustino Fortunato                 (b. 1777 - d. 1862)
19 Jan 1852 -  9 Jun 1859  Ferdinando cavaliere Troja
 9 Jun 1859 - 19 Mar 1860  Carlo Filangieri, principe di      (b. 1784 - d. 1867)
                             Satriano and duca di Taormina
1860                       Antonio Statella, principe di
                             Cassaro
Jun/Jul 1860-Aug/Sep 1860  Antonio Spinelli dei principi      (b. 1785 - d. 1884)
                             di Scaléa 
Sep 1860 - 1861            Francesco Antonio cavaliere        (b. 1819 - d, 1894)
                             Casella (in Gaeta exile)
1861 - 19 Oct 1870         Leopoldo del Re (in Rome exile)

 ¹full style of the ruler: Per grazia di Dio, Re del Regno delle Due Sicilie e di Gerusalemme, Duca di Parma, Piacenza e Castro, Gran Principe ereditario di Toscana, etc.
("By the Grace of God, King of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and of Jerusalem, 
Duke of Parma, Piacenza and Castro, Hereditary Grand Prince of Tuscany, etc.").

 ²The members of the Executive Commission were Giuseppe Antonio Abbamonte (= Abbamonti) (s.a.), Giuseppe Leonardo Maria Albanese (b. 1759 - d. 1799), Ercole D'Agnese (s.a.), Ignazio Ciaja (= Ciaia) (s.a.), Melchiorre Delfico (b. 1744 - d. 1835); the last-named did not take office. The sources are not categorical in identifying D'Agnese as the president during this entire period.

 ³The 5-member Executive Directory (in Italian also styled Arcontato) was prescribed by the Constitution; however, the consulted sources do not positively claim that the Constitution was put into effect.

  ⁴full style of the ruler: Per grazia di Dio e la Costituzione dello Stato, Re delle
Due Sicilie ("By the grace of God and the Constitution of the state, King of the Two Sicilies").

24 Dec 1798                 Fort of Pescara occupied by French forces.
 1 Jan 1799                 Municipality organized as a republic.
Mar 1799                    Administrative plan for the Republic of Pescara promulgated.
27 Apr 1799                 French forces are withdrawn from the Aburzzi, republicans
                              remain in defense of some cities, while the the territory
                              falls under the is control of "the masses."
 4 May 1799                 Bourbon troops begin siege of Pescara.
10 May 1799                 Aquila under Bourbon control.
30 Jun 1799                 Pescara falls to Bourbon forces.

President of the Municipality
 1 Jan 1799 - 12 Jan 1799   Michele Pina
President of the Temporary Supreme Council of Pescara
12 Jan 1799 - 30 Jun 1799   Melchior Delfico                (b. 1744 - d. 1835)

25 Mar 421                 Legendary founding date of city of Venice.
697 - 1204                 Under suzerainty of the Byzantine Empire.
697                        First Doge elected.
742                        Commune of Venice
18 Apr 1339                Treviso Lordship annexed (under Austrian rule 1379 - 24 Jan 1389).
16 Aug 1379 - 24 Jun 1380  Genoese occupy Chioggia.
25 Apr 1404                Vicenza, Belluno and Bassano (from 10 Jun 1504) annexed.
23 Jun 1405                Verona Lordship annexed.
22 Nov 1405                Padua Lordship annexed.
12 May 1462                Republic of Venetia (Most Serene Republic of Venice).
 7 Aug 1484                Gavello Marquisate annexed.
31 May 1509 - 18 Jan 1517  Verona, Padua and other areas under Habsburg Imperial
                             occupation (from 3 Dec 1516 under Spanish rule).
 3 Jun 1796                Following defeats against the French the Austrians withdraw
                             into Venetian territory, violating its neutrality; the
                             French pursue the Austrians and occupy Verona.
12 Mar 1797                Bergamo (annexed 1428; French occupation 1510-1515) expels Venetian
                             governor Allessandro Ottolini and  proclaims independence.
17 Mar 1797                Brescia (annexed 1426; French occupation 1509-1516) expels
                             Venetian governor Mocenogo and proclaims independence; Crema,
                             Salo and other cities follow.  Civil war between Venice and the
                             cities of the Tierra Ferma, France intervenes in favour of the
                             cities.
26 Apr 1797                Most of Venetia (Tierra Ferma) under French occupation.
16 May 1797                Republic extinguished - municipality under French occupation.
18 Jan 1798                Ceded to Austria (formally from 25 Feb 1798, when
                             the Archuke of Austria adopts the additional style
                             "duke of Venice").
26 Dec 1805                Ceded by Austria to France according to Treaty
                             of Pressburg.
19 Jan 1806                France takes possession, part of the Kingdom
                             of Italy (see Lombardy); divided into the départements of
                             Adriatique (Adriatico), Adige, Bacchiglione, Brenta, Mella,
                             Passariano, Piave, and Tagliamento.
 5 Aug 1811                The Isonzo Valley annexed to Illyrian intendancies 
                             of Carniole and Carinthia, the Po Valley is annexed 
                             to French département Gênes.
 8 Nov 1813                To Austria (20 Apr 1814 for the city of Venice) .
 7 Apr 1815                Component, with Lombardy, of Lombardo-Venetian Kingdom
                             under the emperor of Austria (see under Lombardy).
22 Mar 1848                Provisional government of Venice
23 Mar 1848                Venetian Republic, informally and poetically styled 
                             Republic of Saint Mark. Following days most other 
                             cities of Venetia (Rovigo, Treviso, Vincenza, etc.) 
                             join the new state.
 5 Jul 1848                Venetia
 7 Aug 1848                Annexation of Venetia by Kingdom of Sardinia.
11 Aug 1848                State of Venice (confined to the city of Venice and environs). 
24 Aug 1849 - 23 Aug 1866  Component, with Lombardy, and, after 10 Nov 1859, sole component,
                             of Lombardo-Venetian Kingdom under the emperor of Austria.
23 Aug 1866                Austria agrees to cede Venetia to France.
18 Oct 1866                Administered by France.
22 Oct 1866                Administration taken over by Italian officials.
 4 Nov 1866                Annexation by Italy.
27 Oct 1917 -  4 Nov 1918  Austro-Hungarian occupation of Venetia up to Piave River.

Note: From 7 Jul 1268, during a vacancy in the office of Doge, the state was headed by the senior consigliere ducale (ducal councilor) ex officio, with the style Vicedoge (currently for the period covered here the names of the Vicedoges are unavailable).

Doges
25 Feb 1694 -  5 Jul 1700  Silvestro Valier                  (b. 1630 - d. 1700)
16 Jul 1700 -  6 May 1709  Alvise Marco Antonio Mocenigo II  (b. 1627 - d. 1709)
22 May 1709 - 12 Aug 1722  Giovanni Corner (Cornaro) II      (b. 1647 - d. 1722)
24 Aug 1722 - 21 May 1732  Alvise Sebastiano Mocenigo III    (b. 1662 - d. 1732)
 2 Jun 1732 -  5 Jan 1735  Carlo Ruzzini                     (b. 1653 - d. 1735)
17 Jan 1735 - 17 Jun 1741  Andrea Pisani                     (b. 1664 - d. 1741)
30 Jun 1741 -  7 Mar 1752  Pietro Grimani                    (b. 1677 - d. 1752)
18 Mar 1752 - 19 May 1762  Francesco Loredan                 (b. 1685 - d. 1762)
31 May 1762 - 31 Mar 1763  Marco Foscarini                   (b. 1696 - d. 1763)
19 Apr 1763 - 31 Dec 1778  Alvise Giovanni Mocenigo IV       (b. 1701 - d. 1778)
14 Jan 1779 - 13 Feb 1789  Paolo Renier                      (b. 1710 - d. 1789)
 9 Mar 1789 - 16 May 1797  Ludovico Manin                    (b. 1725 - d. 1802)
Presidents of the Provisional Municipality of Venice
(15-day terms, not always exact)
16 May 1797 - 30 May 1797  Nicolò Corner
31 May 1797 - 14 Jun 1797  Natale Talier (1st time)
15 Jun 1797 - 28 Jun 1797  Antonio Callegari
29 Jun 1797 - 14 Jul 1797  Giovanni conte Bujovich
15 Jul 1797 - 28 Jul 1797  Gaetano Benini
29 Jul 1797 - 12 Aug 1797  Giovanni Widman
13 Aug 1797 - 26 Aug 1797  Tommaso Gallino
27 Aug 1797 - 10 Sep 1797  Andrea Sordina
11 Sep 1797 - 25 Sep 1797  Giuseppe Ferro
26 Sep 1797 - 10 Oct 1797  Antonio Collalto
11 Oct 1797 - 26 Oct 1797  Francesco Mainardi
27 Oct 1797 -  8 Nov 1797  Isach Grego
 9 Nov 1797 - 23 Nov 1797  Girolamo Molin
24 Nov 1797 - 179.         Andrea Fontana
179. - 179.                Nicolò Martinelli
179. - 179.                Natale Talier (2nd time)
179. - 18 Jan 1798         Carlo Boldù
Governor of Venetia
18 Oct 1797 - 18 Jan 1798  Count Jean-Matthieu-Philibert     (b. 1742 - d. 1819)
                             Sérurier 
Military governors of the city of Venice
16 May 1797 - 15 Sep 1797  Louis Baraguay d'Hilliers         (b. 1764 - d. 1812)
15 Sep 1797 - 18 Jan 1798  Antoine Balland                   (b. 1757 - d. 1821)
18 Jan 1798 - 25 Feb 1798  Johann Graf Klenau                (b. 1758 - d. 1819) 
Presiding Person of the Grand Council
25 Feb 1798                Giovanni Pietro Grimani           (b. 1755 - d. bf.1830)
Governors 
25 Feb 1798 - 1799         Olivier Remigius Graf von Wallis  (b. 1742 - d. 1799)
                             Freiherr von Karighmain
 6 Feb 1799 - 25 Mar 1799  Francesco Pesaro                  (d. 1799)
                            (extraordinary commissioner)
25 Mar 1799 - 1800         Giuseppe Pellegrini (interim)
Mar 1800 - 28 May 1801     Giovanni Pietro Grimani           (s.a.)
28 May 1801 - 1803         Joseph Graf Mailáth von Székhely  (b. 1735 - d. 1810)
1803 - 1805                Ferdinand Ernst Maria Graf von    (b. 1749 - d. 1831)
                             Bissingen und Nippenburg
                             (1st time)
1805 - 19 Jan 1806         Heinrich Joseph Johannes          (b. 1756 - d. 1845)
                             Graf von Bellegarde
Prefects of Adriatique (Adriatico) département
 9 Apr 1806 - Sep 1809     Marco Serbelloni                  (b. 1748 - d. 1835)
 1 Oct 1809 - Sep 1814     Francesco de Galvagna             (b. 1775? - d. 1860)
Administrators of Venice (in name of the King of Italy)
19 Jan 1806 - 1807         Sextius-Alexandre-François,       (b. 1759 - d. 1828)
                             comte Miollis 
Dec 1807 - 1808            Jacques-Alexandre Law,            (b. 1768 - d. 1824)
                             marquis de Lauriston
                            (commissioner to Dec 1807)
Aug 1808 - 1809            Louis Baraguay d'Hilliers         (s.a.)
11 Apr 1809 - 28 Sep 1809  Honoré Vial                       (b. 1766 - d. 1813)
28 Sep 1809 - 13 Aug 1810  Jacques-François de Boussay,      (b. 1750 - d. 1810)
                             baron de Menou
Apr 1811 - 24 Jul 1812     Louis-Thomas, comte Villaret de   (b. 1748 - d. 1812)
                             Joyeuse
Jul 1812 - 12 Feb 1813     Maurice-Ignace Frésia,            (b. 1746 - d. 1826)
                             baron d'Ogliano
12 Feb 1813 - 20 Feb 1813  Jean-Andoche Junot, duc           (b. 1771 - d. 1813)
                             d'Abrantès 
Oct 1813 - 30 Apr 1814     Jean-Mathieu Séras                (b. 1765 - d. 1815)
Military governors
Dec 1814 - 1815            Jean-Gabriel de Chasteler         (b. 1763 - d. 1825)
Jan 1815 - 22 Sep 1815     Vincenz Freiherr Knesevich de     (b. 1755 - d. 1832)
                             Szent-Helena
Viceroys of Lombardy-Venetia
 7 Mar 1816 -  1 Aug 1859  see under Lombardy
Governors of Venetia
20 Apr 1814 - Jan 1815     Heinrich XV Fürst zu Reuss-       (b. 1751 - d. 1825)
                             Plauen
1815 - 1819                Peter Graf Goëss                  (b. 1774 - d. 1828)
1819 - 1820                Ferdinand Ernst Maria Graf von    (s.a.)
                             Bissingen und Nippenburg
                             (2nd time)
1820 - 1826                Karl Rudolph Graf Inzaghi         (b. 1777 - d. 1856)
1826 - 1840                Johan Baptist Graf Spaur          (b. 1777 - d. 1852)
1840 - 22 Mar 1848         Aloys Graf Pállfy de Erdöd        (b. 1801 - d. 1876)
President of the Provisional Government
22 Mar 1848 - 23 Mar 1848  Giovanni Francesco Avesani        (b. 1790 - d. 1861)
Head of the Civic Guard of Venice
23 Mar 1848                Angelo Mengaldo                   (b. 1785 - d. 1869)
Chief Executives
23 Mar 1848 -  5 Jul 1848  Daniele Manin (president)         (b. 1804 - d. 1857)
                           + Niccolò Tommaseo                (b. 1802 - d. 1874)
President of the Provisional Government
 5 Jul 1848 -  7 Aug 1848  Jacopo Castelli                   (b. 1791 - d. 1849)
Sardinian Royal Commissioners
 7 Aug 1848 - 12 Aug 1848  Jacobo Castelli                   (s.a.)
                           - Luigi Cibrario                  (b. 1802 - d. 1870)
                           - Vittorio Colli
Dictator
12 Aug 1848 - 13 Aug 1848  Daniele Manin                     (s.a.)
13 Aug 1848 -  7 Mar 1849  Triumvirate
                           - Daniele Manin                   (s.a.)
                           - Leone Graziani                  (b. 1791 - d. 1852)
                           - Giovanni Battista Cavedalis     (b. 1794 - d. 1878)
President of the Executive Power
 7 Mar 1849 - 24 Aug 1849  Daniele Manin                     (s.a.)
24 Aug 1848 - 27 Aug 1848  the Municipality
Governors
22 Mar 1848 - 1848         Ferdinand Graf Zichy zu Zich      (b. 1783 - d. 1862) 
                             von Vasonykeöy (acting) 
Apr 1848 - 1849            Laval Graf Nugent von Westmeath   (b. 1777 - d. 1862) 
                             (Austrian commander)
24 Aug 1849 - Oct 1849     Gorzowsky 
                             (military and civil governor)
Oct 1849 - 22 Jul 1850     Anton Freiherr von Puchner        (b. 1779 - d. 1852)
21 Jul 1850 - Feb 1855     Georg Otto Ritter von Toggenburg- (b. 1811 - d. 1888)
                             Sargans (1st time)
Aug 1855 -  6 Feb 1860     Cajetan Graf Bissingen-Nippenburg (b. 1806 - d. 1890)
 9 Feb 1860 - 18 Oct 1866  Georg Otto Ritter von Toggenburg- (s.a.)
                             Sargans (2nd time)
French Commissioner
18 Oct 1866 -  4 Nov 1866  Edmond Leboeuf                    (b. 1809 - d. 1888)
Governmental Commission
18? Oct 1866 - 22 Oct 1866 Commissioners
                           - Edoardo De Betta                (b. 1822 - d. 1896) 
                           - Achille Emi-Kelder 
                           - Luigi conte Michiel
Italian Royal Commissioner
22 Oct 1866 -  5 Nov 1866  Genova Giovanni conte Thaon di    (b. 1817 - d. 1910)
                             Revel
Austrian Commander in Occupied Venetia
27 Oct 1917 -  4 Nov 1918  Eugen Ferdinand Ezerherzog von    (b. 1863 - d. 1954)
                             Österreich