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![[Russian flag]](ru.gif)
![[Flag of Georgia 1918]](ge_1990.gif)
![[flag of Georgia 1918 - 1921]](ge-1918.gif)
![[Flag of Georgia Feb. 1921]](ge-1918a.gif)
![[Flag of USSR]](su.gif)
![[Flag of Georgia]](ge.gif)
![[Kingdom of K`art`li Flag]](geo_kart.gif)
1491
Kingdom
of K`art`li, part of the Kingdom of Georgia,
established.
1516 - 1620
Vassal of Ottoman Empire.
1620 - 1688
Vassal of Persia.
1683 - 1801
Vassal of Ottoman Empire.
1727 - 1735
Annexed by Ottoman Empire.
1736 - 1744
Annexed by Persia (Iran).
19 Jan 1762
Personal union with Kakhet`i re-established.
Kings (alternative names are the official Ottoman and/or
Persian names)
1695 - 1703
Nikoloz Irakli I
(b. 1643 - d. 1710)
(Nazar
`Ali Khan) (2nd time)
1703 - 2 May 1709
Giorgi XI (Gurjin Khan
(b. af.1648 - d. 1709)
and
Shah Nawaz III) (3rd time)
2 May 1709 - Jul 1709 Levanti (Shah
Qoli Khan) (b. c.1659
- d. 1709)
Jul 1709 - 8 Oct 1711 K`aikhosro (Khosraw
Khan) (b. 1674 - d. 1711)
8 Oct 1711 - Oct 1714 Vakhtang VI
(Hoseyn Qoli Khan) (b. 1675 - d. 1737)
(1st
time)
Oct 1714 - Jun 1716 Iese
(`Ali Qoli Khan) (1st time) (b. 16.. - d. 1727)
1716 - 1717
Vakhtang VI (Hoseyn Qoli Khan) (s.a.)
(2nd
time)
1717 - Aug 1719
Bak`ar III (Shah Nawaz IV) (b. 1700?
- d. 1750)
(1st
time)
Aug 1719 - May 1723 Vakhtang
VI (Hoseyn Qoli Khan) (s.a.)
(3rd
time)
May 1723 - Jun 1723 Konstantine
III (Mahmud Qoli Khan)
Jun 1723 - Jul 1724 Bak`ar
III (Ebrahim Pasha) (s.a.)
(2nd
time)
1724 - 1727
Iese (Mostafa Pasha) (2nd time) (s.a.)
1727 - 1735
Vacant
1735 - 1736
Alek`sandre II (`Ali Mirza)
1736 - 1744
Vacant
Jul
1744 - 19 Jan 1762 T`eimuraz
II
(b. 1680 - d. 1762)
Kakhet`i
![[Kingdom of Kakhet`i Flag]](geo_kajet.gif)
1491
Kingdom
of Kakhet`i, part of the Kingdom of Georgia,
established.
1516 - 1620
Vassal of Ottoman Empire.
1620 - 1676
Vassal of Persia.
1676 - 1703
Annexed by Persia (Iran).
1703 - 1801
Vassal of Ottoman Empire.
Kings (alternative names are the official Ottoman and/or
Persian names)
May 1703 - May 1721 Davit`
II (Emam Qoli Khan) (b. 1678
- d. 1721)
May 1721 - 4 Dec 1732 Konstantine
II (Mahmud Qoli Khan (d. 1732)
[from
1724] Mahmud Pasha)
4 Dec 1732 - 1736
T`eimuraz II (1st time)
(s.a.)
1736 - 1738
Alek`sandre III
1738 - 1744
T`eimuraz II (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Jul
1744
- 19 Jan 1762 Irakli
II
(b.
1721 - d. 1798)
K`art`li and Kakhet`i (styled Kingdom of Georgia)
![[Kingdom of Georgia Flag]](ge-west.gif)
19 Jan 1762
Kingdoms of K`art`li and Kakhet`i in personal union,
often
officially styled Kingdom of Georgia.
9 Jan 1801
Kingdom bequeathed to the Russian emperor.
24 Apr 1802
Incorporation into Russian Empire; "Georgian Tsar"
added
to imperial
style.
Kings
19
Jan 1762 - 22
Jan 1798 Irakli II
(b.
1721 - d. 1798)
22 Jan
1798 - 9 Jan 1801 Giorgi
XII
(b.
1746 - d. 1801)
9 Jan 1801 - 24 Apr 1802 Provisional Government
- Ivan
Petrovich Lazarev
(b. 1763 -
d. 1803)
(chairman
from 3 Jun 1801)
- Prince
Ioane Batonishvili
(b. 1768 - d. 1839)
- Ignati
T`umanishvili
20 Jan 1801 - 24 Apr 1802 Crown Prince Davit` Batonishvili
(b. 1767 - d. 1819)
(semi-officially
recognized as regent)
Imeret`i
![[Imereti Kingdom, XVth-XVIIIth centuries]](ge_imerk.gif)
1491
Kingdom
of Imeret`i, part of the Kingdom of Georgia,
established.
1716 - 1720
Ottoman occupation.
1804
Russian
protectorate.
23 May 1810
Incorporation into Russian Empire.
Kings
1701 - 1702
Mamia (1st time)
(b. 16.. - d. 1714)
1702 - 1703
Giorgi V (1st time)
(b. 16.. - d. 1722)
1703
Giorgi
VI (1st time)
(b.
1691 - d. 1720)
1703 - 1707
Giorgi V (2nd time)
(s.a.)
1707 - Oct 1711
Giorgi VI (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Oct 1711 - Jun 1712 Mamia
(2nd time)
(s.a.)
Jun 1712 - Nov 1713 Giorgi
VI (3rd time)
(s.a.)
Nov 1713 - May 1714 Mamia
(3rd time)
(s.a.)
May 1714 - Mar 1720 Giorgi
VI (4th time)
(s.a.)
Mar
1720
- Jun 1720
Giorgi IV
(b.
1702 - d. 1726)
Jun 1720 - 1741
Alek`sandre V (1st time)
(d. 1752)
1741
- 1742
Giorgi
VII
(b.
1721 - d. af.1772)
1742 - 1747
Alek`sandre V (2nd time)
(s.a.)
1747 - 1749
Mamuka
1749 - Mar 1752
Alek`sandre V (3rd time)
(s.a.)
Mar 1752 - 1765
Solomon I "Didi" (1st time) (b.
1735 - d. 1784)
1765 - 1768
T`eimuraz
1768 - 4 May 1784
Solomon I "Didi" (2nd time) (s.a.)
4
May 1784
- 1789
Davit`
(b.
1756 - d. 1795)
(continuing
in rebellion to 1792)
1789
- 23 May 1810
Solomon II
(b.
1773 - d. 1815)
Georgia
26 May 1918
Democratic Republic of Georgia (in dissidence to 16 Mar 1921).
25 Feb 1921
Socialist Conciliar Republic of Georgia
12 Mar 1922
Part of the Federative Union of Socialist Soviet
Republics
of Transcaucasia (see below).
13 Dec 1922
Part of the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet
Republic
(see below).
5 Dec 1936
T.S.F.S.R. dissolved; Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic
becomes a full union republic (see below).
14 Nov 1990
Republic of Georgia
9 Apr 1991
Independence declared.
25 Dec 1991
Final independence (dissolution of the U.S.S.R.).
26 Nov 1995
Georgia
Chairmen of the National Council
26 May 1918 - 24 Jun 1918? Noe Nikolozis dze Zhordania
(b. 1868 - d. 1953) SDWP
24 Jun 1918 - 1? Oct 1918 Nikoloz Simonis dze Chkheidze
(b. 1865 - d. 1926) SDWP
Chairman of the Parliament
1? Oct 1918 - 12 Mar 1919 Nikoloz Simonis dze Chkheidze
(s.a.) SDWP
Chairmen of the Constituent Assembly
12 Mar 1919 - 1920 Aleksandre Spiridonis dze SDWP
Lomtatidze (acting)
1920 - 25 Feb 1921 Nikoloz Simonis dze Chkheidze
(s.a.) SDWP
(in dissidence to 16 Mar
1921)
Chairmen of the Revolutionary Committee
25 Feb 1921 – 6 Mar 1921 Mamia Dimitris dze Orakhelashvili (b. 1881 - d. 1937) SKP
(acting)
6 Mar 1921 - 7 Jul 1921 P'ilipe Ieses dze Makharadze
(b. 1868 - d. 1941) SKP
7 Jul 1921 - 7 Mar 1922 Polikarp Gurgenis dze Mdivani
(b. 1877 - d. 1937) SKP
Chairman of the Central Executive Committee
7 Mar 1922 - 22 Jan 1923 P'ilipe Ieses dze Makharadze
(s.a.)
SKP
Chairman of the Supreme Council
14 Nov 1990 - 14 Apr 1991 Zviad Konstantines dze
(b. 1939 - d. 1993) MM-TS
Gamsakhurdia
Presidents
14
Apr 1991 - 6 Jan 1992¹ Zviad Konstantines dze
(s.a.)
MM-TS
Gamsakhurdia
6 Jan 1992 - 10 Mar 1992 Tengiz Kalistratis dze Kitovani
(b. 1939)
Mil
+ Dzhaba
Aleksandres dze Ioseliani (b. 1926 - d.
2003) Mil
(co-leaders
of the Military Council)
Chairman of the State Council
10 Mar 1992 - 4 Nov 1992 Eduard Amvrosis dze Shevardnadze
(b. 1928)
Non-party
Head of State
4 Nov 1992 - 26 Nov 1995 Eduard Amvrosis dze Shevardnadze
(s.a.)
Non-party
(Chairman of the Parliament to 6 Nov 1992)
Presidents
26 Nov 1995 - 23 Nov 2003 Eduard Amvrosis dze Shevardnadze
(s.a.)
SMK
23 Nov 2003 - 25 Jan 2004 Nino Anzoris asuli Burdzhanadze
(f)(b. 1964)
BDA
(1st time)(acting)
25
Jan 2004 - 25 Nov 2007 Mikheil Nikolozis dze Saakashvili (b.
1967) ENM
(1st time)
25 Nov 2007 - 20 Jan 2008 Nino Anzoris asuli Burdzhanadze
(f)(s.a.)
BDA
(2nd time)(acting)
20 Jan 2008 - Mikheil
Nikolozis dze Saakashvili (s.a.)
ENM
(2nd time)
Prime ministers
26 May 1918 - 24 Jun 1918 Noe Besarionis dze Ramishvili
(b. 1881 - d. 1930)
24
Jun 1918 - 1921
Noe Nikolozis dze Zhordania
(s.a.)
SDWP
Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars
Feb 1922 - 1923
Sergey Ivanovich Kavtaradze (b.
1885 - d. 1971) SKP
Prime ministers
15 Nov 1990 - 18 Aug 1991 Tengiz Ipolitovich Sigua (1st time)(b.
1934) Non-party
18 Aug 1991 - 23 Aug 1991 Murman Omanidze (acting)
(b. 1938)
Non-party
23 Aug 1991 - 6 Jan 1992¹ Bessarion Paatovich Gugushvili
(b. 1945)
MM-TS
6 Jan 1992 - 6 Aug 1993 Tengiz Ipolitovich Sigua
(2nd time)(s.a.)
Non-party
6 Aug 1993 - 20 Aug 1993 Eduard Amvrosis dze Shevardnadze
(s.a.)
Non-party
(acting)
20 Aug 1993 - 5 Oct 1995 Otar Ambakovich Patsatsia
(b. 1929)
Non-party
Ministers of state
8 Dec 1995 - 7 Aug 1998 Nikoloz "Niko" Mikheilis
dze (b. 1947)
SMK
Lekishvili
7 Aug 1998 - 11 May 2000 Vazha Giorgis dze Lortkipanidze
(b. 1949)
SMK
11 May 2000 - 21 Dec 2001 Giorgi Longinozovich Arsenishvili
(b. 1942)
SMK
21 Dec 2001 - 27 Nov 2003 Avtandil Khristoforovich
(b. 1951)
SMK
Jorbenadze
27 Nov 2003 - 17 Feb 2004 Zurab Besarionis dze Zhvania
(b. 1963 - d. 2005) BDA
Prime ministers
17 Feb 2004 - 3 Feb 2005 Zurab Besarionis dze Zhvania
(s.a.)
BDA
3 Feb 2005 - 17 Feb 2005 Mikheil Nikolozis dze Saakashvili
(s.a.)
ENM
(acting)
17 Feb 2005 - 22 Nov 2007 Zurab Teymurazovich Nogaideli (b.
1964)
BDA
22 Nov 2007 - 1 Nov 2008 Vladimer "Lado" Gurgenidze
(b. 1970) Non-party
1 Nov 2008 - 6 Feb 2009 Grigol Mgaloblishvili (b. 1973) Non-party
6 Feb 2009 - Nikoloz "Nika" Gilauri (b. 1975) Non-party
National Government of Georgia (NGG) in exile
Heads of state
18 Mar 1921 - 11 Jan 1953 Noe Nikolozis dze Zhordania
(s.a.) SDWP
(in
Leuville-sur-Orge, France exile)
1953 - Jun 1954
Yevgeniy Petrovich Gegechkori (b. 1881 - d.
1954) SDWP
(in
Leuville-sur-Orge, France exile)
¹The ousted administration of Gamsakhurdia and Gugushvili formed a counter-government at Zugdidi on 24 Sep 1993 that controlled part of western Georgia until 6 Nov 1993.
Territorial Disputes: Russia and Georgia agree on delimiting 80% of their common border, leaving certain small, strategic segments and the maritime boundary unresolved; OSCE observers monitor volatile areas such as the Pankisi Gorge in the Akhmeti region and the Argun Gorge in Abkhazia; UN Observer Mission in Georgia has maintained a peacekeeping force in Georgia since 1993; Meshkheti Turks scattered throughout the former Soviet Union seek to return to Georgia; boundary with Armenia remains undemarcated; ethnic Armenian groups in Javakheti region of Georgia seek greater autonomy from the Georgian government; Azerbaijan and Georgia continue to discuss the alignment of their boundary at certain crossing areas.
Party abbreviations: BDA = Burdzhanadze-Demokratiuli
Aliansi (Burdzhanadze-Democratic Alliance, reform, social-democratic est.2003);
EDP = Erovnul Demokratiuli Partia (National Democratic Party,
christian-democratic); ENM = Natshhionakhuri Modraoba–Demokrathebi
(National Movement - Democrats, reformist); SKP = Sakartvelos Komunisturi
Partia (Communist Party of Georgia, communist); SMK = Sakartvelos
Mokalaketa Kavshiri (Citizens Union of Georgia, centrist, pro-Shevardnadze
est.1995); SSAK = Sruliad Sak'art'velos Aghordzinebis Kavshiri (All-Georgian
Union for Revival); Mil = Military;
- Former parties: MM-TS = Round Table-Free
Georgia, nationalist, Z. Gamsakhurdia personalist); SDWP = Social Democratic
Worker's Party ("Menshevik" socialist)
Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic
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(Tiflis 1921-1936) |
"State Anthem of Georgian SSR" (1946-1991) |
(3 Apr 1978) |
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13 Dec 1922 - 5 Dec 1936 Part of the Transcaucasian
Socialist Federative Soviet
Republic
(see below).
First secretaries of the Georgian Communist Party (SKP)
Mar 1921 - Apr 1922
Mamia Dmitriyevich Orakhelishvili (b. 1881 - d. 1937)
Apr 1922 - 22 Oct 1922 Mikhail Stepanovich Okudzhava (b. 1883 - d. 1937)
25 Oct 1922 - Aug 1924 Vissarion Vissarionovich Lominadze (b. 1897 - d. 1935)
Aug 1924 - 6 May 1930 Mikhail Ivanovich Kakhiani (b. 1897 - d. 1937)
6 May 1930 - 19 Nov 1930 Levan Davydovich
Gogoberidze (b. 1896 - d. 1937)
20 Nov 1930 - 11 Sep 1931 Samson Andreyevich Mamulia
(b. 1892 - d. 1937)
11 Sep 1931 - 14 Nov 1931 Lavrenty Iosipovich Kartvelishvili (b. 1891 - d. 1938)
14 Nov 1931 - 31 Aug 1938 Lavrenty Pavlovich
Beria (b. 1899
- d. 1953)
31 Aug 1938 - 2 Apr 1952 Kandid
Nestorovich Charkviani (b. 1907 - d. 1994)
2 Apr 1952 - 14 Apr 1953 Akaki Ivanovich Mgeladze
(b. 1910 - d. 1980)
14 Apr 1953 - 19 Sep 1953 Aleksandr Iordanovich
Mirtskhulava (b. 1911)
20 Sep 1953 - 29 Sep 1972 Vasily Pavlovich
Mzhavanadze (b. 1902 - d. 1988)
29 Sep 1972 - 6 Jul 1985 Eduard Amvrosiyevich Shevardnadze
(b. 1928)
6 Jul 1985 - 14 Apr 1989 Dzhumber Ilich
Patiashvili (b. 1939)
14 Apr 1989 - 7 Dec 1990 Givi
Grigoryevich Gumbaridze (b. 1945)
7 Dec 1990 - 19 Feb 1991 Avtandil Antonovich
Margiani (b. 1945)
20 Feb 1991 - 26 Aug 1991 Dzhemal ("Jimi") Pridonovich (b. 1936)
Mikeladze
Chairmen of the Revolutionary Committee
25 Feb 1921 – 6 Mar 1921 Mamia Dmitriyevich Orakhelishvili (s.a.) SKP
(acting)
6 Mar 1921 - 7 Jul 1921 Filipp Yeseyevich Makharadze
(b. 1868 - d. 1941) SKP
7 Jul 1921 - 28 Feb 1922 Polikarp Gurgenovich "Budu"
(b. 1877 - d. 1937) SKP
Mdivani
Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee
28 Feb 1922 - Oct 1922 Filipp Yeseyevich Makharadze
(s.a.) SKP
(1st
time)
Oct 1922 - Jan 1923 Ivan Fyodorovich Sturua
(b. 1870 - d. 1931) SKP
22 Jan 1923 - Jun 1925 Mikhail Grigoryevich
Tskhakaya (b. 1865 - d. 1959) SKP
(1st
time)
Jun 1925 - 14 Jun 1927
Filipp Yeseyevich Makharadze
(s.a.) SKP
(2nd
time)
14 Jun 1927 - Apr 1928
Lavrenty Iosipovich Kartvelishvili (s.a.)
SKP
Apr 1928 - Jun 1929
Filipp Yeseyevich Makharadze
(s.a.)
SKP
(3rd
time)
Jun 1929 - Dec 1930
Mikhail Grigoryevich Tskhakaya
(s.a.)
SKP
(2nd
time)
Jan 1931 - Jul 1938
Filipp Yeseyevich Makharadze
(s.a.)
SKP
(4th
time)
Chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
10 Jul 1938 - 10 Dec 1941 Filipp Yeseyevich Makharadze
(s.a.)
SKP
14 Dec 1941 - 26 Mar 1948 Georgy Fyodorovich
Sturua (b. 1884 - d.
1956) SKP
26
Mar 1948 - 6 Apr 1952 Vasily Barnabovich
Gogua (b. 1908 - d. ....) SKP
6 Apr 1952 - 15 Apr 1953
Zakhary Nikolayevich
(b. 1903 - d. ....) SKP
Chkhubianishvili
15 Apr 1953 - 29 Oct 1953 Vladimir
Gedevanovich
(b. 1905 - d. 1976) SKP
Tskhovrebashvili
29 Oct 1953 - 17 Apr 1959
Miron Dmitriyevich Chubinidze (b. 1905) SKP
18 Apr 1959 - 6 Jan 1976
Georgy Samsonovich Dzotsenidze (b. 1910 - d. 1976)
SKP
26 Jan 1976 - 29 Mar 1989 Pavel Georgyevich Gilashvili
(b. 1918 - d. 1994)
SKP
29 Mar 1989 - 17 Nov 1989 Otar Yevtikhiyevich Cherkeziya
(b. 1933) SKP
17 Nov 1989 - 14 Nov 1990 Givi Grigoryevich Gumbaridze
(s.a.)
SKP
Chairman of the Supreme Council
14 Nov 1990 - 14 Apr 1991 Zviad Konstantonovich Gamsakhurdia
(b. 1939 - d. 1993) FG
Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars
7
Mar 1922 - Apr 1922 Polikarp Gurgenovich Mdivani
(s.a.) SKP
Apr 1922 - Jan 1923
Sergey Ivanovich Kavtaradze (b.
1885 - d. 1971) SKP
Jan
1923 - Jun 1927 Shalva Zurabovich Eliava
(b. 1883 - d. 1937) SKP
Jun 1927 -
1929 Lavrenty Iosipovich Kartvelishvili
(s.a.) SKP
Jun
1929 - Jan 1931
Filipp Yeseyevich Makharadze
(s.a.) SKP
Jan
1931 - 22 Sep 1931 Vladimir (Levan) Pavlovich
SKP
Sukhishvili
22
Sep 1931 - Jun 1937 German Andreyevich Mgaloblishvili (d.
1937) SKP
9 Jul 1937 - 15 Apr 1946 Valerian Minayevich Bakradze (b. 1901
- d. 19..) SKP
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers
15 Apr 1946 - Dec 1946 Valerian
Minayevich Bakradze (s.a.)
SKP
(1st time)
Dec
1946 - 6 Apr 1952 Zakhary
Nikolayevich
(s.a.)
SKP
Chkhubianishvili
6 Apr 1952 - 16 Apr 1953 Zakhary
Nikolayevich Kechkhoveli (b. 1902 - d. 1970) SKP
16 Apr 1953 - 20 Sep 1953 Valerian Minayevich Bakradze
(s.a.)
SKP
(2nd time)
21 Sep 1953 - 17 Dec 1975 Givi Dmitriyevich
Dzhavakhishvili (b. 1912 - d. 1985) SKP
17 Dec 1975 - 5 Jun 1982 Zurab Aleksandrovich
Pataridze (b. 1928 - d. 1982) SKP
2 Jul 1982 - 12 Apr 1986 Dmitry Levanovich
Kartvelishvili (b. 1927)
SKP
12 Apr
1986 - 29 Mar 1989 Otar Yevtikhiyevich Cherkeziya
(s.a.)
SKP
29 Mar 1989 - 14 Apr 1989 Zurab Amvrosiyevich
Chkheidze (b. 1930)
SKP
14 Apr 1989 - 15 Nov 1990 Nodari Amvrosiyevich
Chitanava (b. 1935)
SKP
15 Nov 1990 - 18 Aug 1991 Tengiz Ippolitovich Sigua
(b. 1934)
SKP
Party abbreviations: FG = Free Georgia (nationalist,
Z. Gamsakhurdia personalist);
SKP = Sakartvelos Komunisturi Partia (Communist Party of
Georgia, communist -only legal party 1922-1991)
3 Nov 1951 Kutaisi oblast
23 Apr 1953 Abolished.
First Secretaries of the Oblast Committee of the Communist Party
Nov 1951 - 26 Apr 1952 Akaki Ivanovich Mgeladze (b. 1910 - d. 1980) SKP
27 Apr 1952 - Apr 1953 Maksim Konstantinovich Balavadze (b. 1910 - d. 19..) SKP
Chairmen of the Executive Committee
25 Dec 1951 - 1952 Boris Yermolayevich Lomidze
(b. 1909 - d. 19..) SKP
1952 - Apr 1953 Sergey Viktorovich
Sakvarelidze (b. 1911 - d. 19..) SKP
3 Nov 1951 Tbilisi oblast
23 Apr 1953 Abolished.
First Secretaries of the Oblast Committee of the Communist Party
Nov 1951 - 26 Apr 1952 Mikhail Mikhailovich Lelashvili (b. 1910 - d. 19..) SKP
27 Apr 1952 - Apr 1953 Konstantin Dmitriyevich (b. 1904 - d. 19..) SKP
Budzhiashvili
Chairman of the Executive Committee
4 Dec 1951 - Apr 1953 Ivan Petrovich Kudzhiashvili (b. 1906 - d. 19..) SKP
Transcaucasia
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![[Transcaucasian Federation unofficial flag, 1918]](transc.gif)
![[Flag of Federative Union of Socialist Soviet Republics of Transcaucasia, 1922]](su-tc3y.gif)
![[Flag of Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, 1923-1936]](su-tc3x.gif)
| Capital: Tiflis |
(1923-1936) |
(13 Dec 1922 - 5 Dec 1936) |
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1802
Russian
regional administration established.
1844
Part
of the Viceroyalty of the Caucasus (Armenia,
Azerbaijan,
and
Georgia).
3 Mar 1878
Kars, Ardahan, and Batumi ceded to Russia by Ottoman Empire.
1881 - 1905
Part of the Government-general of the Caucasus
1905 - 1917
Viceroyalty of the Caucasus (restored).
28 Nov 1917
Transcaucasian Commissariat founded at Tiflis (modern Tbilisi).
23 Feb 1918
Transcaucasian Parliament Convoked by Transcaucasian Commissariat
in Tiflis
(modern Tbilisi), included members of
Constituent
Assembly (from Petrograd, Jan 1918)
elected
from Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan.
26 Mar 1918
Transcaucasian Commissariat abolished.
22 Apr 1918
Democratic Federative Republic of Transcaucasia
(consisting
of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia),
independence
from Russia.
26 May 1918
Dissolution into three independent republics, including
the
Georgian Democratic Republic, after parleys
with
German
and Turkish military forces at Batum
(24
May 1918-8 Jun 1918).
12 Mar 1922
Federative Union of Socialist Soviet Republics of
Transcaucasia.
13 Dec 1922
Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (T.S.F.S.R.)
30 Dec 1922 Accession to the Soviet Union.
5 Dec 1936
T.S.F.S.R. dissolved.
First Secretaries of the Transcaucasian Communist Party (CPTSSF)
Apr 1922 - 22 Mar 1925 Aleksandr
Miasnikyan
(b. 1886 - d. 1925)
(Armenian
SSR)
26 Mar 1925 - Sep 1926 Sergo (Grigory Konstantinovich) (b. 1886 - d. 1937)
Ordzhonikidze (Georgian SSR)
Sep 1926 - Jun 1929
Mamia Dmitriyevich Orakhelishvili (b. 1881 - d. 1937)
(Georgian
SSR) (1st time)
Jun 1929 - Nov 1930 Rukholla Ali ogly Akhundov (b. 1897 - d. 1938)
(Azerbaijani
SSR)
Nov 1930 - 11 Nov 1931
Vissarion Vissarionovich Lominadze (b. 1897 - d. 1935)
(Georgian
SSR)
11 Nov 1931 - 9 Oct 1932 Mamia Dmitriyevich Orakhelishvili (s.a.)
(Georgian
SSR) (2nd time)
9 Oct 1932 - 4 Dec 1936
Lavrenty Pavlovich Beria
(b. 1899 - d. 1953)
(Georgian
SSR)
Governors
1802 - 1803
Carl Heinrich Knorring
1803 - 8 Feb 1806 Prince Pavel Dmitryevich Citsianov (b. 1754 - d. 1806)
1806 - 1809
Count Ivan Vasilyevich Gudovich (b. 1741 - d. 1820)
1809 - 1811
Aleksandr Petrovich Tormasov (b. 1752
- d. 1819)
1811 - 1812
Marquis Filippo Paulucci
(b. 1779 - d. 1849)
1812 - 1816
Nikolay Fyodorovich Rtishstev (b. 1754 - d. 1835)
1817 - 1827
Aleksey Petrovich Ermolov (b. 1777 - d. 1861)
1827 - 1830
Count Ivan Fyodorovich Paskevich
Paskevich-Erivanskiy
(b.
1782 - d. 1856)
1830 - 1837
Grigory Vladimirovich Rozen
1837 - 1842
Evgeny Aleksandrovich Golovin (b. 1782 - d.
1858)
1842 - 1844
Aleksandr Ivanovich Neydgardt (b. 1784 - d. 1845)
Viceroys of Transcaucasia
1845 - 1853
Mikhail Semyonovich Prince
(b. 1782 - d. 1856)
Vorontsov
1853 - 1854
Nikolay Andreyevich Read (acting) (b. 1792 - d. 1855)
1854 - 1856
Nikolay Nikolayevich Muravyev (b. 1794 - d.
1866)
1856 - 1862
Prince Aleksandr Ivanovich
(b. 1814 - d. 1879)
Baryatinsky
1862 - 1881
Grand Duke Mikhail Nikolayevich (b. 1832 - d. 1909)
Romanov
Chief Heads of the Civil Administration of the Caucasus
1882 - 1890
Prince Aleksandr Michailovich (b. 1822 - d.
1893)
Dondukov-Korsakov
1890 - 1896
Sergey Aleksandrovich Sheremetyev (b. 1836 - d. 1896)
1896 - 1904
Prince Grigory Sergeyevich
(b. 1835 - d. 1907)
Golitsyn
1904 - 1905
Yakov Dmitryevich Malama (acting) (b. 1841 - d. 1912)
Viceroys
1905 - 1915
Count Illaryon Ivanovich,
(b. 1837 - d. 1916)
Vorontsov-Dashkov
1915 - Feb 1917
Grand Duke Nikolay Nikolayevich (b. 1837 - d. 1929)
Romanov
Chairman of the Transcaucasian Commissariat
28 Nov 1917 - 26 Mar 1918 Yevgeniy Petrovich Gegechkori
(b. 1881 - d. 1954) SDWP
Chairman of the Diet
22 Apr 1918 - 26 May 1918 Nikoloz Simonis dze Chkheidze
(b. 1865 - d. 1926) SDWP
Union Council
12 Mar 1922 - 13 Dec 1922 Nariman Kerbalay Nejef ogly
(b. 1870 - d. 1925) AKP
Narimanov
(Azerbaijani SSR)
+ Polikarp
Gurgernovich "Budu"
(b. 1877 - d. 1937) SKP
Mdivani
(Georgian SSR)
+ Aleksandr
Fyodorovich Miasnikyan (b. 1886 - d.
1925) KPA
(Armenian
SSR)
Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee
- Armenian SSR -
13 Dec 1922 - Jun 1925 Sarkis Saakovich Ambartsumyan
(b. 1880 - d. 1944) CPTSSF
Jun 1925 - Jul 1927 Sarkis Meliksetovich Khanoyan (b. 1877 - d. 1937) CPTSSF
Jul 1927 - Feb 1931 Sarkis Ivanovich
Kasyan
(b. 1876 - d. 1937) CPTSSF
Feb 1931 - Jan 1935 Armenek Artyomovich Ananyan
Jan 1935 - 5 Dec 1936 Sergo Nikolayevich Martikyan
(b. 1874 - d. 1957) CPTSSF
- Azerbaijani SSR -
13 Dec 1922 - 1929 Samed Aga Agamali ogly Aliyev (b. 1867 - d. 1930) CPTSSF
1929 - 13 Dec 1931 Gazanfar Makhmud ogly Musabekov (b. 1888 - d. 1938) CPTSSF
13 Dec 1931 - 5 Dec 1936 Sultan Medzhid Medzhid ogly (b. 1887 - d. 1938) CPTSSF
Efendiyev
- Georgian SSR -
13 Dec 1922 - 1927 Mikhail Grigoryevich Tskhakaya (b. 1865 - d. 1950) CPTSSF
(Mikheil Chkhakaia)(1st time)
1927 - 1928 Filipp Yeseyevich Makharadze (b. 1868 - d. 1941) CPTSSF
(1st time)
1928 - Jan 1931 Mikhail Grigoryevich Tskhakaya (s.a.) CPTSSF
(2nd time)
Jan 1931 - Mar 1935 Filipp Yeseyevich Makharadze (s.a.) CPTSSF
(2nd time)
Mar 1935 - 27 May 1935 Aveli Safronovich Enukidze
(b. 1877 - d. 1937) CPTSSF
27 May 1935 - 5 Dec 1936 Filipp Yeseyevich Makharadze (s.a.) CPTSSF
(3rd time)
Chiefs of the Civil Administration
1847 - 1857
Prince Vasily Osipovich Bebutov (b. 1791 - d. 1858)
1857 - 1863
Alexis Aleksey Fyodorovich af (b. 1813 - d.
1887)
Krusenstiern
1863 - 1875
Alexander Pavlovich, Freiherr von (b. 1821 - d. 1895)
Nikolay
1875 - 1877
Pavel Nikolayevich Klushin
(b. 1814 - d. 1886)
1878 - 1881
Dmitry Semyonovich Staroselysky (b. 1832 - d. 1884)
1882 - 1905
the chief heads of civil administration
Assistants for Civil Affairs
1905
Nikolay
Aleksandrovich Sultan-
(b. 1836 - d. 19..)
Krym-Giray
1906 - 1909
Justin Vasilyevich Mickevich (b. 1841
- d. 19..)
1909 - 1913
Emanuil Aleksandrovich Vataci (b. 1856 - d.
1920)
1913 - 1915
Nikolay Leonidovich Peterson (d. 1920)
1915 - 1917
Prince Vladimir Nikolayevich Orlov (b. 1868 - d. 1927)
Prime minister
22
Apr 1918 - 26 May 1918 Akaki I. Chkhenkeli
(b.
1876 - d. 1959) SDWP
Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars
Mar 1922 - 13 Dec 1922 Shalva
Zurabovich Eliava (1st time)(b. 1883 - d. 1937) SKP/CPTSSF
(Georgian
SSR)
13 Dec 1922 - 9 Jun 1927 Mamia Dmitriyevich
Orakhelishvili (s.a.)
CPTSSF
(1st
time)(Georgian SSR)
9 Jun 1927 - 29 Jan 1931 Shalva Zurabovich Eliava (2nd
time)(s.a.)
CPTSSF
(Georgian
SSR)
29 Jan 1931 - 28 Jan 1932 Mamia Dmitriyevich Orakhelishvili
(s.a.)
CPTSSF
(2nd
time)(Georgian SSR)
28 Jan 1932 -
5 Dec 1936 Gazanfar Makhmud ogly Musabekov
(s.a.)
CPTSSF
(Azerbaijani
SSR)
Party abbreviations: AKP = Azerbaijani Communist
Party; CPTSSF = Communist Party of the Transcaucasian Soviet Socialist
Federation (Communist, only legal party 1922-1936);
KPA = Communist Party of Armenia; SDWP = Social Democratic
Workers' Party ("Menshevik" socialist); SKP = Communist Party of Georgia
Autonomous Regions
Abkhazia (Apsny)
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![[Flag of Abkhazia to 1770-1866]](geo-abkh.jpg)
![[Flag of Abkhazia]](ge-abkha.gif)
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"Aiaaira" (Victory) |
Adopted 1992 |
(26 Nov 1994) |
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(RUR) |
Independence Day |
526,800 (1989) |
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Imports: $117 million (2006) |
Georgian 45.7%, Abkhazian 17.8%, Armenians 14.6%, Russians 14.3%, Greeks 2.8%, Jewish and other 5.2% (1989) |
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Total Active Armed Forces: 5,000 (2008 est.) Russian Forces: 3,800 (2008) Merchant marine: N/A |
Religions: Russian Orthodox, Georgian
Orthodox, Armenian Apostolic, Sunni Muslim, Jewish, Jehovah's Witnesses, nonreligious/atheist |
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| International Organizations/Treaties: UNPO | |||
730
Abkhaz
and Lazik principalities oust Arab and
Byzantine rulers.
767
Kingdom
of Abkhazia
1325
Principality
of Abkhazia
1578
Part
of the Ottoman Empire.
22 Jun 1810
Russia occupies Sukumi, Abkhazia a Russian protectorate.
1854 - 1856
Occupied by Ottoman Empire.
6 Jul 1864
Incorporated into Russian Empire (from 1883, renamed
Sukhumi
district).
8 Mar 1918
Independence declared.
19 Apr 1918
Incorporated into Georgian Republic.
4 Mar 1921
"Provisional" Abkhazian Soviet Socialist Republic declared.
16 Dec 1921
Abkhazian Soviet Socialist Republic within Georgian S.S.R.
17 Apr 1930
Abkhazian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic within Georgia.
25 Aug 1990
Abkhazia state sovereignty declared; declaring itself part
of Russian S.F.S.R. (not recognized).
23 Jul 1992
Abkhazia declares independence (recognized only by Russia
on 26 Aug 2008, Nicaragua on 4 Sep 2008 and Venezuela on
10 Sep 2009).
Aug 1992 - 27 Sep 1993 Georgian occupation
of Sukhumi.
24 Nov 1992
Georgian government organizes Abkhazian Autonomous Republic
government
in T'bilisi.
10 Oct 2002
Georgia designates Abkhazia an autonomous republic.
10 Aug 2008 - Pro-Abkhaz intervention by Russian military forces.
Note: Imeret`i rather than the Abkhazian principality, is the geographic (but not ethnic) predecessor of present-day Abkhazia.
Chairman of the Communist Party
14 Feb 1921 - 1921
N.E. Zhvaniya
First Secretaries of the Communist Party
6 Mar 1921 - 1921
G. Krishtof
1921 Pyotr Semenovich Agniashvili (b. 1898 - d. 1937)
(Agniev)
1921
Larionov
1921 - 1922
Nikolay Samsonovich Svanidze (b. 1895 - d. 1937)
1922
S.A.
Gubeliya-Mezdmarishvili
1922 - 1923
Nikolay Nikolayevich Akirtava (b. 1894 - d. 1937)
1923 - 1924
G.M. Makarov
1924
- 1925
Yervand Mikhailovich Asribekov (b. 1898 - d. 1937)
1925 - 1927
Georgy Fydorovich Sturua
(b. 1884 - d. 1956)
1928 - 1929
Aleksand Semyonovich Amas (b. 1904 - d. 1938)
(Amirbekov)
1929 - 1930 Pavel
Grigoryevich Meladze (d. 1937)
1930 - Jan 1936 Vladimir Konstantinovich Ladariya (b. 1900 - d. 1937)
Jan 1936 - Feb 1937 Aleksey Sergeyevich Agrba (b. 1897 - d. 1938)
1937
- 1940 Kiril Georgyevich
Bechvaya (b. 1903 - d. 19..)
(acting to Jun 1938)
1940 - 20 Feb 1943
Mikhail Ivanovich Baramiya (b. 1905 - d. 19..)
1943 - Dec 1951
Akaky Ivanovich Mgeladze
(b. 1910 - d. 1980)
Dec 1951 - 21 Apr 1953
Shota Dmitriyevich Getiya
(b. 1904 - d. 19..)
21 Apr 1953 - 2 Oct 1953 Grigory Zosimovich Karchava (b. 1907 - d. 19..)
2 Oct 1953 - Jan 1956 Georgy Andreyevich Gegeshidze (b. 1924 - d. 1971)
Jan 1956 - 1958
Otar Davydovich Gotsiridze
(b. 1919)
Feb 1958 - Sep 1965 Mikhail
Timurovich Bgazhba (b. 1915
- d. 19..)
Sep 1965 - 1975
Valerian Osmanovich Kobakhiya (b. 1929 - d. 1992)
1975 - Feb 1978
Valery Mikhaylovich Khintba
Feb 1978 - 6 Apr 1989 Boris
Viktorovich Adleyba (b. 1931)
Apr 1989 - 1990
Vladimir Filippovich Khishba (b. 1936)
Princes
1440 - 1459 Davit II Hutuni
1459 - 1491 Rabia
1491 - 1520 Salomoni I
1520 - 1578 Ars Khan
1625 - 1637 Taymuraz
1637 - 1650 Khara Begi
1650 - 1665 Kuapu
1665 - 1700
Salomoni II
1700 - 1730 Jagetshi
1730 - 1750
Hamid Begi
1750 - 1757 Manuch`ar
I
(d.
af.1757)
1757 - 1770 Manuch`ar II
1770 - 1779
Zurab
1779 - 1789 Levanti V (Muhammed Pasha)
1789 - 14 May 1806
Kelesh-Ahmad Begi
(b. 1747 - d. 1806)
14 May 1806 - 22 Jun 1810 Arslan Begi (1st time)
- jointly
with following -
22 Jun 1810 - 13 Nov 1821 Safar Ali Begi (from 1810, Giorgi)
(b. 17.. - d. 1821)
13
Nov 1821 - 28 Oct 1822 Dimitri IV (Umar
Begi)
(d. 1822)
13 Nov 1821 - 1821
Tamar (f) -Regent
1821 - 1822
Arslan Begi (2nd time)
(s.a.)
(in
rebellion)
28
Oct 1822 - 15 Feb 1864
Mikheil II
(d.
1866)
15 Feb 1864 - Apr 1865 Grigol III
Jul 1866 - Aug 1866 Giorgi Mikhailovitch (b. 1846 - d. 18..)
(in rebellion)
Chairmen of Committee of Public Safety
10 Mar 1917 - 191.
A. Varlam Sharvashidze (Chachba)
8 Mar 1918 - 8 Apr 1918 ....
Chairmen of the Revolutionary Committee
8 Apr 1918 - 16 May 1918 Yefrem Aleksyevich Eshba (1st time)(b. 1893 - d. 1939)
17 Feb 1921 - 6 Mar 1921 N.E. Zhvaniya
6 Mar 1921 - 16 Jan 1922 Yefrem Aleksyevich Eshba (2nd
time)(s.a.)
Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee
1922
Yefrem Aleksyevich Eshba (s.a.)
1922 - 1923 Samson
Alekseyevich Kartoziya (b. 1893 - d. 1937)
1925 - Apr 1930
Samson Yakovlevich Chanba (b. 1886 - d. 1937)
Apr 1930 - 28 Dec 1936 Nestor Apollonovich Lakoba (b. 1893 - d. 1936)
17 Feb 1937 - Sep 1937 Aleksey Sergeyevich Agrba (s.a.)
2 Nov 1937 - 12 Jul 1938 Avksenti Narikovich Rapava
(b. 1899 - d. 1955)
Chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
13 Jul 1938
- 7 Apr 1948 Mikhail Konstantinovich Delba (b. 1905 - d. 19..)
7 Apr 1948 - 1958 Andrey Maksimovich
Chochua (b. 1879 - d. 1965)
Feb 1958 - Apr 1978
Bagrat Vasilyevich Shinkuba (b. 1917 - d. 2004)
Apr 1978 - 1989
Valerian Osmanovich Kobakhiya (s.a.)
Chairmen of the Supreme Soviet
1989 - 1990
Valerian Osmanovich Kobakhiya (s.a.)
4 Dec 1990 - 23 Jul 1992 Vladislav Grigoryevich Ardzinba
(b. 1945)
Chairman of Parliament
23 Jul 1992 - 26 Nov 1994 Vladislav Grigoryevich Ardzinba
(s.a.)
(at
Gudauta Aug 1992 - 27 Sep 1993)
Presidents
26 Nov 1994 - 12 Feb 2005 Vladislav Grigoryevich Ardzinba
(s.a.)
12 Feb 2005 -
Sergey Vasilyevich Bagapsh
(b. 1949)
Chairmen of the National Council
8 Nov 1917 - 19..
Simon Basariya
1918 - 9 Oct 1918
A. Varlam Sharvashidze (Chachba)
18 Mar 1919 - 19..
D. Emuhvari
Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars
1922 - 19 Dec 1936
Nestor Apollonovich Lakoba
(s.a.)
Feb 1937 - Sep 1937 Aleksey Sergeyevich Agrba (s.a.)
Sep 1937 - 14 Jul 1938 ....
14 Jul 1938 - 23 Nov 1938 Avksenti Narikovich Rapava
(s.a.)
23 Nov 1938 - 1943
Konstantin Georgiyevich (b.
1902 - d. 19..)
Chichinadze
1943 - Mar 1946 Aleksandr Iordanovich Mirzkhulava (b. 1911 - d. 19..)
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers
Mar 1946 - 7 Apr 1948 Aleksandr Iordanovich Mirzkhulava (s.a.)
7 Apr 1948 - 1953 Mikhail Konstantinovich Delba (s.a.)
Oct 1953 - 1957 Arkhip
Mironovich Labakhua (b. 1910 - d. 19..)
1957 - Feb 1958
Mikhail Timurovich Bgazhba
(s.a.)
Feb 1958 - 25 May 1967 Mikhail Gerasimovich
Chikovany (b. 1911 - d. 19..)
1967 - 1972
Pavel Georgyevich Gilashvili (b. 1918 - d. 1994)
1972
- 1973
Boris Gerasimovich Gigiberia (b. 1917)
May
1973 - 1975
Shota Mikhailovich Tatarishvili (b. 1922 - d. 19..)
1975 - 1978
Avtandil Petrovich Sakvarelidze
Sep 1978 - Apr 1987
Yuza Dzhakhoyevich Ubilava (b. 1941)
Apr 1987 - Jul 1989
Otar Georgiyevich Zukhbaya
Jul
1989 - 1990 Givi Alekseyevich Anchabadze
(b. 1933)
Prime ministers
1990 - 1992
Vazha Zarandia (b. 1932)
(Ivan Illarionovich Zarandia)
Oct 1992 - Jun 1993 Tamaz Vladimirovich Nadareishvili
(b. 1954 - d. 2004)
1993 - 27 Sep 1993
Zhiuli Kalistratovich Shartava
1993 - 1994
Sokrat Rachevich Djindjolia (b.
1937)
Jan 1995 - 29 Apr 1997
Gennady Leonidovich Gagulia (b.
1948)
(1st
time)
29 Apr 1997 - Dec 1999 Sergey Vasilyevich
Bagapsh (b. 1949)
Dec 1999 - Jun 2001 Vyacheslav
Mikhailovich Tsugba (b. 1944)
Jun 2001 - 29 Nov 2002 Anri Mikhailovich
Djergenia (b. 1941)
29 Nov 2002 - 22 Apr 2003 Gennady Leonidovich Gagulia
(s.a.)
(2nd
time)
22 Apr 2003 - 6 Oct 2004 Raul Dzhumkovich Khadjimba
(b. 1958)
30 Aug 2004 - 6 Oct 2004 Astamur Borisovich Tarba
(b. 1961)
(acting
for Khadjimba)
6 Oct 2004 - 14 Feb 2005 Nodar Vladimirovich Khashba
(b. 1951)
14 Feb 2005 -
Aleksandr Zolotinskovich Ankvab (b. 1952)
Pro-Georgian Government: Abkhazian Autonomous Republic (in Tbilisi; 27 Sep 2006 - 12 Aug 2008
in Chkhalta, Abkhazia)
1993? - 2004? |
![[ Pro-Georgian Abkhazian Autonomous Republic flag]](ge-abkha3.gif)
From 2004? |
Chairmen of the Supreme Council
24 Nov 1992 - 16 Mar 2004 Tamaz Vladimirovich Nadareishvili
(s.a.) ALP
16
Mar 2004
-
Temur
Mzhavia
(b.
1952)
Prime ministers
24 Nov 1992 - 18 Jul 1993 Tamaz Vladimirovich Nadareishvili
(s.a.)
18 Jul 1993 - 27 Sep 1993 Zhiuli Kalistratovich Shartava
(b. 1944 - d. 1993)
Nov
1993 - Jul 1998 Zurab
Erkvania
(b. 1951)
Jul 1998 - 30 Sep 2004 Londer Tsaava
30
Sep 2004 - 21 Mar 2006 Irakli
Alasania
(b. 1973)
21
Mar 2006 - 15 Jun 2009 Malkhaz Akishbaya
(b. 1972)
15 Jun 2009 - Giorgi Baramia
(b.
1966)
Party abbreviations: ALP = Abkhazia Liberation
Party (pro-autonomy with in Georgia, est.1999);
Amt = Amtskhan (Signal Lights); Ayt = Aytayra (Revival);
RP = Republican Party
Adjaria (Adzharia)
-
- 1 Dec 1918 - 10 Apr 1919
- Southwestern Caucasian Republic
-
-
- 1919 - 1920 Batumi Republic
-
-
- 25 Oct 1937 - 22 May 1951
-
-
- 25 Oct 1937 - 22 May 1951 Reported Variant
-
-
- 22 May 1951 - 1978
-
-
- 1978 - 1991
-
-
![[Flag of Ajaria, 2000-2004]](ge_ad20.gif)
- 26 Jun 2000 - 20 Jul 2004
-
-
![[Flag of Ajaria]](ge-ad.gif)
- Adopted 20 Jul 2004
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Adopted 26 Jun 2000 |
(26 Jun 2000) |
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(Kars 1918-1919) |
(GEL) |
Religions: Georgian Orthodox 63%, Sunni Muslim 30%, Armenian Christian 0.8% Roman Catholic 0.2%, others 6% (2006) |
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1547 - 1564 Batumi under Ottoman occupation.
1582 - 1609 Batumi under Ottoman occupation.
1614 Annexed by Ottoman Empire (named Acara).
3 Mar 1878 Kars, Adjaria, and Batumi ceded to Russia by Ottoman Empire.
3 Mar 1918 Russia cedes Kars, Adjaria, and Batumi to
the Ottoman Empire by the Treaty of Brest-Litvosk.
14 Apr 1918 - 16 Dec 1918 Ottoman occupation.
15 Aug 1918 Sultan's decree proclaims incorporation of Batumi
region into Ottoman Empire.
1 Dec 1918 - 19 Apr 1919 South-Western Caucasian Republic proclaimed with
capital at Kars after departure of Turkish Army
(see under Turkey).
16 Dec 1918 - 20 Jul 1920 British occupation.
2. Dec 1918 - 28 Apr 1919 Council for Batum region founded (under British control).
21 Jan 1919 Independence of Batum Republic declared.
13 Sep 1919 Committee for Liberation of Muslims of Georgia
found a Mejlis (parliament) of Adjaria at Batum.
8 Apr 1920 By decision of the high council of the Entente,
the port of Batumi is proclaimed a free port and
coastal Adjaria declared a protectorate of the League
of Nations (guaranteed by UK, France, and Italy).
20 Jul 1920 Georgian army enters Adjaria.
12 Feb 1921 Republic of Adjaria declares independence.
11 Mar 1921 - 18 Mar 1921 Turkish occupation.
16 Mar 1921 Turkey recognizes Batumi as part of Georgian S.S.R.
but retains Kars.
16 Jul 1921 Adjarian Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic
(within Georgian S.S.R.) proclaimed.
1991 Adjarian Autonomous Republic part of Georgia
(style confirmed 20 Apr 2000 by Gerogia).
First Secretaries of the Communist Party
1921 - 1922
Tengiz Gigoyevich Zhgenti (b. 1887 - d. 1937)
1922
- 1924 Nikolay Samsonovich
Svanidze (b. 1895 - d. 1937)
1924
- 1925 Levan Davydovich
Gogoberidze (b. 1896 - d. 1937)
192. - 192. Nikolay Nikolayevich Akirtava (b. 1894 - d. 1937)
192. - 1929 Pavel
Grigoryevich Meladze (d. 1937)
1929
Nikolay Yevseyevich Pantskhava (d. 1937)
193. - 13 Jan 1932 Mikhail Alekseyevich Gobechiya (d. 1937)
13 Jan 1932 - 13 Apr 1937 Artemy Grigorevich
Geurkov (b. 1901 - d. 1937)
1937 - 23 Feb 1938 Iosif Dmitriyevich Kochlamazashvili(b. 1906 - d. 19..)
23 Feb 1938 - 29 Nov 1938 Aleksey
Nikolayevich Sadzhaya (b. 1898 - d. 1942)
1938
- 1940 Mikhail Ivanovich
Baramiya (b. 1905 - d. 19..)
1940 - 1944 Georgy Grigoryevich Tvalchrelidze (b. 1896 - d. 1968)
1944 - 1951
Kiril Georgyevich Bechvaya (b. 1905 - d. 19..)
1951 - 12 Jul 1952 Davyd Georgyevich Khantadze (b. 1905 - d. 19..)
12 Jul 1952 - May 1953 Grigory Nayevich Tsintsabadze
May 1953 - Jan 1954 Makary Ivanovich Dzhashi (b. 1902 - d. 19..)
Jan 1954 - Mar 1961 Davyd Mikhailovich Mamuladze (b. 1910 - d. 19..)
Mar 1961 - Jan 1975 Aleksandr
Dursunovich
(b. 1914 - d. 19..)
Tkhilaishvili
Jan 1975 - Aug 1986
Vakhtang Rafayelovich Papunidze (b. 1929)
Aug 1986 - Mar 1990
Guram Khuseynovich Emiridze (b.
1937)
Mar 1990 - 1991
Tengiz Suleymanovich Khakhva (b. 1952)
May 1991 - 199.
Ilya Tsulukidze
Governor-general
16 Dec 1918 - 20 Jul 1920 William James Norman Cooke-Collis (b. 1876 - d. 1941)
(U.K.)
Chairman of Batum Council
2. Dec 1918 - 28 Apr 1919 P. Maslov
Chairman of Batum Regional Revolutionary Committee
20 Mar 1921 - 8 Sep 1921 Sergey Ivanovich Kavtaradze
(b. 1885 - d. 1971)
Chairmen of the Parliament
6 Jun 1921 - 4 Nov 1921 Hasan Lordkinpanidze
7 Nov 1921 - 15 Nov 1921 Hasan Takhsin
Chairman of Batum Regional Revolutionary Committee
16 Jul 1921 - 8 Sep 1921 Sergey Ivanovich Kavtaradze
(s.a.)
Chairmen of Revolutionary Committee (chairman unknown)
8 Sep 1921 - 15 Nov 1921 Hasan Lordkipanidze
+ Z.
Kharazi
+ M.
Kontselidze
+ D.
Pagava
+ Zakariya
D. Lordkipanidze
+ Kh.
Beridze
+ A.G.
Gambarov
+ Tengiz
Gigoyevich Zhgenti
(s.a.)
+ K.V.
Sadzhaya
(chairman
unknown)
Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee
15 Nov 1921 - 1921 Aleksandr Grigoryevich Gambarov (b. 1890 - d. 1937)
1921 - 192.
....
192. - 1928 Motskobili
bf.1929 - bf.1930 Surmanidze
bf.1930 - 1937
Zakariya D. Lordkipanidze
1937 - 1938
Ismail Khasanovich Futkaradze
Chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
Jul 1938 - Jan 1954 Daud Aliyevich Davitadze (b. 1901 - d. 19..)
Jan 1954 - 1955 Archil Mikhailovich Beridze (b. 1922)
(acting)
Apr 1955 - Mar 1969
Revaz Muradovich Komakhidze (b. 1911 - d. 19..)
Mar 1969 - 1990
Davyd Dursunovich Diasamidze (b. 1925)
1990 - 1991
Tengiz Suleymanovich Khakhva (s.a.)
Chairman of the Supreme Council (from 1998, also Head of the
Republic)
15 Mar 1991 - 6 May 2004 Aslan Ibraimis dze Abashidze
(b. 1938)
RDU
(acting
to Jul 1991)
Chairman of the Interim Council
7
May 2004 - 20 Jul 2004 Levan
Varshalomidze
(b. 1972)
Chairman of the Supreme Council
20 Jul 2004 -
Mikheil Makharadze
(b. 1946)
TA
Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars
Jan 1922 - Nov 1922 Aleksandr Grigoryevich Gambarov (s.a.)
192.
- 1928
Takhsim Khimshiashvili (d. 1930)
1928 - 1941
Levan Gogobaridze
1941 - 1946
Ismail Khasanovich Futkaradze
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers
1946 - Oct 1947
Ismail Khasanovich Futkaradze
Oct 1947 - 1953 Mamiya Alekseyevich Gogolishvili (b. 1912 - d. 19..)
1953 - Jan 1954
Davyd Mikhailovich Mamuladze (s.a.)
Jan 1954 - Mar 1961
Aleksandr Dursunovich
(s.a.)
Tkhilaishvili
Mar 1961 - Jan 1975 Levan
Mikhailovich Davitadze (b. 1916 - d. 19..)
Jan 1975 - Jan 1977 Irakli
Azizovich Dzhashi
1977
- 1990
Yuri Gedevanovich Ungiadze (b. 1928)
1990 - Aug 1993
Guram Yegorovich Chigogidze
Aug 1993
Aslan Ibraimis dze Abashidze (s.a.)
(acting)
Aug 1993 - 1994
Guram Varshalomidze
1994 - 199.
Jemal Nakashidze
Prime ministers
16 Nov 1996 - 1999
Avtandil Gorgiladze
(b. 1952)
May 1999 - 2002?
Georgy Tsintskiladze
2002? - 13 Jul 2003 Eduard
Rasimovich Kakabadze
13
Jul 2003 - Aug 2003 Aslan Ibraimis dze Abashidze
(s.a.)
RDU
(acting)
Aug 2003 - 6 Apr 2004 Rezo Shamilishvili
6
Apr 2004 - 6 May 2004 Rostom
Japaridze
(b. 1948)
20 Jul 2004 -
Levan Varshalomidze
(s.a.)
Party abbreviations: RDU = Democratic Revival
Union ("Revival", social-democratic,
pro-Abashidze, Adjar nationalist, est.1995); TA = Triumphant
Ajaria (Ajaria regionalist bloc,
pro-Mikheil Saakashvili)
South Ossetia (Hussar Iryston)
-
![[South Ossetian flag]](ge-so.gif)
- Adopted 13 Jan 1992 (in use from 28 Nov 1990)
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"Respublikae Hussar Irystony Paddzahadon Gimn" of South Ossetia) |
Adopted 5 May 1995 |
(8 Apr 2001; in Russia) |
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Capital: Tskhinvali (Staliniri 1934-1961; Shida Kartli - Gori) |
(RUR) |
Day of Proclamation of the Republic |
98,000 (1989) |
|
|
Imports: $N/A |
Russian 2.1%, Armenian 1.2%, other 5.7% (1989) |
|
|
Total Active Armed Forces: 3,000 (2008 est.) Russian Forces: 3,800 (2008) Merchant marine: None (2008) |
Georgian Orthodox, Jewish |
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| International Organizations/Treaties: None | |||
1775 Russian protectorate over Ossetian lands.
1801 Ossetian lands annexed by the Russian Empire.
20 Apr 1922
South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast within Georgian S.S.R.
20 Sep 1990 State sovereignty of South Ossetia declared as
a constituent republic of the U.S.S.R.
(South Ossetian Soviet Democratic Republic)(not acceded).
16 Oct 1990 Declaration of sovereignty confirmed.
28 Nov 1990 South Ossetian Soviet Republic
11 Dec 1990 Georgia rescinds autonomy, districts divided between Georgian
regions, mostly Shida Kartli (Inner Georgia)(see below).
4 May 1991 Former Oblast authorities rescind sovereignty (South Ossetian
Autonomous Oblast); not recognized by Georgia.
1 Sep 1991 Sovereignty restored (South Ossetian Soviet Republic)
(not recognized).
26 Nov 1991 Republic of South Ossetia
21 Dec 1991 Declaration of independence (recognized only by Russia
on 26 Aug 2008, Nicaragua on 4 Sep 2008 and Venezuela on
10 Sep 2009).
20 Jan 1992
South Ossetian population votes in favor of independence and
integration
with Russia (as part of North Ossetia).
12 Nov 2006
Referendum supports independence from Georgia by 99%.
10 May 2007 Georgia forms the Provisional Administration of South Ossetia
at Kurta.
8 Aug 2008 - 10 Aug 2008 Georgian forces occupy the capital, Tskhinvali.
9 Aug 2008 - Pro-Ossetian intervention by Russian military forces.
First Secretaries of the Oblast Committee of the Communist Party
1921
- 192.
Vladimir Arzhevanovich Sanakoyev (b. 1884 - d. 1937)
192. - 192. Sergey Grigoryevich Gagloyev (d. 1938)
192. - 192. Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Dzhatiyev (b. 1891 - d. 1937)
193. - 1937 Abdul-Bekir Gasanovich Tautiyev (d. 1937)
1938 - Jan 1949
Vladimir Gedenvanovich
(b. 1905 - d. 1976)
Tskhovrebashvili
1951? - 195. Akaky Gabrielovich Imnadze
1951 - 1953 ....
May 1953 - 1955
Ivan Petrovich Kudzhiashvili (b. 1906 - d. 19..)
1955 - 1960
Grigory Georgiyevich Sanakoyev
Feb 1960 - 1962 Vladimir Dmitriyevich Kozayev
1962 - 1965
Iosif Semyonovich Chiayev
(b. 1907 - d. ....)
Feb 1965 - Nov 1973 Georgy
Nikolayevich Dzhussoyev (b. 1926)
Nov 1973 - Apr 1988 Feliks
Sergeyevich Sanakoyev (b. 1939)
Apr 1988 - Nov 1989 Anatoly
Georgyevich Chekhoyev (b. 1950)
1990 - 1991
Valnin Vladimirovich (b. 1933)
Tskhovrebashvili
1991 Znaur Nikolayevich Gassiyev
(b. 1925)
Chairmen of the Executive Committee
1922 - 192. Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Dzhatiyev (s.a.)
192. - 193. ....
193. - 1937 Ivan Petrovich
Dzhidzhoyev (d. 1937)
1937 - 1940? ....
1940? - 194. Vladimir Ivanovich Khubayev
Jul 1943 - 194.
Aleksandr Georgiyevich Galavanov (b. 1902 - d. 1986)
1949? - 195. Ilya Davidovich Kulukhov
195. - 1961
....
1961 - 196.
Vladimir Isakovich Gazzayev (b. 1918)
1964 - 1965
Georgy Nikolayevich Dzhussoyev (s.a.)
Feb 1965 - 1972
Kosta Kargoyevich Dzhioyev (b. 1916)
1973
Feliks Sergeyevich Sanakoyev
(s.a.)
Nov 1973 - Nov 1981 Genrikh Irakliyevich Mardanov (b. 1933)
Nov 1981 - May 1986 Tamara Shalvovna Kabulova (f) (b. 1938)
May 1986 - 1990
Anatoly Kachmazov
Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Council of People's Deputies
20 Sep 1990 – 16 Oct 1990 Feliks Mikhaylovich Zasseyev
(Mihaily fyrt Feliks Zassety)
Chairman of the (to 28 Nov 1990, Provisional) Executive Committee
16 Oct 1990 – 10 Dec 1990 Torez Georgiyevich Kulumbegov (b. 1938 – d. 2006)
(Georgijy fyrt Torez Huylymbegty)
Chairman of the Supreme Council
10 Dec 1990 - 23 Mar 1991 Torez Georgiyevich Kulumbegov (s.a.)
(Georgian prisoner 29 Jan 1991 – 29 Dec 1991)
(1st time)
4 May 1991 - 26 Nov 1991 ....
(chairmen of the Executive Committee of
Council
of People's Deputies; acting for Kulumbegov)
Chairman of the Committee for Stabilization of the Situation in South Ossetia
23 Mar 1991 - 4 May 1991 Znaur Nikolayevich Gassiyev (s.a.)
(Nikolajy fyrt Znauyr Gassity)
Chairmen of the Supreme Council (1992-1994, Chairman of the State Nyhas)
26 Nov 1991 – 29 Dec 1991 Znaur Nikolayevich Gassiyev (s.a.)
29 Dec 1991 – 23 Sep 1993 Torez Georgiyevich Kulumbegov (s.a.)
(2nd time)
23 Sep 1993 - 27 Nov 1996 Lyudvig Alekseyevich Chibirov
(b. 1932)
(Aleksejy fyrt Ludvig Cybyrty)
Presidents
27 Nov 1996 - 18 Dec 2001 Lyudvig Alekseyevich Chibirov
(s.a.)
18 Dec 2001 - Eduard Dzhabeyevich Kokoyev (b. 1964)
(Dzabejy fyrt Eduard Kokoyty)
Prime ministers
28 Nov 1991 - Oct 1993 Oleg Dzherikhanovich Teziyev (b. 1948)
1993 - 1994
Gerasim ("Rezo") Georgyevich (b. 1945)
Khugayev (1st time)
May 1994 - 1995 Eduard Gassiyev
1995 - 24 Sep 1996
Vladislav Nikolayvich Gabarayev (b. 1957)
1996
- Aug 1998
Aleksandr Apollonovich Shavlokhov (b. 1940)
Aug 1998 - Jun 2001
Merab Illyich Chigoyev
(b. 1950)
14 Jun 2001 - Dec 2001 Dmitry Ivanovich
Sanakoyev (b. 1969)
Dec 2001 - Aug 2003 Gerasim ("Rezo") Georgyevich (s.a.)
Khugayev (2nd time)
(acting to 9 Jan 2002)
17 Sep 2003 - May 2005 Igor Viktorovich
Sanakoyev (b. 1947)
May 2005 - 5 Jul 2005 Zurab Revazovich
Kokoyev (acting)
5
Jul 2005 - 17 Aug 2008 Yury Ionovich Morozov
(b. 1949)
17 Aug 2008 - 22 Oct 2008 Boris Eliozovich
Chochiyev (b. 1957)
(acting)
22 Oct 2008 - 5 Aug 2009 Aslanbek Soltanovich Bulatsev (b.
1963)
5 Aug 2009 - Vadim Vladimirovich Brovtsev (b. 1969)
Pro-Georgian South
Ossetian Provisional Government (from 10 May 2007, Provisional
Administration of South Ossetia) at Kurta (until Aug 2008)
![[Pro-Georgian South Ossetian flag]](ge-soset.gif)
10 May 2007 Georgia
forms the Provisional Administration of South Ossetia.
President
1 Dec 2006 - 10 May 2007 Dmitry Ivanovich
Sanakoyev (s.a.) PSOP
Head of Provisional Administration
10 May 2007 - Dmitry Ivanovich
Sanakoyev (s.a.) PSOP
Prime minister
7 Dec 2006 - Sep 2007 Uruzmag Karkusov
Governors (formally State Commissioners)
c.1998 - c. 2002 Irakli Bochoridze
c.2002 Davit Koblianidze
Nov 2003 - Jan 2004 Irakli Okruashvili
(b. 1973)
2004 - 12 Sep 2007 Mikheil Kareli
13 Sep 2007 - 5 Feb 2008 Lasha "Lado" Gegelashvili (b. 1978?) ENM
5 Feb 2008 - Lado Vardzelashvili
ENM
Party abbreviations: ENM = Natshhionakhuri Modraoba–Demokrathebi
(National Movement - Democrats, reformist); SMK = Sakartvelos
Mokalaketa Kavshiri (Citizens Union of Georgia, centrist, pro-Shevardnadze
est.1995); PSOP = People of South Ossetia for Peace (S. Ossetian regionalist, anti-separatist, est.Oct 2006); UP = South Ossetian Republican Political Party "Unity" ("Unity Party", S. Ossetia regionalist, pro-Russia, est.2003)
Georgian Principalities
Guria
![[Flag of Guria]](geo_guri.GIF)
1352
Principality
of Guria established.
1810
Russian
protectorate.
1830
Incorporation
into Russian Empire.
Princes
1689 - 1712
Mamia III (1st time)
(b. 16.. - d. 1714)
1712
Giorgi
IV (1st time)
(b.
1702 - d. 1726)
1712 - 16 Jan 1714
Mamia III (2nd time)
(s.a.)
16 Jan 1714 - 1716
Giorgi IV (2nd time)
(s.a.)
1716
K`aikhosro
III
1716 - 1726
Giorgi IV (3rd time)
(s.a.)
1726
- 1744
Mamia
IV
(b.
c.1717 - d. 1778)
1744
Giorgi
V
1744 - 1792
Svimon II (1st time)
(d. 1792)
1778
- 178.
K`aikhosro
IV
(d.
af.1820)
178. - 1792
Svimon II (2nd time)
(s.a.)
1792
- 1803
Vakhtang
II
(d.
af.1814)
1803
- Jul 1823
Mamia V
(b.
1789 - d. 1823)
1803 - 18..
Marina (f) -Regent
Jul
1823
- Sep 1829
Davit`
(b.
1815 - d. 1839)
Mingrelia (Megrelia)
![[Flag of Mingrelia (Samegrelo)]](geo_odis.GIF)
bf.1323
Principality of Mingrelia (Samegrelo) established.
1803
Russian
protectorate.
1854 - 1856
Occupied by Ottoman Empire.
1857 - 4 Jan 1867
Russian administration.
4 Jan 1867
Incorporation into Russian Empire.
Princes
1691 - 1704
Giorgi IV Lipartiani (1st time) (d. 1716)
1704 - 1710
Kats`ia I
1710 - 1714
Giorgi IV Lipartiani (2nd time)
1715
- 1728
Bezhan
(d.
1728)
1728
- 1744
Otia
(d.
1744)
1744
- 17 Dec 1788
Kats`ia II
(d.
1788)
17 Dec 1788 - 1791
Grigol (1st time)
(b. 17.. - d. 1804)
1791
- 1793
Manuch`ar
II
(b.
17.. - d. 1804)
1793 - 1794
Tariel (1st time)
(b. 17.. - d. 1802)
1794 - 1802
Grigol (2nd time)
(s.a.)
1802
Tariel
(2nd time)
(s.a.)
1802 - 4 Nov 1804
Grigol (3rd time)
(s.a.)
4
Nov 1804
- 1840
Levan V
(b.
1793 - d. 1846)
4 Nov 1804 - 1804
Nino Bagratuni (f) -Regent
(d. 1847)
1804
Nikoloz
Dadiani -Regent
1804
Chkondideli
Bessarion -Regent (d. 1823)
1804
Beri
Gelovani Chikovani -Regent
1840
- 11 Sep 1853
Davit`
(b.
1812 - d. 1853)
11 Sep
1853 - 4 Jan 1867 Nikoloz
(b.
1847 - d. 1903)
11 Sep 1853 - 1857
Ekaterina Chavchandaze (f) -Regent (b. 1816 - d. 1882)
18.. - 18..
Gigol -Regent
(b. 1814 - d. 1901)
18.. - 18..
Zakaria, bishop of Mingrelia -Regent
Svania (Svanet`i)
1460
Principality
of Svania established.
c.1505 - c.1516
Persian occupation.
c.1516
Vassal of Ottoman Empire.
1833
Russian
protectorate.
1858
Incorporation
into Russian Empire.
Princes
1750?
Otar
"the Great"
c.1780
- c.1800
Mistost
(d.
c.1800)
c.1800
- Sep 1841
Tsiokh Nikoloz
(d.
1841)
Sep
1841 - 1846
Mikheil
(d.
1850)
1846
- Sep 1857
Konstantine
(b.
1827 - d. 1858)
©2000 Ben Cahoon