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Georgia
 
[Kingdom of Georgia Flag]
           19 Jan 1762 - 14 Apr 1802 
 
[Russian flag]
           24 Apr 1802 - 26 May 1918 
 
[Flag of Georgia 1918]
              26 May 1918 - 10 Sep 1918
   
[flag of Georgia 1918 - 1921]
                    10 Sep 1918 - 22 Feb 1921 
 
[Flag of Georgia  Feb. 1921]
                    22 Feb 1921 - 25 Feb 1921
 
[Flag of USSR]
                    30 Dec 1922 - 25 Dec 1991
 
[Flag of Georgia 1990-2004]
              14 Nov 1990 - 14 Jan 2004

[Flag of Georgia]
                Adopted 14 Jan 2004


Map of Georgia
Hear National Anthem
"Tavisupleba" (Liberty)
Adopted 23 Apr 2004
Hear Former Anthem
"Dideba zetsit kurthelus"
(Praise Be To The Heavenly
Bestower of Blessings)
(1918-1920, 1991- 2004)
Constitution
(17 Oct 1995)
Capital: T'bilisi 
Currency: Lari (GEL)
National Holiday: 26 May (1918)
Independence Day
Population: 4,630,841 (2008)
2,500,000 (1921)
GDP: $21.6 billion (2008)
Exports: $2.76 billion (2008)
Imports: $7.30 billion (2008)
Ethnic groups: Georgian 83.8%, Azeri 6.5%, Armenian 5.7%,
Russian 1.5%, other 2.5% (2002) 
Total Active Armed Forces: 26,739 (2008)
Russian Troops: 7,600 (2008)
European Observer Force: 200 (2008)
UN Peacekeeping Force: 134 (2008)

Merchant marine: 191 ships (2008)
Religions: Orthodox Christian 83.9%, Armenian-Gregorian 3.9%,
Catholic 0.8%, Muslim 9.9%, other 0.8%, none 0.7% (2002) 
International Organizations/Treaties: ADB, APM, BSEC, BTWC, CE, CFE, CTBT, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, GCTU, GUAM, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, Intersputnik, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC, KP, MIGA, NPT, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SECI (observer), UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Georgia Index
Chronology
1491                       Kingdom of Georgia divided into three Kingdoms 
                             (Imertia, K`art`li, and Kakhet`i).
1505                       Under Persian suzerainty.
1516                       Under Ottoman suzerainty.
1620 - 1683                Under Ottoman suzerainty.
1727 - 1735                Annexed by Ottoman Empire.
1736 - 1744                Annexed by Persia.
19 Jan 1762                Kingdoms of K`art`li and Kakhet`i in personal 
                             union, often officially styled Kingdom of 
                             Georgia.
 9 Jan 1801                Kingdom bequeathed to the Russian Emperor.
24 Apr 1802                Incorporation into Russian Empire; "Georgian Tsar"
                             added to imperial style.
1844                       Part of the Viceroyalty of the Caucasus 
                             (Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia).
1881 - 1905                Part of the Government-general of the Caucasus
1905                       Viceroyalty of the Caucasus (restored).
20 Sep 1917                Transcaucasian Federation created (Armenia,
                             Azerbaijan, and Georgia).
22 Apr 1918 - 26 May 1918  Part of Democratic Federative Republic
                             of Transcaucasia.
 4 Jun 1918 - 11 Nov 1918  Brief German protectorate.
18 Sep 1918 - 12 Apr 1919  Sochi district annexed by Georgia (occupied 
                             from 6 Jul 1918).
26 May 1918                Democratic Republic of Georgia (in dissidence to
                             16 Mar 1921).
 7 May 1920                Independence recognized by Soviet Russia.
25 Feb 1921                Socialist Conciliar Republic of Georgia.
13 Oct 1921                Georgia cedes Ardahan and Artuin to Turkey; Lorri 
                             to Armenian S.S.R., Zaqatala to Azerbaijani
                             S.S.R.
12 Mar 1922                Part of the Federative Union of Socialist Soviet
                             Republics of Transcaucasia.
13 Dec 1922                Part of the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative 
                             Soviet Republic (see below).
30 Dec 1922                T.S.F.S.R. founding component of the Soviet Union
                             (see Russia).
 5 Dec 1936                T.S.F.S.R. dissolved; Georgian Soviet Socialist
                            Republic becomes a full union republic.
18 Nov 1989                State sovereignty declared.
14 Nov 1990                Republic of Georgia
 9 Apr 1991                Independence declared.
28 Nov 1991                South Ossetia declares independence from Georgia
                            (not recognized; only from 26 Aug 2008 by Russia).
25 Dec 1991                Final independence (dissolution of the U.S.S.R.).
23 Jul 1992                Abkhazia declares its independence from Georgia 
                            (not recognized; only from 26 Aug 2008 by Russia).
26 Nov 1995                Georgia
8/9 Aug 2008 -             Russian intervention in South Ossetia and Abkhazia
                             and Georgia proper at Gori, Poti and Zugdidi
                             Russian forces leave Georgia proper 8 Oct 2008,
                             but remain in Abkhazia and South Ossetia.
Georgia
(1918-1922,
from 1993)
Kingdom of
Georgia
  • K`art`li
  • Kakhet`i
  • K`art`li-Kakhet`i
  • Imeret`i
  • Georgian S.S.R.
    (1921-1991)
    Transcaucasia and
    Transcaucasian
    S.S.R.
    (1802-1936)
    Abkhazia
    Adjaria
    South Ossetia
    Georgian Principalities
  • Guria
  • Mingrelia
  •       (Samegrelo)
  • Svania
  •        (Svanet`i)
    Georgian Orthodox
    Church
    Map of Georgia
    in May 1921
     

    K`art`li

    [Kingdom of K`art`li Flag]

    1491                       Kingdom of K`art`li, part of the Kingdom of Georgia,
                                 established.
    1516 - 1620                Vassal of Ottoman Empire.
    1620 - 1688                Vassal of Persia.
    1683 - 1801                Vassal of Ottoman Empire.
    1727 - 1735                Annexed by Ottoman Empire.
    1736 - 1744                Annexed by Persia (Iran).
    19 Jan 1762                Personal union with Kakhet`i re-established.

    Kings (alternative names are the official Ottoman and/or Persian names)
    1695 - 1703                Nikoloz Irakli I                  (b. 1643 - d. 1710)
                                 (Nazar `Ali Khan) (2nd time)
    1703 -  2 May 1709         Giorgi XI (Gurjin Khan            (b. af.1648 - d. 1709)
                                 and Shah Nawaz III) (3rd time)
     2 May 1709 - Jul 1709     Levanti (Shah Qoli Khan)          (b. c.1659 - d. 1709)
    Jul 1709 -  8 Oct 1711     K`aikhosro (Khosraw Khan)         (b. 1674 - d. 1711)
     8 Oct 1711 - Oct 1714     Vakhtang VI (Hoseyn Qoli Khan)    (b. 1675 - d. 1737)
                                 (1st time)
    Oct 1714 - Jun 1716        Iese (`Ali Qoli Khan) (1st time)  (b. 16.. - d. 1727)
    1716 - 1717                Vakhtang VI (Hoseyn Qoli Khan)    (s.a.)
                                 (2nd time)
    1717 - Aug 1719            Bak`ar III (Shah Nawaz IV)        (b. 1700? - d. 1750)
                                 (1st time)
    Aug 1719 - May 1723        Vakhtang VI (Hoseyn Qoli Khan)    (s.a.)
                                 (3rd time)
    May 1723 - Jun 1723        Konstantine III (Mahmud Qoli Khan)
    Jun 1723 - Jul 1724        Bak`ar III (Ebrahim Pasha)        (s.a.)
                                 (2nd time)
    1724 - 1727                Iese (Mostafa Pasha) (2nd time)   (s.a.)
    1727 - 1735                Vacant
    1735 - 1736                Alek`sandre II (`Ali Mirza)
    1736 - 1744                Vacant
    Jul 1744 - 19 Jan 1762     T`eimuraz II                      (b. 1680 - d. 1762)


    Kakhet`i

    [Kingdom of Kakhet`i  Flag]

    1491                       Kingdom of Kakhet`i, part of the Kingdom of Georgia, established.
    1516 - 1620                Vassal of Ottoman Empire.
    1620 - 1676                Vassal of Persia.
    1676 - 1703                Annexed by Persia (Iran).
    1703 - 1801                Vassal of Ottoman Empire.

    Kings (alternative names are the official Ottoman and/or Persian names)
    May 1703 - May 1721        Davit` II (Emam Qoli Khan)         (b. 1678 - d. 1721)
    May 1721 -  4 Dec 1732     Konstantine II (Mahmud Qoli Khan   (d. 1732)
                                 [from 1724] Mahmud Pasha)
     4 Dec 1732 - 1736         T`eimuraz II (1st time)            (s.a.)
    1736 - 1738                Alek`sandre III
    1738 - 1744                T`eimuraz II (2nd time)            (s.a.)
    Jul 1744 - 19 Jan 1762     Irakli II                          (b. 1721 - d. 1798)


    K`art`li and Kakhet`i  (styled Kingdom of Georgia)

    [Kingdom of Georgia Flag]

    19 Jan 1762                Kingdoms of K`art`li and Kakhet`i in personal union,
                                 often officially styled Kingdom of Georgia.
     9 Jan 1801                Kingdom bequeathed to the Russian emperor.
    24 Apr 1802                Incorporation into Russian Empire; "Georgian Tsar" added
                                 to imperial style.

    Kings
    19 Jan 1762 - 22 Jan 1798  Irakli II                          (b. 1721 - d. 1798)
    22 Jan 1798 -  9 Jan 1801  Giorgi XII                         (b. 1746 - d. 1801)
     9 Jan 1801 - 24 Apr 1802  Provisional Government
                               - Ivan Petrovich Lazarev           (b. 1763 - d. 1803)
                                 (chairman from 3 Jun 1801)
                               - Prince Ioane Batonishvili        (b. 1768 - d. 1839)
                               - Ignati T`umanishvili
    20 Jan 1801 - 24 Apr 1802  Crown Prince Davit` Batonishvili   (b. 1767 - d. 1819)
                                 (semi-officially recognized as regent)


    Imeret`i

    [Imereti Kingdom, XVth-XVIIIth centuries]

    1491                       Kingdom of Imeret`i, part of the Kingdom of Georgia,
                                 established.
    1716 - 1720                Ottoman occupation.
    1804                       Russian protectorate.
    23 May 1810                Incorporation into Russian Empire.

    Kings
    1701 - 1702                Mamia (1st time)                   (b. 16.. - d. 1714)
    1702 - 1703                Giorgi V (1st time)                (b. 16.. - d. 1722)
    1703                       Giorgi VI (1st time)               (b. 1691 - d. 1720)
    1703 - 1707                Giorgi V (2nd time)                (s.a.)
    1707 - Oct 1711            Giorgi VI (2nd time)               (s.a.)
    Oct 1711 - Jun 1712        Mamia (2nd time)                   (s.a.)
    Jun 1712 - Nov 1713        Giorgi VI (3rd time)               (s.a.)
    Nov 1713 - May 1714        Mamia (3rd time)                   (s.a.)
    May 1714 - Mar 1720        Giorgi VI (4th time)               (s.a.)
    Mar 1720 - Jun 1720        Giorgi IV                          (b. 1702 - d. 1726)
    Jun 1720 - 1741            Alek`sandre V (1st time)           (d. 1752)
    1741 - 1742                Giorgi VII                         (b. 1721 - d. af.1772)
    1742 - 1747                Alek`sandre V (2nd time)           (s.a.)
    1747 - 1749                Mamuka
    1749 - Mar 1752            Alek`sandre V (3rd time)           (s.a.)
    Mar 1752 - 1765            Solomon I "Didi" (1st time)        (b. 1735 - d. 1784)
    1765 - 1768                T`eimuraz
    1768 -  4 May 1784         Solomon I "Didi" (2nd time)        (s.a.)
     4 May 1784 - 1789         Davit`                             (b. 1756 - d. 1795)
                                 (continuing in rebellion to 1792)
    1789 - 23 May 1810         Solomon II                         (b. 1773 - d. 1815)


    Georgia

    26 May 1918                Democratic Republic of Georgia (in dissidence to 16 Mar 1921).
    25 Feb 1921                Socialist Conciliar Republic of Georgia
    12 Mar 1922                Part of the Federative Union of Socialist Soviet
                                 Republics of Transcaucasia (see below).
    13 Dec 1922                Part of the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet
                                 Republic (see below).
     5 Dec 1936                T.S.F.S.R. dissolved; Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic
                                 becomes a full
    union republic (see below).
    14 Nov 1990                Republic of Georgia
     9 Apr 1991                Independence declared.
    25 Dec 1991                Final independence (dissolution of the U.S.S.R.).
    26 Nov 1995                Georgia

    Chairmen of the National Council
    26 May 1918 - 24 Jun 1918? Noe Nikolozis dze Zhordania        (b. 1868 - d. 1953)  SDWP
    24 Jun 1918 -  1? Oct 1918 Nikoloz Simonis dze Chkheidze      (b. 1865 - d. 1926)  SDWP
    Chairman of the Parliament

     1? Oct 1918 - 12 Mar 1919 Nikoloz Simonis dze Chkheidze      (s.a.)               SDWP
    Chairmen of the Constituent Assembly
    12 Mar 1919 - 1920         Aleksandre Spiridonis dze                               SDWP
                                 Lomtatidze (acting)
    1920 - 25 Feb 1921         Nikoloz Simonis dze Chkheidze      (s.a.)               SDWP
                                 (in dissidence to 16 Mar 1921)
    Chairmen of the Revolutionary Committee

    25 Feb 1921 –  6 Mar 1921  Mamia Dimitris dze Orakhelashvili  (b. 1881 - d. 1937)  SKP
                                 (acting)
     6 Mar 1921 -  7 Jul 1921  P'ilipe Ieses dze Makharadze       (b. 1868 - d. 1941)  SKP

     7 Jul 1921 -  7 Mar 1922  Polikarp Gurgenis dze Mdivani      (b. 1877 - d. 1937)  SKP
    Chairman of the Central Executive Committee
     7 Mar 1922 - 22 Jan 1923  P'ilipe Ieses dze Makharadze       (s.a.)               SKP
    Chairman of the Supreme Council
    14 Nov 1990 - 14 Apr 1991  Zviad Konstantines dze             (b. 1939 - d. 1993)  MM-TS
                                 Gamsakhurdia
    Presidents
    14 Apr 1991 -  6 Jan 1992¹ Zviad Konstantines dze             (s.a.)               MM-TS
                                 Gamsakhurdia
     6 Jan 1992 - 10 Mar 1992  Tengiz Kalistratis dze Kitovani    (b. 1939)            Mil
                               + Dzhaba Aleksandres dze Ioseliani (b. 1926 - d. 2003)  Mil
                               (co-leaders of the Military Council)
    Chairman of the State Council
    10 Mar 1992 -  4 Nov 1992  Eduard Amvrosis dze Shevardnadze   (b. 1928)            Non-party
    Head of State
     4 Nov 1992 - 26 Nov 1995  Eduard Amvrosis dze Shevardnadze   (s.a.)               Non-party
                                 (Chairman of the Parliament to 6 Nov 1992)
    Presidents

    26 Nov 1995 - 23 Nov 2003  Eduard Amvrosis dze Shevardnadze   (s.a.)               SMK
    23 Nov 2003 - 25 Jan 2004  Nino Anzoris asuli Burdzhanadze (f)(b. 1964)            BDA
                                 (1st time)(acting)
    25 Jan 2004 - 25 Nov 2007  Mikheil Nikolozis dze Saakashvili  (b. 1967)            ENM
                                 (1st time)
    25 Nov 2007 - 20 Jan 2008  
    Nino Anzoris asuli Burdzhanadze (f)(s.a.)               BDA
                                 (2nd time)(acting)
    20 Jan 2008 -              Mikheil Nikolozis dze Saakashvili  (s.a.)               ENM
                                 (2nd time)

    Prime ministers
    26 May 1918 - 24 Jun 1918  Noe Besarionis dze Ramishvili      (b. 1881 - d. 1930)
    24 Jun 1918 - 1921         Noe Nikolozis dze Zhordania        (s.a.)               SDWP
    Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars
    Feb 1922 - 1923            Sergey Ivanovich Kavtaradze        (b. 1885 - d. 1971)  SKP
    Prime ministers
    15 Nov 1990 - 18 Aug 1991  Tengiz Ipolitovich Sigua (1st time)(b. 1934)            Non-party 
    18 Aug 1991 - 23 Aug 1991  Murman Omanidze (acting)           (b. 1938)            Non-party
    23 Aug 1991 -  6 Jan 1992¹ Bessarion Paatovich Gugushvili     (b. 1945)            MM-TS
     6 Jan 1992 -  6 Aug 1993  Tengiz Ipolitovich Sigua (2nd time)(s.a.)               Non-party
     6 Aug 1993 - 20 Aug 1993  Eduard Amvrosis dze Shevardnadze   (s.a.)               Non-party
                                 (acting) 
    20 Aug 1993 -  5 Oct 1995  Otar Ambakovich Patsatsia          (b. 1929)            Non-party
    Ministers of state
     8 Dec 1995 -  7 Aug 1998  Nikoloz "Niko" Mikheilis dze       (b. 1947)            SMK
                                 Lekishvili
     7 Aug 1998 - 11 May 2000  Vazha Giorgis dze Lortkipanidze    (b. 1949)            SMK
    11 May 2000 - 21 Dec 2001  Giorgi Longinozovich Arsenishvili  (b. 1942)            SMK
    21 Dec 2001 - 27 Nov 2003  Avtandil Khristoforovich           (b. 1951)            SMK
                                 Jorbenadze
    27 Nov 2003 - 17 Feb 2004  Zurab Besarionis dze Zhvania       (b. 1963 - d. 2005)  BDA
    Prime ministers
    17 Feb 2004 -  3 Feb 2005  Zurab Besarionis dze Zhvania       (s.a.)               BDA
     3 Feb 2005 - 17 Feb 2005  Mikheil Nikolozis dze Saakashvili  (s.a.)               ENM
                                 (acting) 
    17 Feb 2005 - 22 Nov 2007  Zurab Teymurazovich Nogaideli      (b. 1964)            BDA
    22 Nov 2007 -  1 Nov 2008  Vladimer "Lado" Gurgenidze         (b. 1970)            Non-party
     1 Nov 2008 -  6 Feb 2009  Grigol Mgaloblishvili
                 (b. 1973)            Non-party
     6 Feb 2009 -
                 Nikoloz "Nika" Gilauri             (b. 1975)            Non-party


    National Government of Georgia (NGG) in exile

    [Flag of Georgia  Feb. 1921]

    Heads of state
    18 Mar 1921 - 11 Jan 1953  Noe Nikolozis dze Zhordania        (s.a.)               SDWP
                                 (in Leuville-sur-Orge, France exile)
    1953 - Jun 1954            Yevgeniy Petrovich Gegechkori      (b. 1881 - d. 1954)  SDWP
                                 (in Leuville-sur-Orge, France exile)

     ¹The ousted administration of Gamsakhurdia and Gugushvili formed a counter-government at Zugdidi on 24 Sep 1993 that controlled part of western Georgia until 6 Nov 1993.

    Territorial Disputes: Russia and Georgia agree on delimiting 80% of their common border, leaving certain small, strategic segments and the maritime boundary unresolved; OSCE observers monitor volatile areas such as the Pankisi Gorge in the Akhmeti region and the Argun Gorge in Abkhazia; UN Observer Mission in Georgia has maintained a peacekeeping force in Georgia since 1993; Meshkheti Turks scattered throughout the former Soviet Union seek to return to Georgia; boundary with Armenia remains undemarcated; ethnic Armenian groups in Javakheti region of Georgia seek greater autonomy from the Georgian government; Azerbaijan and Georgia continue to discuss the alignment of their boundary at certain crossing areas

    Party abbreviations: BDA = Burdzhanadze-Demokratiuli Aliansi (Burdzhanadze-Democratic Alliance, reform, social-democratic est.2003); EDP = Erovnul Demokratiuli Partia (National Democratic Party, christian-democratic); ENM = Natshhionakhuri Modraoba–Demokrathebi (National Movement - Democrats, reformist); SKP = Sakartvelos Komunisturi Partia (Communist Party of Georgia, communist); SMK = Sakartvelos Mokalaketa Kavshiri (Citizens Union of Georgia, centrist, pro-Shevardnadze est.1995); SSAK = Sruliad Sak'art'velos Aghordzinebis Kavshiri (All-Georgian Union for Revival); Mil = Military;
    - Former parties: MM-TS = Round Table-Free Georgia, nationalist, Z. Gamsakhurdia personalist); SDWP = Social Democratic Worker's Party ("Menshevik" socialist)



    Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic
     
    Flag of Georgian SSR in 1922
                       28 Feb 1922 - 13 Feb 1937
     
    Flag of Georgian SSR in 1937
                            13 Feb 1937 - 1941
     
    Flag of Georgian SSR in 1941
                             1941 - 11 Apr 1951
     
    Flag of Georgian SSR in 1951
                       11 Apr 1951 - 14 Nov 1990
     

     

    Capital: Tbilisi
    (Tiflis 1921-1936)
    Hear SSR Anthem
    "State Anthem of
    Georgian SSR"
    (1946-1991)
    Constitution
    (3 Apr 1978)
    Population: 5,015,000 (1980)

    13 Dec 1922 -  5 Dec 1936  Part of the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet
                                 Republic (see below).

    First secretaries of the Georgian Communist Party (SKP)
    Mar 1921 - Apr 1922        Mamia Dmitriyevich Orakhelishvili  (b. 1881 - d. 1937)
    Apr 1922 - 22 Oct 1922     Mikhail Stepanovich Okudzhava      (b. 1883 - d. 1937)
    25 Oct 1922 - Aug 1924     Vissarion Vissarionovich Lominadze (b. 1897 - d. 1935)

    Aug 1924 -  6 May 1930     Mikhail Ivanovich Kakhiani         (b. 1897 - d. 1937)

     6 May 1930 - 19 Nov 1930  Levan Davydovich Gogoberidze       (b. 1896 - d. 1937)

    20 Nov 1930 - 11 Sep 1931  Samson Andreyevich Mamulia         (b. 1892 - d. 1937)
    11 Sep 1931 - 14 Nov 1931  Lavrenty Iosipovich Kartvelishvili (b. 1891 - d. 1938)
    14 Nov 1931 -
    31 Aug 1938  Lavrenty Pavlovich Beria           (b. 1899 - d. 1953)
    31 Aug 1938 -  2 Apr 1952  Kandid Nestorovich Charkviani      (b. 1907 - d. 1994)

     2 Apr 1952 - 14 Apr 1953  Akaki Ivanovich Mgeladze           (b. 1910 - d. 1980)
    14 Apr 1953 - 19 Sep 1953  Aleksandr Iordanovich Mirtskhulava (b. 1911)
    20 Sep 1953 - 29 Sep 1972  Vasily Pavlovich Mzhavanadze       (b. 1902 - d. 1988)
    29 Sep 1972 -  6 Jul 1985  Eduard Amvrosiyevich Shevardnadze  (b. 1928)
     6 Jul 1985 - 14 Apr 1989  Dzhumber Ilich Patiashvili         (b. 1939)
    14 Apr 1989 -  7 Dec 1990  Givi Grigoryevich Gumbaridze       (b. 1945)
     7 Dec 1990 - 19 Feb 1991  Avtandil Antonovich Margiani       (b. 1945)
    20 Feb 1991 - 26 Aug 1991  Dzhemal ("Jimi") Pridonovich       (b. 1936)
                                 Mikeladze        

    Chairmen of the Revolutionary Committee
    25 Feb 1921 –  6 Mar 1921  Mamia Dmitriyevich Orakhelishvili  (s.a.)               SKP
                                 (acting)
     6 Mar 1921 -  7 Jul 1921  
    Filipp Yeseyevich Makharadze       (b. 1868 - d. 1941)  SKP
     7 Jul 1921 - 28 Feb 1922  Polikarp Gurgenovich "Budu"        (b. 1877 - d. 1937)  SKP
                                 Mdivani 
    Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee
    28 Feb 1922 - Oct 1922     Filipp Yeseyevich Makharadze       (s.a.)               SKP
                                 (1st time)
    Oct 1922 - Jan 1923        Ivan Fyodorovich Sturua            (b. 1870 - d. 1931)  SKP
    22 Jan 1923 - Jun 1925     Mikhail Grigoryevich Tskhakaya     (b. 1865 - d. 1959)  SKP
                                 (1st time)
    Jun 1925 - 14 Jun 1927     Filipp Yeseyevich Makharadze       (s.a.)               SKP
                                 (2nd time)
    14 Jun 1927 - Apr 1928     Lavrenty Iosipovich Kartvelishvili (s.a.)               SKP
    Apr 1928 - Jun 1929        Filipp Yeseyevich Makharadze       (s.a.)               SKP
                                 (3rd time) 
    Jun 1929 - Dec 1930        Mikhail Grigoryevich Tskhakaya     (s.a.)               SKP
                                 (2nd time)
    Jan 1931 - Jul 1938        Filipp Yeseyevich Makharadze       (s.a.)               SKP
                                 (4th time)
    Chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
    10 Jul 1938 - 10 Dec 1941  Filipp Yeseyevich Makharadze       (s.a.)               SKP
    14 Dec 1941 - 26 Mar 1948  Georgy Fyodorovich Sturua          (b. 1884 - d. 1956)  SKP
    26 Mar 1948 -  6 Apr 1952  Vasily Barnabovich Gogua           (b. 1908 - d. ....)  SKP
     6 Apr 1952 - 15 Apr 1953  Zakhary Nikolayevich               (b. 1903 - d. ....)  SKP
                                 Chkhubianishvili 
    15 Apr 1953 - 29 Oct 1953  Vladimir Gedevanovich              (b. 1905 - d. 1976)  SKP

                                 Tskhovrebashvili 
    29 Oct 1953 - 17 Apr 1959  Miron Dmitriyevich Chubinidze      (b. 1905)            SKP
    18 Apr 1959 -  6 Jan 1976  Georgy Samsonovich Dzotsenidze     (b. 1910 - d. 1976)  SKP
    26 Jan 1976 - 29 Mar 1989  Pavel Georgyevich Gilashvili       (b. 1918 - d. 1994)  SKP
    29 Mar 1989 - 17 Nov 1989  Otar Yevtikhiyevich Cherkeziya     (b. 1933)            SKP
    17 Nov 1989 - 14 Nov 1990  Givi Grigoryevich Gumbaridze       (s.a.)               SKP
    Chairman of the Supreme Council
    14 Nov 1990 - 14 Apr 1991  Zviad Konstantonovich Gamsakhurdia (b. 1939 - d. 1993)  FG

    Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars
     7 Mar 1922 - Apr 1922     Polikarp Gurgenovich Mdivani       (s.a.)               SKP
    Apr 1922 - Jan 1923        Sergey Ivanovich Kavtaradze        (b. 1885 - d. 1971)  SKP

    Jan 1923 - Jun 1927        Shalva Zurabovich Eliava           (b. 1883 - d. 1937)  SKP
    Jun 1927 - 1929            Lavrenty Iosipovich Kartvelishvili (s.a.)               SKP 
    Jun 1929 - Jan 1931        Filipp Yeseyevich Makharadze       (s.a.)               SKP

    Jan 1931 - 22 Sep 1931     Vladimir (Levan) Pavlovich                              SKP
                                 Sukhishvili
    22 Sep 1931 - Jun 1937     German Andreyevich Mgaloblishvili  (d. 1937)            SKP
     9 Jul 1937 - 15 Apr 1946  Valerian Minayevich Bakradze       (b. 1901 - d. 19..)  SKP
    Chairmen of the Council of Ministers
    15 Apr 1946 - Dec 1946     Valerian Minayevich Bakradze       (s.a.)               SKP
                                 (1st time)
    Dec 1946 -  6 Apr 1952     Zakhary Nikolayevich               (s.a.)               SKP
                                 Chkhubianishvili
     6 Apr 1952 - 16 Apr 1953  Zakhary Nikolayevich Kechkhoveli   (b. 1902 - d. 1970)  SKP
    16 Apr 1953 - 20 Sep 1953  Valerian Minayevich Bakradze       (s.a.)               SKP
                                 (2nd time)
    21 Sep 1953 - 17 Dec 1975  Givi Dmitriyevich Dzhavakhishvili  (b. 1912 - d. 1985)  SKP
    17 Dec 1975 -  5 Jun 1982  Zurab Aleksandrovich Pataridze     (b. 1928 - d. 1982)  SKP
     2 Jul 1982 - 12 Apr 1986  Dmitry Levanovich Kartvelishvili   (b. 1927)            SKP
    12 Apr 1986 - 29 Mar 1989  Otar Yevtikhiyevich Cherkeziya     (s.a.)               SKP
    29 Mar 1989 - 14 Apr 1989  Zurab Amvrosiyevich Chkheidze      (b. 1930)            SKP
    14 Apr 1989 - 15 Nov 1990  Nodari Amvrosiyevich Chitanava     (b. 1935)            SKP
    15 Nov 1990 - 18 Aug 1991  Tengiz Ippolitovich Sigua          (b. 1934)            SKP

    Party abbreviations: FG = Free Georgia (nationalist, Z. Gamsakhurdia personalist);
    SKP = Sakartvelos Komunisturi Partia (Communist Party of Georgia, communist -only legal party 1922-1991)


    Kutaisi

     3 Nov 1951                Kutaisi oblast
    23 Apr 1953                Abolished.

    First Secretaries of the Oblast Committee of the Communist Party
    Nov 1951 - 26 Apr 1952     Akaki Ivanovich Mgeladze           (b. 1910 - d. 1980)  SKP
    27 Apr 1952 - Apr 1953     Maksim Konstantinovich Balavadze   (b. 1910 - d. 19..)  SKP

    Chairmen of the Executive Committee
    25 Dec 1951 - 1952         Boris Yermolayevich Lomidze        (b. 1909 - d. 19..)  SKP
    1952 - Apr 1953            Sergey Viktorovich Sakvarelidze    (b. 1911 - d. 19..)  SKP


    Tbilisi

     3 Nov 1951                Tbilisi oblast
    23 Apr 1953                Abolished.

    First Secretaries of the Oblast Committee of the Communist Party
    Nov 1951 - 26 Apr 1952     Mikhail Mikhailovich Lelashvili    (b. 1910 - d. 19..)  SKP
    27 Apr 1952 - Apr 1953     Konstantin Dmitriyevich
               (b. 1904 - d. 19..)  SKP
                                 Budzhiashvili

    Chairman of the Executive Committee
     4 Dec 1951 - Apr 1953     Ivan Petrovich Kudzhiashvili       (b. 1906 - d. 19..)  SKP



    Transcaucasia

     
    [Russian flag]
                     1802 - 22 Apr 1918
     
    [Transcaucasian Federation unofficial flag, 1918]
                22 Apr 1918 - 26 May 1918 Unofficial
     
    [Flag of Federative Union of Socialist Soviet Republics of Transcaucasia, 1922]
                            12 Mar 1922 - 1923
     
    [Flag of Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, 1923-1936]
                              1923 - 5 Dec 1936
     


    Capital: Tiflis
    Hear National Anthem
    (1923-1936)
    Constitution
    (13 Dec 1922 - 5 Dec 1936)
    Population: 5,850,700 (1926)

    1802                       Russian regional administration established.
    1844                       Part of the Viceroyalty of the Caucasus (Armenia, Azerbaijan, 
                                 and Georgia).
     3 Mar 1878                Kars, Ardahan, and Batumi ceded to Russia by Ottoman Empire.
    1881 - 1905                Part of the Government-general of the Caucasus
    1905 - 1917                Viceroyalty of the Caucasus (restored).
    28 Nov 1917                Transcaucasian Commissariat founded at Tiflis (modern Tbilisi).
    23 Feb 1918                Transcaucasian Parliament Convoked by Transcaucasian Commissariat
                                 in Tiflis (modern Tbilisi), included members of
                                 Constituent Assembly (from Petrograd, Jan 1918)
                                 elected from Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan.
    26 Mar 1918                Transcaucasian Commissariat abolished.
    22 Apr 1918                Democratic Federative Republic of Transcaucasia
                                 (consisting of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia),
                                 independence from Russia.
    26 May 1918                Dissolution into three independent republics, including 
                                 the Georgian Democratic Republic, after parleys with 
                                 German and Turkish military forces at Batum 
                                 (24 May 1918-8 Jun 1918).
    12 Mar 1922                Federative Union of Socialist Soviet Republics of 
                                 Transcaucasia.
    13 Dec 1922                Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (T.S.F.S.R.)
    30 Dec 1922                Accession to the Soviet Union.
     5 Dec 1936                T.S.F.S.R. dissolved.

    First Secretaries of the Transcaucasian Communist Party (CPTSSF)
    Apr 1922 - 22 Mar 1925     Aleksandr Miasnikyan               (b. 1886 - d. 1925)
                                 (Armenian SSR)
    26 Mar 1925 - Sep 1926     Sergo (Grigory Konstantinovich)    (b. 1886 - d. 1937)
                                 Ordzhonikidze (Georgian SSR)
    Sep 1926 - Jun 1929        Mamia Dmitriyevich Orakhelishvili  (b. 1881 - d. 1937)
                                 (Georgian SSR) (1st time)

    Jun 1929 - Nov 1930        Rukholla Ali ogly Akhundov         (b. 1897 - d. 1938)
                                 (Azerbaijani SSR)
    Nov 1930 - 11 Nov 1931     Vissarion Vissarionovich Lominadze (b. 1897 - d. 1935)
                                 (Georgian SSR)
    11 Nov 1931 -  9 Oct 1932  Mamia Dmitriyevich Orakhelishvili  (s.a.)
                                 (Georgian SSR) (2nd time)
     9 Oct 1932 -  4 Dec 1936  Lavrenty Pavlovich Beria           (b. 1899 - d. 1953)
                                 (Georgian SSR)

    Governors
    1802 - 1803                Carl Heinrich Knorring
    1803 -  8 Feb 1806         Prince Pavel Dmitryevich Citsianov (b. 1754 - d. 1806)
    1806 - 1809                Count Ivan Vasilyevich Gudovich    (b. 1741 - d. 1820)
    1809 - 1811                Aleksandr Petrovich Tormasov       (b. 1752 - d. 1819)
    1811 - 1812                Marquis Filippo Paulucci           (b. 1779 - d. 1849)
    1812 - 1816                Nikolay Fyodorovich Rtishstev      (b. 1754 - d. 1835)
    1817 - 1827                Aleksey Petrovich Ermolov          (b. 1777 - d. 1861) 
    1827 - 1830                Count Ivan Fyodorovich Paskevich
                                 Paskevich-Erivanskiy             (b. 1782 - d. 1856)
    1830 - 1837                Grigory Vladimirovich Rozen
    1837 - 1842                Evgeny Aleksandrovich Golovin      (b. 1782 - d. 1858)
    1842 - 1844                Aleksandr Ivanovich Neydgardt      (b. 1784 - d. 1845)
    Viceroys of Transcaucasia
    1845 - 1853                Mikhail Semyonovich Prince         (b. 1782 - d. 1856)
                                 Vorontsov
    1853 - 1854                Nikolay Andreyevich Read (acting)  (b. 1792 - d. 1855)
    1854 - 1856                Nikolay Nikolayevich Muravyev      (b. 1794 - d. 1866) 
    1856 - 1862                Prince Aleksandr Ivanovich         (b. 1814 - d. 1879)
                                 Baryatinsky
    1862 - 1881                Grand Duke Mikhail Nikolayevich    (b. 1832 - d. 1909)
                                 Romanov
    Chief Heads of the Civil Administration of the Caucasus
    1882 - 1890                Prince Aleksandr Michailovich      (b. 1822 - d. 1893)
                                 Dondukov-Korsakov 
    1890 - 1896                Sergey Aleksandrovich Sheremetyev  (b. 1836 - d. 1896)
    1896 - 1904                Prince Grigory Sergeyevich         (b. 1835 - d. 1907)
                                 Golitsyn
    1904 - 1905                Yakov Dmitryevich Malama (acting)  (b. 1841 - d. 1912)
    Viceroys
    1905 - 1915                Count Illaryon Ivanovich,          (b. 1837 - d. 1916)
                                 Vorontsov-Dashkov 
    1915 - Feb 1917            Grand Duke Nikolay Nikolayevich    (b. 1837 - d. 1929)
                                 Romanov
    Chairman of the Transcaucasian Commissariat
    28 Nov 1917 - 26 Mar 1918  Yevgeniy Petrovich Gegechkori      (b. 1881 - d. 1954)  SDWP
    Chairman of the Diet
    22 Apr 1918 - 26 May 1918  Nikoloz Simonis dze Chkheidze      (b. 1865 - d. 1926)  SDWP
    Union Council
    12 Mar 1922 - 13 Dec 1922  Nariman Kerbalay Nejef ogly        (b. 1870 - d. 1925)  AKP
                                 Narimanov (Azerbaijani SSR)
                               + Polikarp Gurgernovich "Budu"     (b. 1877 - d. 1937)  SKP
                                   Mdivani (Georgian SSR)
                               + Aleksandr Fyodorovich Miasnikyan (b. 1886 - d. 1925)  KPA
                                  (Armenian SSR)
    Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee
    - Armenian SSR -
    13 Dec 1922 - Jun 1925     Sarkis Saakovich Ambartsumyan      (b. 1880 - d. 1944)  CPTSSF
    Jun 1925 - Jul 1927        Sarkis Meliksetovich Khanoyan      (b. 1877 - d. 1937)
     CPTSSF
    Jul 1927 - Feb 1931        Sarkis Ivanovich Kasyan            (b. 1876 - d. 1937)  CPTSSF
    Feb 1931 - Jan 1935        Armenek Artyomovich Ananyan
    Jan 1935 -  5 Dec 1936     Sergo Nikolayevich Martikyan       (b. 1874 - d. 1957)
     CPTSSF
    - Azerbaijani SSR -
    13 Dec 1922 - 1929         Samed Aga Agamali ogly Aliyev      (b. 1867 - d. 1930)
     CPTSSF
    1929 - 13 Dec 1931         Gazanfar Makhmud ogly Musabekov    (b. 1888 - d. 1938)  CPTSSF
    13 Dec 1931 -  5 Dec 1936  Sultan Medzhid Medzhid ogly        (b. 1887 - d. 1938)  CPTSSF
                                 Efendiyev
    - Georgian SSR -
    13 Dec 1922 - 1927         Mikhail Grigoryevich Tskhakaya
         (b. 1865 - d. 1950)  CPTSSF
                                 (Mikheil Chkhakaia)(1st time)
    1927 - 1928                Filipp Yeseyevich Makharadze       (b. 1868 - d. 1941)  CPTSSF
                                 (1st time)
    1928 - Jan 1931            Mikhail Grigoryevich Tskhakaya     (s.a.)               CPTSSF
                                 (2nd time)
    Jan 1931 - Mar 1935        Filipp Yeseyevich Makharadze       (s.a.)               CPTSSF
                                 (2nd time)
    Mar 1935 - 27 May 1935     Aveli Safronovich Enukidze         (b. 1877 - d. 1937)  CPTSSF
    27 May 1935 -  5 Dec 1936  Filipp Yeseyevich Makharadze       (s.a.)               CPTSSF
                                 (3rd time)

    Chiefs of the Civil Administration
    1847 - 1857                Prince Vasily Osipovich Bebutov    (b. 1791 - d. 1858)
    1857 - 1863                Alexis Aleksey Fyodorovich af      (b. 1813 - d. 1887)
                                 Krusenstiern 
    1863 - 1875                Alexander Pavlovich, Freiherr von  (b. 1821 - d. 1895)
                                 Nikolay
    1875 - 1877                Pavel Nikolayevich Klushin         (b. 1814 - d. 1886)
    1878 - 1881                Dmitry Semyonovich Staroselysky    (b. 1832 - d. 1884)
    1882 - 1905                the chief heads of civil administration
    Assistants for Civil Affairs
    1905                       Nikolay Aleksandrovich Sultan-     (b. 1836 - d. 19..)
                                 Krym-Giray
    1906 - 1909                Justin Vasilyevich Mickevich       (b. 1841 - d. 19..)
    1909 - 1913                Emanuil Aleksandrovich Vataci      (b. 1856 - d. 1920)
    1913 - 1915                Nikolay Leonidovich Peterson       (d. 1920)
    1915 - 1917                Prince Vladimir Nikolayevich Orlov (b. 1868 - d. 1927) 
    Prime minister
    22 Apr 1918 - 26 May 1918  Akaki I. Chkhenkeli                (b. 1876 - d. 1959)  SDWP
    Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars
    Mar 1922 - 13 Dec 1922     Shalva Zurabovich Eliava (1st time)(b. 1883 - d. 1937)  SKP/CPTSSF
                                 (Georgian SSR)
    13 Dec 1922 -  9 Jun 1927  Mamia Dmitriyevich Orakhelishvili  (s.a.)               CPTSSF
                                 (1st time)(Georgian SSR)
     9 Jun 1927 - 29 Jan 1931  Shalva Zurabovich Eliava (2nd time)(s.a.)               CPTSSF 
                                 (Georgian SSR)
    29 Jan 1931 - 28 Jan 1932  Mamia Dmitriyevich Orakhelishvili  (s.a.)               CPTSSF 
                                 (2nd time)(Georgian SSR)
    28 Jan 1932 -  5 Dec 1936  Gazanfar Makhmud ogly Musabekov    (s.a.)               CPTSSF 
                                 (Azerbaijani SSR)

    Party abbreviations: AKP = Azerbaijani Communist Party; CPTSSF = Communist Party of the Transcaucasian Soviet Socialist Federation (Communist, only legal party 1922-1936); 
    KPA = Communist Party of Armenia; SDWP = Social Democratic Workers' Party ("Menshevik" socialist); SKP = Communist Party of Georgia



    Autonomous Regions

    Abkhazia (Apsny)
     
    [Flag of Abkhazia to 1770-1866]
                           1770 - 1866
     
    Flag of Abkhazian SSR in1925
                          1 Apr 1925 - 7 Jan 1935
     
    Flag of Abkhazian ASSR  in 1935
                         7 Jan 1935 - 2 Aug 1937
       
    Flag of Abkhazian ASSR in 1937
                            2 Aug 1937 - 1938
     
    Flag of Abkhazian ASSR in 1938
                            1938 - 26 Apr 1951
     
    Flag of Georgian SSR in 1951
                         26 Apr 1951 -  3 Nov 1978
     
    Flag of Abkhazian ASSR 1978
                         3 Nov 1978 - 21 Jul 1981
     
    Flag of Abkhazian ASSR 1981
                              21 Jul 1981 - 1991
     
    Flag of 'Abkhazian SSR' 1990
                          1990 - 23 Jul 1992 Unofficial? 
     
    [Flag of Abkhazia]
                            Adopted 23 Jul 1992



    Map of Abkhazia
    Hear National Anthem
    "Aiaaira" (Victory)
    Text of National Anthem
    Adopted 1992
    Constitution
     (26 Nov 1994)
     Capital: Sukhumi (Sukhum)
    Currency: Russian Ruble
    (RUR) 
    National Holiday: 23 Jul (1992)
    Independence Day
    Population: 172,085 (2008)
    526,800 (1989)
    GDP: $60.3 million (1994)
    Exports: $22 million (2006)
    Imports: $117 million (2006)
    Ethnic groups: Abkhazian 36.98%, Georgian 29% (1997)
    Georgian 45.7%, Abkhazian 17.8%, Armenians 14.6%,
    Russians 14.3%, Greeks 2.8%, Jewish and other 5.2% (1989)
    Total Active Armed Forces: 5,000 (2008 est.)
    Russian Forces: 3,800 (2008)
    Merchant marine: N/A
    Religions: Russian Orthodox, Georgian Orthodox,
    Armenian Apostolic,
    Sunni Muslim, Jewish,
    Jehovah's Witnesses, nonreligious/atheist 
    International Organizations/Treaties: UNPO

    730                        Abkhaz and Lazik principalities oust Arab and Byzantine rulers.
    767                        Kingdom of Abkhazia
    1325                       Principality of Abkhazia
    1578                       Part of the Ottoman Empire.
    22 Jun 1810                Russia occupies Sukumi, Abkhazia a Russian protectorate.
    1854 - 1856                Occupied by Ottoman Empire.
     6 Jul 1864                Incorporated into Russian Empire (from 1883, renamed Sukhumi
                                 district).
     8 Mar 1918                Independence declared.
    19 Apr 1918                Incorporated into Georgian Republic.
     4 Mar 1921                "Provisional" Abkhazian Soviet Socialist Republic declared.
    16 Dec 1921                Abkhazian Soviet Socialist Republic within Georgian S.S.R.
    17 Apr 1930                Abkhazian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic within Georgia.
    25 Aug 1990                Abkhazia state sovereignty declared; declaring itself part
                                 of Russian S.F.S.R.
    (not recognized).
    23 Jul 1992                Abkhazia declares independence (recognized only by Russia
                                 
    on 26 Aug 2008, Nicaragua on 4 Sep 2008 and Venezuela on
                                 10 Sep 2009).

    Aug 1992 - 27 Sep 1993     Georgian occupation of Sukhumi.
    24 Nov 1992                Georgian government organizes Abkhazian Autonomous Republic
                                 government in T'bilisi.
    10 Oct 2002                Georgia designates Abkhazia an autonomous republic.
    10 Aug 2008 -              Pro-Abkhaz intervention by Russian military forces.

    Note: Imeret`i rather than the Abkhazian principality, is the geographic (but not ethnic) predecessor of present-day Abkhazia.

    Chairman of the Communist Party
    14 Feb 1921 - 1921         N.E. Zhvaniya
    First Secretaries of the Communist Party
     6 Mar 1921 - 1921         G. Krishtof
    1921                       Pyotr Semenovich Agniashvili
          (b. 1898 - d. 1937)
                                 (Agniev)
    1921                       Larionov
    1921 - 1922                Nikolay Samsonovich Svanidze       (b. 1895 - d. 1937)
    1922                       S.A. Gubeliya-Mezdmarishvili
    1922 - 1923                Nikolay Nikolayevich Akirtava      (b. 1894 - d. 1937)
    1923 - 1924                G.M. Makarov
    1924 - 1925                Yervand Mikhailovich Asribekov     (b. 1898 - d. 1937)
    1925 - 1927                Georgy Fydorovich Sturua           (b. 1884 - d. 1956)
    1928 - 1929                Aleksand Semyonovich Amas          (b. 1904 - d. 1938)
                                 (Amirbekov)
    1929 - 1930                Pavel Grigoryevich Meladze         (d. 1937)
    1930 - Jan 1936            Vladimir Konstantinovich Ladariya  (b. 1900 - d. 1937)

    Jan 1936 - Feb 1937        Aleksey Sergeyevich Agrba          (b. 1897 - d. 1938)
    1937 - 1940                Kiril Georgyevich Bechvaya         (b. 1903 - d. 19..)
                                 (acting to Jun 1938)

    1940 - 20 Feb 1943         Mikhail Ivanovich Baramiya         (b. 1905 - d. 19..)
    1943 - Dec 1951            Akaky Ivanovich Mgeladze           (b. 1910 - d. 1980)
    Dec 1951 - 21 Apr 1953     Shota Dmitriyevich Getiya          (b. 1904 - d. 19..)
    21 Apr 1953 -  2 Oct 1953  Grigory Zosimovich Karchava        (b. 1907 - d. 19..)
     
    2 Oct 1953 - Jan 1956     Georgy Andreyevich Gegeshidze      (b. 1924 - d. 1971)
    Jan 1956 - 1958            Otar Davydovich Gotsiridze         (b. 1919)
    Feb 1958 - Sep 1965        Mikhail Timurovich Bgazhba         (b. 1915 - d. 19..)
    Sep 1965 - 1975            Valerian Osmanovich Kobakhiya      (b. 1929 - d. 1992)
    1975 - Feb 1978            Valery Mikhaylovich Khintba
    Feb 1978 -  6 Apr 1989     Boris Viktorovich Adleyba          (b. 1931)
    Apr 1989 - 1990            Vladimir Filippovich Khishba       (b. 1936)

    Princes
    1440 - 1459                Davit II Hutuni
    1459 - 1491                Rabia
    1491 - 1520                Salomoni I
    1520 - 1578                Ars Khan
    1625 - 1637                Taymuraz
    1637 - 1650                Khara Begi
    1650 - 1665                Kuapu
    1665 - 1700                Salomoni II 
    1700 - 1730                Jagetshi
    1730 - 1750                Hamid Begi
    1750 - 1757                Manuch`ar I                        (d. af.1757)
    1757 - 1770                Manuch`ar II
    1770 - 1779                Zurab
    1779 - 1789                Levanti V (Muhammed Pasha) 
    1789 - 14 May 1806         Kelesh-Ahmad Begi                  (b. 1747 - d. 1806)
    14 May 1806 - 22 Jun 1810  Arslan Begi (1st time)
                               - jointly with following -
    22 Jun 1810 - 13 Nov 1821  Safar Ali Begi (from 1810, Giorgi) (b. 17.. - d. 1821)
    13 Nov 1821 - 28 Oct 1822  Dimitri IV (Umar Begi)             (d. 1822)
    13 Nov 1821 - 1821         Tamar (f) -Regent
    1821 - 1822                Arslan Begi (2nd time)             (s.a.)
                                 (in rebellion)
    28 Oct 1822 - 15 Feb 1864  Mikheil II                         (d. 1866)
    15 Feb 1864 - Apr 1865     Grigol III
    Jul 1866 - Aug 1866        Giorgi Mikhailovitch               (b. 1846 - d. 18..)
                                 (in rebellion)
    Chairmen of Committee of Public Safety
    10 Mar 1917 - 191.         A. Varlam Sharvashidze (Chachba)
     8 Mar 1918 -  8 Apr 1918  ....
    Chairmen of the Revolutionary Committee
     8 Apr 1918 - 16 May 1918  Yefrem Aleksyevich Eshba (1st time)(b. 1893 - d. 1939)
    17 Feb 1921 -  6 Mar 1921  N.E. Zhvaniya
     6 Mar 1921 - 16 Jan 1922  Yefrem Aleksyevich Eshba (2nd time)(s.a.)
    Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee
    1922                       Yefrem Aleksyevich Eshba           (s.a.)
    1922 - 1923                Samson Alekseyevich Kartoziya      (b. 1893 - d. 1937)
    1925 - Apr 1930            Samson Yakovlevich Chanba          (b. 1886 - d. 1937)
    Apr 1930 - 28 Dec 1936     Nestor Apollonovich Lakoba         (b. 1893 - d. 1936)
    17 Feb 1937 - Sep 1937     Aleksey Sergeyevich Agrba          (s.a.)
     2 Nov 1937 - 12 Jul 1938  Avksenti Narikovich Rapava         (b. 1899 - d. 1955)
    Chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet

    13 Jul 1938 -  7 Apr 1948  Mikhail Konstantinovich Delba      (b. 1905 - d. 19..)
     7 Apr 1948 - 1958         Andrey Maksimovich Chochua         (b. 1879 - d. 1965)
    Feb 1958 - Apr 1978        Bagrat Vasilyevich Shinkuba        (b. 1917 - d. 2004)    
    Apr 1978 - 1989            Valerian Osmanovich Kobakhiya      (s.a.)
    Chairmen of the Supreme Soviet
    1989 - 1990                Valerian Osmanovich Kobakhiya      (s.a.)
     4 Dec 1990 - 23 Jul 1992  Vladislav Grigoryevich Ardzinba    (b. 1945)
    Chairman of Parliament
    23 Jul 1992 - 26 Nov 1994  Vladislav Grigoryevich Ardzinba    (s.a.)
                                 (at Gudauta Aug 1992 - 27 Sep 1993)
    Presidents
    26 Nov 1994 - 12 Feb 2005  Vladislav Grigoryevich Ardzinba    (s.a.)
    12 Feb 2005 -              Sergey Vasilyevich Bagapsh         (b. 1949)

    Chairmen of the National Council
     8 Nov 1917 - 19..         Simon Basariya
    1918 -  9 Oct 1918         A. Varlam Sharvashidze (Chachba)
    18 Mar 1919 - 19..         D. Emuhvari
    Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars
    1922 - 19 Dec 1936         Nestor Apollonovich Lakoba         (s.a.)
    Feb 1937 - Sep 1937        Aleksey Sergeyevich Agrba          (s.a.) 
    Sep 1937 - 14 Jul 1938     ....
    14 Jul 1938 - 23 Nov 1938  
    Avksenti Narikovich Rapava         (s.a.)
    23 Nov 1938 - 1943         Konstantin Georgiyevich            (b. 1902 - d. 19..)
                                 Chichinadze
    1943 - Mar 1946            Aleksandr Iordanovich Mirzkhulava  (b. 1911 - d. 19..)

    Chairmen of the Council of Ministers

    Mar 1946 -  7 Apr 1948     Aleksandr Iordanovich Mirzkhulava  (s.a.)
     7 Apr 1948 - 1953         Mikhail Konstantinovich Delba      (s.a.)
    Oct 1953 - 1957            Arkhip Mironovich Labakhua         (b. 1910 - d. 19..)  
    1957 - Feb 1958            Mikhail Timurovich Bgazhba         (s.a.)
    Feb 1958 - 25 May 1967     Mikhail Gerasimovich Chikovany     (b. 1911 - d. 19..)
    1967 - 1972                Pavel Georgyevich Gilashvili       (b. 1918 - d. 1994)
    1972 - 1973                Boris Gerasimovich Gigiberia       (b. 1917)
    May 1973 - 1975            Shota Mikhailovich Tatarishvili    (b. 1922 - d. 19..)
    1975 - 1978                A
    vtandil Petrovich Sakvarelidze
    Sep 1978 - Apr 1987        Yuza Dzhakhoyevich Ubilava         (b. 1941)  
    Apr 1987 - Jul 1989        Otar Georgiyevich Zukhbaya 
    Jul 1989 - 1990            Givi Alekseyevich Anchabadze       (b. 1933)
    Prime ministers

    1990 - 1992                Vazha Zarandia                     (b. 1932)
                                 (Ivan Illarionovich Zarandia)

    Oct 1992 - Jun 1993        Tamaz Vladimirovich Nadareishvili  (b. 1954 - d. 2004)
    1993 - 27 Sep 1993         Zhiuli Kalistratovich Shartava
    1993 - 1994                Sokrat Rachevich Djindjolia        (b. 1937)
    Jan 1995 - 29 Apr 1997     Gennady Leonidovich Gagulia        (b. 1948)
                                 (1st time)
    29 Apr 1997 - Dec 1999     Sergey Vasilyevich Bagapsh         (b. 1949)
    Dec 1999 - Jun 2001        Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Tsugba     (b. 1944)
    Jun 2001 - 29 Nov 2002     Anri Mikhailovich Djergenia        (b. 1941)
    29 Nov 2002 - 22 Apr 2003  Gennady Leonidovich Gagulia        (s.a.)
                                 (2nd time)
    22 Apr 2003 -  6 Oct 2004  Raul Dzhumkovich Khadjimba         (b. 1958)
    30 Aug 2004 -  6 Oct 2004  Astamur Borisovich Tarba           (b. 1961)
                                 (acting for Khadjimba)
     6 Oct 2004 - 14 Feb 2005  Nodar Vladimirovich Khashba        (b. 1951)
    14 Feb 2005 -              Aleksandr Zolotinskovich Ankvab    (b. 1952)
     

    Pro-Georgian Government: Abkhazian Autonomous Republic (in Tbilisi; 27 Sep 2006 - 12 Aug 2008
    in Chkhalta, Abkhazia
    )

    Former Abkhazia Exile Government Flag                 1993? -  2004?
    [ Pro-Georgian Abkhazian Autonomous Republic flag]                           From 2004?

    Chairmen of the Supreme Council
    24 Nov 1992 - 16 Mar 2004  Tamaz Vladimirovich Nadareishvili  (s.a.)               ALP
    16 Mar 2004 -              Temur Mzhavia                      (b. 1952) 

    Prime ministers
    24 Nov 1992 - 18 Jul 1993  Tamaz Vladimirovich Nadareishvili  (s.a.) 
    18 Jul 1993 - 27 Sep 1993  Zhiuli Kalistratovich Shartava     (b. 1944 - d. 1993) 
    Nov 1993 - Jul 1998        Zurab Erkvania                     (b. 1951)
    Jul 1998 - 30 Sep 2004     Londer Tsaava
    30 Sep 2004 - 21 Mar 2006  Irakli Alasania                    (b. 1973)
    21 Mar 2006 - 15 Jun 2009  Malkhaz Akishbaya                  (b. 1972)
    15 Jun 2009 -              Giorgi Baramia                     (b. 1966)

    Party abbreviations: ALP = Abkhazia Liberation Party (pro-autonomy with in Georgia, est.1999);
    Amt = Amtskhan (Signal Lights); Ayt = Aytayra (Revival); RP = Republican Party



    Adjaria (Adzharia)
                1 Dec 1918 - 10 Apr 1919
           Southwestern Caucasian Republic
       
    Republic of Batum
              1919 - 1920 Batumi Republic
     
     
    Flag of Ajarian ASSR 1937 - 1951
                    25 Oct 1937 - 22 May 1951 
     
     
    Flag of Ajaria ASSR 1937 Reported Variant
            25 Oct 1937 - 22 May 1951 Reported Variant
     
    Flag of Georgian SSR 1951
                           22 May 1951 - 1978
     
    Flag of Ajarian ASSR 1978
                                 1978 - 1991 
     
    [Flag of Ajaria, 2000-2004]
                     26 Jun 2000 - 20 Jul 2004
       
    [Flag of Ajaria]
                   Adopted 20 Jul 2004
       

    Map of Adjaria
    Hear Local Anthem
    Text of Local Anthem
    Adopted 26 Jun 2000
    Constitution
    (26 Jun 2000)
    Capital: Batumi
    (Kars 1918-1919)
    Currency: Georgian Lari
    (GEL) 
    Religions: Georgian
    Orthodox 63%,
    Sunni
    Muslim 30%,
    Armenian
     Christian 0.8% Roman
     Catholic 0.2%, others 6%
      (2006)
    Population: 379,926 (2008)
    1535                       Part of Principality of Guria.
    1547 - 1564                Batumi under Ottoman occupation.
    1582 - 1609                Batumi under Ottoman occupation.
    1614                       Annexed by Ottoman Empire (named Acara).
     3 Mar 1878                Kars, Adjaria, and Batumi ceded to Russia by Ottoman Empire.
     3 Mar 1918                Russia cedes Kars, Adjaria, and Batumi to 
                                 the Ottoman Empire by the Treaty of Brest-Litvosk.
    14 Apr 1918 - 16 Dec 1918  Ottoman occupation.
    15 Aug 1918                Sultan's decree proclaims incorporation of Batumi
                                 region into Ottoman Empire.
     1 Dec 1918 - 19 Apr 1919  South-Western Caucasian Republic proclaimed with
                                 capital at Kars after departure of Turkish Army 
                                 (see under Turkey).
    16 Dec 1918 - 20 Jul 1920  British occupation.
    2. Dec 1918 - 28 Apr 1919  Council for Batum region founded (under British control). 
    21 Jan 1919                Independence of Batum Republic declared. 
    13 Sep 1919                Committee for Liberation of Muslims of Georgia
                                 found a Mejlis (parliament) of Adjaria at Batum. 
     8 Apr 1920                By decision of the high council of the Entente,
                                 the port of Batumi is proclaimed a free port and
                                 coastal Adjaria declared a protectorate of the League
                                 of Nations (guaranteed by UK, France, and Italy).
    20 Jul 1920                Georgian army enters Adjaria.
    12 Feb 1921                Republic of Adjaria declares independence. 
    11 Mar 1921 - 18 Mar 1921  Turkish occupation.
    16 Mar 1921                Turkey recognizes Batumi as part of Georgian S.S.R.
                                 but retains Kars.
    16 Jul 1921                Adjarian Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic
                                 (within Georgian S.S.R.) proclaimed.
    1991                       Adjarian Autonomous Republic part of Georgia
                                 (style confirmed 20 Apr 2000 by Gerogia).

    First Secretaries of the Communist Party 
    1921 - 1922                Tengiz Gigoyevich Zhgenti          (b. 1887 - d. 1937)
    1922 - 1924                Nikolay Samsonovich Svanidze       (b. 1895 - d. 1937)
    1924 - 1925                Levan Davydovich Gogoberidze       (b. 1896 - d. 1937)
    192. - 192.                N
    ikolay Nikolayevich Akirtava      (b. 1894 - d. 1937)
    192. - 1929                Pavel Grigoryevich Meladze         (d. 1937)

    1929                       Nikolay Yevseyevich Pantskhava     (d. 1937)
    193. - 13 Jan 1932         Mikhail Alekseyevich Gobechiya     (d. 1937)
    13 Jan 1932 - 13 Apr 1937  
    Artemy Grigorevich Geurkov         (b. 1901 - d. 1937)
    1937 - 23 Feb 1938         Iosif Dmitriyevich Kochlamazashvili(b. 1906 - d. 19..)
    23 Feb 1938 - 29 Nov 1938  Aleksey Nikolayevich Sadzhaya      (b. 1898 - d. 1942)
    1938 - 1940                Mikhail Ivanovich Baramiya         (b. 1905 - d. 19..)
    1940 - 1944                Georgy Grigoryevich Tvalchrelidze  (b. 1896 - d. 1968)
    1944 - 1951                Kiril Georgyevich Bechvaya         (b. 1905 - d. 19..)
    1951 - 12 Jul 1952         Davyd Georgyevich Khantadze        (b. 1905 - d. 19..)
    12 Jul 1952 - May 1953     Grigory Nayevich Tsintsabadze
    May 1953 - Jan 1954        Makary Ivanovich Dzhashi           (b. 1902 - d. 19..)
    Jan 1954 - Mar 1961        Davyd Mikhailovich Mamuladze       (b. 1910 - d. 19..) 
    Mar 1961 - Jan 1975        Aleksandr Dursunovich              (b. 1914 - d. 19..)
                                 Tkhilaishvili
    Jan 1975 - Aug 1986        Vakhtang Rafayelovich Papunidze    (b. 1929)
    Aug 1986 - Mar 1990        Guram Khuseynovich Emiridze        (b. 1937)
    Mar 1990 - 1991            Tengiz Suleymanovich Khakhva       (b. 1952)
    May 1991 - 199.            Ilya Tsulukidze

    Governor-general
    16 Dec 1918 - 20 Jul 1920  William James Norman Cooke-Collis  (b. 1876 - d. 1941)
                               
    (U.K.)
    Chairman of Batum Council 
    2. Dec 1918 - 28 Apr 1919  P. Maslov
    Chairman of Batum Regional Revolutionary Committee
    20 Mar 1921 -  8 Sep 1921  Sergey Ivanovich Kavtaradze        (b. 1885 - d. 1971)
    Chairmen of the Parliament
     6 Jun 1921 -  4 Nov 1921  Hasan Lordkinpanidze
     7 Nov 1921 - 15 Nov 1921  Hasan Takhsin
    Chairman of Batum Regional Revolutionary Committee
    16 Jul 1921 -  8 Sep 1921  Sergey Ivanovich Kavtaradze        (s.a.) 
    Chairmen of Revolutionary Committee (chairman unknown)
     8 Sep 1921 - 15 Nov 1921  Hasan Lordkipanidze
                               + Z. Kharazi
                               + M. Kontselidze
                               + D. Pagava
                               + Zakariya D. Lordkipanidze
                               + Kh. Beridze
                               + A.G. Gambarov
                               + Tengiz Gigoyevich Zhgenti        (s.a.)
                               + K.V. Sadzhaya
                               (chairman unknown)
    Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee
    15 Nov 1921 - 1921         Aleksandr Grigoryevich Gambarov    (b. 1890 - d. 1937)
    1921 - 192.                ....
    192. - 1928                Motskobili
    bf.1929 - bf.1930          Surmanidze
    bf.1930 - 1937             Zakariya D. Lordkipanidze 
    1937 - 1938                Ismail Khasanovich Futkaradze 
    Chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
    Jul 1938 - Jan 1954        Daud Aliyevich Davitadze           (b. 1901 - d. 19..)
    Jan 1954 - 1955            Archil Mikhailovich Beridze        (b. 1922)
                                 (acting)

    Apr 1955 - Mar 1969        Revaz Muradovich Komakhidze        (b. 1911 - d. 19..)
    Mar 1969 - 1990            Davyd Dursunovich Diasamidze       (b. 1925) 
    1990 - 1991                Tengiz Suleymanovich Khakhva       (s.a.)
    Chairman of the Supreme Council (from 1998, also Head of the Republic)

    15 Mar 1991 -  6 May 2004  Aslan Ibraimis dze Abashidze       (b. 1938)                RDU
                                 (acting to Jul 1991)
    Chairman of the Interim Council
     7 May 2004 - 20 Jul 2004  Levan Varshalomidze                (b. 1972)
    Chairman of the Supreme Council
    20 Jul 2004 -              Mikheil Makharadze                 (b. 1946)                TA
     

    Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars
    Jan 1922 - Nov 1922        Aleksandr Grigoryevich Gambarov    (s.a.)
    192. - 1928                Takhsim Khimshiashvili             (d. 1930)
    1928 - 1941                Levan Gogobaridze 
    1941 - 1946                Ismail Khasanovich Futkaradze 
    Chairmen of the Council of Ministers

    1946 - Oct 1947            Ismail Khasanovich Futkaradze 
    Oct 1947 - 1953            Mamiya Alekseyevich Gogolishvili   (b. 1912 - d. 19..)
    1953 - Jan 1954            Davyd Mikhailovich Mamuladze       (s.a.)
    Jan 1954 - Mar 1961        Aleksandr Dursunovich              (s.a.)
                                 Tkhilaishvili
    Mar 1961 - Jan 1975        Levan Mikhailovich Davitadze       (b. 1916 - d. 19..)
    Jan 1975 - Jan 1977        Irakli Azizovich Dzhashi 
    1977 - 1990                Yuri Gedevanovich Ungiadze         (b. 1928)
    1990 - Aug 1993            Guram Yegorovich Chigogidze 
    Aug 1993                   Aslan Ibraimis dze Abashidze       (s.a.)
                                 (acting)
    Aug 1993 - 1994            Guram Varshalomidze
    1994 - 199.                Jemal Nakashidze
    Prime ministers
    16 Nov 1996 - 1999         Avtandil Gorgiladze                (b. 1952)
    May 1999 - 2002?           Georgy Tsintskiladze
    2002? - 13 Jul 2003        Eduard Rasimovich Kakabadze
    13 Jul 2003 - Aug 2003     Aslan Ibraimis dze Abashidze       (s.a.)                   RDU
                                 (acting)
    Aug 2003 -  6 Apr 2004     Rezo Shamilishvili
     6 Apr 2004 -  6 May 2004  Rostom Japaridze                   (b. 1948)
    20 Jul 2004 -              Levan Varshalomidze                (s.a.)

    Party abbreviations: RDU = Democratic Revival Union ("Revival", social-democratic, 
    pro-Abashidze, Adjar nationalist, est.1995); TA = Triumphant Ajaria (Ajaria regionalist bloc,
    pro-Mikheil Saakashvili)



    South Ossetia (Hussar Iryston) 
    [South Ossetian flag]
          Adopted 13 Jan 1992 (in use from 28 Nov 1990)
    Map of South Ossetia
    Hear National Anthem
    "Respublikae Hussar Irystony
     Paddzahadon Gimn"
    (National Anthem of Republic
    of South Ossetia)
    Text of National Anthem
    Adopted 5 May 1995
    Constitution
    (8 Apr 2001; in Russia)
    Capital: Tskhinvali
    (Staliniri 1934-1961;
    Shida Kartli - Gori)
    Currency: Russian Ruble
    (RUR)
    National Holiday: 20 Sep (1990)
    Day of Proclamation
    of the Republic
    Population: 70,000 (2000)
    98,000 (1989)
    GDP: $15 million (2002)
    Exports: $N/A
    Imports: $N/A
    Ethnic groups: Ossetian 66.2%, Georgian 29%,
    Russian 2.1%, Armenian 1.2%, other 5.7% (1989)
    Total Active Armed Forces: 3,000 (2008 est.)
    Russian Forces: 3,800 (2008)
    Merchant marine: None (2008)
    Religions: Sunni Muslim, Russian Orthodox,
    Georgian Orthodox, Jewish
    International Organizations/Treaties: None

    1775                       Russian protectorate over Ossetian lands.
    1801                       Ossetian lands annexed by
    the Russian Empire.
    20 Apr 1922                South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast within Georgian S.S.R.
    20 Sep 1990                State sovereignty of South Ossetia declared as
                                 a constituent republic of the U.S.S.R.

                                (South Ossetian Soviet Democratic Republic)(not acceded).
    16 Oct 1990                Declaration of sovereignty confirmed.
    28 Nov 1990                South Ossetian Soviet Republic
    11 Dec 1990                Georgia rescinds autonomy, districts divided between Georgian
                                 regions, mostly Shida Kartli
    (Inner Georgia)(see below).
     4 May 1991                
    Former Oblast authorities rescind sovereignty (South Ossetian
                                 Autonomous Oblast); not recognized by Georgia.
     1 Sep 1991                Sovereignty restored (South Ossetian Soviet Republic)
                                 (not recognized).
    26 Nov 1991                Republic of South Ossetia
    21 Dec 1991                Declaration of independence (recognized only by Russia
                                 
    on 26 Aug 2008, Nicaragua on 4 Sep 2008 and Venezuela on 
                                 10 Sep 2009).

    20 Jan 1992                South Ossetian population votes in favor of independence and

                                 integration with Russia (as part of North Ossetia).
    12 Nov 2006                Referendum supports independence from Georgia by 99%.
    10 May 2007                Georgia forms the Provisional Administration of South Ossetia
                                 at Kurta.
     8 Aug 2008 - 10 Aug 2008  Georgian forces occupy the capital, Tskhinvali
    .
     9 Aug 2008 -              Pro-Ossetian intervention by Russian military forces.

    First Secretaries of the Oblast Committee of the Communist Party
    1921 - 192.                Vladimir Arzhevanovich Sanakoyev   (b. 1884 - d. 1937)
    192. - 192.                Sergey Grigoryevich Gagloyev       (d. 1938)
    192. - 192.                Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Dzhatiyev   (b. 1891 - d. 1937)
    193. - 1937                Abdul-Bekir Gasanovich Tautiyev    (d. 1937)

    1938 - Jan 1949            Vladimir Gedenvanovich
                 (b. 1905 - d. 1976)
                                 Tskhovrebashvili 
    1951? - 195.               Akaky Gabrielovich Imnadze
    1951 - 1953                ....
    May 1953 - 1955            Ivan Petrovich Kudzhiashvili       (b. 1906 - d. 19..)

    1955 - 1960                Grigory Georgiyevich Sanakoyev
    Feb 1960 - 1962            Vladimir Dmitriyevich Kozayev
    1962 - 1965                Iosif Semyonovich Chiayev          (b. 1907 - d. ....)

    Feb 1965 - Nov 1973        Georgy Nikolayevich Dzhussoyev     (b. 1926)
    Nov 1973 - Apr 1988        Feliks Sergeyevich Sanakoyev       (b. 1939)
    Apr 1988 - Nov 1989        Anatoly Georgyevich Chekhoyev      (b. 1950)
    1990 - 1991                Valnin Vladimirovich               (b. 1933)
                                 Tskhovrebashvili 

    1991                       Znaur Nikolayevich Gassiyev        (b. 1925)

    Chairmen of the Executive Committee
    1922 - 192.                Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Dzhatiyev   (s.a.)
    192. - 193.                ....
    193. - 1937                Ivan Petrovich Dzhidzhoyev         (d. 1937)

    1937 - 1940?               ....
    1940? - 194.               Vladimir Ivanovich Khubayev
    Jul 1943 - 194.            Aleksandr Georgiyevich Galavanov   (b. 1902 - d. 1986)
    1949? - 195.               Ilya Davidovich Kulukhov
    195. - 1961                .... 
    1961 - 196.                Vladimir Isakovich Gazzayev        (b. 1918)
    1964 - 1965                Georgy Nikolayevich Dzhussoyev     (s.a.)
    Feb 1965 - 1972            Kosta Kargoyevich Dzhioyev         (b. 1916)
    1973                       Feliks Sergeyevich Sanakoyev       (s.a.)
    Nov 1973 - Nov 1981        Genrikh Irakliyevich Mardanov      (b. 1933)
    Nov 1981 - May 1986        Tamara Shalvovna Kabulova (f)      (b. 1938)
    May 1986 - 1990            Anatoly Kachmazov
    Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Council of People's Deputies
    20 Sep 1990 – 16 Oct 1990  Feliks Mikhaylovich Zasseyev
                                 (Mihaily fyrt Feliks Zassety)
    Chairman of the (to 28 Nov 1990, Provisional) Executive Committee
    16 Oct 1990 – 10 Dec 1990  Torez Georgiyevich Kulumbegov
         (b. 1938 – d. 2006)    
                                 (Georgijy fyrt Torez Huylymbegty)

    Chairman of the Supreme Council

    10 Dec 1990 - 23 Mar 1991  Torez Georgiyevich Kulumbegov      (s.a.)
                                 (Georgian prisoner 29 Jan 1991 – 29 Dec 1991)
                                 (1st time)
     4 May 1991 - 26 Nov 1991  ....
                                (chairmen of the Executive Committee of Council
                                 of People's Deputies; acting for Kulumbegov)
    Chairman of the Committee for Stabilization of the Situation in South Ossetia
    23 Mar 1991 -  4 May 1991
     Znaur Nikolayevich Gassiyev        (s.a.)
                                 (Nikolajy fyrt Znauyr Gassity)

    Chairmen of the Supreme Council (1992-1994, Chairman of the State Nyhas)
    26 Nov 1991 – 29 Dec 1991  Znaur Nikolayevich Gassiyev        (s.a.)
    29 Dec 1991 – 23 Sep 1993  Torez Georgiyevich Kulumbegov      (s.a.)
                                 (2nd time)

    23 Sep 1993 - 27 Nov 1996  
    Lyudvig Alekseyevich Chibirov      (b. 1932)
                                 (Aleksejy fyrt Ludvig Cybyrty)
    Presidents

    27 Nov 1996 - 18 Dec 2001  Lyudvig Alekseyevich Chibirov      (s.a.)
    18 Dec 2001 -              Eduard Dzhabeyevich Kokoyev        (b. 1964)
                                 (Dzabejy fyrt Eduard Kokoyty)
     

    Prime ministers
    28 Nov 1991 - Oct 1993     Oleg Dzherikhanovich Teziyev       (b. 1948)
    1993 - 1994                Gerasim ("Rezo") Georgyevich       (b. 1945)
                                 Khugayev (1st time)
    May 1994 - 1995            Eduard Gassiyev
    1995 - 24 Sep 1996         Vladislav Nikolayvich Gabarayev    (b. 1957)
    1996 - Aug 1998            Aleksandr Apollonovich Shavlokhov  (b. 1940)
    Aug 1998 - Jun 2001        Merab Illyich Chigoyev             (b. 1950)
    14 Jun 2001 - Dec 2001     Dmitry Ivanovich Sanakoyev         (b. 1969)
    Dec 2001 - Aug 2003        Gerasim ("Rezo") Georgyevich       (s.a.)
                                 Khugayev (2nd time)
                                 (acting to 9 Jan 2002)

    17 Sep 2003 - May 2005     Igor Viktorovich Sanakoyev         (b. 1947)
    May 2005 -  5 Jul 2005     Zurab Revazovich Kokoyev (acting)
     5 Jul 2005 - 17 Aug 2008  Yury Ionovich Morozov              (b. 1949)
    17 Aug 2008 - 22 Oct 2008  Boris Eliozovich Chochiyev         (b. 1957)

                                 (acting)
    22 Oct 2008 -  5 Aug 2009  Aslanbek Soltanovich Bulatsev      (b. 1963)
     5 Aug 2009 -              Vadim Vladimirovich Brovtsev       (b. 1969)


     

    Pro-Georgian South Ossetian Provisional Government (from 10 May 2007, Provisional
    Administration of South Ossetia)
    at Kurta (until Aug 2008)

    [Pro-Georgian South Ossetian flag]

    10 May 2007                Georgia forms the Provisional Administration of South Ossetia.

    President
     1 Dec 2006 - 10 May 2007  
    Dmitry Ivanovich Sanakoyev         (s.a.)               PSOP
    Head of Provisional Administration

    10 May 2007 -
                 Dmitry Ivanovich Sanakoyev         (s.a.)               PSOP

    Prime minister
     7 Dec 2006 - Sep 2007     Uruzmag Karkusov


    Shida Kartli Region

    [Flag of Georgia]

    Governors (formally State Commissioners)
    c.1998 - c. 2002           Irakli Bochoridze

    c.2002                     Davit Koblianidze
    Nov 2003 - Jan 2004        Irakli Okruashvili                 (b. 1973)
    2004 - 12 Sep 2007         Mikheil Kareli
    13 Sep 2007 -  5 Feb 2008  
    Lasha "Lado" Gegelashvili          (b. 1978?)             ENM
     5 Feb 2008 -              Lado Vardzelashvili
                                          ENM

    Party abbreviations: ENM = Natshhionakhuri Modraoba–Demokrathebi (National Movement - Democrats, reformist); SMK = Sakartvelos Mokalaketa Kavshiri (Citizens Union of Georgia, centrist, pro-Shevardnadze est.1995); PSOP = People of South Ossetia for Peace (S. Ossetian regionalist, anti-separatist, est.Oct 2006); UP = South Ossetian Republican Political Party "Unity" ("Unity Party", S. Ossetia regionalist, pro-Russia, est.2003)



    Georgian Principalities

    Guria

    [Flag of Guria]

    1352                       Principality of Guria established.
    1810                       Russian protectorate.
    1830                       Incorporation into Russian Empire.

    Princes
    1689 - 1712                Mamia III (1st time)               (b. 16.. - d. 1714)
    1712                       Giorgi IV (1st time)               (b. 1702 - d. 1726)
    1712 - 16 Jan 1714         Mamia III (2nd time)               (s.a.)
    16 Jan 1714 - 1716         Giorgi IV (2nd time)               (s.a.)
    1716                       K`aikhosro III
    1716 - 1726                Giorgi IV (3rd time)               (s.a.)
    1726 - 1744                Mamia IV                           (b. c.1717 - d. 1778)
    1744                       Giorgi V
    1744 - 1792                Svimon II (1st time)               (d. 1792)
    1778 - 178.                K`aikhosro IV                      (d. af.1820)
    178. - 1792                Svimon II (2nd time)               (s.a.)
    1792 - 1803                Vakhtang II                        (d. af.1814)
    1803 - Jul 1823            Mamia V                            (b. 1789 - d. 1823)
    1803 - 18..                Marina (f) -Regent
    Jul 1823 - Sep 1829        Davit`                             (b. 1815 - d. 1839)



    Mingrelia (Megrelia)

    [Flag of Mingrelia (Samegrelo)]

    bf.1323                    Principality of Mingrelia (Samegrelo) established.
    1803                       Russian protectorate.
    1854 - 1856                Occupied by Ottoman Empire.
    1857 -  4 Jan 1867         Russian administration.
     4 Jan 1867                Incorporation into Russian Empire.

    Princes
    1691 - 1704                Giorgi IV Lipartiani (1st time)    (d. 1716)
    1704 - 1710                Kats`ia I
    1710 - 1714                Giorgi IV Lipartiani (2nd time)
    1715 - 1728                Bezhan                             (d. 1728)
    1728 - 1744                Otia                               (d. 1744)
    1744 - 17 Dec 1788         Kats`ia II                         (d. 1788)
    17 Dec 1788 - 1791         Grigol (1st time)                  (b. 17.. - d. 1804)
    1791 - 1793                Manuch`ar II                       (b. 17.. - d. 1804)
    1793 - 1794                Tariel (1st time)                  (b. 17.. - d. 1802)
    1794 - 1802                Grigol (2nd time)                  (s.a.)
    1802                       Tariel (2nd time)                  (s.a.)
    1802 -  4 Nov 1804         Grigol (3rd time)                  (s.a.)
     4 Nov 1804 - 1840         Levan V                            (b. 1793 - d. 1846)
     4 Nov 1804 - 1804         Nino Bagratuni (f) -Regent         (d. 1847)
    1804                       Nikoloz Dadiani -Regent 
    1804                       Chkondideli Bessarion -Regent      (d. 1823)
    1804                       Beri Gelovani Chikovani -Regent 
    1840 - 11 Sep 1853         Davit`                             (b. 1812 - d. 1853)
    11 Sep 1853 -  4 Jan 1867  Nikoloz                            (b. 1847 - d. 1903)
    11 Sep 1853 - 1857         Ekaterina Chavchandaze (f) -Regent (b. 1816 - d. 1882)
    18.. - 18..                Gigol -Regent                      (b. 1814 - d. 1901)
    18.. - 18..                Zakaria, bishop of Mingrelia -Regent



    Svania (Svanet`i)

    [flag of Svania (Svanet`i)

    1460                       Principality of Svania established.
    c.1505 - c.1516            Persian occupation.
    c.1516                     Vassal of Ottoman Empire.
    1833                       Russian protectorate.
    1858                       Incorporation into Russian Empire.

    Princes
    1750?                      Otar "the Great"
    c.1780 - c.1800            Mistost                            (d. c.1800)
    c.1800 - Sep 1841          Tsiokh Nikoloz                     (d. 1841)
    Sep 1841 - 1846            Mikheil                            (d. 1850)
    1846 - Sep 1857            Konstantine                        (b. 1827 - d. 1858)







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