Turkey
-
-
1307 - 1453
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1453 - 1499
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1499 - 1517
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1517 - 1793
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-
27 Jun 1793 - 1808, 1826 -
1867
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-
1808 - 1826
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-
-
Adopted 1867
& 5 Jun 1936
-
|
-
-
|
|
Map
of Turkey
|
Hear
National Anthem
"Istiklâl Marsi"
(The March of
Independence)
|
Text
of National Anthem
Adopted 12 Mar 1921
|
Constitution
(7 Nov 1982)
|
Map of
Ottoman Empire
1798-1923
|
Former Ottoman Anthems
"Mahmudiye March"
(March of
Mahmud; 1918-22
as Ottoman National March)
(1829-1839, 1918-1 Nov 1922)
"Mecidiye March"
(March for Sultan
Abdul-Mejid I)
(1839-1861, 1876) |
Former Ottoman
Anthems
"Aziziye
March" (1861-1876)
(March of Abdul Aziz I);
"Hamidiye
March" (1876-1909);
(March of Abdul Hamid
II);
"Resadiye
March" (1909-1918)
(March of Muhmmad Resad)
|
Former
Constitutions
(23
Dec 1876; 20
Jan 1921;
10
Apr 1924; 9
Jun 1961)
|
Capital:
Ankara
(Constantinople 1453-13
Oct
1923;
Adrianople 1365-1453;
Bursa 1326-1365;
Sögüt 1299-1326)
|
Currency: Turkish Lira (TRY);
1881-1922 Ottoman Empire Lira
(XOTL); 1688-1881 Ottoman
Empire Piastre (XTOP) |
National
Holiday: 29 Oct (1923)
Anniversary of the
Republic Day
|
Population:
80,694,485
(2013)
21,273, 900 (1916)
|
|
GDP: $1.67
trillion (2013)
|
Exports:
$167.6 billion (2013)
Imports: $242.9
billion (2013)
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Ethnic groups:
Turkish 65.1%, Kurdish 18.9%, Crimean
Tatar 7.2%, Arab
1.8%, Azerbaijani 1%, Yoruk 1%,
other 5% (2000)
|
Total Active
Armed Forces: 662,719 (2013)
U.S. Forces: 1,917
(2012)
Merchant marine: 629 ships
(2010)
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Religions:
Muslim 97.5% (of which Sunni 82.5%,
Shi'a [mostly
non-orthodox Alevi] 15%), non-religious 2%, other
(mostly Christian) 0.5% (2005)
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International
Organizations/Treaties: ACS
(observer), ADB (nonregional), AfDB (nonregional),
AG, AIIB, ANT, APM, BIS, BSEC, BTWC, CE,
CERN (associate), CFE, CICA, CPLP
(associate observer), CTBT,
D-8, DC (observer), EAPC, EBRD, ECO,
ENMOD (signatory), ESA
(cooperating state), ESCR, EU (candidate),
Eutelsat, FAO, GUAM (observer), IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IDB,
IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF,
IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, IRENA, ISA (observer), ISESCO, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, KP,
MIGA, MTCR, NATO, NEA, NPT, NSG, NTBT,
OAS (observer), OECD, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PA (observer),
PAM, PCA, SCO (dialogue partner),
SECP, SELEC, SICA (observer), UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNHCR, UNIDO,
UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WTO, ZC
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Turkey Index
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Chronology
- 1230
Sögüt Beylik of
the Kayi tribe of the Oghuz Turks
-
within the Seljuk
Sultanate.
- 27 Jul 1299
Independence declared from Seljuk
Sultanate.
- 1326
Following the
death of Osman the tribe is
-
renamed as Osmanli
Hanedani (House of Osman).
- 29 May
1453
Constantinople captured, end of
Byzantine Empire.
- 29 May 1453
Ottoman (or Osmanli) Empire or Devlet-i
Aliye-i
-
Osmaniyye (Sublime
Ottoman State).
- 16 May 1915 - 12 Mar
1918 Russian
occupation of western
(Ottoman) Armenia.
- 23 Apr
1920
Grand National Assembly constituted
at Ankara as a
-
dissident authority on
the territory of the
-
Ottoman Empire.
- 10 Aug
1920
By Treaty of Sèvres, the Ottoman
Empire cedes
-
cedes Lebanon and Syria to France,
and
-
French to occupy Cilicia;
Cyprus, Palestine,
-
Transjordan, and Mesopotamia (Iraq)
ceded to
-
Britain; the Dodecanese Islands and
Rhodes
-
recognized as Italian and Antalya to
be
-
occupied by Italy; Aegean islands of
Imbros and
-
Tenedos, eastern Thrace (but not
Constantinople)
-
and Izmir (Smyrna)
district under sovereignty
of
-
Greece; Hejaz
and Armenia
to be independent;
-
with Kurdistan to be
autonomous; and the
-
Zone of the
Straits (area of Bosporus and
the
-
Dardanelles) de-militarized and
under Allied
-
occupation.
- 7 Feb 1921
State of Turkey is declared,
with executive and
-
legislative authority
vested in the Grand
-
National Assembly.
- 2 Nov 1922
Grand National Assembly is
declared the sole state
-
authority of Turkey and
successor to the Ottoman
-
imperial house, thus
de-recognizing the authority
-
of the ruler of the
Ottoman Empire.
- 4 Nov
1922
Collapse of Ottoman government
in Constantinople.
- 24 Jul
1923
By Treaty of Lausanne, Turkey
regains all the lands
-
occupied by Greece; Turkish
sovereignty over the
-
western Armenia, Kurdish areas,
Cilicia, and
-
Antalya is restored; the Straits
remained
-
de-militarized but allied occupation
ended.
- 29 Oct
1923
Republic of Turkey
- 3 Mar
1924
Caliphate is abolished.
- 23 Jul
1939
Hatay incorporated into Turkey.
|
Antalya (Adalia)
(1919-1921)
|
French Cilicia
(1919-1921)
|
Hatay
(1918-1926,
1938-1939)
|
Smyrna District
(1919-1922)
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South-Western
Caucasian
Republic
(1918-1919)
|
Zone of the
Straits
(1918-1923)
|
Kurdish Polities
(1816-1835,
1927-1931,1995-)
|
Russian Western
Armenia
(1915-1918)
|
Pera and
Galatea
(1273-1453)
|
Ecumenical
Orthodox
Patriarchate of
Constantinople |
Historic
Maps
of
Turkey
|
|
Beys
1299 – 1326
Osman I "Ghazi," "Kara"
(b. 1258 - d. 1326)
1326 - Mar 1362
Orhan "Ghazi"
(b. 1288 – d. 1361)
Mar 1362 - 1383
Murad I "Hudavendigar"
(b.
1326 - d. 1389)
Emirs
1383 - 15 Jun 1389
Murad I
"Hudavendigar"
(s.a.)
15 Jun 1389 - 20 Jul
1402 Bayezid I "Yildirim"
(b.
1347 - d. 1403)
("the Thunderbolt")
20 Jul 1402 - 5 Jul
1413 Interregnum, various claimants:
20 Jul 1402 - 17 Feb 1411 Süleyman
"Çelebi"
(b. 1377 - d.
1411)
(in dissidence; in Rumelia)
1403 - 1405
Isa "Çelebi"
(d. 1406)
(in dissidence; in western
Anatolia)
18 Feb 1411 - 5 Jul 1413 Musa "Çelebi"
(d. 1413)
(in dissidence; in Rumelia)
20 Jul 1402 – 26 May 1421 Mehmed
I "Çelebi"
(b. c.1382 - d. 1421)
(in dissidence in eastern
Anatolia to 5 Jul 1413)
26 May 1421 - Dec 1444 Murad
II "Kodja" (1st time)
(b. 1404 - d. 1451)
Dec 1444 - May 1446
Mehmed II (1st time)
(b. 1432 - d.
1481)
May 1446 - 3 Feb 1451
Murad II "Kodja"
(2nd time) (s.a.)
3 Feb 1451 – 29 May 1453 Mehmed
II (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Sultans (title Padishah, Hünkar)¹
29 May 1453 – 3 May 1481 Mehmed
II "Fatih" ("the Conqueror")(s.a.)
4 May 1481 – 24 Apr 1512 Bayezid
II "Veli" ("the Saint") (b. 1446
- d. 1512)
24 Apr 1481 - 23 Jun 1481 Cem bin Mehmed (in
dissidence) (b. 1459 - d. 1795)
25 Apr 1512 – 22 Sep 1520 Selim
I "Yavuz" ("the Grim") (b.
1467 - d. 1520)
30 Sep 1520 – 7 Sep 1566 Süleyman
I "Kanuni", "Muhtesem"
(b. 1494 - d. 1566)
("the
Lawgiver", "the Magnificent")
30 Sep 1566 – 15 Dec 1574 Selim
II "Sari" ("the Blond")
(b. 1524 - d. 1574)
21 Dec 1574 – 16 Jan 1595
Murad III
(b. 1546 - d. 1595)
27 Jan 1595 – 21 Dec 1603
Mehmed III "Adli" ("the
Just") (b. 1566 - d. 1603)
21 Dec 1603 – 22 Nov 1617
Ahmed I "Bakhti" ("the Fortunate") (b. 1590
- d. 1617)
22 Nov 1617 – 26 Feb 1618 Mustafa
I "Deli" (1st time)
(b. 1592 - d. 1639)
26 Feb 1618 – 19 May
1622 Osman II "Genç" ("the Young")
(b. 1603 - d. 1622)
19 May 1622 – 10 Sep 1623 Mustafa
I "Deli" (2nd time)
(s.a.)
10 Sep 1623 – 8 Feb
1640 Murad IV "Gazi" ("the
Warrior") (b. 1612 - d. 1640)
8 Feb 1640 – 8 Aug 1648 Ibrahim
I "Deli"
(b. 1615 - d. 1648)
8 Aug 1648 – 8
Nov 1687 Mehmed IV "Avci" ("the Hunter")
(b. 1641 - d. 1692)
8 Nov 1687 – 22 Jun
1691 Süleyman II "Gazi"
(b. 1644 - d. 1691)
23 Jun 1691 – 6 Feb 1695 Ahmed
II "Khan Gazi"
(b. 1642 - d. 1695)
6 Feb 1695 - 22 Aug 1703 Mustafa II
"Gazi" (Mustapha II) (b. 1664 - d.
1703)
22 Aug 1703 - 1 Oct 1730
Ahmet III (Ahmed
III)
(b. 1673 - d. 1736)
1 Oct 1730 - 13 Dec 1754
Mahmut I "Gazi,"
"Kambur"
(b. 1696 - d. 1754)
(Muhammad I)
14 Dec 1754 - 30 Oct 1757 Osman
III "Sofu" (the Devout) (b. 1696 -
d. 1757)
30 Oct 1757 - 21 Jan 1774
Mustafa III (Mustapha
III) (b.
1717 - d. 1774)
21 Jan 1774 - 7 Apr 1789
Abdülhamit I (Abdul Hamid
I) (b. 1725 - d.
1789)
7 Apr 1789 - 29 May 1807
Selim III "Cilhandar," "Ilhami" (b.
1761 - d. 1808)
29 May 1807 - 28 Jul 1808
Mustafa IV (Mustapha
IV)
(b. 1779 - d. 1808)
28 Jul 1808 - 1 Jul 1839
Mahmut II "Adli" (Mahmud
II) (b. 1785 - d.
1839)
1 Jul 1839 - 25 Jun 1861
Abdülmecit I
"Gazi"
(b. 1823 - d. 1861)
(Abdul-Mejid I)
25 Jun 1861 - 30 May 1876
Abdülaziz I (Abdul Aziz
I) (b.
1830 - d. 1876)
30 May 1876 - 31 Aug 1876 Murat
V (Mehmed Murad
V)
(b. 1840 - d. 1904)
31 Aug 1876 - 27 Apr 1909
Abdülhamit II "Gazi," "Kanli,"
(b. 1842 - d. 1918)
"Bedros" (Abdul Hamid II)
27 Apr 1909 - 3 Jul 1918
Mehmet V Reshat
"Gazi"
(b. 1844 - d. 1918)
(Muhammad V Reshad)
4 Jul 1918 - 4 Nov
1922 Mehmet VI Vahidettin
(b. 1861 - d. 1926)
(Muhammad VI Vahideddin)
(left Constantinople 17
Jun 1922;
continues as Caliph only to 19 Nov 1922)
24 Nov 1922 - 3 Mar 1924
Abdülmecit II (Abdul-Mejid II)
(b. 1868 - d. 1944)
(as Caliph only)
Presidents of the Turkish Grand
National Assembly
(in opposition to the
government in Constantinople to 4 Nov 1922)
23 Apr 1920 - 24 Apr 1920 Mehmet Sherif
Avcioglu (acting) (b. 1845 - d. 1929)
Non-party
24 Apr 1920 - 11 Aug 1923 Mustafa
Kemal (1st time) (b.
1881 - d. 1938) Mil
11 Aug 1923
Abdürrahman Sheref
Bey (acting) (b. 1853 - d. 1925)
Non-party
11 Aug 1923 - 13 Aug 1923 Ali Fuad Pasha
(provisional) (b. 1882 - d.
1968) Mil
13 Aug 1923 - 29 Oct 1923 Mustafa
Kemal (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Mil
Presidents
29 Oct 1923 - 10 Nov 1938 Mustafa
Kemal
(s.a.)
CHP
(from 24 Nov 1934, Mustafa Kemal
Atatürk)
10 Nov 1938 - 11 Nov 1938 Mustafa
Abdülhalik Renda (acting) (b. 1881 - d.
1948) CHP
11 Nov 1938 - 22 May 1950 Mustafa Ismet
Inönü
(b. 1884 - d. 1973) CHP
22 May 1950 - 27 May 1960 Mahmud Celal
Bayar
(b. 1883 - d. 1986) DP
27 May 1960 - 28 Mar 1966 Cemal
Gürsel
(b. 1895 - d. 1966) Mil; 1961
(chairman of the Committee of National Unity
to Non-party
28 May 1960, Head of State 28 May 1960 - 26 Oct 1961)
2 Feb 1966 - 28 Mar 1966
Ibrahim Shevki Atasagun
(b. 1899 - d. 1984) Non-party
(acting for Gürcel)
28 Mar 1966 - 28 Mar 1973 Cevdet
Sunay
(b. 1900 - d. 1982) Non-party
28 Mar 1973 - 6 Apr 1973 Mehmet
Tekin Arıburun (acting)
(b. 1905 - d. 1993) Non-party
6 Apr 1973 - 6 Apr 1980 Fahri
Sabit
Korutürk
(b. 1903 - d. 1987) Non-party
6 Apr 1980 - 12 Sep 1980
Ihsan Sabri Çaglayangil (acting) (b. 1902 -
d. 1993) AP
12 Sep 1980 - 9 Nov 1989 Ahmet Kenan
Evren
(b. 1917 - d. 2015) Non-party
(Head of State and chairman of
National Security Council to 9 Nov 1982)
9 Nov 1989 - 17 Apr 1993
Halil Turgut
Özal
(b. 1927 - d. 1993) AnaP
17 Apr 1993 - 16 May 1993 Hüsamettin
Cindoruk (acting)
(b.
1933)
DYP
16 May 1993 - 16 May 2000 Süleyman Sami
Demirel
(b. 1924 - d. 2015) DYP
16 May 2000 - 28 Aug 2007
Ahmet Necdet
Sezer
(b.
1941)
Non-party
28 Aug 2007 - 28 Aug 2014 Abdullah
Gül
(b.
1950)
AKP
28 Aug 2014
-
Recep Tayyip
Erdogan
(b. 1954) AKP
15 Jul 2016 - 16 Jul 2016 Council for Peace in
the Homeland
Mil
(in rebellion)
Grand Viziers
23 Feb 1688 - 2 May 1688 Nisanci
Ismail
Pasha
(b. 1619? - d. 1690)
30 May 1688 - 7 Nov 1689 Bekri
Mustafa
Pasha
(d. 1690)
10 Nov 1689 - 19 Aug 1691 Fazil Mustafa
Pasha
Köprülü (b.
1637 - d. 1691)
24 Aug 1691 - 21 Mar 1692 Arabaci Ali
Pasha
(b. 1620/22 - d. 1693)
23 Mar 1692 - 17 Mar 1693 Haci Ali
Pasha
(b. 1640 - d. 1698)
17 Mar 1693 - 13 Mar 1694 Biyikli
Mustafa
Pasha
(b. 1638 - d. 1698)
13 Mar 1694 - 22 Apr 1695 Sürmeli
Ali
Pasha
(b. c.1645 - d. 1695)
3 May 1695 - 11 Sep 1697
Elmas Mehmed
Pasha
(b. 1662 - d. 1697)
17 Sep 1697 - 4 Sep 1702 Amcazade
Hüseyin Pasha Köprülü (b. 1644
- d. 1702)
4 Sep 1702 - 24 Jan 1703
Daltaban Mustafa
Pasha
(d. 1703)
24 Jan 1703 - 22 Aug 1703 Rami Mehmed
Pasha
(b. 1654 - d. 1706)
22 Aug 1703 - 17 Nov 1703 Kavanoz
Nisanci Ahmed
Pasha (d.
1705)
17 Nov 1703 - 28 Sep 1704 Damad Hasan
Pasha
(b. 1655 - d. 1713)
28 Sep 1704 - 25 Dec 1704 Kalaylikoz
Haci Ahmed
Pasha (b.
1645 - d. 1715)
25 Dec 1704 - 3 May 1706 Baltaci
Mehmed Pasha (1st time) (b. 1660 -
d. 1712)
3 May 1706 - 16 Jun 1710
Damad Çorlulu Ali
Pasha
(b. 1670 - d. 1711)
16 Jun 1710 - 18 Aug 1710 Köprülüzade
Damad Numan Pasha (b.
1670 - d. 1719)
18 Aug 1710 - 20 Nov 1711 Baltaci
Mehmed Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
20 Nov 1711 - 12 Nov 1712 Aga Yusuf
Pasha
(d. 1713)
12 Nov 1712 - 6 Apr 1713 Silahdar
Süleyman Pasha
(d. 1715)
6 Apr 1713 - 27 Apr 1713
Hoca Ibrahim Pasha
(d. 1713)
27 Apr 1713 - 5 Aug 1716 Silahdar
Damad Ali Pasha
(b. 1667 - d. 1716)
5 Aug 1716 - 26 Aug 1717
Haci Halil
Pasha
(b. 1655 - d. 1733)
26 Aug 1717 - 9 May 1718 Nisanci
Mehmed
Pasha
(b. 1670 - d. 1728)
9 May 1718 - 1 Oct
1730 Nevsehirli Damad Ibrahim
Pasha (b. 1670 - d. 1730)
1 Oct 1730 - 22 Jan 1731
Silahdar Damad Mehmed
Pasha (d.
1737)
22 Jan 1731 - 10 Sep 1731 Kabakulak
Ibrahim
Pasha
(d. 1743)
10 Sep 1731 - 12 Mar 1732 Topal Osman
Pasha
(b. 1663? - d. 1733)
12 Mar 1732 - 12 Jul 1735 Hekimoglu Ali
Pasha (1st time) (b. 1689 - d.
1758)
12 Jul 1735 - 9 Jan 1736 Gürcü
Ismail Pasha
(d. 1738)
9 Jan 1736 - 6 Aug
1737 Silahdar Seyyid Mehmed
Pasha (d. 1756)
6 Aug 1737 - 19 Dec 1737
Muhsinzade Abdullah Pasha
(b. 1660 -
d. 1749)
19 Dec 1737 - 22 Mar 1739 Yegen Mehmed
Pasha
(d. 1745)
22 Mar 1739 - 23 Jun 1740 Haci Ivazzade
Mehmed
Pasha
(b. 1675 - d. 1743)
22 Jul 1740 - 21 Apr 1742 Nisanci Haci
Ahmed Pasha (d.
1753)
21 Apr 1742 - 23 Sep 1742 Hekimoglu Ali
Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
23 Sep 1742 - 9 Aug 1746 Said
Hasan
Pasha
(b. 1679 - d. 1748)
9 Aug 1746 - 24 Aug 1747
Tiryaki Haci Mehmed
Pasha
(b. 1680 - d. 1751)
24 Aug 1747 - 3 Jan 1750
Boynuegri Seyyid Abdullah Pasha (d.
1761)
3 Jan 1750 - 1 Jul
1752 Divitdar Mehmed Emin Pasha
(d. 1753)
1 Jul 1752 - 15 Feb
1755 Çorlulu Köse Bahir
Mustafa Pasha (d. 1765)
(1st time)
15 Feb 1755 - 18 May 1755 Hekimoglu Ali
Pasha (3rd time) (s.a.)
18 May 1755 - 24 Aug 1755 Naili
Abdullah
Pasha
(b. 1698 - d. 1758)
24 Aug 1755 - 25 Oct 1755 Silahdar
Biyikli Ali
Pasha
(d. 1755)
25 Oct 1755 - 1 Apr 1756 Mehmed
Said Pasha
(d. 1761)
1 Apr 1756 - 11 Jan 1757
Çorlulu Köse Bahir Mustafa
Pasha (s.a.)
(2nd time)
11 Jan 1757 - 8 Apr 1763 Koca
Mehmed Ragib
Pasha
(b. 1698 - d. 1763)
8 Apr 1763 - 1 Nov
1763 Hamza Hamid
Pasha
(b. 1700 - d. 1770)
1 Nov 1763 - 28 Mar 1765
Çorlulu Köse Bahir Mustafa
Pasha (s.a.)
(3rd time)
28 Mar 1765 - 7 Aug 1768
Muhsinzade Mehmed Pasha (1st time) (b. 1706 - d. 1773)
7 Aug 1768 - 20 Oct 1768
Silahdar Hamza Mahir
Pasha
(b. 1727 - d. 1768)
20 Oct 1768 - 12 Aug 1769 Yaglikçizade
Nisanci Mehmed Emin (b. 1723 - d. 1769)
Pasha
12 Aug 1769 - 12 Dec 1769 Moldovanci
Ali Pasha
(d. 1773)
12 Dec 1769 - 25 Dec 1770 Ivazzade
Halil
Pasha
(b. 1724 - d. 1777)
25 Dec 1770 - 11 Dec 1771 Silahdar
Mehmed
Pasha
(b. 1710 - d. 1771)
11 Dec 1771 - 4 Aug 1774
Muhsinzade Mehmed Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
4 Aug 1774 - 6 Jul
1775 Izzet Mehmed Pasha (1st
time) (b. 1732 - d.
1783)
6 Jul 1775 - 5 Dec
1777 Dervis Mehmed Pasha
(b. 1729/30 - d. 1777)
5 Dec 1777 - 1 Sep
1778 Darendeli Cebecizade Mehmed Pasha (b.
1716 - d. 1784)
1 Sep 1778 - 21 Aug 1779
Kalafat Mehmed
Pasha
(d. 1792)
21 Aug 1779 - 20 Feb 1781 Silahdar
Seyyid Mehmed
Pasha (b. 1735 -
d. 1781)
20 Feb 1781 - 25 Aug 1782 Izzet Mehmed
Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
25 Aug 1782 - 31 Dec 1782 Yegen Haci
Mehmed
Pasha
(b. 1726 - d. 1786)
31 Dec 1782 - 31 Mar 1785 Halil Hamid
Pasha
(b. 1736 - d. 1785)
31 Mar 1785 - 24 Jan 1786 Sahin Ali
Pasha
(d. 1789)
25 Jan 1786 - 28 May 1789 Koca Yusuf
Pasha (1st
time) (b.
1730 - d. 1800)
20 May 1789 - 3 Dec 1789 Kethüda
Çerkes Hasan
Pasha
(d. 1810)
3 Dec 1789 - 30 Mar 1790
Cezayirli Gazi Hasan
Pasha
(b. 1713 - d. 1790)
30 Mar 1790 - 15 Feb 1791
Rusçuklu Çelebizade Serif Hasan
(d. 1791)
Pasha
15 Feb 1791 - 4 May 1792 Koca
Yusuf Pasha (2nd
time) (s.a.)
4 May 1792 - 19 Oct 1794
Damad Melek Mehmed
Pasha
(b. 1720 - d. 1802)
19 Oct 1794 - 30 Aug 1798 Izzet Mehmed
Pasha
(b. 1743 - d. 1812)
30 Aug 1798 - 24 Apr 1805 Yusuf
Ziyaüddin Pasha (1st time) (d. 1819)
24 Apr 1805 - 14 Nov 1806 Hafiz Ismail
Pasha
(b. 1758 - d. 1807)
14 Nov 1806 - 18 Jun 1807 Ibrahim Hilmi
Pasha
(b. 1747 - d. 1817)
18 Jun 1807 - 28 Jul 1808 Çelebi
Mustafa
Pasha
(d. 1811)
28 Jul 1808 - 15 Nov 1808 Alemdar
Mustafa Pasha "Bayrakdar" (b. 1755 - d. 1808)
15 Nov 1808 - 1 Jan 1809 Çavusbasi
Memis
Pasha
(d. 1809)
1 Jan 1809 - Mar 1809
Çarhaci Ali Pasha
(d. 1823)
Mar 1809 - 10 Apr 1811 Yusuf
Ziyaüddin Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
10 Apr 1811 - 5 Sep 1812 Laz Aziz
Ahmed Pasha
(d. 1819)
5 Sep 1812 - 1 Apr
1815 Hursid Ahmed Pasha
(d. 1822)
1 Apr 1815 - 5 Jan
1818 Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (1st time) (b.
1780 - d. 1859)
5 Jan 1818 - 5 Jan
1820 Dervis Mehmed
Pasha
(b. 1765 - d.
1837)
5 Jan 1820 - 26 Mar 1821
Seyyid Ali Pasha
(b. 1756 - d. 1826)
28 Mar 1821 - 30 Apr 1821 Benderli Ali
Pasha
(d. 1821)
30 Apr 1821 - 10 Nov 1822 Haci Salih
Pasha
(d. 1823)
10 Nov 1822 - 10 Mar 1823 Bostancibasi
Deli Abdullah Pasha (d. 1823)
10 Mar 1823 - 13 Dec 1823 Silahdar Ali
Pasha
(d. 1829)
13 Dec 1823 - 14 Sep 1824 Mehmed Said
Galip
Pasha
(b. 1763 - d. 1829)
14 Sep 1824 - 24 Oct 1828 Benderli
Selim Sirri
Pasha
(b. 1771 - d. 1831)
24 Oct 1828 - 28 Jan 1829 Izzet Mehmet
Pasha (1st time) (b.
1792 - d. 1855)
28 Jan 1829 - 18 Feb 1833 Resid Mehmed
Pasha
(b. 1780 - d. 1836)
18 Feb 1833 - 2 Jul 1839 Mehmed
Emin Rauf Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
2 Jul 1839 - 8 Jun
1840 Koca Mehmed Hüsrev
Pasha
(b. 1769 - d. 1855)
8 Jun 1840 - 4 Dec
1841 Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (3rd time)
(s.a.)
4 Dec 1841 - 30 Aug 1842
Izzet Mehmed Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
30 Aug 1842 - 28 Sep 1846 Mehmed Emin
Rauf Pasha (4th time) (s.a.)
28 Sep 1846 - 29 Apr 1848 Koca Mustafa
Resid Pasha (1st time)(b. 1800 - d. 1858)
29 Apr 1848 - 12 Aug 1848 Ibrahim Sarim
Pasha
(b. 1801 - d. 1853)
12 Aug 1848 - 26 Jan 1852 Koca Mustafa
Resid Pasha (2nd time)(s.a.)
26 Jan 1852 - 5 Mar 1852 Mehmed
Emin Rauf Pasha (5th time) (s.a.)
5 Mar 1852 - 6 Aug
1852 Koca Mustafa Resid Pasha (3rd time)(s.a.)
6 Aug 1852 - 3 Oct
1852 Mehmed Emin Ali Pasha (1st
time) (b. 1815 - d. 1871)
3 Oct 1852 - 14 May 1853
Damad Mehmed Ali
Pasha
(b. 1813 - d. 1868)
14 May 1853 - 29 May 1854 Mustafa Naili
Pasha (1st time) (b. 1798 - d.
1871)
29 May 1854 - 23 Nov 1854 Kibrisli
Mehmed Pasha (1st time) (b. 1813 - d.
1865)
23 Nov 1854 - 2 May 1855 Koca
Mustafa Resid Pasha (4th time)(s.a.)
2 May 1855 - 1 Nov
1856 Mehmed Emin Ali Pasha (2nd
time) (s.a.)
1 Nov 1856 - 6 Aug
1857 Koca Mustafa Resid Pasha (5th time)(s.a.)
6 Aug 1857 - 22 Oct 1857
Mustafa Naili Pasha (2nd time)
(s.a.)
22 Oct 1857 - 7 Jan 1858 Koca
Mustafa Resid Pasha (6th time)(s.a.)
7 Jan 1858 - 18 Oct 1859
Mehmed Emin Ali Pasha (3rd time) (s.a.)
18 Oct 1859 - 24 Dec 1859 Kibrisli
Mehmed Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
24 Dec 1859 - 28 May 1860 Mütercim
Mehmed Rüstü
Pasha (b.
1811 - d. 1882)
(1st time)
28 May 1860 - 6 Aug 1861 Kibrisli
Mehmed Pasha (3rd time) (s.a.)
6 Aug 1861 - 22 Nov 1861
Mehmed Emin Ali Pasha (4th time) (s.a.)
22 Nov 1861 - 5 Jan 1863
Keçecizade Mehmed Emin Fuad Pasha (b.
1815 - d. 1869)
(1st
time)
5 Jan 1863 - 1 Jun
1863 Yusuf Kamil
Pasha
(b. 1808 - d. 1876)
1 Jun 1863 - 5 Jun
1866 Keçecizade Mehmed Emin Fuad Pasha
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
5 Jun 1866 - 11 Feb 1867
Mütercim Mehmed Rüstü
Pasha (s.a.)
(2nd time)
11 Feb 1867 - 7 Sep 1871 Mehmed
Emin Ali Pasha (5th time) (s.a.)
7 Sep 1871 - 31 Jul 1872
Mahmud Nedim Pasha (1st
time) (b. 1818 - d.
1883)
31 Jul 1872 - 19 Oct 1872 Midhat Pasha
(1st
time)
(b. 1822 - d. 1884)
19 Oct 1872 - 15 Mar 1873 Mütercim
Mehmed Rüstü
Pasha (s.a.)
(3rd time)
15 Mar 1873 - 15 Apr 1873 Ahmed Esad
Pasha (1st time) (b.
1828 - d. 1875)
15 Apr 1873 - 15 Feb 1874 Sirvanlizade
Mehmed Rüstü Pasha (b. 1828 - d.
1874)
15 Feb 1874 - 26 Apr 1875 Hüseyin Avni
Pasha
(b. 1820 - d. 1876)
26 Apr 1875 - 26 Aug 1875 Ahmed Esad
Pasha (2nd time)
(s.a.)
26 Aug 1875 - 12 May 1876 Mahmud Nedim
Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
12 May 1876 - 19 Dec 1876 Mütercim
Mehmed Rüstü
Pasha (s.a.)
(4th time)
19 Dec 1876 - 5 Feb 1877 Midhat
Pasha (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
5 Feb 1877 - 11 Jan 1878
Ibrahim Edhem Pasha
(b. 1818 - d.
1893)
Chief ministers
11 Jan 1878 - 4 Feb 1878 Ahmed
Hamdi
Pasha
(b. 1826 - d. 1885)
4 Feb 1878 - 18 Apr 1878
Ahmed Vefik Pasha (1st
time) (b. 1823 -
d. 1891)
18 Apr 1878 - 28 May 1878 Mehmed Sadik
Pasha
(b. 1825 - d. 1901)
28 May 1878 - 4 Jun 1878 Mütercim
Mehmed Rüstü
Pasha (s.a.)
4 Jun 1878 - 4 Dec
1878 Mehmed Esad Saffet
Pasha
(b. 1814 - d. 1883)
4 Dec 1878 - 29 Jul 1879
Tunuslu Hayreddin
Pasha
(b. 1821 - d. 1890)
29 Jul 1879 - 18 Oct 1879 Ahmed Arifi
Pasha
(b. 1830 - d. 1895)
18 Oct 1879 - 9 Jun 1880 Küçük
Mehmed Said Pasha (1st time) (b. 1838 - d. 1914)
9 Jun 1880 - 12 Sep 1880
Mehmed Kadri Pasha
(b. 1832 - d. 1884)
12 Sep 1880 - 2 May 1882 Küçük
Mehmed Said Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
2 May 1882 - 12 Jul 1882
Abdurrahman Nureddin Pasha
(b. 1833 - d. 1912)
12 Jul 1882 - 1 Dec 1882 Küçük
Mehmed Said Pasha (3rd time) (s.a.)
1 Dec 1882 - 3 Dec
1882 Ahmed Vefik Pasha (2nd
time) (s.a.)
Grand viziers
3 Dec 1882 - 25 Sep 1885
Küçük Mehmed Said Pasha (1st time) (s.a.)
Non-party
25 Sep 1885 - 4 Sep 1891 Kibrisli
Mehmed Kamil
Pasha (b.
1832 - d. 1913) Non-party
(1st time)
4 Sep 1891 - 8 Jun
1895 Ahmed Cevad
Pasha
(b. 1851 - d. 1900) Non-party
8 Jun 1895 - 2 Oct
1895 Küçük Mehmed Said Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
Non-party
2 Oct 1895 - 7 Nov
1895 Kibrisli Mehmed Kamil
Pasha (s.a.)
Non-party
(2nd time)
7 Nov 1895 - 9 Nov
1901 Halil Rifat
Pasha
(b. 1820 - d. 1901) Non-party
13 Nov 1901 - 14 Jan 1903 Küçük Mehmed
Said Pasha (3rd time) (s.a.)
Non-party
14 Jan 1903 - 22 Jul 1908 Avlonyali
Mehmed Ferid Pasha
(b. 1852 - d. 1914) Non-party
22 Jul 1908 - 5 Aug 1908 Küçük
Mehmed Said Pasha (4th time) (s.a.)
Non-party
5 Aug 1908 - 14 Feb 1909
Kibrisli Mehmed Kamil
Pasha (s.a.)
Non-party
(3rd time)
14 Feb 1909 - 14 Apr 1909 Hüseyin Hilmi
Pasha (1st time) (b. 1855 - d.
1922) Non-party
14 Apr 1909 - 5 May 1909 Ahmed
Tevfik Pasha (1st time)
(b. 1845 - d. 1936) Non-party
5 May 1909 - 12 Jan 1910
Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Non-party
12 Jan 1910 - 30 Sep 1911 Ibrahim Hakki
Pasha
(b. 1863 - d. 1918) Non-party
30 Sep 1911 - 22 Jul 1912 Küçük Mehmed
Said Pasha (5th time) (s.a.)
Non-party
22 Jul 1912 - 29 Oct 1912 Gazi Ahmed
Muhtar
Pasha
(b. 1839 - d. 1918) Mil
29 Oct 1912 - 23 Jan 1913 Kibrisli
Mehmed Kamil
Pasha (s.a.)
Non-party
(4th time)
23 Jan 1913 - 11 Jun 1913 Mahmud Sevket
Pasha
(b. 1856 - d. 1913) CUP
12 Jun 1913 - 4 Feb 1917 Said
Halim
Pasha
(b. 1865 - d. 1921) CUP
4 Feb 1917 - 14 Oct 1918
Mehmed Talat
Pasha
(b. 1874 - d. 1921) CUP
14 Oct 1918 - 11 Nov 1918 Ahmed Izzet
Pasha
(b. 1864 - d. 1937) Mil
11 Nov 1918 - 4 Mar 1919 Ahmed
Tevfik Pasha (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Non-party
4 Mar 1919 - 2 Oct
1919 Damad Mehmed Ferid Pasha (1st time)(b. 1854
- d. 1923) Non-party
2 Oct 1919 -
8 Mar 1920 Ali Riza
Pasha
(b. 1859 - d. 1932) Mil
8 Mar 1920 - 5 Apr
1920 Hulusi Salih Pasha
(b. 1864 - d. 1939) Non-party
5 Apr 1920 - 21 Oct
1920 Damad Mehmed Ferid Pasha (2nd time)(s.a.)
Non-party
21 Oct 1920 - 4 Nov 1922 Ahmed
Tevfik Pasha (3rd time)
(s.a.)
Non-party
Prime ministers
24 Jan 1921 - 12 Jul 1922 Fevzi Cakmak
Pasha
(b. 1876 - d. 1950) Mil
(in opposition)
12 Jul 1922 - 14 Aug 1923 Hüseyin Rauf
Bey
(b. 1881 - d. 1964) Non-party
(in opposition until 4 Nov 1922)
14 Aug 1923 - 30 Oct 1923 Ali Fethi
Okyar Bey (1st time) (b. 1880
- d. 1943) CHP
30 Oct 1923 - 21 Nov 1924 Mustafa Ismet
Pasha (1st time)
(s.a.)
CHP
21 Nov 1924 - 6 Mar 1925 Ali Fethi
Okyar Bey (2nd time)
(s.a.)
CHP
6 Mar 1925 - 27 Sep 1937 Mustafa
Ismet Pasha (2nd time)
(s.a.)
CHP
(from 1 Jan 1935, Ismet Inönü)
27 Sep 1937 - 25 Jan 1939 Mahmud Celal
Bayar
(s.a.)
CHP
25 Jan 1939 - 8 Jul 1942 Refik
Ibrahim
Saydam
(b. 1881 - d. 1942) CHP
8 Jul 1942 - 9 Jul 1942
Ahmet Fikri Tüzer
(b. 1878 - d. 1942)
CHP
9 Jul 1942 - 7 Aug 1946
Mehmet Sükrü
Saracoglu
(b. 1887 - d. 1953) CHP
7 Aug 1946 - 9 Sep 1947
Mehmet Recep
Peker
(b. 1888 - d. 1950) CHP
9 Sep 1947 - 16 Jan 1949 Hasan
Saka
(b. 1886 - d. 1960) CHP
16 Jan 1949 - 22 May 1950 Mehmet
Semsettin
Günaltay
(b. 1883 - d. 1961) CHP
22 May 1950 - 27 May 1960 Adnan
Menderes
(b. 1899 - d. 1961) DP
28 May 1960 - 30 Oct 1961 Cemal
Gürsel
(s.a.)
Mil
30 Oct 1960 - 20 Nov 1961 Fahri Özdilek
(acting)
(b. 1898 - d. 1989) Mil
20 Nov 1961 - 21 Feb 1965 Ismet Inönü
(3rd
time)
(s.a.)
CHP
21 Feb 1965 - 27 Oct 1965 Suat Hayri
Ürgüplü
(b. 1903 - d. 1981) Non-party
27 Oct 1965 - 26 Mar 1971 Süleyman Sami
Demirel (1st time)
(s.a.)
AP
26 Mar 1971 - 17 Apr 1972 Ismail Nihat
Erim
(b. 1912 - d. 1980) Non-party
17 Apr 1972 - 15 Apr 1973 Ferit Sadi
Melen
(b. 1906 - d. 1988) GCP
(acting to 22 May 1972)
15 Apr 1973 - 25 Jan 1974 Mehmet Naim
Talu
(b. 1919 - d. 1998) Non-party
25 Jan 1974 - 17 Nov 1974 Mustafa Bülent
Ecevit (1st time) (b. 1925 - d.
2006) CHP
17 Nov 1974 - 31 Mar 1975 Mahmut Sadi
Irmak
(b. 1904 - d. 1990) Non-party
31 Mar 1975 - 21 Jun 1977 Süleyman Sami
Demirel (2nd time)
(s.a.)
AP
21 Jun 1977 - 11 Jul 1977 Mustafa Bülent
Ecevit (2nd time)
(s.a.)
CHP
11 Jul 1977 - 5 Jan 1978 Süleyman
Sami Demirel (3rd time)
(s.a.)
AP
5 Jan 1978 - 12 Nov 1979 Mustafa
Bülent Ecevit (3rd time)
(s.a.)
CHP
12 Nov 1979 - 12 Sep 1980 Süleyman Sami
Demirel (4th time)
(s.a.)
AP
20 Sep 1980 - 13 Dec 1983 Saim Bülent
Ülüsü
(b. 1923 - d. 2015)Mil/Non-party
13 Dec 1983 - 31 Oct 1989 Turgut
Özal
(s.a.)
AnaP
31 Oct 1989 - 9 Nov 1989 Ali
Hüsrev Bozer
(acting)
(b.
1925)
AnaP
9 Nov 1989 - 23 Jun 1991 Yildirim
Akbulut
(b.
1935)
AnaP
23 Jun 1991 - 20 Nov 1991 Ahmet Mesut
Yilmaz (1st time) (b.
1947)
AnaP
20 Nov 1991 - 16 May 1993 Süleyman Sami
Demirel (5th time)
(s.a.)
DYP
16 May 1993 - 25 Jun 1993 Erdal Inönü
(acting)
(b. 1926 - d. 2007) SHP
25 Jun 1993 - 6 Mar 1996 Tansu
Çiller
(f)
(b.
1946)
DYP
6 Mar 1996 - 28 Jun 1996 Ahmet
Mesut Yilmaz (2nd time)
(s.a.)
AnaP
28 Jun 1996 - 30 Jun 1997 Necmettin
Erbakan
(b. 1926 - d. 2011) RP
30 Jun 1997 - 11 Jan 1999 Ahmet Mesut
Yilmaz (3rd time)
(s.a.)
AnaP
11 Jan 1999 - 18 Nov 2002 Mustafa Bülent
Ecevit (4th time)
(s.a.)
DSP
18 Nov 2002 - 14 Mar 2003 Abdullah
Gül
(s.a.)
AKP
14 Mar 2003 - 28 Aug 2014 Recep Tayyip
Erdogan
(s.a.)
AKP
28 Aug 2014 - 24 May 2016 Ahmet
Davutoglu
(b.
1959)
AKP
(acting to 29 Aug 2014)
24 May 2016
-
Binali
Yildirim
(b.
1955)
AKP
- ¹the style of the rulers was,
since about 1500: Sultan Hân N.N.,
Padishah, Hünkar, Hakan ül-Berreyn vel-Bahreyn.
Padishah is pure Persian for
Great King, Hünkar is a
contraction of Middle Persian Khudavendigar,
originally an epithet of semi-divine status, Hakan
is the Mongol style of the successors of Chinggiz Han,
and ül-Berreyn vel-Bahreyn
is Arabic al-Barrayn wa al-Bahrayn,
meaning literally "of both lands and both seas." Sultan
is an Aramaism in Arabic, originally meaning "power,"
and only gradually being made into a style for rulers.
In the Ottoman system every close relative of the
ruler, male and female, was styled Sultan, either
before or after the name. It does not
appear that official usage prescribed one single and
invariable formula, it being probably left to each
secretary to elaborate as the occasion inspired.
In addition to Padishah,
each ruler used an immense variety of additional
titles, varying from one use to another. They
are couched in elaborate formula, made up of a mixture
of Arabic, Persian, and Turkish.
- The Office
of Halife (Caliph): the claim
that, upon the conquest of Egypt in 1517 and the
displacement of the last ‘Abbasi holder of the office,
Abu al-‘Abbas Muhammad ibn Ya‘qub al-Mutawakkil ‘ala
Allah, the office and style of Khalifat
Rasul Allah, Amir al-Mu’minin (Halife-i
Resulullah, Emirülmüminin)("Successor
to the Messenger of God, Commander of the Faithful")
was transferred to the Osmanli ruler by a formal deed
of assignment has no corroboration from any
contemporary source. A variety of "khalifal" titles
were used by Osmanli rulers, and accorded to them by
others in diplomatic correspondence and treaties. The
status of the Padishah as halife
was given formal sanction in the Ottoman Constitution
of 23 Nov 1876 (rescinded 13 Feb 1878, restored 24 Jul
1908). Upon the extinction of the Ottoman Empire by
the Turkish Grand National Assembly on 1 Nov 1922, the
ruler, Mehmed Vahideddin (s.a.), continued to be
recognized as halife; after
his flight from Istanbul on 17 Nov 1922, he was
declared deposed from the office of halife
by a fetva, endorsed by the
Sheyhülislam and ratified by
the Grand National Assembly on 19 Nov 1922, and
replaced on that date by Abdülmecid bin Abdülaziz
(s.a.), who was installed on 24 Nov 1922. The office
of halife was abolished by
the Grand National Assembly on 3 Mar 1924.
Territorial Disputes:
Complex maritime, air, and territorial disputes
with Greece in the Aegean Sea; status of north Cyprus
question remains; Syria and Iraq protest Turkish
hydrological projects to control upper Euphrates waters;
Turkey has expressed concern over the status of Kurds in
Iraq; Syria did not surrender its irredentist claim to Hatay until
2005; in 2009, Swiss mediators facilitated an accord
reestablishing diplomatic ties between Armenia and
Turkey, but neither side has ratified the agreement and
the rapprochement effort has faltered; Tomb
of Suleyman Shah (Turkish: Süleyman Shah
Türbesi) is a sovereign exclave of Turkey situated
within Syria's Aleppo governorate in
accordance with the Ankara Agreement of 20 Oct 1921
- it is the burial place of Süleyman
Shah grandfather of Osman I the founder of the
Ottoman Empire; Turkish
authorities have complained that blasting from quarries
in Armenia might be damaging the medieval ruins of Ani,
on the other side of the Arpacay valley.-
Party abbreviations:
AKP = Adalet ve Kalkinma Partisi
(Justice and Development Party, Muslim-democratic,
social conservative, est.2001); AnaP
= Anavatan Partisi (Motherland Party, social
conservative, nationalist, 20 May 1983-2009,
re-est.2011); CHP =
Cumhuriyetci Halk Partisi (Republican People's Party,
social-democratic, Kemalist, est.1923); DSP
= Demokratik Sol Parti (Democratic Left Party,
social-democratic, Kemalist, est.1985); Mil
= Military;
- Former parties: AP
= Adalet Partisi (Justice Party, populist, former DP,
11 Feb 1961 - 16 Oct 1981); CGP
= Cumhuriyetçi Güven Partisi (Republican Reliance Party,
to 1972 called National Reliance Party, split from CHP,
1967-1981); CUP = Ittihat ve
Terakki Cemiyeti (Committee of Union and Progress,
"Young Turks", 1913-18 only legal party, 1909-1919); DP
= Demokrat Türkiye Partisi (Democratic Turkey Party,
conservative, 7 Jan 1946 - 29 Sep 1960); DYP
= Dogru Yol Partisi (True Path Party, conservative,
former AP, renamed Demokrat Parti in 2007, merged with
AnAP, 23 Jun 1983-2009); RP =
Refah Partisi (Welfare Party, conservative, Sunni
Islamist, 1983-1998); SHP =
Sosyal Demokrat Halkçı Parti (Social Democratic People's
Party, reformist, populist, nationalist, 1983-1995,
merged with CHP)
Antalya (Adalia)
29 Apr
1919
Italian occupation of Antalya (Adalia).
13 Mar
1921
Italian evacuation of Anatolia.
Commanders of the Italian forces in Adalia
29 Apr 1919 - 24 Jul 1919 Giuseppe
Battistoni
24 Jul 1919 - 17 Aug 1919 Luigi
Bongiovanni
(b. 1866 - d. 1941)
17 Aug 1919 - 18 Dec 1919 Vittorio
Elia
(b. 1859 - d. 1944)
18 Dec 1919 - 7 Aug
1920 Achille Porta
7 Aug 1920 - 29 Apr 1922 Giorgio
Fusoni
Cilicia
2 Dec 1918
Cilicia (Adana and Jebel Bereket vilayets)
occupied by British
and French troops.
9 Mar
1921
France signs treaty with Turkey ending fighting in
Cilicia.
3-7 Jan 1922
French troops evacuate
Cilicia.
French Chief administrators
2 Dec 1918 - 1 Jan 1919
Louis Romieu
(b. 1872 - d. 1943)
1 Jan 1919 - 4 Sep
1920 Édouard
Brémond
(b. 1868 - d. 1948)
4 Sep 1919 - 7 Jan 1922
Julien Claude Marie Sosthène Dufieux (b. 1873 - d. 1959)
Hatay
-
-
1923 - 5 Sep 1938
-
|
-
-
5 Sep 1938 - 23 Jul 1939
-
|
Map of Hatay
|
Hear
National Anthem
"Istiklâl Marsi"
(The March of Independence)
[also the Turkish anthem]
|
Text
of National Anthem
|
Fundamental Law
(29 Nov 1937)
|
Capital:
Antakya (Antioch)
|
Currency: 1938-1939
Lebanon-Syria Pound
(XLSP); from 13 Mar
1939
Turkish Lira (TRY)
|
National Holiday:
N/A
|
Population:
234,379 (1938)
|
|
GDP: $N/A
|
Exports: $N/A
Imports: $N/A
|
Ethnic groups: Arabs
46%; Alawis 28%; Sunni Arab 10%;
Turks 39%; Armenians 11%; Melkites
and other
Christians 8%; Circassians, Jews and Kurds 4%
(1936)
|
Total Armed Forces:
N/A
French Troops: 2,500 (1938)
Turkish Troops: 2,500 (1938)
|
Religions: Sunni
Muslim, Alawite, Orthodox Christian,
Roman Catholic, and Jewish
|
| International
Organizations/Treaties: N/A |
27 Nov
1918
British and French occupation.
10 Aug
1920
Sandjak of Alexandretta part of French Syria.
20 Oct 1921
Ceded to France by Turkey by the
Ankara Agreement (confirmed in
the Treaty of Lausanne 24 Jul 1923).
23 Sep
1923
Part of Alawite (Latakia) State of French Syria.
Mar 1926 - Jun
1926 Separate
State of Alexandretta within French Syria declared,
under Ali Efendi Odahli (not
recognized by French authorities).
29 May
1936
Dispute regarding future status of Alexandretta (Hatay)
referred
to the League of Nations.
27 Jan
1937
Autonomy of Hatay agreed between Turkey, France and
Syria.
5 Sep
1938
Sandjak of Alexandretta proclaims independence
from Syria
as State of Hatay (under French protection).
29 Jun
1939
Parliament votes to join Turkey.
23 Jul
1939
Incorporated into Turkey.
French Military governors
Nov 1918 -
1918?
Mathiot
1918? - Jan
1919
Malinjoud
Jan 1919 -
c.1920
Capdejelle
Chief Civil Administrator
27 Nov 1918 - 12 Sep 1921 Édouard Brémond
(b. 1868 - d.
1948)
Delegates of the High Commissioner
1923 - 1937
Pierre Durieux
1937
Mentque (interim)
Sep 1937 - 1938
Roger Garreau
(b. 1891 - d. 1991)
3 Jun 1938 - 1939
Philibert Collet
(b. 1896 - d.
1945)
Prefects
Dec 1936 - 1938
Husni al-Barazi
(b. 1893 - d.
1975)
1938
Aladdin Bey
Head of State (title Hatay
Devleti Reisi)
5 Sep 1938
- 23 Jul 1939 Tayfur
Sökmen
(b. 1892 - d. 1980)
Prime Minister
5
Sep 1938 - 23 Jul 1939 Abdurrahman
Melek
(b. 1896 - d. 1978)
Smyrna (Izmir)
15 May
1919
Smyrna (Izmir) district occupied by Greece.
10 Aug
1920
Treaty of Sèvres transferred 'the exercise of
her rights of
sovereignty to a local parliament' which was to
hold a
plebiscite in 5 years on incorporation into
Greece, but left
area under Ottoman sovereignty,
Greek occupation continued.
30 Jul
1922
Greece declares Smyrna a protectorate.
9 Sep
1922
Turkey forces reoccupy the area.
High Commissioner
21 May 1919 - 7 Sep 1922 Aristeidis
Stergiadis
(b. 1861 - d. 1950)
South-Western Caucasian
Democratic Republic
1 Dec 1918 - 10 Apr 1919
2 Mar
1878
Kars annexed by Russia from the Ottoman Empire.
3 Mar
1918
Russian evacuates Kars under provisions of Treaty of
Brest-Litovsk.
25 Apr 1918 - 30 Oct 1918 Ottoman
occupation of Kars region.
1 Dec
1918
South-Western Caucasian Republic (Gueneydogulu
Kafkazya
Cuhmuriyeti) proclaimed with
capital at Kars
after departure of Turkish Army from Caucasus.
10 Apr
1919
Declared abolished by British High Commissioner Somerset
Arthur Gough-Calthorpe.
19 Apr 1919
Dissolved by British occupation.
16 Mar
1921
By the Treaty of Kars, Batum region part of Georgia
S.S.R
(see Adjaria)
and Kars region annexed to Turkey.
Ottoman Commander of the 9th Army
25 Apr 1918 - 30 Oct
1918 Yakup Sevki
Pasha
(b. 1876 - d. 1939)
Head of the Southwest
Caucasian National Resistance Government
1 Dec 1918 - 9 Jan 1919
Cihangirzade Ibrahim Bey
(b. 1874 - d. 1948)
(Ibrahim Aydin)
President of
the Provisional National Government
9 Jan 1919 - 19 Apr 1919
Cihangirzade Ibrahim Bey
(s.a.)
Zone of the Straits
10 Nov 1918
Allied occupation of the Bosporus, the Dardanelles, the
eastern
coast of the Sea of Marmara, islands of Imros,
Lemnos,
Samothrace, Tenedos, and 15 km deep into eastern
and
eastern shores; entire area demilitarized (Zone of
the Straits).
16 Mar
1920
Allies occupy Constantinople (de facto from 13
Nov 1918).
22 Oct
1923
Termination of Allied occupation (troops depart
23 Sep 1923).
Senior Allied High Commissioners
Nov 1918 - Jul
1919 Sir Somerset
Arthur
Gough-
(b. 1864 - d. 1937)
Calthorpe (U.K.)
1919 - Nov
1920
Sir John Michael de Robeck (U.K.) (b. 1862
- d. 1928)
Nov 1920 - 22 Oct 1923 Sir Horace
George
Montagu
(b. 1869 - d. 1941)
Rumbold (U.K.)
Nov 1922 - 1923
Sir Nevile Meyrick Henderson
(U.K.)(b. 1882 - d. 1942)
(acting for Rumbold)
Allied High Commissioners
Nov 1918 - Jan 1919
Jean François Charles Amet (France)(b. 1861
- d. 1940)
Nov 1918 - Jun
1919 Count Carlo
Sforza (Italy) (b. 1873 - d.
1952)
Nov 1918 - Mar
1919 Gabriel Bie
Ravndal (U.S.)(acting) (b. 1865 - d. 1950)
30 Mar 1919 - Dec 1920
Albert Defrance
(France)
(b. 1860 - d. 1936)
Mar 1919 - 22 Oct 1923 Mark
Lambert Bristol (U.S.) (b.
1868 - d. 1939)
Sep 1920 - 22 Oct 1923
Marchese Eugenio Camillo Garroni (b. 1850 -
d. 1935)
(Italy)
1921 - 22 Oct 1923
Maurice César Joseph Pelle (France)(b. 1863 - d.
1924)
Commanders in chief of Allied Forces
12 Nov 1918 - 5 Apr 1920
Franchet d'Espérey (France)
(b. 1856 - d. 1942)
5 Apr 1920 - 1923?
Joseph Martin Nayral de
Bourgon (b. 1862 - d. 1949)
(France)
Commanders of the (Constantinople) Army of Occupation
in Turkey
16 Mar 1920 - Dec 1920 George
Francis Milne (U.K.) (b. 1866
- d. 1948)
1921 - 23 Sep 1923
Sir Charles Harington (U.K.) (b.
1872 - d. 1940)
Mayor of Constantinople
5 May 1919 - 28 Feb 1920 Cemil Pasha
(b. 1866 - d. 1958)
Kurdish Polities
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1816 - 1835 Emirate of Soran
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Oct 1927 - 1931 Republic of Ararat
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12 Apr 1995 - 26 Sep 1996
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Exile Parliament
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Adopted 29 May 1999
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1514
Kurds voluntarily accept Ottoman rule and as a result
the Sultan formally recognized the existing
Kurdish
principalities (Baban,
Botan, Badinan, Soran, etc.) as
independent states under Osmanli
supervision.
1870
Last of the Kurdish principalities abolished.
10 Aug
1920
Treaty of Sèvres contains provisions for a Kurdish
state
under U.S. mandate, this is
never implemented.
24 Apr
1920
Mosul declared a part of Iraq.
28 Oct 1927 - 1931
Republic of Ararat (Komara
Agiriye) proclaimed in northeastern
part of Turkey(primarily a
rebellion of Kurmanji Kurds).
12 Apr
1995
Kurdistan Parliament founded in exile.
24 May
1999
Kurdistan National Congress founded.
-
- Emirs of Soran
- .... - ....
Kelos
.... - ....
Isa
.... - ....
Shah Ali Bey
.... - ....
Pir Budak bin Shah Ali Bey
.... - ....
Mir Saifeddin
.... - ....
Mir Hussain
.... - ....
Mir Saidi bin Shah Ali Bey
.... - ....
Saifeddin bin Mir Hussain
bin
-
Pir Budak
.... - ....
Kuli Bey bin Sulaiman Bey Mir
-
Saidi
.... - ....
Budak Bey bin Kuli Bey bin
-
Sulaiman Bey
.... - ....
Sulaiman Bey bin Kuli Bey
-
bin Sulaiman Bey
.... - ....
Ali Bey bin Sulaiman Bey
.... - ....
Shkali Bey
17.. - 1816
Sulaiman Bey
1816 - 1825
Khanzad
1825 - 1836
Mohammed Pasha Mir Kor
- Governor of the Republic of Ararat
- 28 Oct 1927 - Sep 1930
Ibrahim Heski
(d. 1931)
-
(Ibrahim Pasha Haski Tello)
- Military leader of the Republic of
Ararat
- 28 Oct 1927 - Sep 1930
Ihsan Nuri Pasha
(b. 1893 -
d. 1976)
- Presidents of the Kurdistan
Parliament
- 26 Mar 1995 - 12 Apr 1995 Ismet
Chériff Vanly (acting) (b. 1924)
- 12 Apr 1995 - 26 Sep 1999 Yasar
Kaya
(b. 1938)
-
(in The Hague, Netherlands;
-
later in Brussels, Belgium exile)
- President of the Kurdistan
National Congress
- 24 May 1999
-
Jawad Mella (in London, UK exile)(b. 1946)
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- Occupied Western Armenia
-
-
-
Feb 1916 - Mar 1918
-
16 May 1915 – 13 Aug 1915 Russians
briefly occupy Van.
Jan 1916 - May
1916 Russians
occupy provinces of Turkish (Western) Armenia
(Erzerum 16 Feb 1916, Bitlis 3
Mar 1916 - 5 Aug 1916,
Trebizond 18 Apr 1916, and Van 1916).
4 Jun
1916
Administration of Occupied Turkish Provinces (from 9 May
1917,
of Turkish Armenia and Other Occupied Turkish Provinces)
established by Russia in Tiflis (from Dec 1917, under
Transcaucasian Commissariat which acts on behalf of
Russian
Republic).
18 Dec
1917
Armistice of Erzincan which leads to withdrawal by Jan
1918 of
ethnic Russian component of the Russian Caucasus Army.
12 Feb 1918 – 7 Apr 1918 Turkish
forces re-occupy the area (Trebizond 24
Feb 1918,
Erzerum 12 Mar 1918, and Van 7
Apr 1918).
3 Mar
1918
Soviet Russia agrees to evacuate the Russian Caucasus
Army by
the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (not recognized by
Transcaucasian
Commissariat).
Russian Commander (of the Caucasus Army)
May 1915 – Jul
1916 Nikolay
Nikolayevich Yudenich (b. 1862 - d.
1933)
Governors-general
18 Jul 1916 –
1916
Nikolay Nikolayevich Peshkov (b.
1857 - d. af.1917)
1916 – 30 Jan
1917
Mikhail Nikolayevich Dryagin (b.
1852 - d. af.1917)
30 Jan 1917 – May 1917
Boris Stepanovich Romanovskiy- (b. 1870 - d.
1941)
Roman'ko
Commissar-general
28 May 1917 – Apr 1918
Pyotr Ivanovich
Averyanov (b.
1867 - d. 1937)
Assistants for Civil Affairs
28 May 1917 – Apr 1918
Yakov Khristoforovich Zavriyev (b. 1864 - d.
1920) HHD
(Akop Zavriyan)
+ Fyodor Igorevich Ivanitskiy (b. 1861
- d. 1929) KDP
(21 Aug 1917 – Dec? 1917)
Party abbreviations: HHD
= Hay Heghapokhakan Dashnaktsutyun (Armenian Revolutionary
Federation, "Dashnak", socialist, nationalist, 1890-1920);
KDP =
Konstitutsionno-Demokraticheskaya Partiya (Constitutional
Democratic Party, "Kadets", Russian liberal, 12 Oct
1905-12 Dec 1917)
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Pera and Galatea
1273
Republic of Genoa
granted Pera & Galatea suburbs of Constantinople.
29 May
1453
Constantinople captured by the Ottomans.
Podestas (mayors)
1273
Oberto Sardena
1276
Ingueto Spinola
1279
Niccolò Doria
1285
Guideto de Nigro (acting)
1300
Bernabo Spinola
1300 -
1302
Govino Tartaro
1304
Rosso Doria
1315 -
1316
Montano de Marinis
1335
Andalo de Maris
1338
Costantino Doria
1348
Benedetto d'Arco
1356
Lanzarotto de Castro
1357
Bartolomeo Rubeo
13..
Jacopo Grillo (acting)
1367
Tommaso di Iglione
1376
Bartolomeo Pindeberi
1379
Luciano de Nigro
1382
Lorenzo Gentile
1386
Eliano de Camilla
1386 -
1387
Raffaele Doria
1387
Giovanni de Mezzano
1390
Antonio Leardo
1391 -
1392
Niccolò Zoagu
1392
Dorino Usodimare
1396 -
1397
Luchino de Bonavey
1397
Gentile Grimaldi
1402
Lodovico Bavoso
1402
Bartolomeo Rubeo
1403
Giannoto Lomellino (1st time)
(acting)
1404
Giovanni Sauli (1st time)
1404
Giovanni Botto
1405
Napoleone Salvago
1405
Giannoto Lomellino (2nd time)
1405
Giovanni Sauli (2nd time)
1410
Tommaso de Campofregoso
1411
Quilico de Taddei
1413
Corrado Cigala
1418
Thedisio Doria
1423
Zacaria Spinola
1425 -
1426
Imperiale Lomellino
1426
Taddeo de Zoagli
1427
Giannotto Spinola
1430 -
1431
Filippo de Franchi
1432 -
1433
Ilairo Imperiale
1434
Agostino Montalolo
1435
Ansaldo Doria
1435
Stefano de Marinis
1438
Giovanni di Levanto
1439
Simone Macie
1440 -
1442
Niccolò Antonio Spinola
1443 -
1444
Baruel de Grimaldi
1445 -
1446
Baldassarre Maruffo
1446 -
1447
Luchino de Facio
1447
Pietro di Marco (acting)
1448 -
1449
Benedetto di Vivaldi
1449
Francisco Cavallo
1451 -
1452
Angelo Giovanni Lomelino
(acting to 1452)
1452 - 29 May
1453
Francesco Giustiniani
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You can find many
traveling tips for your next travel to Turkey on the
portal: Holidaycheck
© Ben Cahoon
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