German States to 1918  N-Q

1159                       County of Nassau (Grafschaft Nassau) established.
16 Dec 1255                Dynasty divided into Ottonische Linie (leading to
                             Oranje-Nassau) and Walramische Linie (with which this
                             record is exclusively concerned).
25 Nov 1355                Division into Nassau-(Wiesbaden-)Idstein and
                             Nassau-Weilburg.

Nassau-Wiesbaden-Idstein

25 Nov 1355                County of Nassau (Grafschaft Nassau); style: Graf von
                            Nassau, Herr zu Idstein und Wiesbaden.
19 Jun 1605 -  2 Jun 1677  Personal union with Nassau-Weilburg.
 4 Aug 1688                Principality of Nassau (Fürstentum Nassau; commonly
                             Fürstentum Nassau-Idstein).
26 Oct 1721                Incorporated into Nassau-Ottweiler.

Prince (title Fürst zu Nassau)
 4 Aug 1688 - 26 Oct 1721  Georg August Samuel                (b. 1665 - d. 1721)

25 Nov 1355                County of Nassau (Grafschaft Nassau); style: Graf von
                             Nassau, Herr zu Weilburg.
26 Sep 1366                Princely County of Nassau (Gefürstete Grafschaft Nassau);
                             style: Gefürsteter Graf von Nassau, Graf von Saarbrücken
                             (from 11 Mar 1381), Herr zu Weilburg.
27 Feb 1442                Nassau-Saarbrücken is split off.
1561 - 22 Mar 1602         Split into Nassau-Weilburg and Nassau-Weilnau.
 5 Sep 1737                Principality of Nassau (Fürstentum Nassau; commonly
                             Fürstentum Nassau-Weilburg); title awarded 4 Aug 1688,
                             but only adopted 5 Sep 1737 upon confirmation of award.
30 Aug 1806                Combined with Nassau-Usingen into Duchy of Nassau.

Counts
18 Sep 1675 - 17 Feb 1719  Johann Ernst                       (b. 1664 - d. 1719)
17 Feb 1719 -  5 Sep 1737  Karl August                        (b. 1685 - d. 1753)
Princes
 5 Sep 1737 -  9 Nov 1753  Karl August                        (s.a.)
 9 Nov 1753 - 28 Nov 1788  Karl Christian                     (b. 1735 - d. 1788)
28 Nov 1788 - 30 Aug 1806  Friedrich Wilhelm                  (b. 1768 - d. 1816)

Directing president
1788 - 30 Aug 1806         Hans Christoph Ernst Freiherr      (b. 1766 - d. 1852)
                             von Gagern

27 Feb 1442                County of Nassau (Grafschaft Nassau); style:
                             Gefürsteter Graf von Nassau, Graf von Saarbrücken.
23 Nov 1574 -  5 Feb 1629  Personal union with Nassau-Weilburg.
1648                       Nassau-Saarbrücken re-founded.
10 Apr 1659                Divided into Nassau-Saarbrücken, Nassau-Ottweiler, and
                             Nassau-Usingen.
 6 Dec 1723                Nassau-Saarbrücken and Nassau-Ottweiler re-combined.
Oct 1792                   Incorporated into France.
Oct 1792 - 27 Apr 1797     The line continues in rebellion.

Counts
19 Oct 1677 - 14 Feb 1713  Ludwig Crato                       (b. 1663 - d. 1713)
                            (Nassau-Saarbrücken only)
14 Feb 1713 -  6 Dec 1723  Karl Ludwig                        (b. 1665 - d. 1723)
                            (Nassau-Saarbrücken only)
 9 Feb 1690 - 25 May 1728  Friedrich Ludwig                   (b. 1651 - d. 1728)
                            (to 6 Dec 1723 Nassau-Ottweiler only)
25 May 1728 -  6 Dec 1735  Karl                               (b. 1712 - d. 1775)
 6 Dec 1735 - 24 Jul 1768  Wilhelm Heinrich                   (b. 1718 - d. 1768)
24 Jul 1768 -  2 Mar 1794  Ludwig                             (b. 1745 - d. 1794)
                            (from Oct 1792, in rebellion against France)
 2 Mar 1794 - 27 Apr 1797  Heinrich Ludwig Karl Albrecht      (d. 1797)
                            (in rebellion against France)

10 Apr 1659                County of Nassau (Grafschaft Nassau; commonly Grafschaft
                             Nassau-Usingen); style: Gefürsteter Graf von Nassau.
 4 Aug 1688                Principality of Nassau (Fürstentum Nassau; commonly
                             Fürstentum Nassau-Usingen); style: Fürst zu Nassau.
31 Jul 1806                The ruler takes the style Herzog zu Nassau, as mandated by
                             the provisions of the Rheinbundakte: "the head of the
                             house of Nassau shall take the style of Duke."
30 Aug 1806                Combined with Nassau-Weilburg into Duchy of Nassau.

Princes
 4 Aug 1688 - 17 Oct 1702  Walrad                             (b. 1635 - d. 1702)
17 Oct 1702 - 14 Feb 1718  Wilhelm Heinrich                   (b. 1684 - d. 1718)
14 Feb 1718 - 21 Jun 1775  Karl                               (b. 1712 - d. 1775)
14 Feb 1718 - 11 Oct 1738  Charlotte Amalia von Nassau-       (b. 1680 - d. 1738)
                             Dillenburg (f) -Regent
21 Jun 1775 - 17 May 1803  Karl Wilhelm                       (b. 1735 - d. 1803)
17 May 1803 - 31 Jul 1806  Friedrich August                   (b. 1738 - d. 1816)
Duke
31 Jul 1806 - 30 Aug 1806  Friedrich August                   (s.a.)

Directing president
.... - 30 Aug 1806         Ernst Franz Ludwig Freiherr        (b. 1770 - d. 1834)
                             Marschall von Biberstein 

c.1830 - c.1839

c.1830 - 20 Sep 1866

30 Aug 1806                Duchy of Nassau, ruled jointly to 24 Mar 1816 by the Duke
                             of Nassau (formerly prince of Nassau-Usingen) and the
                             Prince of Nassau (formerly prince of Nassau-Weilburg)
20 Sep 1866                Annexation by Prussia.

Dukes
30 Aug 1806 - 24 Mar 1816  Friedrich August                   (b. 1738 - d. 1816)
                           - jointly with-
30 Aug 1806 -  9 Jan 1816  Friedrich Wilhelm -Prince          (b. 1768 - d. 1816)
 9 Jan 1816 - 20 Aug 1839  Wilhelm (prince to 24 Mar 1816)    (b. 1792 - d. 1839)
20 Aug 1839 - 20 Sep 1866  Adolf                              (b. 1817 - d. 1905)

Ministers
30 Aug 1806 - 1811         Hans Christoph Ernst Freiherr      (s.a.)
                             von Gagern
                           - jointly with-
30 Aug 1806 - 1815         Ernst Franz Ludwig Freiherr        (s.a.)
                             Marschall von Biberstein 
Directing Ministers of State
1815 - 22 Jan 1834         Ernst Franz Ludwig Freiherr        (b. 1770 - d. 1834)
                             Marschall von Biberstein 
1834 - 1842                Karl Wilderich Graf von            (b. 1799 - d. 1862)
                             Walderdorff
1842 - 1843                Friedrich Georg Karl Anton Freiherr 
                             von Bock-Hermsdorff
1843 - 1848                Ernst August Freiherr von Dungern
1848 -  2 Jan 1849         August Hergenhahn (1st time)       (b. 1804 - d. 1874)
11 Jun 1849 -  7 Feb 1852  Friedrich Gerhard Freiherr von 
                             Winzingerode
 7 Feb 1852 - 31 Jul 1866  August Ludwig Prinz zu Sayn-       (b. 1788 - d. 1874)
                             Wittgenstein-Berleburg
 1 Sep 1866 - 22 Dec 1866  August Hergenhahn (2nd time)       (s.a.)
                             (acting)

c.900                      Benedictine Abbey of Niedermünster in Regensburg
                             (Reichsstift Niedermünster in Regensburg)
c.1491                     Abbesses also Princess of the Empire. 
1803                       Secularized an annexed to Regensburg.
1814                       Annexed to Bavaria.

Princess-Abbesses (title Fürstinabtissin zu Niedermünster in Regensburg)
1697 - 1723                Johanna Franziska Sibylla von
                             Muggenthal 
1723 - 1757                Maria Katharina Helena von 
                             Aham auf Neuhauss 
1757 - 1768                Maria Anna Katharina Dücker 
                             von Haslau 
1769 - 1789                Maria Anna Febronia Elisabeth 
                             Speth von Zwyfalten 
1789 - 1793                Maria Franzisca Xaveria von
                             Königsfeld 
1793 - 1801                Maria Violanta von Lerchenfeld-
                             Premberg 
1801 - 1803                Maria Helene von Freien-
                             Seiboldsdorf 

1219                       Nürnberg Free Imperial City.
1486                       The Burggraf of Nürnberg becomes the Elector 
                             of Brandenburg.
15 Sep 1806                Annexed by Bavaria.

Burgraves (title Burggrafen) 
1486 - 15 Sep 1806        the Electors of Brandenburg

Patrizier (heads of city council)
1486 - 15 Sep 1806         ....

c.833                      Benedictine Abbey of Obermünster in Regensburg
                             (Reichsstift Obermünster in Regensburg)
1219                       Under Direct Papal protection.
1315                       Abbess also Princess of the Empire.
1803                       Secularized.
1805                       Annexed to Bavaria.

Princess-Abbesses (title Fürstäbtissin zu Obermünster in Regensburg)
1683 - 1719                Maria Theresia von Sandizell 
1719 - 1765                Anna Magdalena-Franzisca von Dondorff 
1765 - 1775                Maria Franzisca von Freudenberg 
1775 - 1803                Maria Josepha von Neuenstein-Hubacker  (b. 1739 - d. 1822)

1555                       Acquired from Runkel by Walbott von 
                             Bassenheim family (Herrschaft Olbrück).
 9 Mar 1801                Annexed to France.
1813 - 1815                Allied administration.
1815                       Annexed to Prussia.

Barons (title Reichsfreiherr Waldbott von Bassenheim zu Olbrück)
 9 Feb 1681 - 19 Mar 1744  Karl Heinrich Franz Anton  (b. 1678 - d. 1744)
19 Mar 1744 - 29 Sep 1755  Johann Jakob               (d. 1755)
29 Sep 1755 - 1792         Klemens August             (b. 1731 - d. 1792)

Map of Oldenburg	Hear National Anthem "Heil dir, o Oldenburg!" (Hail to you, o Oldenburg!)	Text of National Anthem (to 1918)
Constitution	Capital: Oldenburg	Population: 438,195 (1905)

 

1148                       Count Christian II "der Streitbare" of the Oldenburg 

                             dynasty takes the style Graf von Oldenburg.

22 Mar 1777                Duchy of Holstein-Oldenburg; style Herzog zu Holstein-

                            Oldenburg conferred 29 Dec 1774, published 22 Mar 1777.

Nov 1806 -  8 Jan 1807     Occupied by Kingdom of Holland.

10 Dec 1810                Incorporated into France; part of département

                             Bouches-de-l'Elbe from 1 Jan 1811 (see under Germany).

27 Nov 1813 -  1 Dec 1813  Allied administration.

 1 Dec 1813                Duchy of Holstein-Oldenburg (restored).

28 May 1829                Grand Duchy of Oldenburg; style: Grossherzog von Oldenburg

                             (the style Grossherzog zu Holstein-Oldenburg awarded by

                             Final Act of Congress of Vienna 9 Jun 1815, but not used).

11 Nov 1918                Free State of Oldenburg (see German states since 1918).

Governors
 2 Jul 1692 -  4 Dec 1703  Gustav Wilhelm Graf von Wedel      (b. 1641 - d. 1717)
 4 Dec 1703 - 30 Jan 1717  Georg Ernst Graf von Wedel-        (b. 1666 - d. 1717)
                             Jarlsberg
30 Jan 1717 - 15 Feb 1752  Vacant
15 Feb 1752 -  3 Dec 1765  Rochus Friedrich Graf zu Lynar     (b. 1708 - d. 1783)
Administrators
 3 Dec 1765 - 21 Jan 1766  ....
21 Jan 1766 - 11 Feb 1771  Henning von Qualen                 (b. 1703 - d. 1785)
11 Feb 1771 - 13 Mar 1772  Konrad Wilhelm Graf von Ahlefedt   (b. 1707 - d. 1791)
14 Apr 1772 - 10 Dec 1773  Friedrich Wilhelm Freiherr von     (b. 1724 - d. 1790)
                             Wedel-Jarlsberg
Commissioners
10 Dec 1773 - 14 Dec 1773  Caspar von Saldern
14 Dec 1773 - 29 Dec 1774  Friedrich August von Holstein-     (s.a.)
                             Gottorp 
Directing ministers
29 Dec 1774 - 10 May 1806  Friedrich Levin Graf von Holmer    (b. 1741 - d. 1806)
10 May 1806 - 10 Dec 1810  Hans Detlev Freiherr von           (b. 1768 - d. 1826)
                             Hammerstein
Oberlanddrosten
1807 - 28 Feb 1811         Burchard Otto Hans von der Decken  (b. 1769 - d. 1838)
28 Feb 1811 - 12 Oct 1814  Vacant
12 Oct 1814 - 23 Jul 1827  Karl Ludwig Friedrich Joseph       (b. 1760 - d. 1847)
                             Freiherr von Brandenstein
State and Cabinet ministers
23 Jul 1827 - 30 Jun 1842  Karl Ludwig Friedrich Joseph       (s.a.)
                             Freiherr von Brandenstein
 1 Jul 1842 -  9 Sep 1843  Günther Heinrich Freiherr von Berg (b. 1765 - d. 1843)
Chairmen of the State ministry
 9 Sep 1843 -  1 Aug 1848  Wilhelm Ernst Freiherr von         (b. 1786 - d. 1859)
                             Beaulieu-Marconnay
 1 Aug 1848 - 13 Aug 1849  Johann Heinrich Jakob Schloifer    (b. 1790 - d. 1867)
13 Aug 1849 -  1 May 1851  Christian Diedrich von Buttel      (b. 1801 - d. 1878)
 1 May 1851 - 23 Jun 1874  Peter Friedrich Ludwig             (b. 1805 - d. 1874)
                             Freiherr von Rössing
23 Jun 1874 -  1 Oct 1876  Carl Heinrich Ernst von Berg       (b. 1810 - d. 1894)
 1 Oct 1876 - 14 Mar 1890  Friedrich Andreas Ruhstrat         (b. 1818 - d. 1896)
14 Mar 1890 - 19 Aug 1900  Gerhard Friedrich Günther Jansen   (b. 1831 - d. 1914)
19 Aug 1900 - 17 Aug 1908  Wilhelm Friedrich Willich          (b. 1846 - d. 1917)
17 Aug 1908 -  3 Jan 1916  Friedrich Julius Heinrich Ruhstrat (b. 1854 - d. 1916)
 3 Jan 1916 -  6 Nov 1918  Franz Friedrich Paul Ruhstrat      (b. 1859 - d. 1935)

10 Apr 783                 Bishopric of Osnabrück (Hochstift Osnabrück)
1574 - 19 Sep 1625         Controlled by Protestant Bishops.
19 Sep 1626                Catholic and Protestant Bishops alternate.
 4 Nov 1802                Part of Hanover.
14 Nov 1806 - 28 Aug 1807  Occupied by Prussia.
28 Aug 1807                Part of Kingdom of Westphalia.
 4 Jul 1811                Annexed to France.
Oct 1813 -  9 Nov 1813     Allied administration.
 9 Nov 1813 - 20 Dec 1813  Administered by Hanover. 
20 Dec 1813                Part of Hanover.

Prince-Bishops (title Fürstbischof zu Osnabrück)
14 Apr 1698 -  4 Dec 1715  Karl Joseph Ignaz Herzog von Lothringen,(b. 1680 - d. 1715)
                             archbishop of Trier (Roman Catholic)
 2 Mar 1716 - 14 Aug 1728  Ernst August II Herzog von Braunschweig (b. 1678 - d. 1728)
                             -Lüneburg (Protestant)
 4 Nov 1728 -  6 Feb 1761  Clemens Augustv Herzog von Bayern,      (b. 1700 - d. 1761)
                             archbishop of Cologne (Roman Catholic)
 6 Feb 1761 - 26 Feb 1764  Georg Herzog von Braunschweig-
                             Lüneburg -Regent
26 Feb 1764 -  4 Nov 1802  Friedrich August Herzog von York und    (b. 1763 - d. 1827)
                             und Albany (Protestant)
26 Feb 1764 - 1781         .... -Regent
Military governor
26 Oct 1806 - 1807         Louis-Henri Loison                      (b. 1771 - d. 1816)
Government commissioner
 9 Nov 1813 - 20 Dec 1813  ....

795                        Bishopric of Paderborn (Hochstift Paderborn)
15 Oct 1127                Bishops also Princes of the Empire.
 3 Aug 1802                Annexed to Prussia.
28 Aug 1807                Part of Kingdom of Westphalia.
Oct 1813 - 25 May 1815     Allied administration.
25 May 1815                Re-incorporated into Prussia.

Prince-Bishops (title Fürstbischof zu Paderborn)
15 Sep 1683 - 21 May 1704  Herman Werner Wolf Freiherr von 
                             Metternich zu Gracht
21 May 1704 - 25 Dec 1718  Franz Arnold Wolf Freiherr von
                             Metternich zu Gracht
21 Mar 1719 -  6 Feb 1761  Clemens August Herzog von Bayern
25 Jan 1763 - 26 Dec 1782  Wilhelm Anton Graf von der Asseburg
26 Dec 1782 -  6 Jan 1789  Friedrich Wilhelm Freiherr von Westphalen
 6 Jan 1789 -  3 Aug 1802  Franz Egon von Fürstenberg
President of the government commission
1814 - 25 May 1815         Johann Georg Julius von Schlechtendahl     (b. 1770 - d. 1833)

945                        Palatinate of Lorraine (Pfalzgrafschaft Lothringen).

1093                       Palatinate of the Rhine (Pfalzgrafschaft bei Rhein);

                             style: Pfalzgraf bei Rhein (count palatine of the Rhine -

                             more literally "at the Rhine").

25 Dec 1356                Golden Bull confirms electoral status of the ruler; the

                             polity is often styled Kurfürstentum Pfalz bei Rhein

                             (Electorate Palatinate of the Rhine); style: Pfalzgraf bei
                             Rhein, Erztruchsess und Kurfürst des Heiligen Römischen
                             Reiches (count palatine of the Rhine, archsteward and
                             prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire).
 7 Mar 1623                The polity is forfeited to the king, the electoral dignity
                             is transferred to Bavaria.
 3 Mar 1628                Incorporated into Bavaria.
24 Oct 1648                Polity reconstituted; new electorate created Jun 1653;
                             style: Pfalzgraf bei Rhein, Erzschatzmeister und Kurfürst
                             des Heiligen Römischen Reiches (count palatine of the Rhine,
                             archtreasurer and prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire).
23 Jun 1708                After the (temporary) dissolution of Bavaria, the count
                             palatine recovers the earlier electoral style
                             (Erztruchsess), and maintains it, in dispute with the
                             restored Bavaria.
30 Dec 1777                The ruler inherits Bavaria, and the dispute regarding the
                             electoral style ends.

27 Apr 1803                Palatinate incorporated into Bavaria.

1180                       County of Palatinate-Zweibrücken (Pflazgrafschaft Zweibrücken).
1385 - 18 May 1410         Incorporated into the Palatinate (s.a.).
 9 Jul 1661                Duchy of Palatinate-Zweibrücken (Herzogtum Pfalz-Zweibrücken).
17 Sep 1731                Duchy of Palatinate-Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld
                             (Herzogtum Pfalz-Zweibrücken und Birkenfeld).
16 Feb 1799                Incorporated into Bavaria.
 9 Mar 1801                Incorporated into France; part of the département Sarre
                             (see under Germany).
1813 - 1816                Allied administration.
16 Apr 1816                Re-incorporated into Bavaria.

Dukes
15 Apr 1697 - 11 Dec 1718  Karl II Ritter av Sverige     (b. 1682 - d. 1718)
11 Dec 1718 - 17 Sep 1731  Gustav Samuel Leopold
                             Pfalzgraf von Kleeburg      (b. 1670 - d. 1731)
17 Sep 1731 -  3 Feb 1735  Christian III                 (b. 1674 - d. 1735)
 3 Feb 1735 -  5 Nov 1775  Christian IV                  (b. 1722 - d. 1775)
 3 Feb 1735 -  6 Sep 1740  Karoline, Gräfin von Nassau-  (b. 1704 - d. 1774) 
                             Saarbrücken -Regent
 5 Nov 1775 -  1 Apr 1795  Karl III August Christian     (b. 1746 - d. 1795)
 1 Apr 1795 - 16 Feb 1799  Maximilian I Joseph           (b. 1756 - d. 1825)

Pappenheim

c.1030                     Lordship of Pappenheim (Herrschaft Pappenheim)
1420                       Barony of Pappenheim (Freiherrschaft Pappenheim)
1439                       Partitioned between Pappenheim, Aletzheim (to 1697),
                             Gräfenthal (to 1536), and Treutlingen (to 1647).
1628                       County of Pappenheim (Grafschaft Pappenheim)
1742                       Princely County of Pappenheim (Gefürstete Grafschaft Pappenheim)
1806                       Dissolved.

739                        Bishopric of Passau (Hochstift Passau)
22 Feb 1803                Annexed to Salzburg.
26 Dec 1805                Annexed to Bavaria.

Prince-Bishops (title Fürstbischof zu Passau)
25 May 1689 - 12 Oct 1712  Johann Philipp Graf von Lamberg
18 Jan 1713 - 25 Oct 1722  Raimund Ferdinand Graf von Rabatta
 2 Jan 1723 - 30 Aug 1761  Joseph Dominicus Franz Kilian Graf 
                             von Lamberg
 8 Nov 1761 - 15 Jun 1763  Joseph Maria Graf von Thun
 1 Sep 1763 - 13 Mar 1783  Leopold Ernst Graf von Firmian
19 May 1783 - 21 Aug 1795  Joseph Franz Anton Grf von Auersperg
 4 Nov 1795 -  6 Oct 1796  Thomas Johann Nepomuk Graf von Thun
13 Nov 1796 - 22 Feb 1803  Leopold Leonhard Raimund II von Thun

23 Jun 720                 Benedictine Abbey of  Abbey of Prüm (Stift Prüm).
24 Aug 1574                Ceded to Archbishop of Trier by Pope Gregory XIII.
1576                       Possession of the Archbishops of Trier.
 9 Mar 1801                Annexed to France.
1815                       Incorporated into Prussia.

Prince-Abbots (title Fürstäbt zu Prüm)
1576 -  9 Mar 1801         the Archbishops of Trier

Note: What is usually regarded as the Prussian state is based (with various additions) on two distinct polities, the Mark Brandenburg and Preussen (originally a Polish fief). In the period covered here, the rulers of both entities are identical, but their institutional histories are distinct enough to treat them separately before listing the rulers.

Brandenburg

20 May 965                 Nordmark founded, ruled by a Markgraf.

11 Jun 1157                The holdings of the Markgraf are renamed Mark Brandenburg.

1258 - 1356                The Mark Brandenburg suffers numerous divisions and creations

                             of side-lines.

25 Dec 1356                The Golden Bull confirms the ruler of the principal line as

                             prince-elector and decrees the indivisibility of the Mark

                             Brandenburg to which the electorate is attached; the style of

                             the elector is von Gottes Gnaden Markgraf zu Brandenburg, des

                             Heiligen Römischen Reichs Erzkämmerer und Kurfürst ("By the

                             grace of God margrave of Brandenburg, Archchamberlain and

                             Prince-Elector of the Holy Roman Empire"), to which numerous

                             actual as well as notional styles are attached.

18 Jul 1618                Upon the death of the duke of Prussia, and with the 

                             succession of Johann Sigismund, Markgraf von Brandenburg

                             (b. 1573 - d. 1619) the two polities are united in 

                             personal union, colloquially called Brandenburg-Prussia,

                             while the territory of Brandenburg is later known as

                             Kurmark province.

 6 Aug 1806                With the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire the effective

                             function of the electors ceases, the Mark Brandenburg itself

                             having been long incorporated into the royal Prussian

                             conglomerate (see below); it is notable that the later kings of

                             Prussia, while continuing to use Markgraf von Brandenburg

                             in their style, do not include the electoral Kurfürst.

27 Oct 1806 - 10 Dec 1808  Occupied by France.

 

Prussia

 

 5 Mar 1198                The Teutonic Order, or in full the Order of the Knights
                             (or Brethren) of the Hospital of Saint Mary of the 
                             Teutonic House in Jerusalem (Orden der Ritter [or Brüder]

                             des Hospitals Sankt Marien des Deutschen Hauses zu Jerusalem)

                             organized at Akko in the Holy Land as a military order.

1226                       Grand Master (Hochmeister) of the Teutonic Order is granted by

                             the Emperor all the privileges and (from 1230) style of the
                             prince of the Empire. The knights are entitled to subject the 
                             Prussians on behalf of the Empire.
1231                       Invaded by the Teutonic knights (occupation completed by 1283). 
                             Prussia a separate branch or province, administered by the
                             Land-Master of the Teutonic Order in Prussia (Landmeister des
                             Deutschen Orden in Preussen).
1280                       City of Thorn (Torun) a member of the Hanseatic League. Thorn 
                             is later joined by 4 other cities in Prussia: Königsberg 
                             (later Kaliningrad), Elbing (Elblag), Kulm (Chelmno), 
                             Braunsberg (Braniewo).
 9 Sep 1309                Seat of the Grand Master (Hochmeister) is moved from Venice
                             to Marienburg (Malbork) in Prussia. The Grand Master takes
                             over direct administration of the Prussian branch (the area

                             later designated East Prussia).

 6 Mar 1454                Royal Prussia (Königlisches Preussen in German, Prusy Krolewskie

                             in Polish)(West Prussia) made a principality in personal union 
                             with king of Poland, who takes the style of Prince of Prussia.
                             Royal Prussia originates in the Prussian Confederation 
                             (Preussischer Bund), established in 14 Mar 1440 by the local 
                             estates (die Stände) - 19 cities and 53 vassals (Ritterschaft)

                             who asked for protection of Poland on 4 Feb 1454.

19 Oct 1466                Prussia (East Prussia) a Polish fief (not recognized by the

                             Empire). Grand Master granted the Polish style of Prince of 
                             Prussia.

 9 Apr 1525                The Hochmeister Albrecht Markgraf von Brandenburg-Ansbach

                             having converted to Protestantism, he becomes hereditary 

                             Herzog von Preussen (duke of Prussia), as a vassal of the king 

                             of Poland.

18 Jul 1618                Upon the death of the duke of Prussia, and with the 

                             succession of Johann Sigismund, Markgraf von Brandenburg

                             (b. 1573 - d. 1619) the two polities are united in 

                             personal union, colloquially called Brandenburg-Prussia.

26 Sep 1629 - 12 Sep 1635  "Swedish Prussia" temporarily ceded by Poland to Sweden covering

                             the following port cities: Elbing (Elblag), Braunsberg 

                             (Braniewo [in Ermland]), Memel (Klaipeda), and Pillau (Baltiysk).

                             (see under Poland).

19 Sep 1657                Poland relinquishes sovereignty over the duchy, and on 6 Nov

                             1657 the duke (prince-elector and margrave of Brandenburg

                             Friedrich Wilhelm "der Grosse Kurfürst") takes the style

                             Souveräner Herzog von Preussen (Sovereign Duke of Prussia).

18 Jan 1701                The duke/elector's attempts at getting the king/emperor to

                             accept his accession to royal rank having failed, he accepts

                             on 16 Dec 1700 the royal crown of a Prussia outside the Empire,

                             and is proclaimed König in Preussen (king in Prussia).

 3 Nov 1707 - 16 Jun 1857  Personal union with Principality of Neuenburg (see Neuchâtel).

1703 - 1709                West Prussia occupied by Sweden.

22 Jan 1758 - Sep 1762     East Prussia occupied by Russia (from 24 Jan 1758 annexed

                             to Russia as the province of Prussia).

 5 Aug 1772                West Prussia annexed by Prussia in the First Partition of

                             the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

13 Sep 1772                The almost fictional distinction between the electorate inside

                             The empire and the kingdom outside the empire having become

                             blurred in practice, the king (Friedrich II "der Grosse")

                             assumes the style König von Preussen (king of Prussia);

                             the combined polity (with several accretions over time) is

                             usually styled Königreich Preussen (Kingdom of Prussia),

                             but technically the official use is Königlich Preussische

                             Staaten (Royal Prussian States).

16 Jun 1807 -  9 Jul 1807  East Prussia occupied by France.

Dec 1812 - Jan 1813        East Prussia occupied by France.

 1 Jul 1867 - 18 Jan 1871  Prussian king is Chairman of the North German Confederation.

18 Jan 1871                King of Prussia becomes German Emperor.

 9 Nov 1918                Free State of Prussia (see German states since 1918).

Ministers of State
1619 - 1640                Adam Graf von Schwarzenburg        (b. 1583 - d. 1641)
1653 - 1658                Georg Friedrich Graf von Waldeck   (b. 1620 - d. 1692)
                             (from 1682, Georg Friedrich Furst von Waldeck)
1658 -  4 Nov 1679         Otto Freiherr von Schwerin         (b. 1616 - d. 1679)
1695 - Dec 1697            Eberhard Freiherr von Danckelmann  (b. 1643 - d. 1617)
1697 - 1711                Johann Kasimir Reichsgraf          (b. 1643 - d. 1712)
                             Kolbe von Wartenberg
1711 -  6 Dec 1728         Heinrich Rüdiger von Ilgen         (b. 1650 - d. 1728)
 6 Dec 1728 - 18 Mar 1739  Friedrich Wilhelm von Grumbkow     (b. 1678 - d. 1739)
18 Mar 1739 -  Jun 1749    Heinrch Graf Podewils              (b. 1695 - d. 1760)
Jun 1749 - 20 Oct 1753     Georg Dietlof von Arnim-           (b. 1679 - d. 1753)
                             Boitzenburg
 3 Jun 1749 - 1777         Karl Wilhelm Graf von Finck        (b. 1714 - d. 1800)
                             und Finckenstein 
1777 - 15 May 1802         Friedrich Anton Freiherr von       (b. 1725 - d. 1802)
                             Heinitz 
 8 Nov 1786 - 1798         Friedrich Wilhelm Graf Arnim       (b. 1739 - d. 1801)
                             (acting) 
15 May 1802 - Apr 1804     Christian Heinrich Kurt Graf von   (b. 1752 - d. 1832)
                             Haugwiz (1st time)
Apr 1804 - Feb 1806        Karl August Graf von Hardenberg    (b. 1750 - d. 1822)
                             (1st time) 
Feb 1806 - Nov 1806        Christian Heinrich Kurt Graf von   (s.a.)
                             Haugwiz (2nd time) 
Nov 1806 - Apr 1807        Karl Friedrich von Beyme           (b. 1765 - d. 1838)
26 Apr 1807 - 14 Jul 1807  Karl August von Hardenberg         (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)(acting)
14 Jul 1807 -  3 Oct 1807  .... (acting)
 3 Oct 1807 - 24 Nov 1808  Heinrich Friedrich Karl Freiherr   (b. 1757 - d. 1831)
                             vom und zum Stein 
24 Nov 1808 -  4 Jun 1810  Karl Friedrich Ferdiand Alexander  (b. 1771 - d. 1831)
                             Graf von Dohna-Schlobitten 
Chancellors
 4 Jun 1810 - Jun 1822     Karl August von Hardenberg         (s.a.) 
Jun 1822 - 30 Jun 1823     Otto Karl Friderich von Voss       (b. 1755 - d. 1823)
Cabinet ministers
1823 - 14 Feb 1841         Karl Friedrich Heinrich Graf von   (b. 1767 - d. 1841)
                             Wylich und Lottum
 9 Mar 1841 - 19 Mar 1848  Ludwig Gustav von Thile            (b. 1781 - d. 1852)
Prime ministers
19 Mar 1848 - 29 Mar 1848  Adolf Heinrich Graf von            (b. 1803 - d. 1868)
                             Arnim-Boitzenburg 
29 Mar 1848 - 20 Jun 1848  Gottfried Ludolf Camphausen        (b. 1803 - d. 1890)
25 Jun 1848 - 21 Sep 1848  Rudolf Ludwig Cäsar von Auerswald  (b. 1795 - d. 1866)
21 Sep 1848 -  1 Nov 1848  Ernst von Pfuel                    (b. 1799 - d. 1866)
 1 Nov 1848 - 19 Dec 1850  Friedrich Wilhelm Graf von         (b. 1792 - d. 1850)
                             Brandenburg 
19 Dec 1850 -  6 Nov 1858  Otto Theodor Freiherr von          (b. 1805 - d. 1882)
                             Manteuffel 
 6 Nov 1858 - 17 Mar 1862  Karl Anton Fürst von               (b. 1811 - d. 1885)
                             Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen 
17 Mar 1862 - 23 Sep 1862  Adolf Fürst von
                             Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen            (b. 1797 - d. 1873)
23 Sep 1862 -  1 Jan 1873  Otto von Bismarck                  (b. 1815 - d. 1898)
                            (from 15 Sep 1865, Otto Graf von Bismarck;
                             from 21 Mar 1871, Otto Fürst von
                             Bismarck-Schönhausen)(1st time)
 1 Jan 1873 -  9 Nov 1873  Albrecht Graf von Roon             (b. 1803 - d. 1879)
 9 Nov 1873 - 20 Mar 1890  Otto Fürst von Bismarck-Schönhausen(s.a.)
                            (2nd time)
20 Mar 1890 - 23 Mar 1892  Leo von Caprivi                    (b. 1831 - d. 1899)
                            (from 18 Dec 1891, Leo Graf von Caprivi) 
23 Mar 1892 - 29 Oct 1894  Botho Julius August Graf zu        (b. 1831 - d. 1912)
                             Eulenburg 
29 Oct 1894 - 17 Oct 1900  Chlodwig Fürst zu Hohenlohe-       (b. 1819 - d. 1901)
                             Schillingsfürst Prinz von 
                             Ratibor und Corvey 
17 Oct 1900 - 14 Jul 1909  Bernhard Graf von Bülow            (b. 1849 - d. 1929)
                            (from 6 Sep 1905, Bernhard Fürst von Bülow)
14 Jul 1909 - 16 Jul 1917  Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg      (b. 1856 - d. 1921)
16 Jul 1917 -  2 Dec 1917  Georg Michaelis                    (b. 1857 - d. 1936)
 2 Dec 1917 -  3 Oct 1918  Georg Friederich Graf von Hertling (b. 1843 - d. 1919)
 3 Oct 1918 -  9 Nov 1918  Maximilian Prinz von Baden         (b. 1867 - d. 1929)
- vice-prime ministers acting for the Imperial Chancellors [who
were also the Prime ministers of Prussia] -
 9 Nov 1873 - 23 Mar 1878  Otto von Camphausen                (b. 1812 - d. 1896)
29 May 1878 - 20 Jun 1881  Otto Graf zu Stolberg-Wernigerode  (b. 1837 - d. 1896)
 8 Oct 1881 - 29 Oct 1894  Robert Victor von Puttkamer        (b. 1828 - d. 1900)
16 Aug 1888 - 30 Jun 1897  Carl Heinrich von Boetticher       (s.a.)
 1 Jul 1897 -  5 May 1901  Johannes Franz von Miquel          (b. 1828 - d. 1901)
29 Jun 1901 - 14 Jul 1909  Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg      (s.a.)
16 Aug 1914 - 22 May 1916  Clemens Gottlieb Ernst von         (b. 1856 - d. 1921)
                             Delbrück 
22 May 1916 -  9 Nov 1917  Paul von Breitenbach               (b. 1850 - d. 1930)
 9 Nov 1917 -  9 Nov 1918  Robert Friedburg                   (b. 1851 - d. 1920)

1310                       Wickrath a fief of Guelden. 
1488 - 1502                Wickrath, an imperial barony, granted to the 
                             Knights of Hompesch.
1502                       Wickrath passes to Quadt
1752                       County of Quadt (Grafschaft Quadt) an imperial estate.
1794 - 1798                Occupied by France.
1798                       Annexed to France.
1803                       Counts acquire city of Isny.
1806                       Isny lost.
1814                       Annexed to Prussia.

Count (title Graf von Quadt zu Wykradt [from 1803] und Isny)
1785 - 1806                Otto Wilhelm                       (d. 1829)

931                         Praemonstratensian Abbey of Quedlinburg (Stift Quedlinburg).
af.931