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![[Ottoman Empire (to 1918)]](tr.gif)
![[Shihab Flag ca. 1697-1842 (Lebanon)]](lb_shihb.gif)
![[Mount Lebanon Flag 1861 - 1918 (Lebanon)]](lb_cedar.gif)
![[Fance]](fr.gif)
![[French Lebanon 1920-1943]](lb-fr1.gif)
![[Lebanon]](lb.gif)
Emirs (title al-Amir al-Hakim - ruling emir)
1516 - 1544
Fakhr al-Dein I
(d. 1544)
1544 - 1585
Karkamaz ibn Fakhr al-Dein
1585 - 1635
Fakhr al-Dein II ibn Karkamaz (b. 1572 -
d. 1635)
1635
Ali ibn Fakhr al-Dein
1635 - 1657
Molhem ibn Yones ibn Karkamaz (d. 1657)
1657 - 1697
Ahmad ibn Molhem
1698 - 1706
Bashir ibn al-Husayn
1706 - 1732
Haydar ibn Musa
(d. 1781)
1732 - 1758
Malham ibn Haydar
1758 - 1770
al-Mansur ibn Haydar
(d. 1774)
+ Ahmad ibn Haydar (to 1763)
1760
al-Qasim ibn `Umar (in rebellion)
1770 - 1778
Yusuf ibn Malham (1st time)
1778 - 1780
Ahmad ibn Malham
+ Afandi ibn Malham
1780 - 1789
Yusuf ibn Malham (2nd time)
1789 - 1790
Bashir ibn al-Qasim ibn `Umar (b. 1767 -
d. 1850)
(1st time)
1790
Yusuf ibn Malham (3rd time)
1790
Bashir ibn al-Qasim ibn `Umar
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
1790 - 1793
Haydar ibn Malham
+ Qa`dan ibn Muhammad (1st time)
1793
al-Husayn ibn Yusuf (1st time)
+ Salim ibn Yusuf (1st time)
+ Sa`d ad-Din ibn Yusuf (1st time)
1793 - 1795
Bashir ibn al-Qasim ibn `Umar (s.a.)
(3rd time)
1795
al-Husayn ibn Yusuf (2nd time)
+ Salim ibn Yusuf (2nd time)
+ Sa`d ad-Din ibn Yusuf (2nd time)
1795 - 1799
Bashir ibn al-Qasim ibn `Umar (s.a.)
(4th time)
1799 - 1800
al-Husayn ibn Yusuf (3rd time)
+ Salim ibn Yusuf (3rd time)
+ Sa`d ad-Din ibn Yusuf (3rd time)
1800 - 1801
Bashir ibn al-Qasim ibn `Umar (s.a.)
(5th time)
1801
al-`Abbas ibn Asad (1st time)
1801
Qa`dan ibn Muhammad (2nd time)
+ Salman ibn Ahmad (1st time)
1801 - 1821
Bashir ibn al-Qasim ibn `Umar (s.a.)
(6th time)
1821
al-Hasan ibn `Ali (1st time)
+ Salman ibn Ahmad (2nd time)
1821 - 1822
Bashir ibn al-Qasim ibn `Umar (s.a.)
(7th time)
1822
al-Hasan ibn `Ali (2nd time)
+ Salman ibn Ahmad (3rd time)
1822
al-`Abbas ibn Asad (2nd time)
1822 - 1840
Bashir ibn al-Qasim ibn `Umar (s.a.)
(8th time)
8 Oct 1840 - 16 Jan 1842 Bashir ibn al-Qasim
(d. 1851)
Walis in Sa`ida (Sidon) and Acre
1660 - 1772
the emirs of Mount Lebanon
1772 - 1775
`Umar az-Zahir bin `Umar
(b. c.1686 - d. 1775)
az-Zaydani
1775 - 1804
Ahmad Pasha al-Djazzar
(b. 1735 – d. 1804)
1804 – 1819
Süleyman Pasha
1819 - 1831
Abdullah Pasha
(d. 1831)
27 May 1832 - 10 Oct 1840 Egyptian rule
Nov 1840 - Mar 1841
Köse Ahmed Zekeriya Pasha
Mar 1841 - Dec 1841 Eneste/Haseki
Mehmed Selim Pasha
Dec 1841 - Jul 1842
Mehmed Izzet Pasha
1842
Mustapha Pasha
1842
Selim Pasha
1842 - 7 Dec 1842
Ömer Pasha (Mihaylo Lattas)
Aug 1842 - 9 Apr 1845 Ayasli
Asad Mehmed Muhlis Pasha
9 Apr 1845 – Jan 1846 Yozgatli
Mehmed Vecihi Pasha
Jan 1846 - Sep 1847
Mühendis Mehmed Kamil Pasha
Sep 1847 - Jul 1848
Mustafa Sherifi Pasha
Aug 1848 - Sep 1851
Serhalifizade Vamik (Femiq)
Salih Pasha (1st time)
Sep 1851 – Sep 1852
Pepe Mehmed Emin Pasha
Sep 1852 – Mar 1855 Serhalifizade
Vamik (Femiq)
Salih Pasha (2nd time)
Mar 1855 - Dec 1855
Mahmud Nedim Pasha
(b. 1818 - d. 1883)
Dec 1855 - Jun 1857
Serhalifizade Vamik (Femiq)
Salih Pasha (3rd time)
Jun 1857 – 17 Jul 1860 Arnavud
Mehmed Kurshid Pasha
17 Jul 1860 - 9 Jun 1861 Fuad Pasha
16 Aug 1860 - 5 Jul 1861 Charles de Beaufort
(b. 1804 - d. 1890)
d'Hautpoul -French commander
Aug 1860 – Feb 1863 Kaysarli
Ahmad Pasha
Feb 1863 - Feb 1864
Mehmed Kabuli Pasha
(b. 1812 – d. 1877)
Feb 1864 – Apr 1865 Mehmed
Kurshid Pasha
Walis of Beirut
1875 - 1877
Uzenetek Ali Beg
(d. 1877)
1877 - 1879
Ra'uf Efendi (Ra'uf Pasha)
18.. - 1883
Ibrahim Pasha
1883 - 1887
Nassuhi Bey
Dec 1887 - Mar 1889 Örfi
Pasazade Sarabçi Ali Pasha (b. 1829 – d. 1889)
Apr 1889 - Jul 1889 Mehmed Sherif
Rauf Pasha
(b. 1838 - d. 1921)
Jul 1889 - Dec 1891 Ahmed
Aziz Pasha
(b. 1835 - d. 1903)
Dec 1891 - Jul 1892 Vlora
Ismail Kemal Bey
(b. 1844 - d. 1919)
Jul 1892 - Aug 1894 Babanzade
Khalil Khalid Bey
Aug 1894 - Mar 1897 Abdulhalik
Nasuhi Bey
(b. 1837 - d. 1912)
Mar 1897 - Jul 1897 Huseyni
Nazim Pasha
(b. 1854 - d. 1927)
Jul 1897 – Sep 1903 Reshid
Mumtaz Pasha
Sep 1903 - Dec 1908 Ibrahim
Halil Pasha
Dec 1908 - May 1910 Dirvana
Ibrahim Edhem Bey
May 1910 - Sep 1911 Mehmed
Nureddin Bey
(b. 1868 - d. 1911)
Sep 1911 – Aug 1912 Ebubekir
Hazim Bey Tepeyran
(1st time)
Jan 1913 - Jun 1913 Ebubekir
Hazim Bey Tepeyran
(2nd time)
Jun 1913 - Sep 1913 Ali Munif
Bey
1913 – 1915
Bekir Sami Bey
Jun 1915 - Jun 1918 Akalin Mustafa
Azim Bey
Jun 1919 - Sep 1918 Muftuzade
Ismail Hakki Bey
Governors (mutassarifs) of Mount Lebanon
Jun 1861 - May 1868
Davud Pasha
(b. c.1816 - d. 1873)
Jun 1868 - 2 Feb 1873
Franko Kusa Nasri Pasha
(b. 1814 - d. 1873)
Mar 1873 - Mar 1882
Rüstem Pasha
(b. 1810 - d. 1885)
9 May 1882 - 26 Jun 1892 Vasa Pasha
(b. 1824 - d. 1892)
15 Aug 1892 - 2 Aug 1902 Duhani Naum
Nimetullah Pasha (b.
1846 - d. 1911)
27 Sep 1902 - 28 Jun 1907 Muzaffer Pasha
(b. 1843 - d. 1907)
(Wladyslaw Czajkowski)
Jul 1907 - Dec 1912
Franko Kusa Yusuf Pasha
(b. 1868 - d. 1933)
23 Dec 1912 - Sep 1915 Ohannes Kuyumjian
Pasha
(b. 1852 - d. 19..)
25 Sep 1915 - 15 May 1916 Yegenaga Ali Münif
Bey
May 1916 - Aug 1918
Ismail Haqqi Bey
15 Aug 1918 - 30 Sep 1918 Mümtaz Bey
30 Sep 1918 - 7 Oct 1918 Ömer al-Dauk
French Military Governors
7 Oct 1918 - 19 Nov 1918 Marie Antoine Philpin
de Piépape (b. 1870 - d. 1946)
19 Nov 1918 - 21 Nov 1919 Jules Camille Hamelin
(b. 1866 - d. 1958)
1919 - 1 Sep 1920
François Georges Barb
Governors
1 Sep 1920 - Apr 1923 Albert
Trabaud
(b. 1872 - d. 1935)
Apr 1923 - 27 Jun 1924 Antoine Privat-Aubouard
(interim) (b. 1874 - d. 1934)
27 Jun 1924 - 13 Jan 1925 Charles Alexis Vandenberg
(b. 1852 - d. 1942)
13 Jan 1925 - 26 May 1926 Léon Henri Charles
Cayla (b.
1881 - d. 1965)
(provisional to 16 Jul 1925)
26 May 1926 - 1 Sep 1926 Charles Debbas
(b. 1885 - d. 1935)
(with honorary title of President)
Presidents¹
1 Sep 1926 - 2 Jan 1934 Charles Debbas
(s.a.)
2 Jan 1934 - 30 Jan 1934 Antoine Privat-Aubouard
(acting) (s.a.)
30 Jan 1934 - 20 Jan 1936 Habib Pacha Es-Saad
(b. 1867 - d. 1942)
20 Jan 1936 - 4 Apr 1941 Émile Eddé
(1st time)
(b. 1886 - d. 1949) KW
4 Apr 1941 - 9 Apr 1941 Pierre Georges Arlabosse
(acting) (b. 1891 - d. 1950)
9 Apr 1941 - 18 Mar 1943 Alfred Georges Naccache
(b. 1887 - d. 1978) KPL
(acting to 1 Dec 1941)
19 Mar 1943 - 21 Jul 1943 Ayoub Tabet (acting)
(b. 1884 - d. 1951)
21 Jul 1943 - 20 Sep 1943 Petro Iskandar Trad
(b. 1886 - d. 1947)
21 Sep 1943 - 11 Nov 1943 Béchara Khalil El-Khoury
(1st time)(b. 1892 - d. 1964) DP
11 Nov 1943 - 22 Nov 1943 Émile Eddé (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
KW
22 Nov 1943 - 18 Sep 1952 Béchara Khalil El-Khoury
(2nd time)(s.a.)
DP
18 Sep 1952 - 22 Sep 1952 Fouad Abdallah Chehab (1st
time) (b. 1902 - d. 1973) Mil
(acting)
23 Sep 1952 - 22 Sep 1958 Camille Nimer Chamoun
(b. 1900 - d. 1987) CB/NLP
23 Sep 1958 - 22 Sep 1964 Fouad Abdallah Chehab (2nd
time) (s.a.)
Mil
23 Sep 1964 - 22 Sep 1970 Charles Alexandre Hélou
(b. 1912 - d. 2001) KPL
23 Sep 1970 - 22 Sep 1976 Suleiman Kabalan Franjieh
(b. 1910 - d. 1992) LF
23 Sep 1976 - 22 Sep 1982 Elias Youssef Sarkis
(b. 1924 - d. 1985)
23 Sep 1982 - 22 Sep 1988 Amin Pierre Gemayel
(b. 1942)
KPL
23 Sep 1988 - 5 Nov 1989 Salim Ahmed al-Hoss (1st
time)2 (b. 1929)
(acting)
5 Nov 1989 - 22 Nov 1989 René Anis Moawad
(b. 1925 - d. 1989)
22 Nov 1989 - 24 Nov 1989 Salim Ahmed al-Hoss (2nd time)
(s.a.)
(acting)
24 Nov 1989 - 23 Nov 1998 Elias Hrawi
(b. 1926 - d. 2006)
23 Nov 1998 - 23 Nov 2007 Émile Geamil Lahoud
(b. 1936)
Non-party
24 Nov 2007 - 25 May 2008 Fouad Siniora (acting)
(b. 1943)
FM
25 May 2008 -
Michel Suleiman
(b. 1948)
Non-party
President of the Administrative Council
1 Oct 1918 - 7 Oct 1918 Habib Pacha Es-Saad
(s.a.)
President of the Representative Council
8 May 1922 - 31 May 1926 Habib Pacha Es-Saad
(s.a.)
Prime ministers¹
31 May 1926 - 5 May 1927 Auguste Adib Pacha (1st
time) (b. 1860 - d. 1936)
5 May 1927 - 10 Aug 1928 Béchara Khalil
El-Khoury (1st time)(s.a.)
DP
10 Aug 1928 - 9 May 1929 Habib Pacha Es-Saad
(s.a.)
9 May 1929 - 11 Oct 1929 Béchara Khalil
El-Khoury (2nd time)(s.a.)
DP
11 Oct 1929 - 25 Mar 1930 Émile Eddé
(s.a.)
KW
25 Mar 1930 - 9 Mar 1932 Auguste Adib Pacha (2nd
time) (s.a.)
9 Mar 1932 - 29 Jan 1934 Charles Dabbas
(s.a.)
29 Mar 1934 - 30 Jan 1936 Abdullah Bayhum (1st time)(acting)
30 Jan 1936 - 5 Jan 1937 Ayoub Tabet
(1st time) (acting) (s.a.)
5 Jan 1937 - 18 Mar 1938 Khayreddin al-Ahdab
(b. 1894 - d. 1941)
18 Mar 1938 - 24 Oct 1938 Khaled Chehab (1st time)
(b. 1892 - d. 1978)
24 Oct 1938 - 21 Sep 1939 Abdullah Aref Yafi (1st time)
(b. 1901 - d. 1986) Non-party
21 Sep 1939 - 4 Apr 1941 Abdullah Bayhum (2nd
time)
7 Apr 1941 - 26 Nov 1941 Alfred Georges Naccache
(s.a.) KPL
1 Dec 1941 - 26 Jul 1942 Ahmed Daouk (1st time)
(b. 1892 - d. 1979)
26 Jul 1942 - 22 Mar 1943 Sami Bey al-Solh
(1st time) (b. 1890 - d. 1968)
22 Mar 1943 - 21 Jul 1943 Ayoub Tabet (2nd
time) (acting) (s.a.)
1 Aug 1943 - 25 Sep 1943 Petro Iskandar
Trad
(s.a.)
25 Sep 1943 - 10 Jan 1945 Riad Bey al-Solh
(1st time) (b. 1894 - d. 1951) HI
10 Jan 1945 - 20 Aug 1945 Abdul Hamid Karami
(b. 1890 - d. 1950)
23 Aug 1945 - 22 May 1946 Sami Bey al-Solh
(2nd time) (s.a.)
22 May 1946 - 14 Dec 1946 Saadi al-Munla
(b. 1897 - d. 1972)
14 Dec 1946 - 14 Feb 1951 Riad Bey al-Solh
(2nd time) (s.a.)
HI
14 Feb 1951 - 7 Apr 1951 Hussein al-Oweini (1st
time) (b. 1900 - d. 1971)
7 Apr 1951 - 11 Feb 1952 Abdullah Aref Yafi (2nd
time) (s.a.)
Non-party
11 Feb 1952 - 9 Sep 1952 Sami Bey
al-Solh (3rd time)
(s.a.)
10 Sep 1952 - 14 Sep 1952 Nazim Akkari
(b. 1902 - d. 1985)
14 Sep 1952 - 18 Sep 1952 Saeb Salam (1st time)
(b. 1905 - d. 2000)
24 Sep 1952 - 30 Sep 1952 Abdullah Aref Yafi (3rd time)
(s.a.)
Non-party
1 Oct 1952 - 1 May 1953 Khaled Chehab (2nd
time) (s.a.)
1 May 1953 - 13 Aug 1953 Saeb Salam (2nd time)
(s.a.)
16 Aug 1953 - 16 Sep 1954 Abdullah Aref Yafi (4th time)
(s.a.)
Non-party
16 Sep 1954 - 19 Sep 1955 Sami al-Solh (4th time)
(s.a.)
19 Sep 1955 - 20 Mar 1956 Rashid Karami (1st time)
(b. 1921 - d. 1987)
20 Mar 1956 - 18 Nov 1956 Abdullah Aref Yafi (5th time)
(s.a.)
Non-party
27 Nov 1956 - 20 Sep 1958 Sami al-Solh (5th time)
(s.a.)
20 Sep 1958 - 24 Sep 1958 Khalid al-Hibri (acting)
(b. 1905 - d. 19..)
24 Sep 1958 - 14 May 1960 Rashid Karami (2nd time)
(s.a.)
14 May 1960 - 1 Aug 1960 Ahmed Daouk (2nd time)
(s.a.)
2 Aug 1960 - 31 Oct 1961 Saeb Salam (3rd time)
(s.a.)
31 Oct 1961 - 20 Feb 1964 Rashid Karami (3rd time)
(s.a.)
20 Feb 1964 - 25 Jul 1965 Hussein al-Oweini (2nd time)
(s.a.)
25 Jul 1965 - 9 Apr 1966 Rashid Karami (4th time)
(s.a.)
9 Apr 1966 - 2 Dec 1966 Abdullah Aref Yafi
(6th time) (s.a.)
Non-party
7 Dec 1966 - 8 Feb 1968 Rashid Karami (5th
time) (s.a.)
8 Feb 1968 - 15 Jan 1969 Abdullah Aref Yafi (7th
time) (s.a.)
Non-party
15 Jan 1969 - 13 Oct 1970 Rashid Karami (6th time)
(s.a.)
13 Oct 1970 - 25 Apr 1973 Saeb Salam (4th time)
(s.a.)
25 Apr 1973 - 21 Jun 1973 Amin Hafez
(b. 1921 - d. 2009)
21 Jun 1973 - 31 Oct 1974 Takieddin al-Solh (1st time)
(b. 1901 - d. 1988)
31 Oct 1974 - 24 May 1975 Rashid al-Solh (1st time)
(b. 1926)
24 May 1975 - 30 Jun 1975 Nureddin Rifai
(b. 1899)
Mil
1 Jul 1975 - 8 Dec 1976 Rashid Karami (7th
time) (s.a.)
NSF
8 Dec 1976 - 20 Jul 1980 Salim Ahmed al-Hoss (1st
time) (s.a.)
20 Jul 1980 - 25 Oct 1980 Takieddin al-Solh (2nd time)
(s.a.)
25 Oct 1980 - 30 Apr 1984 Shafiq Wazzan
(b. 1925 - d. 1999)
30 Apr 1984 - 1 Jun 1987 Rashid Karami (8th time)
(s.a.)
NSF
1 Jun 1987 - 24 Dec 1990 Salim Ahmed al-Hoss (2nd
time) (s.a.)
23 Sep 1988 - 13 Oct 1990 Michel Naïm Aoun2
(b. 1935)
Mil
(military government, in dissidence)
24 Dec 1990 - 13 May 1992 Omar Karami (1st time)
(b. 1934)
13 May 1992 - 31 Oct 1992 Rashid al-Solh (2nd time)
(s.a.)
31 Oct 1992 - 6 Dec 1998 Rafiq Bahaeddine Hariri
(b. 1944 - d. 2005)
(1st time)
6 Dec 1998 - 23 Oct 2000 Salim Ahmed al-Hoss
(3rd time) (s.a.)
23 Oct 2000 - 21 Oct 2004 Rafiq Bahaeddine Hariri
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
21 Oct 2004 - 19 Apr 2005 Omar Karami (2nd time)
(s.a.)
19 Apr 2005 - 19 Jul 2005 Najib Azmi Mikati (1st time)
(b. 1955)
Non-party
19 Jul 2005 - 9 Nov 2009 Fouad Siniora
(s.a.)
FM/M14
9 Nov 2009 - 13 Jun 2011 Saad Hariri
(b. 1970)
FM/M14
13 Jun 2011 -
Najib Azmi Mikati (2nd time) (s.a.)
Non-party
French-mandated Syria and Lebanon (headquarters in Beirut, Lebanon)
French High Commissioners
26 Nov 1919 - 23 Nov 1922 Henri-Joseph-Eugène
Gouraud (b. 1867 - d. 1946)
23 Nov 1922 - 17 Apr 1923 Robert de Caix (acting)
(b. 1869 - d. 1970)
19 Apr 1923 - 29 Nov 1924
Maxime Weygand
(b. 1867 - d. 1965)
29 Nov 1924 - 23 Dec 1925 Maurice Paul
Emmanuel Sarrail (b. 1856 - d. 1929)
23 Dec 1925 - 23 Jun 1926 Baron Henry de Jouvenel des
Ursins (b. 1876 - d. 1935)
Aug 1926 - Jul 1933
Auguste Henri Ponsot
(b. 1877 - d. 1963)
16 Jul 1933 - Jan 1939 Damien de Martel,
comte de Martel (b. 1878 - d. 1940)
Jan 1939 - Nov 1940
Gabriel Puaux
(b. 1883 - d. 1970)
24 Nov 1940 - 27 Nov 1940 Jean Chiappe (did not take
office) (b. 1878 - d. 1940)
6 Dec 1940 - 16 Jun 1941
Henri Fernand Dentz
(b. 1881 - d. 1945)
Delegates-general
24 Jun 1941 - 7 Jun 1943 Georges Albert-Julien
Catroux (b. 1877 - d. 1969)
(also chief of Free French in Levant
states)
7 Jun 1943 - 23 Nov 1943
Jean Helleu
(b. 1885 - d. 1955)
23 Nov 1943 - 23 Jan 1944 Yves
Chataigneau
(b. 1891 - d. 1961)
23 Jan 1944 - 1 Sep 1946 Étienne
Paul-Émile-Marie Beynet
(b. 1883 - d. 1969)
British Military Commander
21 Jun 1941 - 1945
Henry "Jumbo" Maitland Wilson (b. 1881 -
d. 1964)
British Resident Ministers for Lebanon and Syria
25 Mar 1943 - 1944
Sir Edward L. Spears (1st time) (b. 1886 - d. 1974)
28 Jan 1944 - 6 Nov 1944 Walter Edward Guinness,
Lord Moyne (b. 1880 - d. 1944)
1944 - 1945
Sir Edward L. Spears (2nd time) (s.a.)
1945 - 1946
Sir Terence Allen Shone
(b. 1894 - d. 1965)
-
![[Druze people (Lebanon)]](sy-druz.gif)
- Flag of the Druze
2General Michel Naïm Aoun (s.a.) chaired a military cabinet in dissidence from 23 Sep 1988 - 13 Oct 1990 and also claimed to be the acting president.
Territorial Disputes: Lacking a treaty or other documentation describing the boundary, portions of the Lebanon-Syria boundary are unclear with several sections in dispute; since 2000, Lebanon has claimed Shab'a Farms area in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights; the roughly 2,000-strong UN Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) has been in place since 1978.
Party abbreviations: ADP = al-Hizb al-Arabi al-Dimuqrati
(Arab Democratic Party, mainly Alwai, pro-Syrian, est.1970s);
AM = Amal (Afwaj al-Muqawmat al-Lubnaniyya ["Hope"],
Shi'ite, Islamist, est.1975); ARF = Hay Heghapokhagan Tashnagtsutiun
(Armenian Revolutionary Federation "Tashnag", Armenian,
christian, est.1923); FM = Tayyar al-Mustaqbal (Future
Movement, Hariri personalist, secular, mainly Sunni, est.2007); HB =
Hezbollah (Shi'ite, islamist, pro-Iranian, est.1982);
KPL = Kataeb-Phalanges Libanaises (Lebanese Social Democratic Party,
secular, conservative, nationalist, mainly
Maronite Christian, est.1936); KW = al-Kutla
al-Wataniya (National Bloc, conservative, est.1936); M8 = March
8 Alliance (pro-Syrian coalition of AM, ADP, ARF, HB, SSNP, etc. est.2005);
M14 = March 14 Alliance (anti-Syrian coalition of FM,
KPL, KW, NLP, PSP, etc. est.2005); NLP = Hizb al-Ahrar al-Watani
(National Liberal Party, conservative-liberal, mainly Christian, est.1958);
PSP = Hizb al-Taqadummi al-Ishtiraki (Progressive Socialist
Party, social-democratic, mainly Druze, est.1949); Mil = Military;
- Former parties: CB = Constitutional
Bloc (Christian group that emphasized its Arabic heritage to make rapport
with the Muslim groups); DP = Destour (Constitutional) Party;
HA = Helf Alliance (Tripartite Alliance, mainly Christian
coalition of KPL, KW and NLP, 1968-76); HI = Hizb Istiqlal
(Independence Party, Arab independence movement, est.1919); LF =
Lebanese Front (right-wing coalition, mainly Christian, incl KPL, NLP est.1976);
LNM = Lebanese National Movement (arab nationalist, anti-Maronite
coalition of Lebanese Communist Party, PSP, Popular Front for the Liberation
of Palestine, Ba'ath Party, Syrian Social Nationalist Party [SSNP], etc.
1969-82); NSF = National Salvation Front (pro-Syrian,
Muslim and Druze coalition)
Southern Lebanon ("Free Republic of Lebanon")
|
|
![[Israel]](il.gif)
|
(Jan 1998) |
"Koullouna Liloutataan Lil'Oula Lil'Alam" (All for the Country, for the Glory, for the Flag) |
|
(1999) |
|
|
(LBP); Israeli Shekel (ILS) |
|
3,000 (1990) |
|
Kurd, other |
[Maronite, Greek Catholic] , Orthodox (Greek Orthodox, Armenian Apostolic); and Druze |
||
30 Oct 1948 - 23 Mar 1949 Israeli troops occupy 13 villages
in a strip of land around
(and including) the Lebanese town of
Houla near the
Israeli-Lebanese border as part of the
operation capturing
Galilee in the 1948-1949 Arab-Israeli
War.
14 Mar 1978
First Israeli invasion, resulting in the creation of an
occupied zone run by an Israeli allied
Christian militia
referred to as the "Free Lebanon Army."
19 Mar 1978
UNIFIL established, first troops arrive in Lebanon 23 Mar 1978.
13 Jun 1978
Israel withdraws (most of) its troops from southern Lebanon.
18 Apr 1979
Hadad declares independence (Free Republic of Lebanon).
May 1980
Free Lebanon Army renamed as the Army of South Lebanon (South
Lebanese Army [SLA]).
6 Jun 1982
Second Israeli invasion; South Lebanese security zone formally
created by Israel. The pro-Israeli Christian
Army of South
Lebanon (South Lebanese Army [SLA]) established.
1983 – 1985
Israel withdraws its troops to a (South Lebanese) security zone
in southern Lebanon that was formally
established by Israel,
the Zone is patrolled by the IDF and
SLA.
1 Jun 1999
Israel withdraws from Jezzine.
22 May 2000
Israel evacuates southern Lebanon, the SLA dissolves.
22 Jul 2006 - 1 Oct 2006 Third Israeli invasion,
resulting in the capture of
number of villages in southern Lebanon.
Commanders of the Army of South Lebanon (also heads of Government
of Free Lebanon)
Jun 1978 - 15 Jan 1984
Sa'ad Hadad
(b. 1936 - d. 1984)
15 Jan 1984 - 22 May 2000 Antoine Lahad
(b. 1929)
Executive Director of Government of Free Lebanon in Exile
2000 -
Nagi N. Najjar
(b. 1964)
Israeli Military Governors
(commanders of Israel Northern Command)
1977 - 1981 Avigdor
Ben Gal
(b. 1938)
1981 - 1983
Amir Drori
(b. 1937 - d. 2005)
1983 - 1986 Uri
Or
(b. 1939)
1986 - 1991 Yossi
Peled
(b. 1941)
1991 - 1994 Yitzhak
Mordechai
(b. 1944)
1994 - 1998 Amiram
Levin
1998 - 2000 Gabi
Ashkenazi
(b. 1954)
22 Jul 2006 - 1 Oct 2006 Udi Adam
(b. 1958)
United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL)
| Headquarters: Naquoura | UNIFIL Force: 12,148 (2012) |
Commanders of United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL)
23 Mar 1978 - Feb 1981 Emmanuel A.
Erskine (Ghana) (b. 1937)
Feb 1981 - May 1986
William Callaghan (Ireland)
Jun 1986 - Jun 1988
Johan Gustav Hägglund (Finland) (b. 1938)
Jul 1988 - Feb 1993
Lars Eric Wahlgren (Sweden) (b. 1929 - d. 1999)
23 Feb 1993 - 1 Apr 1995 Trond Furuhovde (Norway)
(b. 1939 - d. 2006)
1 Apr 1995 - 30 Sep 1997 Stanislaw Franciszek
Wozniak
(Poland)
1 Oct 1997 - 30 Sep 1999 Jioji "George" Konousi
Konrote (b. 1947)
(Fiji)
30 Sep 1999 - 1 Dec 1999 James Sreenan (Ireland)(acting)
1 Dec 1999 - 15 May 2001 Seth Kofi Obeng (Ghana)
(b. 1945)
15 May 2001 - 17 Aug 2001 Ganesan Athmanathan (India)
17 Aug 2001 - 17 Feb 2004 Lalit Mohan Tewari (India)
(b. 1947 - d. 2004)
17 Feb 2004 - 17 Feb 2007 Alain Pellegrini (France)
(b. 1946)
17 Feb 2007 - 28 Jan 2010 Claudio Graziano (Italy)
(b. 1954)
28 Jan 2010 - 28 Jan 2012 Alberto Asarta Cuevas (Spain)
(b. 1951)
28 Jan 2012 - Paolo
Serra (Italy) (b.
1956)
©2000 Ben Cahoon