Poland
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![[Poland]](pl.gif)
to 7 Jan 1795; -
14 Jan 1807 - 18 Feb 1813; 1831 (in revolt)
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![[Russian flag]](ru.gif) -
20 Jun 1815 - 5 Aug 1915
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![[Kingdom of Poland flag 1815-1833]](polsk1815.gif) -
20 Jun 1815 - 12 Apr 1833
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"Congress" Poland
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![[Ensign used in the polish revolt of 1863]](pl-1863.gif) -
22 Jan 1863 - Apr 1865
(in revolt)
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![[alternate Ensign used in the polish revolt of 1863]](pl-1863b.gif)
22 Jan 1863 - Apr 1865 (revolt alternate)
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1918 - 1 Aug 1919
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In use from 5 Nov 1916;
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Officially Re-adopted 1 Aug 1919
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![[State Flag of Poland]](pl-st.gif) -
State Flag 1927-1939,
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Re-adopted 22 Feb 1990
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![[State Flag of Poland - 1956-1990]](pl-1956.gif) -
State Flag 1956 - 22 Feb 1990
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Map
of Poland
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Hear
National Anthem
"Mazurek Dabrowskiego"
(Dabrowski's Mazurka)
a.k.a "Jeszcze Polska nie zginela"
(Poland has not yet perished)
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Text
of National Anthem
Adopted 28 Feb 1927
(unofficial from 19 Jul 1795)
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Constitution
(17 Oct 1997)
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Former
Consitutions
(1791, 1807, 1815, 1919, 1921,
1935, 1947, 1952, 1992)
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Capital: Warsaw
(Lublin [de facto] 1944-1945;
Kraków 1939-1944, 1038-79,
1296-1596; Poznan 964-1038,
1290-1296; Plock 1080-1138;
Gniezno 964-1038)
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Currency: Zloty (PLN)
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National Holiday: 3 May (1791)
Constitution Day
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Population: 38,518,241 (2007)
Gen-govt.: 16,600,000 (1942)
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GDP: $552 billion (2006)
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Exports: $107 billion (2006)
Imports: $113 billion (2006)
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Ethnic groups: Polish 96.7%, German 0.4%,
Belarusian 0.1%,
Ukrainian 0.1%, other and unspecified 2.7% (2002)
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Total Armed Forces: 163,000 (2003)
Merchant marine: 11 ships (2006)
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Religions: Roman Catholic 89.8% (about 75%
practicing),
Eastern Orthodox 1.3%, Protestant 0.3%, other 0.3%,
unspecified 8.3% (2002)
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International
Organizations/Treaties: AC (observer), AG, ANT, APM, BIS, BSEC
(observer), BTWC, CBSS, CE, CEI, CTBT, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, ENMOD, EU, FAO,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF,
IMO, IMSO, Interpol, Intersputnik, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, KP, MIGA, MTCR, NAM
(guest), NATO, NPT, NSG, NTBT, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF (observer), OPCW,
OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO,
WEU (associate), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
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Poland Index
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Chronology
842 - 861
Rule of the (legendary) Prince Piast in Great
Poland.
964
Reign of first documented prince (ksiaze polski),
Mieszko I.
25 May 992 - 17 Jun 1025 Boeslaw I "the Brave" (b.
c.966 - d. 1025)
temporarily extends the Polish realm over
Lusatia, Bohemia, Moravia, and Slovakia.
25 Dec 1024
Polish Kingdom (Krolestwo Polskie).
1031
Polish Principality
25 Dec 1076
Polish Kingdom
Jun 1079
Polish Principality
28 Oct 1138
Division into several principalities, Great
Poland, Mazovia, Kujavia, Silesia, and
Sandomierz with Little Poland reserved for the
Senior Polish Prince who nominally coordinates
the principalities until 1180. Further
subdivisions occur throughout the next two
centuries.
26 Jun 1295 - 8 Feb 1296 Przemysl II styled Polish
King.
20 Jan 1320
All Poland (except for Silesia, Pomerania, and
Mazovia) reunited into the Polish Kingdom with
coronation of Wladyslaw I.
1370
On extinction of Piast main line, Kingship becomes
elective, but de facto the Diet chooses the
kings in hereditary order until 1572.
31 May 1505
Constitution eliminates royal legislative powers.
4 Jul 1569
Accord of Lublin, colloquially known as "Union of
Lublin", joining Poland and Lithuania
officially, but not constitutionally, into
United Commonwealth of the Two Nations
(Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodow), in short,
The Commonwealth (Rzeczpospolita).
6 Jul 1572
Last hereditary Polish king dies; power to elect
the king moves from the Diet to the whole
nobility; election as Polish king and grand
prince of Lithuania is carried out jointly, but
conduct of interregnum is separate.
18 Aug 1672 - 22 Sep 1699 Podolia
occupied by Ottoman Empire.
15 Sep 1697 - 16 Feb 1704 Personal union with Duchy of Saxony.
2 Jul 1702 - 1 Jul 1710 Swedish occupation of
large parts of Poland.
8 Aug 1709 - 1 Feb 1733 Personal union with Duchy
of Saxony.
Dec 1770
Austria annexes the county of Zips (Polish: Spisz,
Hungarian: Szepes) which was settled by Germans
and already occupied by Austria from 1769.
5 Aug 1772
First partition of Poland by Russia, Prussia, and
Austria. Royal Prussia together with Warmia and
parts of Great Poland (Wielkopolska) to Prussia
(as West Prussia); parts of Little Poland
(Malopolska) and Red Ruthenia (Rus Czerwona) to
Austria; Polish Livonia (Inflanty Polskie) and
Lithuanian areas to Russia.
3 May 1791
Constitution giving formal sanction to the union
with Lithuania and making the state hereditary
again under the Saxon dynasty.
23 Jan 1793
Second partition by Russia and Prussia: Great
Poland with parts of Mazovia (Mazowsze) to
Prussia; Podolia, Volhynia, and Lithuanian to
Russia.
24 Mar 1794 - Sep 1794 Polish "war of independence"
rebellion against
Russian hegemony under Tadeusz Kosciusko
(b. 1746 - d. 1817).
7 Jan 1795
Upon the Third partition by Russia, Prussia, and
Austria, the Polish state ceases to exist:
Lithuania and Volhynia to Russia; Mazovia (as
New East Prussia) and Warsaw to Prussia; and
Cracow and Little Poland to Austria
(as West Galicia).
26 Jan 1797
Russian-Prussian convention (with Austrian
approval) declares the "irrevocable abrogation
of the Kingdom of Poland."
9 Jul 1807
Duchy of Warsaw (in personal union with Saxony)
(in French: Duché de Varsovie; often erroneously
referred to as the Grand Duchy of Warsaw).
14 Mar 1813 - 20 Jun 1815 Duchy of Warsaw occupied by Russia.
3 May 1815 - 3 Mar 1846 Republic of Kraków
(from 3 Mar 1846, annexed to
Austria).
20 Jun 1815 - 5 Nov 1916 Polish Kingdom, in (nominally
personal, actually
subordinate) union with Russia, established by
the Congress of Vienna (thus often called by
historians as "Congress Poland").
25 Jan 1831 - 26 Sep 1831 "First (November) Insurrection"
22 Feb 1832
New statute (constitution) abolishes last remnants
of autonomy.
22 Jan 1863 - Apr 1865 "Second (January)
Insurrection"
5 Aug 1915 - 11 Nov 1918 Occupied by Germany and Austria-Hungary
(in Lodz
from 6 Nov 1914) as General Government of
Warsaw (under Germany), and General Government
of Lublin (under Austria-Hungary).
5 Nov 1916
Granted autonomy by Germany and Austria-Hungary.
14 Jan 1917
Polish Kingdom
6 Nov 1918
Polish State
22 Nov 1918
Polish Republic
30 Jul 1920 - 20 Aug 1920 Provisional Revolutionary (Communist) Committee
of Poland formed in Bialystok (see below).
1 Sep 1939
German invasion from the west.
17 Sep 1939
Soviet invasion from the east (annexation of
western Ukraine, west Byelorussia 28 Sep 1939).
6 Oct 1939
Last Polish troops surrender; the German-occupied
area (Danzig, West Prussia, Pozen, and Silesia)
is partly annexed to Germany, on 12 Oct 1939
the other part becomes the General Government
for the Occupied Polish Territories (from
31 Jul 1940, simply the General Government).
21 Jun 1941
Germany takes over the Soviet-occupied areas; they
are divided between the General Government and
the Reichskommissariat Ostland and Ukraine.
1 Aug 1941
Eastern Galicia added to the General Government.
15 Aug 1941 - 27 Jul 1944 The Bialystok
district is "attached" but not
incorporated to Germany's East Prussia.
1 Jan 1944
Polish Republic
17 Jan 1945
Last German troops surrender.
1 Aug 1952
Polish People's Republic
30 Dec 1989
Polish Republic
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Voivodships
(since 1999)
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Voivodships
(1919-1939)
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Districts of General-
Government
(1939-1945)
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Bialystok District
(1941-1944)
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Republic in Exile
(1939-1991)
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Polish Soviet
Socialist Republic
(1920)
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Austrian Galicia
and Lodomeria
(1772-1918)
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Cracow Republic
(1815-1846)
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Ottoman Podolia
(1672-1699)
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Danzig
(1224-1793,
1807-1815,
1919-1939)
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Elbing
(1246-1772)
and
Swedish Prussia
(1629-1635)
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Ermland Bishopric
(1243-1772)
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Thorn
(1233-1793)
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Historical
maps
of
Poland
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Orthodox
Church
of Poland
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Secretaries-general of the Polish Workers' (Communist) Party
(PPR)
(from 20 Dec 1948, Polish United Workers' Party [PZPR])
23 Nov 1943 - 3 Sep 1948 Wladyslaw Gomulka (1st time)
(b. 1905 - d. 1982)
3 Sep 1948 - 12 Mar 1956 Boleslaw Bierut
(b. 1892 - d. 1956)
(21 Dec 1948 - 16 Mar 1954 Chairman Central Committee)
12 Mar 1956 - 20 Mar 1956 Political Bureau
(acting)
- Jakub Berman
(b. 1901 - d. 1984)
- Franciszek Józwiak
(b. 1895 - d. 1966)
- Hilary Minc
(b. 1905 - d. 1974)
- Roman Zambrowski
(b. 1909 - d. 1977)
- Aleksander Zawadzki
(b. 1899 - d. 1964)
- Józef Adam Zygmunt Cyrankiewicz (b. 1911 - d.
1989)
- Franciszek Mazur
(b. 1895 - d. 1975)
- Konstanty Rokossowski
(b. 1896 - d. 1968)
- Wladyslaw Dworakowski
(b. 1908 - d. 1976)
- Zenon Nowak
(b. 1905 - d. 1980)
- Edward Ochab
(b. 1906 - d. 1989)
20 Mar 1956 - 21 Oct 1956 Edward Ochab
(s.a.)
21 Oct 1956 - 20 Dec 1970 Wladyslaw Gomulka (2nd time)
(s.a.)
20 Dec 1970 - 6 Sep 1980 Edward Gierek
(b. 1913 - d. 2001)
6 Sep 1980 - 18 Oct 1981 Stanislaw Kania
(b. 1927)
18 Oct 1981 - 29 Jul 1989 Wojciech Witold Jaruzelski
(b. 1923)
Mil
29 Jul 1989 - 27 Jan 1990 Mieczyslaw Franciszek Rakowski
(b. 1926)
De facto ruler
13 Jun 1926 - 12 May 1935 Józef Klemens Pilsudski
(b. 1867 - d. 1935) Mil
Princes
842 - 861
Piast Kolodziej ("the Wheelwright")
c.861 – c.900
Siemowit
c.900 – c.930
Leszek (Lestko) IV
c.930 - c.960
Siemomysl
c.960 – 25 May 992
Mieszko I
(b. c.935 - d. 992)
25 May 992 – 992/995 Regents
- Oda (f)
- Mieszko
(b. 978/84 - d. af.992)
- Lambert
(b. 980/90 - d. af.992)
(in Greater Poland, Mazovia, Kuiavia, Pomerania)
- Swietopelk? (in Pomerania)
(b. 979/85 - d. ....)
25 May 992 – 25 Dec 1024 Boleslaw I Chrobry ("the Brave")
(b. 966/67 - d. 1025)
(from c.989 sub-prince in Cracow;
from 992/995 in entire country;
from 1003/04 in Bohemia; Jul 1002-1005
in Luzyce [Lausitz] and Milsko)
Kings
25 Dec 1024 - 17 Jun 1025 Boleslaw I Chrobry
(s.a.)
17 Jun 1025 - Oct 1031 Mieszko II Lambert
(b. 990 - d. 1034)
Princes
Oct 1031 – Spring 1032 Bezprym
(b. 986/87 - d. 1032)
Oct 1031 – Spring 1032 Otto (as sub-prince)
(b. 1000 – d. 1033)
(probably in Silesia or Cracow)
Spring 1032 – Jul 1032 Mieszko II Lambert
(s.a.)
Jul 1032 - 1033
Poland divided in three:
- Otto
(s.a.)
(probably in Silesia or Cracow)
- Dytryk (probably in Pomerania) (d. af.1033)
- Mieszko II Lambert
(s.a.)
(probably in Great Poland, Mazovia, Kuiavia)
1033 – 10/11 May 1034 Mieszko II
Lambert
(s.a.)
1034/1038 – 1039
Boleslaw Zapomniany
(probably fictitious)
10/11 May 1034–1037/1038 Kazimierz I Karol
(b. 1016 - d. 1058)
1037/1038
Anarchy; Pagan Rebellion
many particular princes;
any names and territories unknown, except:
1037/1038 – 1047
Mieclaw (Maslaw)(in Mazovia)
Summer 1039 - 19 Mar 1058 Kazimierz I Karol Odnowiciel
(b. 1016 - d. 1058)
("the Restorer")
(in Greater Poland and Kuiavia; from 1039
in Cracow and Lesser Poland; from 1040/1041
in Mazovia; from 1047, in Silesia from 1050)
19 Mar 1058 – 25 Dec 1076 Boleslaw II Smialy, Szczodry
(b. 1041/42 - d.1082)
("the Bold")
King
25 Dec 1076 - Jun 1079 Boleslaw II Smialy,
Szczodry (s.a.)
(expelled 1079)
Jun 1079 - 1080
Archbishop Petrus Leczyc -Regent (d. 1092)
Princes
1058 - 1079
Wladyslaw I Herman (1st time) (b. 1043- d.
1102)
(probably as sub-prince in Mazovia)
1058 – 28 Jan 1065
Mieszko
(b. 1045 – d. 1065)
(possibly sub-prince in Kuiavia, Sieradz, and Leczyca)
1080 – 4 Jun 1102
Wladyslaw I Herman (2nd time) (s.a.)
1081
Vratislav, duke of Bohemia
(d. 1092)
(pretender)
1086 – 1089
Mieszko -Co-ruler
(b. 1069 – d. 1089)
1093 - 1096
Zbigniew -Co-ruler (1st time) (b.
1070/73 - d. 1112/16)
1097 - 1102
Zbigniew -Co-ruler (2nd time) (s.a.)
1097 - 1102
Boleslaw III Krzywousty -Co-ruler (b. 1085 - d. 1138)
1102 – 1107
Zbigniew (in Greater Poland, (s.a.)
Kuiavia and Mazovia)
1102 – 28 Oct 1138
Boleslaw III Krzywousty
(s.a.)
(over-prince, in Greater Poland,
Silesia, and Lesser Poland; in
in Pomerania from 1122)
1107 – 1108
Zbigniew -Co-ruler (3rd time) (s.a.)
Senior Princes (in Cracow)(styled Ksiazeta-princepsi,
wielcy ksiazeta, w Krakowie)
28 Oct 1138 – 1146
Wladyslaw II Wygnaniec
(b. 1105 - d. 1159)
("the Exile"), duke of Silesia
1146 - 5 Jan 1173
Boleslaw IV Kedzierzawy
(b. 1121/22 - d. 1173)
("the Curly"), duke of Mazovia
(in rebellion 1141-1143 and from 1144)
5 Jan 1173 – 1177
Mieszko III Stary ("the Old"), (b. 1122/25 - d.
1202)
duke of Greater Poland (1st time)
1173 – 1177
Henryk Kietlicz
(governor of Mieszko III)
1177 – 1191
Kazimierz II Sprawiedliwy
(b. 1138 - d. 1194)
("the Just") (1st time)
1191
Mieszko III Stary, (2nd time)
(s.a.)
duke of Greater Poland
1191
Boleslaw (governor of Mieszko III) (b. 1159 - d. 1195)
1191 – 5 May 1194
Kazimierz II Sprawiedliwy
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
5 May 1194 – 1198
Leszek Bialy ("the White")
(b. c.1186 - d. 1227)
(1st time)
5 May 1194 – 1198
Regents
- Helena (f)(1st time)
- Mikolaj (1st time)
- Pelka, bishop of Cracow
(1st time)
1195
Mieszko III Stary
(s.a.)
(in opposition)
1198 – 1198/1199
Mieszko III Stary, (3rd time) (s.a.)
duke of Greater Poland
1198/1199
Leszek Bialy (2nd time)
(b. c.1186 - d. 1227)
1198/1199
Regents
- Helena (f)(2nd time)
- Mikolaj (2nd time)
- Pelka, bishop of Cracow
(2nd time)
1198/1199 – 13/14 Mar 1202 Mieszko III Stary, (4th time)
(s.a.)
also duke of Greater Poland
(expelled briefly in 1201)
1202 – 1202/1206
Wladyslaw III Laskonogi,
(b. 1161/66 - d. 1231)
duke of Greater Poland (1st time)
1202/1206 – 1210
Leszek Bialy (3rd time)
(s.a.)
1210 – 16 May 1211
Mieszko Platonogi,
(b. bf.1146 - d. 1211)
duke of Silesia
16 May 1211 – 23 Nov 1227 Leszek Bialy (4th time)
(s.a.)
(the last senior prince)
Princes of Cracow (styled Ksiazeta krakowscy)
23 Nov 1227 – 5 May 1228 Boleslaw Wstydliwy (1st time)
(b. 1226 - d. 1279)
23 Nov 1227 – 5 May 1228 Grzymislawa (f) -Regent
5 May 1228 – 3 Nov 1231 Wladyslaw III Laskonogi
(2nd time) (s.a.)
prince of Greater Poland
1228 - 1229
Henryk I Brodaty (1st time) (b.
1165/70 - d. 1238)
(governor of Wladyslaw III)
1229
Konrad I Mazowiecki (1st time) (b. 1187/88
- d. 1247)
(in opposition)
1229 - 1230/1231
Marek Gryfita
(governor of Wladyslaw III)
1230/1231 – 3 Nov 1231 Teodor (Czader)
Gryfita
(governor of Wladyslaw III)
1231, 1233
Konrad I Mazowiecki (2nd time) (s.a.)
(in opposition)
3 Nov 1231 – 19 Mar 1238 Henryk I Brodaty
(s.a.)
19 Mar 1238 – 9 Apr 1241 Henryk II Pobozny
(b. 1196/1207 - d. 1241)
9 Apr 1241 – 10 Jul 1241 Boleslaw (II) Rogatka
(b. 1220/25 - d. 1278)
9 Apr 1241 – 10 Jul 1241 Klemens z Ruszczy Gryfita
(governor of Boleslaw Rogatka)
10 Jul 1241 – May 1243 Konrad I Mazowiecki
(3rd time) (s.a.)
(continues in opposition to 1247)
May 1243 – 7 Dec 1279 Boleslaw V
Wstydliwy (2nd time) (b. 1226 – d. 1279)
Dec 1279 - 30 Sep 1288 Leszek Czarny ("the
Black") (b. 1240/42 - d. 1288)
1282, 1285
Konrad (II) Czerski (pretender) (b. c.1250 - d. 1294)
Oct 1288 – 1288/1289 Boleslaw
(II) Plocki
(b. af.1251 - d. 1313)
1288/1289 – 26 Feb 1289 Henryk IV Prawy (Probus)(1st
time) (b. 1257/58 - d. 1290)
26 Feb 1289 – Aug 1289 Wladyslaw I Lokietek
("the Short") (b. c.1260 - d. 1333)
(1st time)
Aug 1289 – Apr 1290 Henryk
IV Prawy (Probus)(2nd time) (s.a.)
Jan 1291 - 21 Jun 1305 Waclaw II
(b. 1271 – d. 1305)
(crowned king of Poland Nov 1300)
Jan 1293 – 10 Jun 1294 Kazimierz (II) Leczycki
(b. 1261/62 - d. 1294)
(pretender)(styled Heir of Cracow)
King¹
26 Jun 1295 - 8 Feb 1296 Przemysl II
(b. 1257 – d. 1296)
Princes
8 Feb 1296 - 21 Jun 1305 Waclaw II
(b. 1271 – d. 1305)
(crowned as king of Poland Nov 1300)
1301 – 9 Dec 1309
Henryk I (III) Glogowczyk
(b. 1251/60 - d. 1309)
(in opposition; styled Heir of Polish Kingdom)
May 1305 – Jun/Jul 1305 Wladyslaw I Lokietek
(2nd time) (s.a.)
21 Jun 1305 – 4 Aug 1306 Waclaw III
(b. 1289 – d. 1306)
Aug/Sep 1306 – 1311 Wladyslaw
I Lokietek (3rd time) (s.a.)
(pretender Apr – 13 Oct 1292,
styled Heir of Cracow from Jan 1293;
styled Duke of Polish Kingdom from 10 Mar 1296;
pretender to Cracow until 18 Nov 1297 and from 1304)
Apr 1312 – Jun 1312 Boleslaw
I (in rebellion)
(b. 1254/58 - d. 1313)
Jun 1312 – 20 Jan 1320 Wladyslaw I Lokietek
(s.a.)
(4th time)
Kings¹
20 Jan 1320 - 2 Mar 1333 Wladyslaw I Lokietek
(s.a.)
25 Apr 1333 – 5 Nov 1370 Kazimierz III Wielki ("the
Great") (b. 1310 – d. 1370)
(crowned 25 Apr 1333)
17 Nov 1370–11/12 Sep 1382 Ludwik I Wegierski
(b. 1356 – d. 1382)
(king of Hungary Lájos I)
Nov 1370 – Summer 1375 Elzbieta (f) -Regent
(1st time) (b. 1305 – d. 1380)
1376 - Jan 1377
Elzbieta (f) -Regent (2nd time) (s.a.)
Winter 1377 – 28 Mar 1378 Wladyslaw Opolczyk -Regent
(b. 1326/30 - d. 1401)
28 Mar 1378 – 29 Dec 1380 Elzbieta (f) -Regent (3rd
time) (s.a.)
29 Dec 1380 - 12 Jan 1382 Zawisza Kurozweki,
(d. 1382)
bishop of Cracow (acting)
29 Dec 1380 - 11 Sep 1382 Dobislaw z Kraków
(acting) (d. 1387)
29 Dec 1380 - 11 Sep 1382 Sendziwog Szubin z Kalisz (acting)
12 Jan 1382- Oct? 1383 Zygmunt Luksemburski
(pretender) (b. 1368 – d. 1437)
(Sigismund Markgraf zu Brandenburg)
11 Sep 1382 - 16 Oct 1384 Dobislaw z Kraków -Regent
(s.a.)
11 Sep 1382 - 16 Oct 1384 Sendziwog Szubin z Kalisz -Regent
28 Mar 1383 – 6 Oct 1384 Siemowit (IV) (pretender)
(b. c.1352 - d. 1426)
16 Oct 1384–17 Jul 1399 Jadwiga (f)
(b. 1374 – d. 1399)
(literally "female king")
- jointly with -
2/18Feb1386–31May/1Jun1434 Wladyslaw II Jagiello
(b. c.1348/52 - d. 1434)
(Grand Prince of Lithuania;
married with Jadwiga 2/18 Feb 1434
4 Mar 1386 crowned king of Poland)
25 Jul 1434 – 10 Nov 1444 Wladyslaw III
(b. 1424 – d. 1444)
(Jan 1440 elected king of Hungary
left Poland 22 Apr 1440)
25 Jul 1434 – 16 Dec 1438 Regents
- Zbigniew Olesnicki
(s.a.)
bishop of Cracow
- Queen Zofia
(b. c.1405 - d. 1461)
- Zygmunt Korybutowicz,
(d. 1435)
Grand Prince of Lithuania
- Stefan, voivode of Moldavia
22 Apr 1440 - Jun 1447 Tutors and governors
of the Polish provinces
- for Lesser Poland and Ruthenia:
Jan Czyzowski, castellan of Cracow
- for Greater Poland:
Wojciech Malski, voivode
(d. 1454)
of Leczyca
25 Jun 1447 - 7 Jun 1492 Kazimierz IV Andrzej Jagiellonczyk
(b. 1427 – d. 1492)
(from 29 Jun 1440 Grand Prince of Lithuania
(election proclaimed conditionally Apr 1445)
7 Jun 1492 – 23 Sep 1492 Chairmen of the Royal Council
- Zbigniew Olesnicki, archbishop (b. c.1430 - d.1493)
of Gniezno (chairman)
- Rafal Jakub Jaroslawski z
(b. 1436/40 - d. 1492)
Jaroslawia i z Przeworska,
grand marshal (co-chairman)
- Jan Amor Tarnowski,
(b. 1420/30 - d. 1500)
castellan of Cracow (co-chairman)
23 Sep 1492 – 17 Jun 1501 Jan I Olbracht
(b. 1459 – d. 1501)
(election proclaimed 27 Aug 1492)
17 Jun 1501 – 25 Oct 1501 Fryderyk Jagiellonczyk,
(b. 1468 – d. 1503)
archbishop of Gniezno -Interrex
(chairman of Senate)
(proclaimed himself as tutor and
governor of kingdom – locum tenens regni)
12 Dec 1501 – 19 Aug 1506 Aleksander Jagiellonczyk
(b. 1461 – d. 1506)
(from 20 Jul 1492 Grand Duke of Lithuania
election proclaimed 25 Oct 1501)
19 Aug 1506 – 24 Jan 1507 Andrzej Róza Boryszewski,
(b. c.1436 - d. 1510)
archbishop of Gniezno -Interrex
(chairman of Senate
24 Jan 1507 – 1 Apr 1548 Zygmunt I Stary ("the Old")
(b. 1467 – d. 1548)
(Grand Prince of Lithuania from 20 Oct 1506;
election proclaimed 8 Dec 1506)
- jointly with -
20 Feb 1530 - 7 Jul 1572 Zygmunt II August
(b. 1520 – d. 1572)
(Grand Prince of Lithuania from 18 Oct 1529;
election proclaimed 18 Dec 1529)
7 Jul 1572 – Oct 1572 Jan Firlej
-Interrex
(b. c.1521 - d. 1574)
(in opposition)
7 Jul 1572 - 21 Feb 1574 Jakub Uchanski -Interrex
(1st
time)(b. 1502 - d. 1581)
21 Feb 1574 - 12 May 1575 Henryk Walezy
(b. 1551 - d. 1589)
(Henri III, king of France)
(left Poland 18 Jun 1574)
19 Jun 1574 - 1 May 1576 Jakub Uchanski -Interrex
(2nd time)(s.a.)
1 May 1576 - 12 Dec 1586 Stefan
(b. 1533 - d. 1586)
(István Báthory Somlyói, prince of Transylvania)
(election proclaimed 15 Dec 1575)
12 Dec 1586 - 27 Dec 1587 Stanislaw Karnkowski -Interrex
(b. 1520 - d. 1603)
27 Sep 1587 – 24 Jan 1588 Maksymilian von Österreich
(b. 1558 – d. 1618)
(election proclaimed 22 Aug 1587,
resigned 9 Mar 1589; in opposition)
27 Dec 1587 - 30 Apr 1632 Zygmunt III
(b. 1566 - d. 1632)
(Sigismund, king of Sweden)
(election proclaimed 19 Aug 1587)
30 Apr 1632 - 6 Feb 1633 Jan Wezyk -Interrex
(b. 1575 - d. 1638)
6 Feb 1633 - 20 May 1648 Wladyslaw IV
(b. 1595 - d. 1648)
(election proclaimed 8 Nov 1632)
20 May 1648 - 17 Jan 1649 Maciej Lubienski -Interrex
(b. 1572 - d. 1652)
17 Jan 1649 - 16 Sep 1668 Jan II Kazimierz
(b. 1609 - d. 1672)
(election proclaimed 20 Nov 1648)
(exiled Sep 1655 – Nov 1655)
Aug 1655 – 23 Feb 1660 Karol X Gustaw (in
opposition) (b. 1622 - d. 1660)
(Karl X Gustaf, king of Sweden;
styled Protektor Rzeczypospolitej [Protector
of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth])
16 Sep 1668 - 29 Sep 1669 Mikolaj Prazmowski -Interrex
(b. 1617 - d. 1673)
29 Sep 1669 - 10 Nov 1673 Michal Korybut
(b. 1640 - d. 1673)
(election proclaimed 19 Jun 1669)
10 Nov 1673 - 15 May 1674 Kazimierz Florian
(b. 1620 - d. 1674)
Czartoryski -Interrex
10 Nov 1673 – 5 Jun 1674 Andrzej Trzebicki, bishop
of (b. 1607 – d. 1679)
Cracow -Interrex
(acting interrex [for Czartoryski to 15 May 1674])
5 Jun 1674 - 17 Jun 1696 Jan III Sobieski
(b. 1629 - d. 1696)
(election proclaimed 21 May 1674, coronation 2 Feb 1676)
17 Jun 1696 - 15 Sep 1697 Augustyn Michal Stefan
(b. 1645 - d. 1705)
Radziejowski -Interrex (2nd time)
15 Sep 1697 - 16 Feb 1704 August II Mocny ("the Strong")
(b. 1670 - d. 1733)
(1st time) (election proclaimed 17 Jun 1697)
(continues in opposition to 24 Sep 1706)
16 Feb 1704 - 4 Oct 1705 Augustyn Michal Stefan
(s.a.)
Radziejowski -Interrex (2nd time)
4 Oct 1705 - 8 Aug 1709 Stanislaw I Leszczynski
(1st time) (b. 1677 - d. 1766)
(election proclaimed 12 Jul 1704)
8 Aug 1709 - 1 Feb 1733 August II Mocny (2nd
time) (s.a.)
1 Feb 1733 - 12 Sep 1733 Teodor Andrzej Potocki -Interrex
(b. 1664 - d. 1738)
12 Sep 1733 - 30 Jun 1734 Stanislaw I Leszczynski (2nd time)
(s.a.)
(abdicates 27 Jan 1736)
(exiled 30 Jun 1734)
30 Jun 1734 - 5 Oct 1763 August III
(b. 1696 - d. 1763)
(election proclaimed 5 Oct 1733)
(in opposition from 17 Jan 1734)
5 Oct 1763 - 25 Nov 1764 Wladyslaw Aleksander
(b. 1703 - d. 1764)
Lubienski -Interrex
25 Nov 1764 - 7 Jan 1795 Stanislaw II August Poniatowski
(b. 1732 - d. 1798)
(election proclaimed 8 Sep 1764)
(abdicated 25 Nov 1795)
Chairman of the Governing Commission
14 Jan 1807 - 9 Jul 1807 Duke Stanislaw Malachowski
(b. 1736 - d. 1809)
Duke of Warsaw¹ (also King of Saxony)
9 Jul 1807 - 14 Mar 1813 Friedrich August
(b. 1750 - d. 1827)
Chairman of the Supreme Provisional Council of the Duchy of
Warsaw
14 Mar 1813 - 9 Jun 1815 Vasiliy Sergeyevich Lanskoy
(b. 1753 - d. 1831)
Kings
20 Jun 1815 - 5 Nov 1916 the Emperors of Russia
Viceroy
9 Dec 1815 - 1 Dec 1830 Grand Duke Konstantin
Pavlovich (b. 1779 - d. 1831)
Romanov
Military governor
9 Dec 1815 - 28 Jul 1826 Prince Józef Zajaczek
(b. 1752 - d. 1826)
Administrative Council
1 Dec 1830 - 5 Dec 1830 Provisional government
- Leon Dembowski
(b. 1789 - d. 1878)
- Duke Stanislaw Malachowski
(s.a.)
- Joachim Józef Lelewel
(b. 1786 - d. 1861)
Dictator
5 Dec 1830 - Dec 1830 Józef
Grzegorz Chlopicki (1st time)(b. 1771 - d. 1854)
Marshal of the Diet
18 Dec 1830 - Dec 1830 Józef Gabriel
Lubowski
(b. 1788 - d. 1869?)
Dictator
Dec 1830 - 25 Jan 1831 Józef Grzegorz
Chlopicki (2nd time)(s.a.)
Presidents of the National Government
25 Jan 1831 - 30 Jan 1831 Count Wladyslaw Tomasz Ostrowski
(b. 1790 - d. 1869)
(Marshal of the Diet)
+ Prince Adam Jerzy Czartoryski (b. 1770 -
d. 1861)
(President of the Senate)
30 Jan 1831 - 17 Aug 1831 Prince Adam Jerzy Czartoryski
(s.a.)
17 Aug 1831 - 7 Sep 1831 Jan Stefan Krukowiecki
(b. 1772 - d. 1850)
7 Sep 1831 - 26 Sep 1831 Bonawentura Niemojowski
(b. 1787 - d. 1835)
Governors
1831 - 13 Feb 1856
Count Ivan Fyodorovich
(b. 1782 - d. 1856)
Paskevich Erivansky, Prince of Warsaw
1856 - 30 May 1861
Mikhail Dmitriyevich Gorchakov (b. 1795 - d. 1861)
Oct 1861 - Jun 1862 Count
Aleksey Nikolayevich Luders
8 Jun 1862 - 31 Oct 1863 Grand Duke Konstatin
(b. 1827 - d. 1892)
Nikolayevich Romanov
Presidents of the National Government
22 Jan 1863 - 10 Mar 1863 Stefan Bobrowski
(b. 1841 - d. 1863)
(chairman Executive Commission of the Central National
Committee acting as Provisional National Government)
- together with -
Ludwik Adam Mieroslawski
(b. 1814 - d. 1878)
(dictator and commander-in-chief of the Polish
Insurrection; in exile to 17 Feb 1863)
10 Mar 1863 - 19 Mar 1863 Marian Antoni Melchior Langiewicz
(b. 1827 - d. 1887)
(dictator)
19 Mar 1863 - 20 Mar 1863 Executive Dictatorial Commission
- Józef Kajetan Janowski
(b. 1832 - d. 1914)
- Agaton Giller
(b. 1831 - d. 1887)
- Stefan Bobrowski
(s.a.)
21 Mar 1863 - 24 May 1863 Central National Committee acting
as Provisional National Government
- Józef Kajetan Janowski
(s.a.)
- Agaton Giller
(s.a.)
- Stefan Bobrowski
(s.a.)
(to 12 Apr 1863; chairman Mar - 12 Apr 1863)
- Karol Adolf Antoni Ruprecht
(b. 1821 - d. 1875)
(from Mar 1863)
- Oskar Awejde
(b. 1837 - d. 1897)
(from 12 Apr 1863)
- Edward Siwinski
(b. 1831 - d. 1897)
(from Apr 1863)
Chairmen of the National Government
24 May 1863 - 1863
Piotr Wysocki
(b. 1797 - d. 1874)
1863 - 14 Jun 1863
Franciszek Dobrowolski (1st time) (b. 1830 - d. 1896)
14 Jun 1863 - 17 Sep 1863 Karol Majewski
(b. 1833 - d. 1897)
17 Sep 1863 - 17 Oct 1863 Franciszek Dobrowolski (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Head of the National Government (also styled Dictator)
17 Oct 1863 - 10 Apr 1864 Romuald Traugutt
(b. 1826 - d. 1864)
President of the National Government
10 Apr 1864 - Apr 1865 Bronislaw Brzezinski
(d. c.1865)
Governors-general
31 Oct 1863 - 18 Jan 1874 Friedrich Wilhelm Rembert Graf
von (b. 1790 - d. 1874)
Berg (Fyodor Fyodorovich Graf Berg)
1874 - 1880
Paul Graf von Kotzebue
(b. 1801 - d. 1880)
1880 - 1883
Peter Pavlovich Albedinsky
(b. 1826 - d. 1883)
Dec 1883 - Dec 1894 Iosif
Vladimirovich Romeiko-Gurko (b. 1828 - d. 1901)
Dec 1894 - 12 Dec 1896 Count Pavel Andreyevich
Shuvalov (b. 1830 - d. 1908)
13 Jan 1897 - 30 Nov 1900 Prince Aleksandr Konstatinovich
(b. 1827 - d. 1900)
Bagration-Imeretinsky
30 Nov 1900 - 9 May 1901 .... (acting)
May 1901 - Feb 1905 Mikhail
Ivanovich Chertkov (b.
1829 – d. 1905)
24 Mar 1905 - Aug 1905 Konstantin Klavdievich
Maksimovich (b. 1849 - d. 19..)
Sep 1905 - 18 Jul 1906 Georgiy Antonovich
Skalon (b. 1847 -
d. 1914)
Jul 1906 - Apr 1914 N.
Vonlarlsky (acting)
Apr 1914 - Jul 1914 Yakov
Grigoryevich Zilinsky (b. 1853
- d. 19..)
(acting)
Jul 1914 - 1917
Prince Pavel Nikolayevich Engalcev (b. 1864 - d. 1944)
(in Minsk exile Aug 1915 - 1917)
German Governor-general (at Warsaw)
25 Aug 1915 - 11 Nov 1918 Hans Hartwig von Beseler
(b. 1850 - d. 1921)
Austro-Hungarian Governors-general (at Lublin)
Sep 1915 - May 1916 Erich
Freiherr von Diller
(b. 1869 - d. 1936)
May 1916 - May 1917 Karl
von Kuk
(b. 1853 - d. 1935)
Jun 1917 - Feb 1918 Stanislaw
Maria Graf Szeptycki (b. 1867 - d. 1946)
Feb 1918 - Nov 1918 Anton
Liposcak
(b. 1863 - d. 1924)
Crown Marshal, Chairman of the Provisional Council of State
14 Jan 1917 - 25 Aug 1917 Waclaw Józef Niemojowski
(b. 1864 - d. 1939)
Chairman of the Transitional Committee of the Provisional Council of State
25 Aug 1917 - 27 Oct 1917 Józef Karol Mateusz Mikulowski
(b. 1868 - d. 1935)
Pomorski (acting)
27 Oct 1917 - 14 Nov 1918 Regency Council
- Aleksander Kakowski, Archbishop (b. 1862 - d. 1938)
Non-party
of Warsaw
- Prince Zdzislaw Lubomirski
(b. 1865 - d. 1943) Non-party
- Count Józef August Ostrowski
(b. 1850 - d. 1923) Non-party
Chairman of the Polish National Committee
15 Aug 1917 - 14 Nov 1918 Roman Dmowski
(b. 1864 - d. 1939) ND
(in Paris, France exile)
Chief of State
14 Nov 1918 - 14 Dec 1922 Józef Klemens Pilsudski
(s.a.)
Mil
(de facto to 22 Nov 1918; provisional to 20 Feb 1919)
Presidents
14 Dec 1922 - 16 Dec 1922 Gabriel Józef Narutowicz
(b. 1865 - d. 1922) Non-party
16 Dec 1922 - 20 Dec 1922 Maciej Rataj (1st time) (acting)
(b. 1884 - d. 1940) PSL-P
20 Dec 1922 - 15 May 1926 Stanislaw Wojciechowski
(b. 1869 - d. 1953) Non-party
15 May 1926 - 4 Jun 1926 Maciej Rataj (2nd time) (acting)
(s.a.)
PSL-P
4 Jun 1926 - 30 Sep 1939 Ignacy Moscicki
(b. 1867 - d. 1946) Non-party
(in Romania exile from 17 Sep 1939)
Military governors
1 Sep 1939 - 3 Oct 1939 Heinrich Alfred Hermann
Walther (b. 1881 - d. 1948) Mil
von Brauchitsch
3 Oct 1939 - 19 Oct 1939 Karl Rudolf Gerd von Rundstedt
(b. 1875 - d. 1953) Mil
(head of central military administration)
20 Oct 1939 - 30 Apr 1940 Johannes Blaskowitz
(b. 1883 - d. 1948) Mil
1 May 1940 - 20 Jul 1940 Curt Ludwig Freiherr von Gienanth
(b. 1867 - d. 1961) Mil
Governor-general
26 Oct 1939 - 17 Jan 1945 Hans Michael Frank
(b. 1900 - d. 1946) NSDAP
(head of civil administration 3-25 Oct 1939)
Chief of the Civil Administration of the Bialystok
District
15 Aug 1941 - 27 Jul 1944 Erich Koch
(b. 1896 - d. 1986) NSDAP
15 Aug 1941 - 31 Jan 1942 Waldemar Magunia (acting for Koch)
(b. 1902 - d.af.1945)NSDAP
1 Feb 1942 - 27 Jul 1944 Friedrich de Brix (acting for
Koch)
NSDAP
Chairman of the Presidium of the People's Council
(from 1 Jan 1945, chairman of the People's Council)
1 Jan 1944 - 4 Feb 1947 Boleslaw Bierut
(s.a.)
PPR
4 Feb 1947
Franciszek Trabalski
(b. 1870 - d. 1964) PPR
(Marshal of the Constituent Sejm by age)
4 Feb 1947 - 5 Feb 1947 Wladyslaw Kowalski
(b. 1894 - d. 1958) PPR
(Marshal of the Constituent Sejm)
President
5 Feb 1947 - 20 Nov 1952 Boleslaw Bierut
(s.a.)
PPR;1948 PZPR
Chairmen of the Council of State
20 Nov 1952 - 7 Aug 1964 Aleksander Zawadzki
(b. 1899 - d. 1964) PZPR
7 Aug 1964 - 12 Aug 1964 Edward Ochab
(s.a.)
PZPR
+ Stanislaw Kulczynski
(b. 1895 - d. 1975) PZPR
+ Oskar Ryszard Lange
(b. 1904 - d. 1965) PZPR
+ Boleslaw Podedworny
(b. 1898 - d. 1972) PZPR
(acting)
12 Aug 1964 - 11 Apr 1968 Edward Ochab
(s.a.)
PZPR
11 Apr 1968 - 23 Dec 1970 Marian Spychalski
(b. 1906 - d. 1980) PZPR
23 Dec 1970 - 28 Mar 1972 Józef Adam Zygmunt Cyrankiewicz
(s.a.)
PZPR
28 Mar 1972 - 6 Nov 1985 Henryk Jablonski
(b. 1909 - d. 2003) PZPR
6 Nov 1985 - 19 Jul 1989 Wojciech Witold Jaruzelski
(s.a.)
PZPR/Mil
Presidents
19 Jul 1989 - 22 Dec 1990 Wojciech Witold Jaruzelski
(s.a.)
Non-party
22 Dec 1990 - 23 Dec 1995 Lech Walesa
(b. 1943) NSZZ/Non-party
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