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![[Ottoman Empire (to 1918)]](tr.gif)
![[Shihab Flag ca. 1697-1842 (Lebanon)]](lb_shihb.gif)
![[Mount Lebanon Flag 1861 - 1918 (Lebanon)]](lb_cedar.gif)
![[French Lebanon 1920-1943]](lb-fr1.gif)
![[Lebanon]](lb.gif)
Emirs (title al-Amir al-Hakim - ruling emir)
1516 - 1544
Fakhr al-Dein I
(d. 1544)
1544 - 1585
Karkamaz ibn Fakhr al-Dein
1585 - 1635
Fakhr al-Dein II ibn Karkamaz (b. 1572 -
d. 1635)
1635
Ali ibn Fakhr al-Dein
1635 - 1657
Molhem ibn Yones ibn Karkamaz (d. 1657)
1657 - 1697
Ahmad ibn Molhem
1698 - 1706
Bashir ibn al-Husayn
1706 - 1732
Haydar ibn Musa
(d. 1781)
1732 - 1758
Malham ibn Haydar
1758 - 1770
al-Mansur ibn Haydar
(d. 1774)
+ Ahmad ibn Haydar (to 1763)
1760
al-Qasim ibn `Umar (in rebellion)
1770 - 1778
Yusuf ibn Malham (1st time)
1778 - 1780
Ahmad ibn Malham
+ Afandi ibn Malham
1780 - 1789
Yusuf ibn Malham (2nd time)
1789 - 1790
Bashir ibn al-Qasim ibn `Umar (b. 1767 -
d. 1850)
(1st time)
1790
Yusuf ibn Malham (3rd time)
1790
Bashir ibn al-Qasim ibn `Umar
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
1790 - 1793
Haydar ibn Malham
+ Qa`dan ibn Muhammad (1st time)
1793
al-Husayn ibn Yusuf (1st time)
+ Salim ibn Yusuf (1st time)
+ Sa`d ad-Din ibn Yusuf (1st time)
1793 - 1795
Bashir ibn al-Qasim ibn `Umar (s.a.)
(3rd time)
1795
al-Husayn ibn Yusuf (2nd time)
+ Salim ibn Yusuf (2nd time)
+ Sa`d ad-Din ibn Yusuf (2nd time)
1795 - 1799
Bashir ibn al-Qasim ibn `Umar (s.a.)
(4th time)
1799 - 1800
al-Husayn ibn Yusuf (3rd time)
+ Salim ibn Yusuf (3rd time)
+ Sa`d ad-Din ibn Yusuf (3rd time)
1800 - 1801
Bashir ibn al-Qasim ibn `Umar (s.a.)
(5th time)
1801
al-`Abbas ibn Asad (1st time)
1801
Qa`dan ibn Muhammad (2nd time)
+ Salman ibn Ahmad (1st time)
1801 - 1821
Bashir ibn al-Qasim ibn `Umar (s.a.)
(6th time)
1821
al-Hasan ibn `Ali (1st time)
+ Salman ibn Ahmad (2nd time)
1821 - 1822
Bashir ibn al-Qasim ibn `Umar (s.a.)
(7th time)
1822
al-Hasan ibn `Ali (2nd time)
+ Salman ibn Ahmad (3rd time)
1822
al-`Abbas ibn Asad (2nd time)
1822 - 1840
Bashir ibn al-Qasim ibn `Umar (s.a.)
(8th time)
8 Oct 1840 - 16 Jan 1842 Bashir ibn al-Qasim
(d. 1851)
Walis in Sa`ida (Sidon) and Acre
1660 - 1772
the emirs of Mount Lebanon
1772 - 1775
`Umar az-Zahir bin `Umar
(b. c.1686 - d. 1775)
az-Zaydani
1775 - 1804
Ahmad Pasha al-Djazzar
(b. 1735 – d. 1804)
1804 – 1809
Süleyman Pasha
18.. – 18..
Ismail
1820 - 1831
Abdullah Pasha
(d. 1831)
27 May 1832 - 10 Oct 1840 Egyptian rule
Nov 1840 - Mar 1841 Köse Ahmed Zekeriya Pasha
Mar 1841 - Dec 1841 Eneste/Haseki Mehmed Selim Pasha
Dec 1841 - Jul 1842 Mehmed Izzet Pasha
1842
Mustapha Pasha
1842
Selim Pasha
1842 - 7 Dec 1842
Ömer Pasha (Mihaylo Lattas)
Aug 1842 - 9 Apr 1845 Ayasli Asad Mehmed Muhlis Pasha
9 Apr 1845 – Jan 1846 Yozgatli Mehmed Vecihi Pasha
Jan 1846 - Sep 1847 Mühendis Mehmed Kamil Pasha
Sep 1847 - Jul 1848 Mustafa Sherifi Pasha
Aug 1848 - Sep 1851 Serhalifizade Vamik (Femiq)
Salih Pasha (1st time)
Sep 1851 – Sep 1852 Pepe Mehmed Emin Pasha
Sep 1852 – Mar 1855 Serhalifizade Vamik (Femiq)
Salih Pasha (2nd time)
Mar 1855 - Dec 1855 Mahmud
Nedim Pasha
(b. 1818 - d. 1883)
Dec 1855 - Jun 1857 Serhalifizade Vamik (Femiq)
Salih Pasha (3rd time)
Jun 1857 – 17 Jul 1860 Arnavud Mehmed Kurshid Pasha
17 Jul 1860 - 9 Jun 1861 Fuad Pasha
16 Aug 1860 - 5 Jul 1861 Charles de Beaufort
(b. 1804 - d. 1890)
d'Hautpoul -French commander
Aug 1860 – Feb 1863 Kaysarli Ahmad Pasha
Feb 1863 - Feb 1864
Mehmed Kabuli Pasha
(b. 1812 – d. 1877)
Feb 1864 – Apr 1865
Mehmed Kurshid Pasha
Walis of Beirut
1875 - 1877
Uzenetek Ali Beg
(d. 1877)
1877 - Dec 1887 ....
Dec 1887 - Mar 1889 Örfi Pasazade
Sarabçi Ali Pasha (b. 1829 – d. 1889)
Apr 1889 - Jul 1889 Mehmed Sherif Rauf
Pasha (b. 1838
- d. 1921)
Jul 1889 - Dec 1891 Ahmed Aziz
Pasha
(b. 1835 - d. 1903)
Dec 1891 - Jul 1892 Vlora Ismail
Kemal Bey
(b. 1844 - d. 1919)
Jul 1892 - Aug 1894 Babanzade Khalil Khalid Bey
Aug 1894 - Mar 1897 Abdulhalik
Nasuhi Bey
(b. 1837 - d. 1912)
Mar 1897 - Jul 1897 Huseyni Nazim
Pasha
(b. 1854 - d. 1927)
Jul 1897 – Sep 1903 Reshid Mumtaz Pasha
Sep 1903 - Dec 1908 Ibrahim Halil Pasha
Dec 1908 - May 1910 Dirvana Ibrahim Edhem Bey
May 1910 - Sep 1911 Mehmed Nureddin
Bey
(b. 1868 - d. 1911)
Sep 1911 – Aug 1912 Ebubekir Hazim Bey Tepeyran
(1st time)
Jan 1913 - Jun 1913 Ebubekir Hazim Bey Tepeyran
(2nd time)
Jun 1913 - Sep 1913 Ali Munif Bey
1913 – 1915 Bekir Sami Bey
Jun 1915 - Jun 1918 Akalin Mustafa Azim Bey
Jun 1919 - Sep 1918 Muftuzade Ismail Hakki Bey
Governors (mutassarifs) of Mount Lebanon
Jun 1861 - May 1868
Davud Pasha
(b. c.1816 - d. 1873)
Jun 1868 - 2 Feb 1873
Franko Kusa Nasri Pasha
(b. 1814 - d. 1873)
Mar 1873 - Mar 1882 Rüstem
Pasha
(b. 1810 - d. 1885)
9 May 1882 - 26 Jun 1892 Vasa Pasha
(b. 1824 - d. 1892)
15 Aug 1892 - 2 Aug 1902 Duhani Naum Nimetullah Pasha
(b. 1846 - d. 1911)
27 Sep 1902 - 28 Jun 1907 Muzaffer
Pasha
(b. 1843 - d. 1907)
(Wladyslaw Czajkowski)
Jul 1907 - Dec 1912
Franko Kusa Yusuf Pasha
(b. 1868 - d. 1933)
23 Dec 1912 - Sep 1915 Ohannes
Kuyumjian Pasha
(b. 1852 - d. 19..)
25 Sep 1915 - 15 May 1916 Yegenaga Ali Münif Bey
May 1916 - Aug 1918 Ismail Haqqi Bey
15 Aug 1918 - 30 Sep 1918 Mümtaz Bey
30 Sep 1918 - 7 Oct 1918 Ömer al-Dauk
French Military Governors
8 Oct 1918 - Nov 1918 Marie Antoine Philpin de Piépape (b. 1870 - d. 1946)
Nov 1918 - 1919? Hamelin
1919? - 1 Sep 1920 François Georges Barb
Governors
1 Sep 1920 - Apr 1923 Albert
Trabaud
Apr 1923 - 27 Jun 1924 Antoine Privat-Aubouard (interim)
(b. 1874 - d. 1934)
27 Jun 1924 - 13 Jan 1925 Charles Alexis Vandenberg
(b. 1852 - d. 1942)
13 Jan 1925 - 26 May 1926 Léon Henri Charles Cayla
(b. 1881 - d. 1965)
(provisional to 16 Jul 1925)
26 May 1926 - 1 Sep 1926 Charles Debbas
(b. 1885 - d. 1935)
(with honorary title of President)
Presidents¹
1 Sep 1926 - 2 Jan 1934 Charles Debbas
(s.a.)
2 Jan 1934 - 30 Jan 1934 Antoine Privat-Aubouard (acting)
(s.a.)
30 Jan 1934 - 20 Jan 1936 Habib Pacha Es-Saad
(b. 1867 - d. 1942)
20 Jan 1936 - 4 Apr 1941 Émile Eddé (1st
time)
(b. 1886 - d. 1949) KW
4 Apr 1941 - 9 Apr 1941 Pierre-Georges Arlabosse
(acting) (b. 1891 - d. 1950)
9 Apr 1941 - 18 Mar 1943 Alfred Georges Naccache
(b. 1887 - d. 1978) KPL
(acting to 1 Dec 1941)
19 Mar 1943 - 21 Jul 1943 Ayub Thabit (acting)
(b. 1884 - d. 1951)
22 Jul 1943 - 20 Sep 1943 Petro Trad
(b. 1886 - d. 1947)
21 Sep 1943 - 11 Nov 1943 Béchara Khalil El-Khoury
(1st time)(b. 1892 - d. 1964) DP
11 Nov 1943 - 22 Nov 1943 Émile Eddé (2nd time)
(s.a.)
KW
22 Nov 1943 - 18 Sep 1952 Béchara Khalil El-Khoury
(2nd time)(s.a.)
DP
18 Sep 1952 - 22 Sep 1952 Fouad Abdallah Chehab (1st time)
(b. 1902 - d. 1973) Mil
(acting)
23 Sep 1952 - 22 Sep 1958 Camille Nimer Chamoun
(b. 1900 - d. 1987) CB/NLP
23 Sep 1958 - 22 Sep 1964 Fouad Abdallah Chehab (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Mil
23 Sep 1964 - 22 Sep 1970 Charles Alexandre Hélou
(b. 1912 - d. 2001) KPL
23 Sep 1970 - 22 Sep 1976 Suleiman Kabalan Franjieh
(b. 1910 - d. 1992) LF
23 Sep 1976 - 22 Sep 1982 Elias Sarkis
(b. 1924 - d. 1985)
23 Sep 1982 - 22 Sep 1988 Amin Pierre Gemayel
(b. 1942)
KPL
23 Sep 1988 - 5 Nov 1989 Selim Ahmed al-Hoss (1st time)2
(b. 1929)
(acting)
5 Nov 1989 - 22 Nov 1989 René Moawad
(b. 1925 - d. 1989)
22 Nov 1989 - 24 Nov 1989 Selim Ahmed al-Hoss (2nd time)
(s.a.)
(acting)
24 Nov 1989 - 23 Nov 1998 Elias Hrawi
(b. 1926 - d. 2006)
24 Nov 1998 - 23 Nov 2007 Émile Geamil Lahoud
(b. 1936)
Non-party
24 Nov 2007 - 25 May 2008 Fouad Siniora (acting)
(b. 1943)
FM
25 May 2008 -
Michel Suleiman
(b. 1948)
Non-party
President of the Administrative Council
1 Oct 1918 - 7 Oct 1918 Habib Pacha Es-Saad
(s.a.)
President of the Representative Council
8 May 1922 - 31 May 1926 Habib Pacha Es-Saad
(s.a.)
Prime ministers¹
31 May 1926 - 5 May 1927 Auguste Adib Pacha (1st time)
(b. 1860 - d. 1936)
5 May 1927 - 10 Aug 1928 Béchara Khalil El-Khoury
(1st time)(s.a.)
DP
10 Aug 1928 - 9 May 1929 Habib Pacha Es-Saad
(s.a.)
9 May 1929 - 11 Oct 1929 Béchara Khalil El-Khoury
(2nd time)(s.a.)
DP
11 Oct 1929 - 25 Mar 1930 Émile Eddé
(s.a.)
KW
25 Mar 1930 - 9 Mar 1932 Auguste Adib Pacha (2nd time)
(s.a.)
9 Mar 1932 - 29 Jan 1934 Charles Dabbas
(s.a.)
29 Mar 1934 - 30 Jan 1936 Abdullah Bayhum (1st time) (acting)
30 Jan 1936 - 5 Jan 1937 Ayub Thabit (1st time) (acting)
(s.a.)
5 Jan 1937 - 18 Mar 1938 Khayreddin al-Ahdab
(b. 1894 - d. 1941)
18 Mar 1938 - 24 Oct 1938 Amir Khalid Chehab (1st time)
(b. 1892 - d. 1978)
24 Oct 1938 - 21 Sep 1939 Abdullah Aref al-Yafi (1st time)
(b. 1901 - d. 1986) Non-party
21 Sep 1939 - 4 Apr 1941 Abdullah Bayhum (2nd time)
7 Apr 1941 - 26 Nov 1941 Alfred Georges Naccache
(s.a.) KPL
1 Dec 1941 - 26 Jul 1942 Ahmed Daouk (1st time)
(b. 1892 - d. 19..)
26 Jul 1942 - 22 Mar 1943 Sami as-Solh (1st time)
(b. 1890 - d. 1968)
22 Mar 1943 - 21 Jul 1943 Ayub Thabit (2nd time) (acting)
(s.a.)
1 Aug 1943 - 25 Sep 1943 Petro Trad
(s.a.)
25 Sep 1943 - 10 Jan 1945 Riad as-Solh (1st time)
(b. 1894 - d. 1951) HI
10 Jan 1945 - 20 Aug 1945 Abdul Hamid Karami
(b. 1890 - d. 1950)
23 Aug 1945 - 22 May 1946 Sami as-Solh (2nd time)
(s.a.)
22 May 1946 - 14 Dec 1946 Saadi al-Munla
14 Dec 1946 - 14 Feb 1951 Riad as-Solh (2nd time)
(s.a.)
HI
14 Feb 1951 - 7 Apr 1951 Hussein al-Oweini (1st time)
(b. 1900 - d. 1971)
7 Apr 1951 - 11 Feb 1952 Abdullah Aref al-Yafi (2nd
time) (s.a.) Non-party
11 Feb 1952 - 9 Sep 1952 Sami as-Solh (3rd time)
(s.a.)
10 Sep 1952 - 14 Sep 1952 Nazim al-Akkari
(b. 1902 - d. 1985)
14 Sep 1952 - 18 Sep 1952 Saeb Salam (1st time)
(b. 1905 - d. 2000)
24 Sep 1952 - 30 Sep 1952 Abdullah Aref al-Yafi (3rd time)
(s.a.) Non-party
1 Oct 1952 - 1 May 1953 Khalid Chehab (2nd time)
(s.a.)
1 May 1953 - 13 Aug 1953 Saeb Salam (2nd time)
(s.a.)
16 Aug 1953 - 16 Sep 1954 Abdullah Aref al-Yafi (4th time)
(s.a.) Non-party
16 Sep 1954 - 19 Sep 1955 Sami as-Solh (4th time)
(s.a.)
19 Sep 1955 - 20 Mar 1956 Rashid Karami (1st time)
(b. 1921 - d. 1987)
20 Mar 1956 - 18 Nov 1956 Abdullah Aref al-Yafi (5th time)
(s.a.) Non-party
27 Nov 1956 - 20 Sep 1958 Sami as-Solh (5th time)
(s.a.)
20 Sep 1958 - 24 Sep 1958 Khalid al-Hibri (acting)
(b. 1905 - d. 19..)
24 Sep 1958 - 14 May 1960 Rashid Karami (2nd time)
(s.a.)
14 May 1960 - 1 Aug 1960 Ahmed Daouk (2nd time)
(s.a.)
2 Aug 1960 - 31 Oct 1961 Saeb Salam (3rd time)
(s.a.)
31 Oct 1961 - 20 Feb 1964 Rashid Karami (3rd time)
(s.a.)
20 Feb 1964 - 25 Jul 1965 Hussein al-Oweini (2nd time)
(s.a.)
25 Jul 1965 - 9 Apr 1966 Rashid Karami (4th time)
(s.a.)
9 Apr 1966 - 2 Dec 1966 Abdullah Aref al-Yafi
(6th time) (s.a.) Non-party
7 Dec 1966 - 8 Feb 1968 Rashid Karami (5th time)
(s.a.)
8 Feb 1968 - 15 Jan 1969 Abdullah Aref al-Yafi (7th
time) (s.a.) Non-party
15 Jan 1969 - 13 Oct 1970 Rashid Karami (6th time)
(s.a.)
13 Oct 1970 - 25 Apr 1973 Saeb Salam (4th time)
(s.a.)
25 Apr 1973 - 21 Jun 1973 Amin al-Hafez
(b. 1921 - d. 2009)
21 Jun 1973 - 31 Oct 1974 Takieddin as-Solh (1st time)
(b. 1901 - d. 1988)
31 Oct 1974 - 24 May 1975 Rashid as-Solh (1st time)
(b. 1926)
24 May 1975 - 30 Jun 1975 Nureddin Rifai
(b. 1899)
Mil
1 Jul 1975 - 8 Dec 1976 Rashid Karami (7th time)
(s.a.)
NSF
8 Dec 1976 - 20 Jul 1980 Selim Ahmed al-Hoss (1st time)
(s.a.)
20 Jul 1980 - 25 Oct 1980 Takieddin as-Solh (2nd time)
(s.a.)
25 Oct 1980 - 30 Apr 1984 Shafiq al-Wazzan
(b. 1925 - d. 1999)
30 Apr 1984 - 1 Jun 1987 Rashid Karami (8th time)
(s.a.)
NSF
1 Jun 1987 - 24 Dec 1990 Selim Ahmed al-Hoss (2nd time)
(s.a.)
23 Sep 1988 - 13 Oct 1990 Michel Naïm Aoun2
(b. 1935)
Mil
(military government)
24 Dec 1990 - 13 May 1992 Omar Karami (1st time)
(b. 1934)
13 May 1992 - 31 Oct 1992 Rashid as-Solh (2nd time)
(s.a.)
31 Oct 1992 - 6 Dec 1998 Rafiq Bahaeddine al-Hariri
(b. 1944 - d. 2005)
(1st time)
6 Dec 1998 - 23 Oct 2000 Sélim Ahmed al-Hoss
(3rd time) (s.a.)
23 Oct 2000 - 21 Oct 2004 Rafiq Bahaeddine al-Hariri
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
21 Oct 2004 - 19 Apr 2005 Omar Karami (2nd time)
(s.a.)
19 Apr 2005 - 19 Jul 2005 Najib Azmi Mikati
(b. 1955)
Non-party
19 Jul 2005 - 9 Nov 2009 Fouad Siniora
(s.a.)
FM/M14
9 Nov 2009 - Saad Hariri
(b. 1970) FM/M14
French-mandated Syria and Lebanon (headquarters in Beirut, Lebanon)
High commissioners
9 Oct 1919 - 19 Apr 1923 Henri Joseph-Eugène Gouraud
(b. 1867 - d. 1946)
19
Apr 1923 - 29 Nov 1924 Maxime Weygand
(b. 1867 - d. 1965)
29 Nov 1924 - 23 Dec 1925 Maurice Paul Emmanuel Sarrail
(b. 1856 - d. 1929)
23 Dec 1925 - 23 Jun 1926 Baron Henry de Jouvenel des Ursins (b. 1876 - d. 1935)
Aug
1926 - Jul 1933 Auguste Henri
Ponsot
(b. 1877 - d. 1963)
16 Jul 1933 - Jan 1939 Damien de Martel,
comte de Martel (b. 1878 - d. 1940)
Jan
1939 - Nov 1940 Gabriel
Puaux
(b. 1883 - d. 1970)
24 Nov 1940 - 27 Nov 1940 Jean Chiappe (did not take office)
(b. 1878 - d. 1940)
6
Dec 1940 - 16 Jun 1941 Henri Fernand Dentz
(b. 1881 - d. 1945)
Delegates-general
24 Jun 1941 - 7 Jun 1943 Georges Albert-Julien Catroux (b. 1877 -
d. 1969)
(also chief of Free French in Levant states)
7 Jun 1943 - 23 Nov 1943 Jean Helleu
(b. 1885 - d. 1955)
23
Nov 1943 - 23 Jan 1944 Yves Chataigneau
(b. 1891 - d. 1961)
23 Jan 1944 - 1 Sep 1946 Étienne Paul-Émile-Marie Beynet (b. 1883 - d. 1969)
British Military Commander
21 Jun 1941 - 1945
Henry "Jumbo" Maitland Wilson (b. 1881 -
d. 1964)
British Resident Ministers for Lebanon and Syria
25 Mar 1943 - 1944
Sir Edward L. Spears (1st time) (b. 1886 - d. 1974)
28 Jan 1944 - 6 Nov 1944 Walter Edward Guinness, Lord
Moyne (b. 1880 - d. 1944)
1944 - 1945
Sir Edward L. Spears (2nd time) (s.a.)
1945 - 1946?
Sir Terence Allen Shone
(b. 1894 - d. 1965)
-
![[Druze people (Lebanon)]](sy-druz.gif)
- Flag of the Druze
2General Michel Aoun chaired a military cabinet from 23 Sep 1988 - 13 Oct 1990 and also claimed to be the acting president.
Territorial Disputes: Lacking a treaty or other documentation describing the boundary, portions of the Lebanon-Syria boundary are unclear with several sections in dispute; since 2000, Lebanon has claimed Shab'a Farms area in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights; the roughly 2,000-strong UN Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) has been in place since 1978.
Party abbreviations: ADP = al-Hizb al-Arabi al-Dimuqrati (Arab Democratic Party, mainly Alwai, pro-Syrian, est.1970s); AM = Amal (Afwaj al-Muqawmat al-Lubnaniyya ["Hope"], Shi'ite, Islamist, est.1975);
ARF = Hay Heghapokhagan Tashnagtsutiun (Armenian Revolutionary Federation "Tashnag", Armenian, christian, est.1923); FM =
Tayyar al-Mustaqbal (Future Movement, Hariri personalist, secular, mainly Sunni, est.2007);
HB = Hezbollah (Shi'ite, islamist, pro-Iranian, est.1982); KPL
= Kataeb-Phalanges Libanaises (Lebanese Social Democratic Party, secular, conservative, nationalist, mainly Maronite Christian, est.1936);
KW = al-Kutla al-Wataniya (National Bloc, conservative, est.1936); M8 = March 8 Alliance (pro-Syrian coalition of AM, ADP, ARF, HB, SSNP, etc. est.2005); M14 = March 14 Alliance (anti-Syrian coalition of FM, KPL, KW, NLP, PSP, etc. est.2005); NLP = Hizb al-Ahrar al-Watani (National
Liberal Party, conservative-liberal, mainly Christian, est.1958);
PSP = Hizb al-Taqadummi al-Ishtiraki
(Progressive Socialist Party, social-democratic, mainly Druze, est.1949);
Mil
= Military;
- Former parties: CB = Constitutional Bloc
(Christian group that emphasized its Arabic heritage to make rapport with
the Muslim groups); DP = Destour (Constitutional) Party;
HA = Helf Alliance (Tripartite Alliance, mainly Christian coalition of KPL, KW and NLP, 1968-76); HI = Hizb Istiqlal (Independence Party, Arab independence
movement, est.1919);
LF
= Lebanese Front (right-wing coalition, mainly Christian, incl KPL, NLP est.1976); LNM = Lebanese
National Movement (arab nationalist, anti-Maronite coalition of Lebanese
Communist Party, PSP, Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, Ba'ath
Party, Syrian Social Nationalist Party [SSNP], etc. 1969-82); NSF = National Salvation Front (pro-Syrian, Muslim
and Druze coalition)
Southern Lebanon ("Free Republic of Lebanon")
|
|
![[Israel]](il.gif)
|
(Jan 1998) |
"Koullouna Liloutataan Lil'Oula Lil'Alam" (All for the Country, for the Glory, for the Flag) |
|
(1999) |
|
UNIFIL HQ: Naquoura |
(LBP); Israeli Shekel (ILS) |
|
3,000 (1990) UNIFIL Force: 13,286 (2007) |
|
Kurd, other |
[Maronite, Greek Catholic] , Orthodox (Greek Orthodox, Armenian Apostolic); and Druze |
||
30 Oct 1948 - 23 Mar 1949 Israeli troops occupy 13 villages
in a strip of land around
(and including) the Lebanese town of Houla near the
Israeli-Lebanese border as part of the operation capturing
Galilee in the 1948-1949 Arab-Israeli War.
14 Mar 1978
First Israeli invasion, resulting in the creation of an
occupied zone run by an Israeli allied Christian militia
referred to as the "Free Lebanon Army."
19 Mar 1978
UNIFIL established, first troops arrive in Lebanon 23 Mar 1978.
13 Jun 1978
Israel withdraws (most of) its troops from southern Lebanon.
18 Apr 1979
Hadad declares independence (Free Republic of Lebanon).
May 1980
Free Lebanon Army renamed as the Army of South Lebanon (South
Lebanese Army [SLA]).
6 Jun 1982
Second Israeli invasion; South Lebanese security zone formally
created by Israel. The pro-Israeli Christian Army of
South
Lebanon (South Lebanese Army [SLA]) established.
1983 – 1985
Israel withdraws its troops to a (South Lebanese) security zone
in southern Lebanon that was formally established by
Israel,
the Zone is patrolled by the IDF and SLA.
1 Jun 1999
Israel withdraws from Jezzine.
22 May 2000
Israel evacuates southern Lebanon, the SLA dissolves.
22 Jul 2006 - 1 Oct 2006 Third Israeli invasion, resulting
in the capture of
number of villages in southern Lebanon.
Commanders of the Army of South Lebanon
Jun 1978 - 15 Jan 1984 Sa'ad Hadad
(b. 1936 - d. 1984)
15 Jan 1984 - 22 May 2000 Antoine Lahad
(b. 1929)
Israeli Military Governors
1985 - 198.
Daniel Rothschild
1992 - 1994 Gabi (Gabriel) Ashkenazi (b. 1954)
c.1998
Erez Gerstein (b. 1960 - d. 1999)
1999 - 22 May 2000
Benny Ganz (b. 1959)
Commanders of United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL)
23 Mar 1978 - Feb 1981 Emmanuel A. Erskine
(Ghana)
Feb 1981 - May 1986 William
Callaghan (Ireland)
Jun 1986 - Jun 1988 Johan Gustav Hägglund (Finland) (b. 1938)
Jul 1988 - Feb 1993 Lars Eric
Wahlgren (Sweden) (b. 1929 - d. 1999)
23 Feb 1993 - 1 Apr 1995 Trond Furuhovde
(Norway) (b. 1939 - d. 2006)
1 Apr 1995 - 30 Sep 1997 Stanislaw Franciszek Wozniak
(Poland)
1 Oct 1997 - 30 Sep 1999 Jioji "George" Konousi Konrote (b. 1947)
(Fiji)
Sep 1999 - 1 Dec 1999 James Sreenan
(Ireland)(acting)
1 Dec 1999 - 15 May 2001 Seth Kofi Obeng (Ghana)
(b. 1945)
Aug 2001 - 17 Feb 2004 Lalit Mohan Tewari
(India) (b. 1947 - d. 2004)
17 Feb 2004 - 17 Feb 2007
Alain Pellegrini (France)
(b. 1946)
17
Feb 2007 - 28 Jan 2010 Claudio Graziano
(Italy) (b. 1954)
28 Jan 2010 - Alberto Asarta Cuevas (Spain) (b. 1951)
©2000 Ben Cahoon