World Statesmen.org HOME >

 
 

Germany 
 
[flag
                                    of the Holy Roman Emperor
                                    1402-1806]
1402 - 1806
Holy Roman Emperor's Flag
 
 
 
[Germany 1871-1921, N. Ger.
                                    Confed. 1867-1870]
1 Jul 1867 - 16 Apr 1871
(North German Confederation);
16 Apr 1871 - 31 Dec 1921;
11 Mar 1933 - 15 Sep 1935
(co-national flag)
[Germany,
                                    1848-1852, 1919-1933]
9 Mar 1848 - 15 Aug 1852
(German Reich -Frankfurt);
14 Aug 1919 - 11 Mar 1933
 
 
[Third
                                    Reich 1933-1945 (Germany)]
11 Mar 1933 - 23 May 1945
(co-national flag to 15 Sep 1935)
[Allied Occupation of Germany
                                    (C-Ensign) 1945-1950]
20 Sep 1945 - 14 Aug 1950
Provisional Civil Ensign
[Germany]
Re-adopted 9 May 1949
("West" Germany to 3 Oct 1990)
Map of Germany
Hear National Anthem
"Das Lied der Deutschen"
(Song of the Germans)
Text of Anthem
Adopted 3 Oct 1990
Constitution
 (23 May 1949)
Capital: Berlin
(Seat of government:
3 Oct 1990 - 1 Sep 1999 Bonn)
Currency: Euro (EUR);
20 Jun 1948 - 1 Jan 2002
Deutsche Mark (DEM)
 National Holiday: 3 Oct (1990)
Tag der Deutschen Einheit
(Day of German Unity)
Population: 80,457,737 (2018)
GDP: $4.19 trillion (2017) 
Exports: $1.43 trillion (2017)
Imports: $1.13 trillion (2017) 
Ethnic groups: German 81.3%, Turkish 3.4%, Polish 3.6%,
Romanian 1.5%,
other Europeans 6.9%, Asian 1.4%, Arab 1.3%,
other/unspecified 0.6% (2016) 
Total Active Armed Forces: 178,600 (2018)
U.S. Military Forces: 35,188 (2023)
U.K. Military Forces: 185 (2020)

Merchant marine: 629 ships (2018)
Religions: Roman Catholic 28.6%, Protestant 26.6%,
Muslim 5.8%, Orthodox Christian 2%, other Christian 1%,
other religions 0.8%, none or members of unrecorded religious
 groups 35.2% (2016)
International Organizations/Treaties: AC (observer), ADB (nonregional), AfDB (nonregional), AG, AIIB (nonregional), ANT (consultative), APM, BDEAC, BIS, BSEC (observer), BTWC, CBSS, CCM, CD, CDB (nonregional), CE, CERN, CFE, CTBT, CWC, DC, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, ECOWAS (partner), EIB, EITI, EMU, ENMOD, ESA, ESCR, EU, Euratom, Eutelsat, FAO, FATF, G-5, G-7, G-8, G-10, G-20, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partner), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, Intersputnik, IOC, IOM, IORA (partner), IPU, IRENA, ISA, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MTCR, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NPT, NSG, NTBT, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OS, OSCE, OST, PA (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PIF (partner), SEGIB (associate observer), SELEC (observer), SICA (observer), UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-KP, UNFCC-PA, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WA, WADB (nonregional), WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Germany
Index
Chronology
25 Dec 800                 Roman Empire¹ ("Reich")(originally simply Imperium,
                             from 1034 Romanum Imperium), the king of the
                             Franks crowned as Emperor.
1254                       Holy Roman Empire (first use of designation sacrum
                             Romanum imperium; and from 1340 in German: Heiliges
                             Römisches Reich).
25 Feb 1803                Final Imperial Recess refers to the Empire only as the
                             German Empire (Deutsches Reich), as does the 1806
                             dissolution.
25 Jul 1806                Confederation of the Rhine founded (under French
                             suzerainty). 
 6 Aug 1806                Holy Roman Empire by the Emperor.
19 Oct 1813                Confederation of the Rhine dissolves.
21 Oct 1813 - 15 Jun 1814  Central Administration Department Germany
20 Jun 1815 - 24 Aug 1866  German Confederation; members in official order:
                            (1) Austria²
                            (2) Prussia (announces exit 14 Jun 1866, 
                                permission denied by Federal Assembly on
                                16 Jun 1866).
                            (3) Bavaria (4) Saxony (5) Hanover
                            (6) Württemberg (from 1 Sep 1815)
                            (7) Baden (from 26 Jul 1815)
                            (8) Hesse-Kassel (9) Hesse-Darmstadt
                           (10) Holstein (plus Schleswig 12 Apr 1848 - 10 Jul
                                1849, added by the German Confederation, not
                                recognized by Denmark)
                           (11) Luxembourg
                           (12) Limburg (from 5 Sep 1839)(see Netherlands)
                           (13) Braunschweig (14) Mecklenburg-Schwerin
                           (15) Nassau-Usingen + Nassau-Weilburg, merged 
                                24 Mar 1816 into Nassau. 
                           (16) Saxe-Weimar (17) Saxe-Gotha 
                           (18) Saxe-Coburg (from 12 Nov 1826 Saxe-Coburg-Gotha
                                a single member)(19) Saxe-Meiningen 
                           (20) Saxe-Hildburghausen (12 Nov 1826 replaced by
                                Saxe-Altenburg)
                           (21) Mecklenburg-Strelitz (22) Holstein-Oldenburg
                           (23) Anhalt-Dessau (merged 30 Aug 1863 
                                into Anhalt)
                           (24) Anhalt-Bernburg (same as above)
                           (25) Anhalt-Köthen (same as above)
                           (26) Schwarzburg-Sondershausen 
                           (27) Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
                           (28) Hohenzollern-Hechingen 
                                (annexed by Prussia 12 Mar 1850)
                           (29) Liechtenstein
                           (30) Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
                                (annexed by Prussia 12 Mar 1850)
                           (31) Waldeck (32) Reuss Senior Line 
                           (33) Reuss Junior Line (to 1 Oct 1848 including Reuss-
                                Lobenstein and Reuss-Ebersdorf)
                           (34) Schaumburg-Lippe
                           (35) Lippe (36) Hesse-Homburg (from 7 Jul 1817) 
                           (37) Lauenburg (38) Lübeck (39) Frankfurt
                           (40) Bremen (41) Hamburg
12 Jul 1848 - 20 Dec 1849  German Empire (Reich)
                             (officially from 28 Mar 1849).
 1 Jul 1867 -  1 Jan 1871  North German Confederation; members in 
                             official order:
                             (1) Prussia³ (with Lauenburg) (2) Saxony
                             (3) Mecklenburg-Schwerin 
                             (4) Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
                             (5) Mecklenburg-Strelitz (6) Oldenburg
                             (7) Brunswick (8) Saxe-Meiningen
                             (9) Saxe-Altenburg
                            (10) Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (11) Anhalt
                            (12) Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt 
                            (13) Schwarzburg-Sondershausen
                            (14) Waldeck (15) Reuss Senior Line 
                            (16) Reuss Junior Line (17) Schaumburg-Lippe 
                            (18) Lippe (19) Lübeck (20) Bremen (21) Hamburg 
                            (22) Hesse-Darmstadt (only the territories on 
                                 the right bank of Main river).
 1 Jan 1871                German Empire ("Second Reich").
18 Jan 1871 - 11 Nov 1918  Alsace-Lorraine annexed from France.
10 Nov 1918                Germany a republic (style Deutsches Reich is not 
                             officially abandoned. Alternative polity styles- 
                             German Socialist Republic, German Republic,
                             Germany - are in official use, but have no
                             constitutional status). 
 1 Dec 1918 - 30 Jun 1930  Allied occupation of the Rhineland.
28 Jun 1919                By the Treaty of Versailles, Alsace-Lorraine 
                             restored to France; Eupen-Malmedy and Neutral
                             Moresnet ceded to Belgium; Danzig made a Free
                             City; most of West Prussia, part of Pomerania,
                             Posen, a "Corridor" to the Baltic and part of
                             Upper Silesia (after plebiscite) ceded to 
                             Poland; Memel and the Saarland to be under
                             International administration; Rhineland to be 
                             demilitarized and under Allied occupation; 
                             Northern Schleswig ceded to Denmark after 
                             plebiscite; union with Austria forbidden;
                             and all colonies surrendered to the Allies.
13 Mar 1938 - 27 Apr 1945  Austria annexed.
21 Oct 1938 -  6 May 1945  Sudetenland annexed from Czechoslovakia.
16 Mar 1939                Styled Greater German Reich (Grossdeutsches Reich)
                             designates the territorial scope of legislation
                             applying to the German Reich together with
                             Bohemia and Moravia. It becomes part of the
                             official style of the Head of State for external
                             relations from 28 Jul 1942; and is also used for
                             external relations as the polity style from 
                             26 Jun 1943; no Constitutional status given.
 1 Sep 1939 -  2 Apr 1945  Danzig annexed.
15 Jun 1940 - 20 Mar 1945  Alsace-Lorraine annexed.
23 May 1945 -  5 May 1955  Allied occupation (formally assuming supreme
                             supreme authority on 5 Jun 1945).
17 Oct 1945                Soviet Union annexes Northern East Prussia 
                             (Königsberg).
23 May 1949                Federal Republic of Germany ("West" Germany to
                             3 Oct 1990), by promulgation of the Basic Law.
 7 Oct 1949                German Democratic Republic ("East" Germany) formed
                             in the eastern Soviet zone.
 3 Oct 1990                East Germany reunified with the Federal
                             Republic of Germany.
 1 Nov 1993                Part of European Union (1958-93 European Community).
Federal
Republic of
Germany
(since 1949)
States
since 1918
German states
before 1918
A - E & F - M
N - Q & R - Z

Prussia
Provinces
(to 1945)
Holy Roman
Empire

(1576-1806)
 Confederation
of the Rhine

(1806-1813)
Transitional
Administration

(1813-1814)
German Reich
(1815-1945)
Allied Military
Occupation

(1945-1949)
  • U.S. Zone
  • British Zone
  • French Zone
  • Soviet Zone
  • Belgian Zone
  • Dutch Zone
  • East Germany
    (1949-1990)
    East German
    Districts
    (1952-1990)
     Heligoland
    (1807-1891)
     Saarland
    (1918-1935,
    1945-1956)
    Allied Rhineland
    Occupation

    (1918-1930)
    Rhineland republics
    (1919, 1923-1924)
    French
    Départements
    in Germany

    (1800-1813)
    Neuschwabenland
    (1939)
    Historical Maps
    of Germany
    Map of Holy
    Roman Empire
    in 1789
    Map of Germany
    in 1808
     

    Holy Roman Empire¹ 

    [Emperor's
                          Banner 962-1402 (Holy Roman Empire, Germany)]
    962 - 1402
    Holy Roman Emperor's Flag
    [flag of the
                          Holy Roman Emperor 1402-1806]
    1402 - 6 Aug 1806
    Holy Roman Emperor's Flag
    Map the Holy Roman
    Empire in 1789

    National Anthem
    "Die Kaiserhymne"
    (The Emperor's Hymn)
    (12 Feb 1797-1806)

    Currency: Reichsthaler (XDRT) (1566-1754);
    German Convention Thaler (XDCT) (1754-1806)
    (some states of the
    Empire had their own
    currencies)

    Constitution
    The Golden Bull 1356
    (25 Dec 1356)
    Treaty of Westphalia
    (24 Oct 1648)
    Final Imperial Recess
    (25 Feb 1803; in German)
    Capital: officially none;
    Seat of Imperial Diet: Regensburg (1594-1806);
    Seat of Imperial Chancellery: Vienna
    (1559-1806)
    Ethnic groups: German 79%, Slavic (Czech, Slovene, Polish) 15%, French 4%, Italian 1%, Jewish and other 1% (1792) Religions: Roman Catholic 59%, Lutheran 34%, Calvinist 6%, Jewish and other 1% (1792) Population: 28,185,000 (1792);
    12,000,000 (1648 est.)
    -----------------------------------
     Military: Reichsarmee (Army of the Empire) 44,000 (1795) (states including Austria, had their own military)
    25 Dec 800                 Roman Empire¹ ("Reich")(originally simply Imperium; from
                                 1034, Romanum Imperium), the king of the Franks crowned as
                                 the Emperor.
    11 Aug 843                 Empire divided into kingdoms, including the Kingdom of the
                                 East Franks (Regnum Francorum Orientalium).
     2 Feb 962                 King of the East Franks crowned as the Roman Emperor (this
                                 provision continues during existence of the Empire), having
                                 acquired the Kingdom of Italy in Dec 961, and eventually in
                                 1041, restyling himself as the 'Roman King.'
     6 Sep 1032                Kingdom of Burgundy/Arles is inherited by the King/Emperor.
    1254                       First use of designation Holy Roman Empire (Sacrum Romanum Imperium,
                                 and from 1340 in German: Heiliges Römisches Reich)(name
                                 confirmed by the Golden Bull of 25 Dec 1356).
    25 Dec 1356                The Golden Bull confirms that the King is to be elected by 7 prince-
                                 electors (by 1806 their number had increased to 10), four of them
                                 theoretically representing the 4 original Germanic tribal duchies
                                 and three Archchancellors.
    1500                       Italy omitted from the structure and the constitutional order
                                 of the Empire by the Imperial Reforms.
    1512                       Informal suffix "of the German Nation" prescribed by the Imperial
                                 Diet (Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation [in German:
                                 Heiliges Römisches Reich Deutscher Nation]; in Latin: Sacrum
                                 Imperium Romanum Nationis Germanicae), it follows the 1508
                                 restyling of the Roman King as the King in Germany.
     8 Feb 1649                Peace of Westphalia treaties go into effect; rulers of states
                                 of the Empire, while remaining vassals of the Emperor, are
                                 recognized having limited sovereignty (Landeshoheit) and rights
                                 to enter into foreign treaties that are not against the Empire.
    25 Feb 1803                Final Imperial Recess refers to the Empire only as the German
                                 Empire (Deutsches Reich)(as does the 1806 dissolution).
     6 Aug 1806                Empire dissolved by the Emperor.

    Emperors   
    25 Dec 800 - 28 Jan 814    Karl I "der Grosse" (Charlemagne)  (b. 742 - d. 814)
    813 - 20 Jun 840           Ludwig I "der Fromme"              (b. 778 - d. 840)
                                 (co-ruler to 28 Jan 814)
     5 Apr 823 - 29 Sep 855    Lothar I (Lothair)                 (b. 795 - d. 855)
                                 (co-ruler to 20 Jun 840)
    29 Sep 855 - 28 Aug 875    Ludwig II "der Deutsche"           (b. 825 - d. 875)
                                 (King of the East Franks)
    28 Aug 875 -  6 Oct 877    Karl II "der Kahle"                (b. c.823 - d. 877)
    28 Aug 876 - 22 Mar 880    Karlman (Carloman)                 (b. c.830 - d. 880)
                                 (King of the East Franks)
    28 Aug 876 - 20 Jan 882    Ludwig III "der Jüngere"           (b. c.835 - d. 882)
                                 (King of the East Franks)
    12 Feb 881 - 13 Jan 888    Karl III                           (b. 839 - d. 888)
                                 (also King of the West Franks to 20 Jan 882)
    13 Jan 888 - 21 Feb 891    interregnum

    21 Feb 891 - 12 Dec 894    Guy                                (d. 894)
    30 Apr 892 - 15 Oct 898    Lambert                            (b. c.875 - d. 898)
                                 (co-rulers to 12 Dec 894; in opposition from 22 Feb 896)
    22 Feb 896 -  8 Dec 899    Arnolf (Arnulf)                    (b. c.850 - d. 899)
                                 (from 30 Nov 887, King of East Franks)
     8 Dec 899 -  4 Feb 900   
    Hatto, Erzbischof von Mainz        (b. c.850 - d. 913)
                                -Imperial chancellor (1st time) 
     4 Feb 900 - 24 Sep 911    Ludwig III "das Kind"              (b. c.893 - d. 911)
                                 (also King of the East Franks)
     4 Sep 900 - 24 Sep 911    Hatto, Erzbischof von Mainz -Regent(s.a.)
    24 Sep 911 - 10 Nov 911    Hatto, Erzbischof von Mainz        (s.a.)
                                -Imperial chancellor (2nd time)  
    10 Nov 911 - 23 Dec 918    Konrad I "der Jüngere" -King       (b. c.881 - d. 918)
                                 (also King of the East Franks)
    23 Dec 918 - 12 May 919    Heriger, Erzbischof von            (d. 927)    
                                 Mainz -Imperial chancellor  
    12 May 919 -  2 Jul 936    Heinrich I "der Vogler" -King      (b. c.876 - d. 936)
                                 (also
    King of the East Franks)
     2 Jul 936 -  7 Aug 936    Hildebert, Erzbischof von Mainz  
     7 Aug 936 -  7 May 973    Otto I "der Grosse"                (b. 912 - d. 973)
                                 (
    King of the East Franks to 2 Feb 962)
     9 May 973 -  7 Dec 983    Otto II "der Rote"                 (b. 955 - d. 983)
                                 (king to 26 May 961)
     7 Dec 983
    -
    25 Dec 983    Willigis, Erzbischof von Mainz     (b. c.940 - d. 1011)
                                 -Imperial chancellor (1st time)  
    25 Dec 983 - 24 Jan 1002   Otto III                           (b. 980 - d. 1002)
                                 (king to 21 May 996)
    25 Dec 983 - 15 Jun 990    Theophanu (Theofáneia) (f) -Regent (b. c.955 - d. 990)
    15 Jun 1990 -  6 Jul 994   Adelheid von Burgund (f) -Regent   (b. 931 - d. 999)
    24 Jan 1002 -  7 Jun 1002  Willigis, Erzbischof von Mainz     (s.a.)
                                 -Imperial chancellor (2nd time)   
     7 Jun 1002 - 13 Jul 1024  Heinrich II "der Heilige"          (b. 973 - d. 1024)
                                 (king to 14 Feb 1014)
     8 Sep 1024 -  4 Jun 1039  Konrad II                          (b. c.990 - d. 1039)
                                 (king to 26 Mar 1027)
     4 Jun 1039 -  5 Oct 1056  Heinrich III                       (b. 1016 - d. 1056)
                                 (king from 14 Apr 1028, Emperor from 25 Dec 1046)
     5 Oct 1056 - 31 Dec 1105  Heinrich IV                        (b. 1050 - d. 1106)
                                 (king from Nov 1053)
    15 Mar 1077 - 15 Oct 1080  Rudolf von Rheinfelden -King       (b. c.1025 - d. 1080)
                                 (in opposition)
    26 Dec 1081 - 29 Sep 1088  Hermann von Salm -King             (b. c.1035 - d. 1088)
                                 (in opposition)
    30 May 1087 -  1 Apr 1098  Konrad (III) -King (in opposition) (b. 1074 - d. 1101)
     6 Jan 1106 - 23 May 1125  Heinrich V                         (b. 1085 - d. 1125)
                                 (co-King from 1099 - 31 Dec 1105)
    23 May 1125 - 30 Aug 1125  Adalbert, Erzbischof von           (b. c.1075 - d. 1137)
                                 Mainz -Imperial chancellor
    30 Aug 1125 -  3 Dec 1137  Lothar (Lothair) II (III)          (b. 1075 - d. 1137)
                                 (King to 4 Jun 1133)
     3 Dec 1137 -  7 Mar 1138  Imperial Vicars
                               - Albero von Montreuil, Erzbischof (b c.1080 - d. 1152)
                                   von Trier (to 1 Feb 1138)
                               - Arnold, Erzbischof von Köln      (b. c.110 - d. 1151)
                                  (from 1 Feb 1138)
     7 Mar 1138 - 15 Feb 1152  Konrad III -King                   (b. 1093? - d. 1152)
    30 Mar 1147 - 30 Apr 1150  Heinrich (VI) Berengar -co-King    (b. 1136? - d. 1150)
    Jun 1147 - May 1149        Imperial governors (for Heinrich)
                               - Wibald, Abt zu Stablo-Malmedy    (b. c.1098 - d. 1158)
                               - Heinrich von Wiesenbach
    15 Feb 1152 -  9 Mar 1152  Heinrich
    von Harburg, Erzbischof   (b. c.1080 - d. 1153)
                                
    von Mainz -Imperial chancellor
     9 Mar 1152
    - 10 Jun 1190  F
    riedrich I "Barbarossa"           (b. 1122 - d. 1190)    
                                (king to
    8 Jun 1155)
    14 Apr 1191 - 28 Sep 1197  Heinrich VI                        (b. 1165 - d. 1197)
                                (co-King from 15 Aug 1169)
    28 Sep 1197 -  8 Mar 1198  Konrad von Wittelsbach,
    Erzbischof (b. c.1120 - d. 1200)
                                 von Mainz -Imperial chancellor

     8 Mar 1198 - 21 Jun 1208  Philipp -King                      (b. 1177 - d. 1208)
                                (coronation 8 Sep 1198)
    21 Jun 1208 - 11 Nov 1208  Siegfried von Eppstein, Erzbischof (b. c.1149 - d. 1249)
                                 von Mainz -
    Imperial chancellor
    11 Nov 1208
    - 19 May 1218  Otto IV                            (b. 1175 - d. 1218)
                                (rival king 8 Jun 1198 - 11 Nov 1208, Emperor from 21 Oct 1209)
    22 Nov 1220 - 13 Dec 1250  Friedrich II                       (b. 1194 - d. 1250)
                                (King to 12 Nov 1220)
     
    6 Apr 1220 -  4 Jul 1235  Heinrich (VII) -co-King            (b. 1211 - d. 1242)
                                (elected 6 Apr 1220, coronation 8 May 1222;
                                 in rebellion Sep 1234 - 2 Jul 1235)
     6 Apr 1220 - 25 Dec 1228  Imperial governors (for Heinrich)
                               - Engelbert, Erzbischof von Köln   (b. 1185? - d. 1225)
                                 (to 7 Nov 1225)
                               - Ludwig I, Herzog von Bayern und  (b. 1173 - d. 1231)
                                 Pfalzgraf bei Rhein
                                 (Jul 1226 - 25 Dec 1228)
     4 Jul 1235 -
    1245         Imperial governors (for Konrad IV)
                               - Siegfried, Erzbischof von Mainz (to 1241)

                               - Heinrich Raspe (1242-1245)       (b. 1204 - d. 1247)
                               -
    Wenzel I, König von Böhmen       (b. 1205 - d. 1253)
                                 (1242-1245)
    22 May 1246 - 16 Feb 1247  Heinrich Raspe -King               (s.a.)
                                (rival King to Friedrich II)
     3 Oct 1247 - 28 Jan 1256  Wilhelm von Holland -King          (b. 1227 - d. 1256)
                                (rival King to F
    riedrich II and Konrad IV to 21 May 1254)
    13 Dec 1250 - 21 May 1254  Konrad IV -King                    (b. 1228 - d. 1254)
                                (elected King May 1237)
    Jun 1251 - 29 Nov 1253    
    Imperial governor (for Konrad IV)
                               -
    Otto II Herzog von Bayern        (b. 1206 - d. 1253)
    28 Jan 1256 - 13 Jan 1257  Gerhard Wildgraf von Dhaun         (d. 1259)
                                 und Kyrburg
    , Erzbischof von
                                 Mainz
    -Imperial chancellor
    13 Jan 1257 -  4 Apr 1272  Richard von Cornwall -King         (b. 1209 - d. 1272)
                                (coronation 27 May 1257)
     1 Apr 1257 - 22 Oct 1275  Alfons (rival claimant)            (b. 1221 - d. 1284)
     4 Apr 1272 - 29 Sep 1273  Werner von Eppstein
    , Erzbischof    (b. c.1225 - d. 1284)
                                 von Mainz -Imperial Chancellor
    29 Sep 1273 - 15 Jul 1291  Rudolf I -King                     (b. 1218 - d. 1291)
    15 Jul 1291 -  5 May 1292 
    Gerhard von Eppstein, Erzbischof   (b. c.1230 - d. 1305)
                                 von Mainz
    -Imperial Chancellor
                                
    (1st time)

     5 May 1292 - 23 Jun 1298  Adolf -King                        (b. c.1255 -  d. 1298)
    24 Jun 1298 - 27 Jul 1298  Gerhard von Eppstein
    , Erzbischof   (s.a.)
                                 von Mainz -Imperial Chancellor
                                
    (2nd time)
    27 Jul 1298 -  1 May 1308  Albrecht I -King                   (b. 1255 - d. 1308)
    24 Aug 1313 - 20 Oct 1314  Peter von Aspelt, Erzbischof von   (b. c.1245 - d. 1320)
                                 Mainz -Imperial Chancellor
                                (1st time)
    27 Feb 1308 - 24 Oct 1313  Heinrich VII                       (b. c.1275 - d. 1313)
                                (coronation 6 Jan 1309, Emperor from 29 Jun 1312)
    24 Aug 1313 - 20 Oct 1314  Peter von Aspelt
    , Erzbischof von   (s.a.)
                                 Mainz -Imperial Chancellor
                                (2nd time)

    20 Oct 1314 - 11 Oct 1347  Ludwig IV                          (b. 1282 - d. 1347)
                                (
    coronation 25 Nov 1314; Emperor from 17 Jan 1328)
    19 Oct 1314 - 23 Sep 1322  Friedrich (III)                    (b. c.1289 - d. 1330)
                                (in opposition, then jointly 5 Sep 1325 - 13 Jan 1330)
    21 Nov 1346 - 29 Nov 1378  Karl IV                            (b. 1316 - d. 1378)
                                (in opposition to 11 Oct 1347; Emperor from 6 Jan 1355)
    30 Jan 1349 - 24 May 1349  Günther von Schwarzburg            (b. 1304 - d. 1349)
                                (in opposition)
    29 Nov 1378 - 20 Aug 1400  Wenzel (Wenceslas)                 (b. 1361 - d. 1419) 
                                (elected king 10 Jun 1376)
    21 Aug 1400 - 18 May 1410  Ruprecht -King                     (b. 1352 - d. 1410)
                                (coronation 6 Jan 1401)
    18 May 1410 -  1 Oct 1410  Imperial vicars
                               - Ludwig III (1st time)            (b. 1378 - d. 1436)
                                 (count palatine of the Rhine)
                               - Rudolf III (1st time)            (b. c.1378 - d. 1419)
                                 (count palatine of Saxony, duke of Saxony) 
     
    1 Oct 1410 - 18 Jan 1411  Jobst                              (b. c.1234 - d. 1411)
                                 (elected 1 Oct 1410)
    18 Jan 1411 - 
    8 Nov 1411  Imperial vicars
                               - Ludwig III (2nd time)            (s.a.)
                                 (count palatine of the Rhine)
                               - Rudolf III (2nd time)            (b. c.1378 - d. 1419)
                                 (count palatine of Saxony, duke of Saxony) 
     8 Nov 1411 -  9 Dec 1437  Sigismund                          (b. 1368 - d. 1437)
                                 (elected king 21 Jul 1411; Emperor from 31 May 1433)
     9 Dec 1437 - 18 Mar 1438
      Imperial vicars
                                - Ludwig IV (1st time)            (b. 1424 - d. 1449)
                                  (count palatine of the Rhine)
                                - Friedrich II (1st time)         (b. 1412 - d. 1464)

                                  (count palatine of Saxony, duke of Saxony)
    18 Mar 1438 - 27 Oct 1439  Albrecht II -King-elect            (b. 1397 - d. 1438)
    27 Oct 1439 -  2 Feb 1440  Imperial vicars
                                - Ludwig IV (2nd time)            (s.a.)
                                  (count palatine of the Rhine)
                                - Friedrich II (2nd time)         (s.a.)

                                  (count palatine of Saxony, duke of Saxony)
     2 Feb 1440 - 19 Aug 1493  Friedrich III                      (b. 1415 - d. 1493)
                                 (elected 2 Feb 1440, crowned 19 March 1452)
    Emperors-elect¹
    19 Aug 1493 - 12 Jan 1519  Maximilian I                       (b. 1459 - d. 1519)
                                 (elected 16 Feb 1486)
    12 Jan 1519 -
    17 Jun 1519  Imperial vicars
                               - Ludwig V                         (b. 1478 - d. 1544)
                                 (count palatine of the Rhine)
                               - Friedrich III                    (b. 1463 - d. 1525)
                                 (count palatine of Saxony, duke of Saxony)
    28 Jun 1519 - 26 Aug 1556  Karl V                             (b. 1500 - d. 1558)
                                 (coronation 24 Feb 1530)
    26 Feb 1558 - 25 Jul 1564  Ferdinand II                       (b. 1503 - d. 1564)
                                 (elected 5 Jan 1531)
    25 Jul 1564 - 12 Oct 1576  Maximilian II                      (b. 1527 - d. 1576)
                                 (elected 28 Nov 1562)
     2 Nov 1576 - 20 Jan 1612  Rudolf II                          (b. 1552 - d. 1612)
                                 (elected 27 Oct 1575)
    20 Jan 1612 - 13 Jun 1612  Imperial vicars
                               - Friedrich V (1st time)           (b. 1596 - d. 1632)
                                 (count palatine of the Rhine)
                               - Johann Georg I (1st time)        (b. 1585 - d. 1656)
                                 (count palatine of Saxony, duke of Saxony)
    24 Jun 1612 - 20 Mar 1619  Matthias II                        (b. 1557 - d. 1619)
                                 (elected 13 Jun 1612)
    20 Mar 1619 - 28 Aug 1619  Imperial vicars
                               - Friedrich V (2nd time)           (s.a.)
                                 (count palatine of the Rhine)
                               - Johann Georg I (2nd time)        (s.a.)
                                 (count palatine of Saxony, duke of Saxony)
    28 Aug 1619 - 15 Feb 1637  Ferdinand III                      (b. 1578 - d. 1637)
    15 Feb 1637 -  2 Apr 1657  Ferdinand IV                       (b. 1608 - d. 1657)
                                 (elected 22 Dec 1636)
     2 Apr 1657 - 18 Jul 1658  Imperial vicars
                               - Karl I Ludwig                    (b. 1617 - d. 1680) 
                                 (count palatine of the Rhine;
                                  in dispute with Ferdinand Maria)
                               - Ferdinand Maria (duke of Bavaria)(b. 1636 - d. 1679)
                                 (in dispute with Karl I
    Ludwig)
                               - Johann Georg II                  (b. 1613 - d. 1680)
                                 (count palatine of Saxony, duke of Saxony)
     1 Aug 1658 -  5 May 1705  Leopold I                          (b. 1640 - d. 1705)
                                 (elected 18 Jul 1658)
     5 May 1705 - 17 Apr 1711  Joseph I                           (b. 1678 - d. 1711)
                                 (elected 23 Jan 1690, crowned 26 Jan 1690)
    17 Apr 1711 - 12 Oct 1711  Imperial vicars
                               - Johann Wilhelm                   (b. 1658 - d. 1716)
                                 (count palatine of the Rhine)
                               - Friedrich August I "der Starke"  (b. 1670 - d. 1740)
                                 (count palatine of Saxony, duke of Saxony)
    22 Dec 1711 - 20 Oct 1740  Karl VI                            (b. 1685 - d. 1740)
                                 (elected 12 Oct 1711)
    20 Oct 1740 - 14 Jan 1742  Imperial vicars
                               - Karl Albrecht                    (b. 1697 - d. 1745)
                                 (duke of Bavaria)
                               - Friedrich August II  (1st time)  (b. 1696 - d. 1763)
                                 (count palatine of Saxony, duke of Saxony, etc.)
    12 Feb 1742 - 20 Jan 1745  Karl VII                           (s.a.)
                                 (Karl Albrecht, duke of Bavaria)
                                 (elected 14 Jan 1742)(in Frankfurt am Main)
    20 Jan 1745 - 13 Sep 1745  Imperial vicars
                               - Maximilian III Joseph            (b. 1727 - d. 1777)
                                 (duke of Bavaria)
                               - Friedrich August II  (2nd time)  (s.a.)
                                 (count palatine of Saxony, duke of Saxony, etc.)
     4 Oct 1745 - 18 Aug 1765  Franz I                            (b. 1708 - d. 1765)
                                 (elected 13 Sep 1745)
    18 Aug 1765 - 20 Feb 1790  Joseph II                          (b. 1741 - d. 1790)
                                 (elected 27 Mar 1764, crowned 3 Apr 1764)
    20 Feb 1790 - 30 Sep 1790  Imperial vicars
                               - Karl IV Philipp Theodor          (b. 1724 - d. 1799)
                                 (1st time) (count palatine of the Rhine, duke of Bavaria)
                               - Friedrich August III             (b. 1750 - d. 1827)
                                  "der Gerechte" (1st time)
                                 (count palatine of Saxony, duke of Saxony, etc.)
     9 Oct 1790 -  1 Mar 1792  Leopold II                         (b. 1747 - d. 1792)
                                 (elected 30 Sep 1790)
     1 Mar 1792 -  7 Jul 1792  Imperial vicars
                               - Karl IV Philipp Theodor          (s.a.)
                                 (2nd time) (count palatine of the Rhine, duke of Bavaria)
                               - Friedrich August III             (s.a.)
                                 "der Gerechte" (2nd time)
                                 (count palatine of Saxony, duke of Saxony, etc.)
    14 Jul 1792 -  6 Aug 1806  Franz II                           (b. 1768 - d. 1835)
                                 (elected 7 Jul 1792)
     

    Archchancellors for Germany²
    25 Dec 1356 - 25 Jul 1806  the Archbishops of Mayence (Mainz)
    Archchancellors for Gaul and the Kingdom of Arles (Burgundy)
    ²
    25 Dec 1356 - 27 Apr 1803  the Archbishops of Trier
    Archchancellors for Italy
    ²
    25 Dec 1356 - 27 Apr 1803  the Archbishops of Cologne
    Imperial Vice-Chancellors
    ² [heads of the Imperial Chancellery]
     3 Jul 1519 - 1525         Nikolaus Ziegler
    1525 - 28 Jun 1531         Balthasar Merklin Bischof von      (b. c.1579 - d. 1531)
                                 Konstanz und Hildesheim
    Jul 1531 - Jun 1541        Matthias Held von Arle             (b. 1496 - d. 1564)
    Jun 1541 - 20 Feb 1547     Johann von Naves                   (b. c.1500 - d. 1547)
                                 (= Jean Naves de Messancy)
    1547 - 28 Dec 1558         Jakob von Jonas                    (b. c.1500 - d. 1558)
    28 Dec 1558 - Dec 1563     Georg Sigismund Seld               (b. 1516 - d. 1565)
    Aug 1564 - 27 Apr 1570     Johann Ulrich Zasius von Rabenstein(b. 1521 - d. 1570)          
    1570 - 1577                Johannes Baptist Weber             (b. 1526 - d. 1584)
    23 Apr 1577 - 23 Apr 1587  Siegmund Viehäuser                 (b. c.1545 - d. 1587)
    1587 - 11 Mar 1594         Jacob Kurz Freiherr von Senftenau  (b. 1553 - d. 1594)
    1594 - Sep 1597            Johann Wolf Freymann von Oberhausen(b. 1546 - d. 1610)
    Sep 1597 - 24 Nov 1606     Rudolf Coradutz                    (d. c.1618)
    Nov 1607 - 1612            Leopold Freiherr von Stralendorf   (b. c.1545 - d. 1626)
    29 Sep 1612 - 16 Jul 1627  Hans Ludwig von Ulm                (b. 1567 - d. 1627)
                                 (from 20 Sep 1622, Hans Ludwig Freiherr von Ulm zu Erbach)
    25 Sep 1627 - 19 Oct 1637  Peter Heinrich von Stralendorf,    (b. 1580 - d. 1637)
                                 Freiherr von Goldrebe 
    1637 - 24 Mar 1659         Ferdinand Sigismund Kurtz, Graf    (b. 1592 - d. 1659)
                                 von Senftenau                   
    28 Apr 1660 - 30 Jun 1669  Wilderich Freiherr von Walderdorff (b. 1617 - d. 1680)
    11 Jul 1669 -  5 Feb 1694  Leopold Wilhelm Graf von Königsegg-
                                 Rothenfels                       (b. 1630 - d. 1694)
    10 Feb 1694 - 25 Dec 1695  Gottlieb Amadeus Graf von Windisch-
                                 Graetz                           (b. 1630 - d. 1695)
    1696 - 11 Jan 1705         Dominik Andreas Graf von Kaunitz   (b. 1654 - d. 1705)
    13 Feb 1705 - May 1734     Friedrich Karl Graf von Schönborn- (b. 1674 - d. 1746)
                                 Buchheim (from 30 Jan 1729, Fürstbischof
                                 zu
    Bamberg [from 18 May 1729] und zu Würzburg)
    20 Aug 1734 - 28 Nov 1740  Johann Adolf Graf von Metsch       (b. 1672 - d. 1740)
    21 May 1737 - 1742         Rudolph Joseph Graf von Colloredo- (b. 1706 - d. 1788)
                                 Waldsee (1st time)(substitute to 1740)
    1742 - 1745                Johann Georg Graf von Königsfeld   (b. 1679 - d. 1750)
                                 (in Frankfurt am Main)
    22 Sep 1745 -  1 Nov 1788  Rudolph Joseph Graf von Colloredo- (s.a.)
                                 Waldsee (from 29 Dec 1763, Rudolph Joseph
                                 Reichsfürst von Colloredo-Waldsee)
                                 (2nd time)
    24 Dec 1788 -  6 Aug 1806  Franz de Paula Gundaker Fürst von  (b. 1731 - d. 1807)
                                 Colloredo-Waldsee 

     ¹Constitutionally the entity dealt here is the Reich ruled by the king elected by the electors (Kurfürsten) and crowned king. (It is a matter of dispute whether the king acquires his ruling authority with the election or only with the coronation; both dates are given in the following record.) In theory, his title is just King (König) without territorial appendage. By the time period of the 16th century, it was understood that the king had acquired the dignity and notional authority of a Roman emperor (see below), and the scope of his authority as such was styled the Holy Roman Empire (Heiliges Römisches Reich - Sacrum Romanum Imperium); the addition "of the German Nation" (deutscher Nation - nationis germanicae) comes into official use in the 15th century (e.g., Act of the Imperial Diet [Reichsschluss] of 1486); its meaning has been the subject of considerable dispute since the 17th century. In the time period covered, the imperial authority extended de facto (except for some vestigial remnants, such as the chartering of notaries-public throughout Western Europe) only to the (German) Reich, and official use made no distinctions.
      Upon his election (and coronation) the person acquired the style of king, whether during the lifetime of the ruler or after an interregnum. Theoretically, he was king just as much as an existing ruler, but this was just theory. In honor of the imperial status of the ruler, the elected and crowned king, if not yet emperor-elect (see above), was styled, not just King or German King, but Roman King (Römischer König - Rex Romanorum, literally "king of the Romans").
      With the demise of the imperial authority, by death or abdication, if a Roman King was in existence, he took the style of Roman Emperor-Elect, King in Germany (see above). The imperial coronation by the pope having been discontinued (except for Karl V 24 Feb 1530), it was decided 4 Feb 1508 to forego the formal acquisition of the style of Roman Emperor and to fall back on the theory that an elected German king was ipso facto Roman emperor-elect and to make this point by incorporating this concept into the ruler's style.
      The full style from 1658 (to which were, of course, attached the styles belonging to the states ruled by the emperor-elect, such as Archduke of Austria) was as follows: Von Gottes Gnaden erwählter römischer Kaiser, R.I.S.A., König in Germanien - Divina favente clementia Romanorum imperator electus et semper augustus, R.I.S.A., rex in Germania. The initials R.I.S.A. stood for Romanorum imperator semper augustus, but were misinterpreted to stand for Romani imperii semper auctor, and this misinterpretation had by the period covered come into official use, being rendered in German as zu allen Zeiten Mehrer des Reichs ("at all times increaser of the empire").
      Under the provisions of the Golden Bull of 1356, when there was no king the royal authority was exercised by two imperial vicars (Reichsvikare - vicarii imperii), each with a separate territorial jurisdiction. They were specified to be the count palatine of the Rhine (Pfalzgraf bei Rhein) and the count palatine of Saxony (Pfalzgraf von Sachsen). By the time period covered, the count palatine of Saxony was the duke of Saxony, elector; and the count palatine of the Rhine was the elector with that title, until the interregnum of 1657, when the electorate in question, and with it the county palatine, were in dispute with Bavaria.

     ²Due to the Empire losing its Burgundian and Italian territories, the Archchancellors for Germany remained the only Imperial Archchancellors (Reichserzkanzler). Permanent deputies to the Archchancellors, who remained in Mainz, were appointed from 1520 with title of Imperial Vice-Chancellor (Reichsvizekanzler) and a seat in Vienna for directing the Imperial Chancellery (Reichshofkanzlei) there. 
      In 1620, the Chancellery became purely an Imperial institution upon the separation of the Austrian Chancellery. Absence of the Archchancellor from Vienna increased the role of the Vice-Chancellor who developed into an administrator of the day-to-day Imperial government.


    The Confederation of the Rhine
    [French Flag]
    25 Jul 1806 - 19 Oct 1813

    Note: Under the aegis of Napoléon I, Emperor of the French and King of Italy, a confederation of states resigning from the Reich was formed 25 Jul 1806, Napoléon becoming protecteur de la Confédération du Rhin in addition to his other styles. The Charter (Rheinbundsakte in German) was written in the French language, and called the entity États confédérés du Rhin, but used the term Confédération. The official German term was Rhein-Confoederation, but it was informally styled Rheinbund, the name by which it is known to history. The constituents of the Confederation were technically not states, but rulers. By joining the Confederation some had their rank elevated, notably a few who became grand-dukes (Grossherzog), who were regarded as of royal status. The Diet of the Confederation, as well as its College of Kings, was chaired by the former Archbishop of Mayence, Imperial Archchancellor and Elector, in his capacity as Prince-Primate (Fürstprimas).
     
    Map of Confederation
    of the Rhine 1812

    Capital: Frankfurt am Main
    Population: 14,609,000 (1811);
    Military: 119,000 (1811
    (total of states military
    contingents)
    Constitution
    Rheinbundakt
    (Treaty of the
    Confederation of the
     Rhine)(12 Jul 1806)

    25 Jul 1806                Confederation of the Rhine founded.
                               Charter members:
                               - King of Bavaria (left 8 Oct 1813)
                               - King of Württemberg (left 2 Nov 1813)
                               - Prince-Primate (formerly archbishop of Mayence) and Prince
                                
    of Regensburg und Aschaffenburg [from 16 Feb 1810 Grand
                                 Duke of Frankfurt]).
                               - Elector of Baden, becomes a grand duke.
                               - Duke of Berg and Cleves, becomes a grand duke.
                               - Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt, becomes a grand duke.
                               - Prince of Nassau-Usingen, senior of these two becomes a duke.
                               - Prince of Nassau-Weilburg (to 30 Aug 1806) 
                               - Prince of Hohenzollern-Hechingen
                               - Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
                               - Prince of Salm-Salm (to 13 Dec 1810)
                               - Prince of Salm-Kyrburg (to 13 Dec 1810)
                               - Prince of Isenburg-Birstein
                               - Duke of Arenberg (to 11 Feb 1811)
                               - Prince of Liechtenstein
                               - Count of Leyen in Hohengeroldseck, becomes a prince.
                               From 25 Sep 1806:
                               - Grand Duke of Würzburg (left 26 Oct 1813)
                               From 11 Dec 1806:
                               - King of Saxony
                               From 15 Dec 1806:
                               - Duke of Saxe-Weimar
                               - Duke of Saxe-Gotha
                               - Duke of Saxe-Meiningen
                               - Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen
                               - Duke of Saxe-Coburg
                               From 18 Apr 1807:
                               - Duke of Anhalt-Dessau
                               - Duke of Anhalt-Bernburg
                               - Duke of Anhalt-Köthen
                               - Prince of Lippe-Detmold
                               - Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe
                               - four Princes of Reuss (Reuss-Schleiz-Gera,
                                 Reuss-Greiz, Reuss-Ebersdorf, Reuss-Lobenstein)
                               - Prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
                               - Prince of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen
                               - Prince of Waldeck
                               From 15 Nov 1807:
                               - King of Westphalia
                               From 10 Feb 1808:
                               - Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (left 30 Mar 1813)
                               From 22 Mar 1808:
                               - Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (left 25 Mar 1813)
                               From 14 Oct 1808:
                               - Duke of Oldenburg (to 13 Dec 1810)

    19 Oct 1813                Confederation dissolves after the Battle of Leipzig.
     4 Nov 1813                Dissolution pronounced by the Allies.

    Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine1
    25 Jul 1806 - 19 Oct 1813  Napoléon I (France)                      (b. 1769 - d. 1821)

    Prince-Primate1
    25 Jul 1806 - 19 Oct 1813  Carl Theodor Anton Maria Freiherr        (b. 1744 - d. 1817)
                                 von und zu Dalberg, Fürst-Primas,
                                 Fürst von Regensburg und Aschaffenburg

                                 (from 16 Feb 1810, Grossherzog von Frankfurt)                              (Frankfurt)

      1titles:
    (a) Protecteur de la Confédération du Rhin/Protector des Rheinischen Bundes ("Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine");
    (b) Prince-Primat de la Confédération du Rhin/Fürstprimas des Rheinbundes ("Prince-Primate of Confederation of the Rhine").


    Transitional Central Administration 1813-1814

    Note: After the dissolution of the Rhine Confederation, there was no central authority in Germany until the creation of the German Confederation. An attempt to administer the former French satellites and occupied territories in Germany was, however, made, and was headed by a body called the Central Administration Council (Zentralverwaltungsrat).

     1 Oct 1813                Central Administrative Council Germany (Zentralverwaltungsrat
                                 Deutschland/Conseil d'Administration Centrale) formed by Austria,
                                 Russia, Prussia, Great Britain and Sweden to oversee the
                                 administration of liberated German territory.

    21 Oct 1813 - 15 Jun 1814  Central Administration Department Germany (in Frankfurt ma Main).
                                (
    Zentralverwaltungsdepartement Deutschland/
                                 Département Central d'Administration Temporaire).

    President of the Central Administration
    21 Oct 1813 - 15 Jun 1814  Heinrich Friedrich Karl Freiherr      (b. 1757 - d. 1831)
                                 vom und zum Stein (Prussia)


    German Reich
     
    [Germany, 1848-1852,
                          1919-1933]
    9 Mar 1848 - 15 Aug 1852;
    14 Aug 1919 - 11 Mar 1933 
    [Germany
                          1871-1921, N. Ger. Confed. 1867-1870]
    1 Jul 1867 - 31 Dec 1921;
    11 Mar 1933 - 15 Sep 1935  (co-national flag)
    [Third Reich
                          1933-1945 (Germany)]
    11 Mar 1933 - 23 May 1945
    (co-national flag to 15 Sep 1935)
    Capital: Berlin (1867-1945)
    (Flensburg 2 - 23 May 1945;
    Plön 1 - 2 May 1945)
    (Seat of the Diet: Frankfurt am Main 8 Jun 1815 - 24 Aug 1866,
    & 12 Jul 1848 - 20 Dec 1849
    )
    Currency: 1871-1924 German
    Paper Mark (DED); 1924-1948
     German Reichsmark (DER);
     1945-1948 German Allied
    Mark (DEA)
    National Holidays:
     1933-1945:
    1 May (1933)
         Nationaler Feiertag des
     Deutschen Volkes
    (National Holiday of the
    German People)
    and 1939-1945: 9 Nov (1923)
    Gedenktag für die Gefallenen
    der Bewegung
     (Memorial Day for the
    Martyrs of the Movement)

    -----------------------------------
    1921-1932: 11 Aug (1919)
    Verfassungstag
    (Constitution Day)
    -----------------------------------
    1888-1918
    : None,
    Unofficially: 2 Sep (1870)
     Sedantag (Day of Sedan)
    Population: 79,375,281 (1939)
    62,410,619 (1925)
    64,925,993 (1910)
    45,234,061 (1880)
    Map German Confederation
    Hear National Anthem
    1815-1866 (None)
    Text of National Anthem
     
    (None)
    German Confederation
    Constitution (in German)
    (8 Jun 1815 - 24 Aug 1866)
    Map of German Empire
    Hear Imperial Anthem
    "Heil Dir im Siegerkranz"
    (Hail to Thee in Victor’s Crown)
    Text of National Anthem
     (18 Jan 1871 - 11 Aug 1922)
    (unofficial)
    Imperial Constitution
    (16 Apr 1871 - 14 Aug 1919;
    in German)
    Map of Germany 1920
    Hear Anthem 1922-1945
    "Deutschlandlied"
    (Song of Germany
    )
    Text of National Anthem
     (11 Aug 1922 - 5 Jun 1945)
    Weimar Constitution
     (14 Aug 1919 - 5 Jun 1945;
    by-passed from 23 Mar 1933
    )
    Map of Germany 1944
    Hear Secondary
    National Anthem

    "Horst-Wessel-Lied"
    (Host Wessel Song)
    Text of Secondary Anthem
    (19 May 1933 - 23 May 1945)
    Nuremberg Laws
    (15 Sep 1935-May 1945)
    International Organizations/Treaties 1871-1945: BIS, CED, ICRM, IDC, IHB (1926-1933), ILO, IMO, IOC, ICPC, IPU, ITU, LoN (1926-1933), LORCS, PCA, PCIJ, UIBPIP, UPU
    States to 1918 States after 1918
     
    20 Jun 1815                German Confederation (signed 8 Jun 1815 at Vienna).
     5 Nov 1816                Diet of the German Confederation opens.
    15 May 1820                Final Act of the Ministerial Conference to Complete and
                                 Consolidate the Organization of the German Confederation signed.
    12 Jul 1848 - 20 Dec 1849  German Empire (declared at Frankfurt; officially from 28 Mar 1849
                                 by adoption of the constitution, accepted by most of the member
                                 states- except Austria, Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony and Hannover).
    28 Mar 1849                Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia elected Emperor;
                                 (on 28 Apr 1849, he rejects the election).
    24 Aug 1866                End of the German Confederation.
     1 Jul 1867                North German Confederation
     1 Jan 1871                German Empire (Deutsches Reich)
    10 Nov 1918                Germany a republic (but style Deutsches Reich not abandoned).

    Presidents of the German Confederation
     
    5 Oct 1815 - 24 Aug 1866  the Emperors of Austria
    Presidential Envoys to the Federal Parliament (in Frankfurt am Main)(all Austrian)
     5 Oct 1815 - 16 Dec 1815  Franz Joseph Freiherr von Albini   (b. 1748 - d. 1816)
                                 auf Dürrenried
    16 Dec 1815 - 24 Feb 1823  Johann Rudolf Graf von Buol-       (b. 1763 - d. 1834)
                                 Schauenstein
    24 Feb 1823 - 12 Mar 1848  Joachim Eduard Freiherr von        (b. 1786 - d. 1866)
                                 Münch-Bellinghausen 
    12 Mar 1848 - 14 May 1848  Franz Graf von Colloredo-Wallsee   (b. 1799 - d. 1859)
    14 May 1848 - 12 Jul 1848  Anton von Schmerling               (b. 1805 - d. 1893)
     1 May 1850 -  1 Nov 1852  Friedrich Graf von Thun-Hohenstein (b. 1810 - d. 1881) 
     2 Jan 1853 - 12 Oct 1855  Anton Freiherr Prokesch            (b. 1795 - d. 1876) 
    12 Oct 1855 -  4 May 1859  Johann Bernhard Graf von Rechberg  (b. 1806 - d. 1899) 
                                 und Rothenlöwen
    23 May 1859 - 24 Aug 1866  Aloys Freiherr von Kübeck          (b. 1819 - d. 1873)

    Presidents of the National Constituent Assembly (in Frankfurt am Main)
    18 May 1848 - 19 May 1848  Friedrich Lang (Hanover)           (b. 1778 - d. 1859)
                                 (president by age)
    19 May 1848 - 12 Jul 1848  Heinrich Wilhelm August Freiherr   (b. 1799 - d. 1880)  R-Lib
                                 von Gagern (Hesse-Darmstadt)
    Provisional Central Authorities of the German Reich 
    12 Jul 1848 - 20 Dec 1849  Johann Erzherzog von Österreich    (b. 1782 - d. 1859)
                                (Imperial Vicar [Reichsverweser])
     6 Jun 1849 - 18 Jun 1849  German Imperial Regency
                               (in Stuttgart, in rebellion)
                               - Peter Franz Joseph Raveaux       (b. 1810 - d. 1851)  Dem
                                   (Baden) (president)
                               - August Christoph Carl Vogt       (b. 1817 - d. 1895)  Dem
                                   (Hesse-Darmstadt)
                               - August Heinrich Simon            (b. 1805 - d. 1860)  Dem
                                   (Prussia)
                               - Friedrich Schüler (Bavaria)      (b. 1791 - d. 1873)  Dem
                               - August Heinrich Becher           (b. 1816 - d. 1890)  Dem
                                   (Württemberg)

    20 Dec 1849 -  1 May 1850  Provisional Federal Central Commission
                               (on behalf of the Emperor of Austria 
                                and the King of Prussia)
                               - Karl Friedrich Kübeck Freiherr   (b. 1780 - d. 1855)  Con
                                   von Kübau (Austria)
                               - Karl Freiherr von Schönhals      (b. 1788 - d. 1857)  Mil
                                   (Austria)
                               - Carl Wilhelm von Bötticher       (b. 1791 - d. 1868)  Con 
                                   (Prussia)
                               - Joseph Maria von Radowitz        (b. 1797 - d. 1853)  Con
                                   (to 31 Mar 1850)(Prussia)
                               - Eduard von Peucker (Prussia)     (b. 1791 - d. 1876)  Mil
                                   (from 19 Jan 1850; acting to 31 Mar 1850)
    President of the North German Confederation4
     1 Jul 1867 - 31 Dec 1870  the king of Prussia
    Emperors4
    18 Jan 1871 -  9 Mar 1888  Wilhelm I                          (b. 1797 - d. 1888)
     4 Jun 1878 -  5 Dec 1878  Friedrich Wilhelm von              (b. 1831 - d. 1888)
                                 Prussen -Regent
                                 (acting for incapacitated Wilhelm)
     9 Mar 1888 - 15 Jun 1888  Friedrich III                      (s.a.)

     9 Mar 1888 - 15 Jun 1888  Wilhelm von Preussen -Regent       (b. 1859 - d. 1941)
                                 (acting for incapacitated Friedrich)
    15 Jun 1888 -  9 Nov 1918  Wilhelm II                         (s.a.)

                                (confirmed abdication 28 Nov 1918, Amerongen, Netherlands)
    Chairmen of the Executive Council of the Workers' and Soldiers'
    Councils of Greater Berlin
    11 Nov 1918 - 20 Dec 1918  Richard Müller                     (b. 1880 - d. 1943)  USPD
                               + Hans-Georg von Beerfelde         (b. 1877 - d. 1960)  Mil
                                 (to 12 Nov 1918)
                               + Hugo Brutus Hermann Molkenbuhr   (b. 1881 - d. 1959)  SPD
                                 (from 12 Nov 1918)
    Chairmen of the Central Council of the German Socialist Republic
    20 Dec 1918 -  4 Feb 1919  Robert Leinert                     (b. 1873 - d. 1940)  SPD
                               + Emmanuel "Max" Cohen-Reuss       (b. 1876 - d. 1963)  SPD
                               + Hermann Müller                   (b. 1876 - d. 1931)  SPD
    Presidents of the Constituent National Assembly 
     6 Feb 1919 -  7 Feb 1919  Wilhelm Pfannkuch                  (b. 1841 - d. 1923)  SPD
                                 (president by age)
     7 Feb 1919 - 11 Feb 1919  Eduard Heinrich Rudolph David      (b. 1863 - d. 1930)  SPD
    Presidents
    11 Feb 1919 - 28 Feb 1925  Friedrich Ebert                    (b. 1871 - d. 1925)  SPD
    28 Feb 1925 - 12 Mar 1925  Hans Luther (acting)               (b. 1879 - d. 1962)  Non-party
    12 Mar 1925 - 12 May 1925  Walter Simons (acting)             (b. 1861 - d. 1937)  Non-party
    12 May 1925 -  2 Aug 1934  Paul Ludwig Hans Anton von         (b. 1847 - d. 1934)  Non-party
                                 Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg
    Führer and Reichs Chancellor
    4
     2 Aug 1934 - 30 Apr 1945  Adolf Hitler                       (b. 1889 - d. 1945)  NSDAP
    President
    30 Apr 1945 - 23 May 1945  Karl Dönitz                        (b. 1891 - d. 1980)  Mil


    Presidents of the Reich Council of Ministers
     5 Aug 1848 - 16 Sep 1848  Karl Friedrich Wilhelm Emich       (b. 1804 - d. 1856)  Lib-Con
                                 Fürst zu Leiningen (Baden)
                                 (interim from 5 Sep 1848)
    16 Sep 1848 - 17 Dec 1848  Anton Ritter von Schmerling        (b. 1805 - d. 1893)  Lib-Con
                                 (Austria) (interim)
    17 Dec 1848 - 16 May 1849  Heinrich Wilhelm August Freiherr   (s.a.)               R-Lib
                                 von Gagern (Hesse-Darmstadt)
                                 (interim from 21 Mar 1849)
    16 May 1849 -  3 Jun 1849  Maximilian Carl Friedrich Wilhelm  (b. 1781 - d. 1860)  Con
                                 Grävell (Prussia) (interim)
     3 Jun 1849 - 20 Dec 1849  August Ludwig Prinz von Sayn-      (b. 1788 - d. 1874)  Non-party
                                 Wittgenstein-Berleburg (Prussia)
    Federal Chancellor
    14 Jul 1867 - 21 Mar 1871  Otto Eduard Leopold Graf von       (b. 1815 - d. 1898)  Non-party
                                 Bismarck-Schönhausen (from 21 Mar 1871,
                                 Fürst von Bismarck-Schönhausen)  
    Reichs Chancellors
    21 Mar 1871 - 20 Mar 1890  Otto Eduard Leopold Fürst von      (s.a.)               Non-party
                                 Bismarck-Schönhausen
    20 Mar 1890 - 29 Oct 1894  Georg Leo von Caprivi de Caprara   (b. 1831 - d. 1899)  Non-party
                                 de Montecuculi
                                 (from 18 Dec 1891, Graf von Caprivi de Caprara de Montecuculi)
    29 Oct 1894 - 17 Oct 1900  Chlodwig Carl Victor Fürst zu      (b. 1819 - d. 1901)  Non-party
                                 Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst,
                                 Prinz von Ratibor und Corvey
    17 Oct 1900 - 14 Jul 1909  Bernhard Martin Heinrich Carl von  (b. 1849 - d. 1929)  Non-party
                                 Bülow
                                 (from 6 Sep 1905, Fürst von Bülow)
    14 Jul 1909 - 13 Jul 1917  Theobald Theodor Friedrich Alfred  (b. 1856 - d. 1921)  Non-party
                                 von Bethmann-Hollweg
    14 Jul 1917 -  1 Nov 1917  Georg Michaelis                    (b. 1857 - d. 1936)  Non-party
     1 Nov 1917 -  3 Oct 1918  Georg Friedrich Graf von Hertling  (b. 1843 - d. 1919)  Z
     3 Oct 1918 -  9 Nov 1918  Maximilian Prinz von Baden         (b. 1867 - d. 1929)  Non-party
     9 Nov 1918 - 10 Nov 1918  Friedrich Ebert                    (s.a.)               SPD
    Chairmen of the Council of the People's Deputies
    10 Nov 1918 - 29 Dec 1918  Friedrich Ebert (1st time)         (s.a.)               SPD
                               + Hugo Haase                       (b. 1863 - d. 1919)  USPD
    30 Dec 1918 - 11 Feb 1919  Friedrich Ebert (2nd time)         (s.a.)               SPD
                               + Philipp Heinrich Scheidemann     (b. 1865 - d. 1939)  SPD
    Presidents of the Reich Ministry
    13 Feb 1919 - 21 Jun 1919  Philipp Heinrich Scheidemann       (s.a.)               SPD
    21 Jun 1919 - 14 Aug 1919  Gustav Adolf Bauer                 (b. 1870 - d. 1944)  SPD
    Reich Chancellors
    14 Aug 1919 - 27 Mar 1920  Gustav Adolf Bauer                 (s.a.)               SPD
    13 Mar 1920 - 17 Mar 1920  Wolfgang Kapp (in rebellion)       (b. 1858 - d. 1922)  ADV
    27 Mar 1920 - 21 Jun 1920  Hermann Müller (1st time)          (s.a.)               SPD
    21 Jun 1920 - 10 May 1921  Konstantin Fehrenbach              (b. 1852 - d. 1926)  Z
    10 May 1921 - 22 Nov 1922  Joseph Karl Wirth                  (b. 1879 - d. 1956)  Z
    22 Nov 1922 - 13 Aug 1923  Wilhelm Carl Josef Cuno            (b. 1876 - d. 1933)  Non-party
    13 Aug 1923 - 30 Nov 1923  Gustav Stresemann                  (b. 1878 - d. 1929)  DVP
    30 Nov 1923 - 15 Jan 1925  Wilhelm Marx (1st time)            (b. 1863 - d. 1946)  Z
    15 Jan 1925 - 13 May 1926  Hans Luther                        (s.a.)               Non-party
    13 May 1926 - 17 May 1926  Otto Karl Gessler (acting)         (b. 1875 - d. 1955)  DDP
    17 May 1926 - 29 Jun 1928  Wilhelm Marx (2nd time)            (s.a.)               Z
    29 Jun 1928 - 30 Mar 1930  Hermann Müller (2nd time)          (s.a.)               SDP
    30 Mar 1930 -  1 Jun 1932  Heinrich Aloysius Maria Elisabeth  (b. 1885 - d. 1970)  Z
                                 Brüning
     1 Jun 1932 -  3 Dec 1932  Franz Joseph Hermann Michael Maria (b. 1879 - d. 1969)  Z
                                 von Papen
     3 Dec 1932 - 30 Jan 1933  Kurt Ferdinand Friedrich Hermann   (b. 1882 - d. 1934)  Non-party
                                 von Schleicher
    30 Jan 1933 - 30 Apr 1945  Adolf Hitler                       (s.a.)               NSDAP
    30 Apr 1945 -  1 May 1945  Joseph Paul Goebbels               (b. 1897 - d. 1945)  NSDAP
     2 May 1945 - 23 May 1945  Johann Ludwig "Lutz" Graf Schwerin (b. 1887 - d. 1977)  Non-party
                                 von Krosigk
                               (chairman [Leitender Minister] of interim government, at Flensburg)

      ²According to the Charter of the German Confederation, "Austria has the chair in the Federal Assembly." Although the Charter does not use the term, this chairmanship is officially styled Präsidium or Bundespräsidium; it is ambiguous whether this style refers to the person or office of the Emperor of Austria.

     ³According to the Constitution of the North German Confederation, "The Crown of Prussia is entitled to the Presidency of the Confederation" (Präsidium des Bundes). The office does not confer a specific style on the King of Prussia; when exercising it, the style used is "King of Prussia on behalf of the North German Confederation."

      4Full official style of the rulers:
    (a) 1 Jul 1867 - 31 Dec 1870: König von Preussen im Namen des Norddeutschen Bundes ("King of Prussia on behalf of the North German Confederation");
    (b) 18 Jan 1871 - 9 Nov 1918: Von Gottes Gnaden Deutscher Kaiser und König von Preussen, Markgraf zu Brandenburg, Burggraf zu Nürnberg, Graf zu Hohenzollern, souveräner und oberster Herzog von Schlesien wie auch der Grafschaft Glatz, Grossherzog vom Niederrhein und Posen, Herzog zu Sachsen, Westfalen und Engern, zu Pommern, Lüneburg, Holstein und Schleswig, zu Magdeburg, Bremen, Geldern, Cleve, Jülich und Berg, sowie auch der Wenden und Kaschuben, zu Krossen, Lauenburg, Mecklenburg, Landgraf zu Hessen und Thüringen, Markgraf der Ober- und Niederlausitz, Prinz von Oranien, Fürst zu Rügen, zu Ostfriesland, zu Paderborn und Pyrmont, zu Halberstadt, Münster, Minden, Osnabrück, Hildesheim, zu Verden, Kammin, Fulda, Nassau und Moers, gefürsteter Graf zu Henneberg, Graf der Mark und zu Ravensberg, zu Hohnstein, Tecklenburg und Lingen, zu Mansfeld, Sigmaringen und Veringen, Herr zu Frankfurt ("By the Grace of God, German Emperor and King of Prussia, Margrave of Brandenburg, Burgrave of Nürnberg, Count of Hohenzollern, Sovereign and Supreme Duke of Silesia as well as of the County of Glatz, Grand Duke of the Lower Rhine and of Posen, Duke of Saxony, Wesphalia, and Angaria, of Pomerania, Lüneburg, Holstein and Schleswig, of Magdeburg, Bremen, Gelders, Cleves, Jülich and Berg, as well as of the Wendes and Kaschubs, of Krossen, Lauenburg, Mecklenburg, Landgrave of Hesse and Thuringia, Margrave of Upper and Lower Lusatia, Prince of Orange, Prince of Rügen, of East Frisia, of Paderborn and Pyrmont, of Halberstadt, Münster, Minden, Osnabrück, Hildesheim, of Verden, Kammin, Fulda, Nassau and Moers, Princely Count of Henneberg, Count of the Mark and of Ravensberg, of Hohnstein, Tecklenburg and Lingen, of Mansfeld, Sigmaringen and Veringen, Lord of Frankfurt");
    (c) 2 Aug 1934 - 30 Apr 1945: in official use for internal affairs (from 17 May 1939): Der Führer; ("The Leader"), in official use for external affairs (from 28 Jul 1942): Der Führer des Grossdeutschen Reichs ("The Leader of the Greater German Reich"). 

    Noble titles: Erzherzog = Archduke; Freiherr = Baron; Fürst = Prince; Graf = Count; Grossherzog = Grand Duke; Herzog = Duke; Kaiser = Emperor; König = King; Prinz = Prince; Reichsfreiherr = Imperial Baron; Reichsgraf = Imperial Count; Ritter = Knight.

    Party abbreviations (from 1 Dec 1933, all political parties except NSDAP were banned): ADV = Alldeutscher Verband (All-German [or Pan-German] League, nationalist, imperialist, 9 Apr 1891-13 Mar 1939); DDP = Deutsche Demokratische Partei (German Democratic Party, liberal democratic, center-left, 16 Nov 1918-28 Jun 1933); DVP = Deutsche Volkspartei (German People's Party, national liberal, moderate nationalist, constitutional monarchist, 15 Dec 1918-4 Jul 1933, merged into NSDAP); NSDAP = Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (National Socialist German Workers' Party, German nationalist, national socialist, Nazi fascist, xenophobic, 14 Jul 1933-31 May 1945 only legal party, 24 Nov 1920-10 Oct 1945); SPD = Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (Social Democratic Party of Germany, social-democratic, Marxist to 1925, 27 May 1875-22 Jun 1933, re-est.Oct 1945); USPD = Unabhängige Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany, democratic socialist, centrist Marxist, pacifist, split from SPD, 6 Apr 1917-1 Nov 1931, merged into Sozialistische Arbeiterpartei Deutschlands [Socialist Workers' Party of Germany]); ZDeutsche Zentrumspartei "Zentrum" (German Center Party "Center", catholic, centrist, christian democratic, 13 Dec 1870-5 Jul 1933); Mil = Military;
    - Former parties:  Con = Konservative (Conservative, 1848-1918 as Conservative Party [Konservative Partei]); Dem = Democrat; Lib = Liberalen (Liberal); Lib-Con = Liberal-Conservative; R-Lib = Right Liberal


    Allied Military Occupation
     
    [Allied
                          Occupation of Germany (C-Ensign) 1945-1950]
    20 Sep 1945  - 14 Aug 1950
    Provisional Civil Ensign
    [Germany]
    Adopted 9 May 1949
     
    Map of Allied Occupation
    Zones in Germany
    Allied Occupation
    Commanders of Berlin

     2 May 1945                Soviet forces begin the Allied occupation of Berlin.
     8 May 1945                Allies accept the unconditional surrender of Germany.
    23 May 1945                Allied occupation.
     5 Jun 1945                Four Allied Powers issue a declaration on "assumption of supreme
                                 authority with respect to Germany."  
    11 Mar 1946                German Economic Council for the British Zone created in Minden.
     1 Jan 1947                German Economic Council for the Anglo-American Zone ("Bizone" or
                                 "Bizonia") formed.
    11 Jun 1947                German Economic Commission established in the Soviet Zone (from 12
                                 Feb 1948 granted legislative power to issue orders and directives
                                 to all German organs within the Soviet Zone).
    25 Jun 1947                Economic Council of the "Bizone" established in Frankfurt am Main
                                 (re-organized on 9 Feb 1948 as part of the United Economic Area).
    20 Mar 1948                End of four-power administration of Germany, Soviet representatives
                                 of the Allied Control Commission leave this body in protest at the
                                 London Six Power Conference (of 23 Feb - 6 Mar 1948 by U.S.,
                                 U.K., France, Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg). 
     8 Apr 1949                Trizone ("Trizonia") formed by addition of French zone to "Bizone."
    24 Jun 1948 - 12 May 1949  Berlin Blockade; Soviet Union blocks the Western Allies railway,
                                 road, and canal access to the Berlin sectors under Western control.
    23 May 1949                American, British, and French zones become Federal Republic
                                 of Germany ("West" Germany).
    21 Sep 1949 - 23 Oct 1954  American, French, and British form Allied High Commission.
     7 Oct 1949                Soviet zone becomes German Democratic Republic ("East" Germany).
     5 May 1955                End of formal Allied occupation of "West" Germany, sovereignty given
                                 to the ("West") Germany by the Paris Treaties.
    21 Sep 1955                Soviet military occupation of "East" Germany ends.
     3 Oct 1990                Re-unification of Germany, end of allied control on 15 Mar 1991.

    American Zone

    [US flag]

    Military Governors 
     8 May 1945 - 10 Nov 1945  Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower      (b. 1890 - d. 1969)
    11 Nov 1945 - 25 Nov 1945  George Smith Patton, Jr. (acting)  (b. 1885 - d. 1945) 
    26 Nov 1945 -  5 Jan 1947  Joseph Taggart McNarney            (b. 1893 - d. 1972)
     6 Jan 1947 - 14 May 1949  Lucius DuBignon Clay               (b. 1897 - d. 1978)
    15 May 1949 -  1 Sep 1949  Clarence Ralph Huebner (acting)    (b. 1888 - d. 1972)
    High Commissioners
     2 Sep 1949 -  1 Aug 1952  John Jay McCloy                    (b. 1895 - d. 1989)
     1 Aug 1952 - 11 Dec 1952  Walter Joseph Donnelly             (b. 1896 - d. 1970)
    11 Dec 1952 - 10 Feb 1953  Samuel Reber (acting)              (b. 1903 - d. 1971)
    10 Feb 1953 -  5 May 1955  James Bryant Conant                (b. 1893 - d. 1978)


    British Zone

    [United Kingdom flag]

    Military Governors
    22 May 1945 - 30 Apr 1946  Sir Bernard Law Montgomery         (b. 1887 - d. 1976)
                                (from 1 Jan 1946, Bernard Law
                                 Montgomery, Viscount Montgomery
                                 of Alamein)
     1 May 1946 - 31 Oct 1947  Sir William Sholto Douglas         (b. 1893 - d. 1969)
     1 Nov 1947 - 21 Sep 1949  Sir Brian Hubert Robertson         (b. 1896 - d. 1974)
    High Commissioners 
    21 Sep 1949 - 24 Jun 1950  Sir Brian Hubert Robertson         (s.a.)
    24 Jun 1950 - 29 Sep 1953  Sir Ivone Kirkpatrick              (b. 1897 - d. 1964)
    29 Sep 1953 -  5 May 1955  Sir Frederick Hoyer Millar         (b. 1900 - d. 1989)

    Head of the Central Office for Economic Affairs in the British Zone
    Apr 1946 - Dec 1946
            Viktor Agartz                      (b. 1897 - d. 1964)  SPD


    French Zone

    [France]

    Military Commander
     
    8 May 1945 - 25 Jul 1945  Jean Joseph Marie Gabriel de       (b. 1889 - d. 1952)
                                 Lattre de Tassigny
    Military Governor
    25 Jul 1945 - 30 Sep 1949  Marie-Pierre Joseph François       (b. 1898 - d. 1970)
                                 Koenig      
    High Commissioner
    21 Sep 1949 -  5 May 1955  André François-Poncet              (b. 1887 - d. 1978)


    Soviet Zone

    [Flag of USSR]

    Military Commanders
    Apr 1945 -  9 Jun 1945     Georgiy Konstantinovich Zhukov     (b. 1896 - d. 1974)
                                 (1st Belarussian Front
    commander, in Brandenburg and Berlin)
                               + Konstantin Konstantinovich       (b. 1896 - d. 1968)
                                 
    Rokossovskiy
                                
    (2nd Belarussian Front
    commander, in Mecklenburg)
                               + Ivan Stepanovich Konev           (b. 1897 - d. 1973)
                                 (1st Ukrainian Front
    commander, in Saxony)
    Chief Administrators of Soviet Military Administration

     9 Jun 1945 - 10 Apr 1946  Georgiy Konstantinovich Zhukov     (s.a.)
    10 Apr 1946 - 29 Mar 1949  Vasiliy Danilovich Sokolovskiy     (b. 1897 - d. 1968)
    29 Mar 1949 - 10 Oct 1949  Vasiliy Ivanovich Chuykov          (b. 1900 - d. 1982)
    Chairman of the Soviet Control Commission
    10 Oct 1949 - 28 May 1953  Vasiliy Ivanovich Chuykov          (s.a.)
    High Commissioners
    28 May 1953 - 16 Jul 1954  Vladimir Semyonovich Semyonov      (b. 1911 - d. 1992) 
    16 Jul 1954 - 20 Sep 1955  Georgiy Maksimovich Pushkin        (b. 1909 - d. 1963)

    Chairman of the German Economic Commission
     9 Mar 1948 -  7 Oct 1949  Heinrich Gottlob "Heiner" Rau      (b. 1899 - d. 1961)  SED

    Commanders-in-chief of Group of Soviet Occupation Forces in Germany (from 24 Mar 1954,
    Group of Soviet Forces in Germany; from 1 Jul 1989, Western Group of Forces)

     9 Jun 1945 - 10 Apr 1946  Georgiy Konstantinovich Zhukov     (b. 1896 - d. 1974)
    10 Apr 1946 - 29 Mar 1949  Vasiliy Danilovich Sokolovskiy     (b. 1897 - d. 1968)
    29 Mar 1949 - 26 May 1953  Vasiliy Ivanovich Chuykov          (b. 1900 - d. 1982)
    27 May 1953 - 16 Nov 1957  Adrey Antonovich Grechko           (b. 1903 - d. 1976)
    17 Nov 1957 - 14 Apr 1960  Matvey Vasilyevich Zakharov        (b. 1898 - d. 1972)
    15 Apr 1960 -  9 Aug 1961  Ivan Ignatyevich Yakubovskiy       (b. 1912 - d. 1976)
                                 (1st time)      
     9 Aug 1961 - 18 Apr 1962  Ivan Stepanovich Konev             (b. 1897 - d. 1973)
    19 Apr 1962 - 26 Jan 1965  Ivan Ignatyevich Yakubovskiy       (s.a.)
                                 (2nd time)
    27 Jan 1965 - 31 Oct 1969  Pyotr Kirillovich Koshevoy         (b. 1904 - d. 1976)
     1 Nov 1969 - 13 Sep 1971  Viktor Georgiyevich Kulikov        (b. 1921 - d. 2013)
    14 Sep 1971 - 19 Jul 1972  Semyon Konstantinovich Kurkotkin   (b. 1917 - d. 1990)
    20 Jul 1972 - 25 Nov 1980  Evgeniy Filippovich Ivanovskiy     (b. 1918 - d. 1991)
    26 Nov 1980 -  6 Jul 1985  Mikhail Mitrofanovich Zaytsev      (b. 1923 - d. 2009)
     7 Jul 1985 - 11 Jul 1986  Pyotr Georgiyevich Lushev          (b. 1923 - d. 1997)
    12 Jul 1986 - 12 Nov 1987  Valeriy Aleksandrovich Belikov     (b. 1925 - d. 1987)
    26 Nov 1987 - 13 Dec 1990  Boris Vasilyevich Snetkov          (b. 1925 - d. 2006)
    13 Dec 1990 - 31 Aug 1994  Matvey Prokopyevich Burlakov       (b. 1935 - d. 2011)


    German areas temporarily annexed by Belgium

    [National flag of Belgium]

    23 Apr 1949                Belgian administration begins in the frontier areas of ("West")
                                 Germany as authorized by Treaty of Paris as compensation
                                 for the 1940-45 German occupation of Belgium (including -
                                 Bildchen west of Aachen; parts of Leykaul and several farms of the
                                 Kalterherberg municipality; Losheim in Hellenthal municipality
                                 Losheimergraben; Hemmeres and a part of Winterspelt municipality).
    24 Sep 1956                By Belgian-German Treaty, the territories are to be returned to
                                 ("West") Germany (effective 28 Aug 1958).
    28 Aug 1958                Areas are returned to ("West") Germany (except for the place
                                 Losheimergraben and the western part of Leykaul municipality
                                 which remain Belgian).

    Military Commandant of the Territories Transferred to Belgium
    23 Apr 1949 - 28 Aug 1958  Paul François Bolle                (b. 1890 - d. 19..)  Mil


    German area temporarily annexed by Luxembourg

    [Flag of Luxembourg]

    23 Apr 1949                Luxembourg administration begins in the frontier areas of ("West")
                                 Germany as authorized by Treaty of Paris as compensation for
                                 the 1940-1945 German occupation of Luxembourg (including - the
                                 small Kammerwald forest, the settlement of Roth an der Our and
                                 the estate of Neuscheuerhof [Bauler] near the Luxembourg
                                 settlement of Vianden. Shortly thereafter, however, Luxembourg
                                 declines to annex Roth and Neuscheuerhof, so that only the
                                 uninhabited area of the Kammerwald is separated from Germany).
    11 Jul 1959                By Luxembourg-German Treaty, the Kammerwald is to be returned to
                                 ("West") Germany and the border to revert to the status quo ante,
                                
    in return for a payment of 53 million German Marks as a war
                                 indemnity
    (ratified 29 Aug 1961).
    29 Sep 1961                Areas are returned to ("West") Germany.  

    Note: No separate administration was established. The nearest unit of the Luxembourg Water and Forestry Administration (Administration des Eaux et Forêts/Wasser- und Forstverwaltung) became responsible for the area.


    German areas temporarily annexed by The Netherlands

    [National flag of the
                Netherlands]

    22 Mar 1949                By the Treaty of Paris, The Netherlands are authorized to occupy
                                 and annex some frontier parts of Germany as a compensation
                                 for the German occupation 1940-45.
    23 Apr 1949                Dutch administration begins in two frontier areas of ("West")                              Germany, as authorized by Treaty of Paris as compensation                              for the 1940-45 German occupation of The Netherlands; two                              Drostambten come into existence (including - municipalities
                                 of Havert, Hillensberg, Millen, Süsterseel, Tüddern [Dutch:
                                 Tudderen], Wehr, parts of Höngen, Gangelt, Schümm, Saeffelen
                                 as and Elten and Hoch-Elten).
    26 Sep 1951                The areas are annexed to the neighboring Netherlands provinces
                                 (Elten to Gelderland, Tudderen to Limburg); the landdrosten
                                 continue in office.
     8 Apr 1960                Germany agrees to a 280 million German Mark payment as a war
                                 indemnity for the return of the areas (effective 1 Aug 1963).
     1 Aug 1963                Areas are returned to ("West") Germany (except for a small area
                                 near Wyler village, called Duivelsberg/Wylerberg, which remains
                                 Dutch).
    Landdrosten of Elten (subordinated to the Netherlands government, from 26 Sep 1951
    to the Queen's Commissioners for Gelderland)
    23 Apr 1949 - 28 Oct 1961  Adriaan Blaauboer                  (b. 1906 - d. 1961)  PvdA
     5 Nov 1961 -  1 Aug 1963  Hans Georg Inundat baron van Tuyll (b. 1917 - d. 1988)  VVD 
                                 van Serooskerken

    Landdrost of Tudderen (subordinated to the Netherlands government, from 26 Sep 1951
    to the Queen's Commissioners for Limburg)
    23 Apr 1949 -  1 Aug 1963  Hubert "Huub" Michiel Jozef Dassen (b. 1909 - d. 1978)  KVP

    Party abbreviations
    : KVP = Katholieke Volkspartij (Catholic People's Party, confessionalist [catholic], conservative, 22 Dec 1945-10 Oct 1980, merged into Christen-Democratisch Appèl [Christian-Democratic Appeal]); PvdA = Partij van de Arbeid (Labour Party, social-democratic, center-left, est.9 Feb 1946); VVD = Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie (People's Party for Freedom and Democracy, conservative liberal, center-right, est.24 Jan 1948)

    Bizonal Economic Council

    [Allied
                          Occupation of Germany (C-Ensign) 1945-1950]20 Sep 1945  - 14 Aug 1950
    Provisional Civil Ensign
    [Germany]Adopted 9 May 1949
     

     1 Jan 1947                Economic union of the American and British Zones ("Bizone" or
                                 "Bizonia").
    25 Jun 1947                Economic Council (Wirtschaftsrat) of the "Bizone" established in
                                 Frankfurt am Main.
     9 Feb 1948                United Economic Area (Vereinigten Wirtschaftsgebietes)(of the
                                 "Bizone") and reorganization of the Economic Council.
    20 Jun 1948                Currency reform in the three Western zones, introduction of the
                                 Deutsche Mark by the Western Allies.
     8 Apr 1949                Trizone ("Trizonia") formed by addition of French zone to "Bizone."
    20 Sep 1949                Dissolved.

    Chairmen of the Economic Council of the Bizone
    1946 - 16 Jan 1947         Rudolf Mueller                  (b. 1904 - d. 1997)  Non-party
    16 Jan 1947 - Jun 1947     Viktor Agartz                   (b. 1897 - d. 1964)  SPD
    Chairmen of the Land Council of the United Economic Area
    25 Jun 1947 - 1948         Erich Köhler                    (b. 1892 - d. 1958)  CDU
    24 Feb 1948 - 1949         Heinrich Köhler                 (b. 1878 - d. 1949)  CDU
    Jul 1949 - Aug 1949        Christian Paul Stock            (b. 1884 - d. 1967)  SPD

    Director of the Administration of Economic Affairs of the United Economic Area
     2 Mar 1948 - 20 Sep 1949  Ludwig Wilhelm Erhard           (b. 1897 - d. 1977)  Non-party

    Director-General of the Economic Council
     2 Mar 1948 - 20 Sep 1949  Hermann Josef Pünder            (b. 1888 - d. 1976)  CDU


    Federal Republic of Germany
     

    [Germany]Adopted 9 May 1949

    Note: Data below for "West" Germany; For data on Germany since 3 Oct 1990 see the table at the top of the page.
    Map of West Germany
    Hear W. Ger.  Anthem
    "Das Lied der Deutschen"
     (Song of the Germans)
    Adopted 2 May 1952 
    Hear Former Anthem
    "Hymne an Deutschland"
    (Hymn to Germany)
    (31 Dec 1950-2 May 1952)
    ----------------------------------
    Hear Former Anthem
    "Ich hab mich ergeben"
    (I Am Devoted To You)
    (23 May 1949-31 Dec 1950)
    Constitution (Basic Law)
      (23 May 1949)
    W. Ger. Capital:
    Bonn am Rhein
    (23 May 1949 - 3 Oct 1990)
    W. Ger. Currency: Deutsche
    Mark
    (DEM)
    (20 Jun 1948 - 1 Jan 2002)
    W. Ger.  National Holiday:
    1954-1990: 17 Jun  (1953)

    Tag der Deutschen Einheit
    (Day of German Unity)
     (from 1963, Nationaler
     Gedenktag des Deutschen
    Volkes [National Day of
    Memorial of the German
    People])
    -----------------------------------
    1949-1953: 23 May (1949)
    Tag der Republik
    (
    Day of the Republic)
    W. Ger.  Population:
    62,679,000 (1989)
    49,842,624 (1950)
    (includes West Berlin)
    West Berlin: 2,013,000 (1987)
    W. Ger.  GDP: $945.7
    billion (1989)
    W. Ger.  Exports: $323.4
    billion (1988)

    W. Ger.  Imports: $250.6
    billion (1988)
    W. Ger. Ethnic groups: German 92.9%, Turkish 2.5%, Yugoslav
    1%, Italian 1%, Greek 0.5%, Spanish 0.3%, Austrian 0.3%,
     Dutch 0.2%, Portuguese 0.2%, Danish 0.1%, other 1% (1983)
    Total W. Ger.  Armed Forces: 494,300 (1989)
    U.S. Military Forces: 245,300 (1989)
    U.K. Military Forces: 66,912 (1989)
    French Military Forces: 50,000 (1989)
    W. Ger.  Merchant marine: 422 ships (1990)
    W. Ger.  Religions: Roman Catholic 42.9%, Protestant
    (Evangelical Church in Germany) 41.6%,
    Muslim 2.7%,
    other 11.4% (1987)
    International Organizations/Treaties of W. Ger. 1949-1990: ADB (nonregional), AG, ANT (consultative), BIS, BTWC, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CTBT, DC (observer), EC, EIB, ENMOD, ESCR, ESA, Euratom, Eutelsat, FAO, FATF, GATT, G-7, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IEA, IFC, IFCTU, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NATO, NPT, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OST, Paris Club, PCA, UN (as observer 1952-73), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, ZC
    States

     7 Sep 1949                Federal Republic of Germany (Bundesrepublik Deutschland)
                                 ("West Germany" to 2 Oct 1990), by promulgation the Basic Law
                                 (adopted 8 May 1949).

     5 May 1955                ("West") Germany obtains sovereignty by the Paris Treaties.
     3 Oct 1990                East Germany incorporated into the Federal Republic of Germany.

    Presidents
     7 Sep 1949 - 12 Sep 1949  Karl Arnold (acting)            (b. 1901 - d. 1958)  CDU
    12 Sep 1949 - 12 Sep 1959  Theodor Heuss                   (b. 1884 - d. 1963)  FDP
    13 Sep 1959 - 30 Jun 1969  Karl Heinrich Lübke             (b. 1894 - d. 1972)  CDU
     1 Jul 1969 - 30 Jun 1974  Gustav Walter Heinemann         (b. 1899 - d. 1976)  SPD
     1 Jul 1974 - 30 Jun 1979  Walter Scheel                   (b. 1919 - d. 2016)  FDP
     1 Jul 1979 - 30 Jun 1984  Karl Walter Carstens            (b. 1914 - d. 1992)  CDU
     1 Jul 1984 - 30 Jun 1994  Richard Karl Freiherr von       (b. 1920 - d. 2015)  CDU
                                 Weizsäcker
     1 Jul 1994 - 30 Jun 1999  Roman Herzog                    (b. 1934 - d. 2017)  CDU
     1 Jul 1999 - 30 Jun 2004  Johannes Rau                    (b. 1931 - d. 2006)  SPD
     1 Jul 2004 - 31 May 2010  Horst Köhler                    (b. 1943)            CDU
    31 May 2010 - 30 Jun 2010  Jens Böhrnsen (acting)          (b. 1949)            SPD
    30 Jun 2010 - 17 Feb 2012  Christian Wilhelm Walter Wulff  (b. 1959)            CDU
    17 Feb 2012 - 18 Mar 2012  Horst Lorenz Seehofer (acting)  (b. 1949)            CSU
    18 Mar 2012 - 18 Mar 2017  Joachim Wilhelm Gauck           (b. 1940)            Non-party
    19 Mar 2017 -              Frank-Walter Steinmeier         (b. 1956)            SPD


    Chancellors
    20 Sep 1949 - 15 Oct 1963  Konrad Hermann Joseph Adenauer  (b. 1876 - d. 1967)  CDU
    16 Oct 1963 -  1 Dec 1966  Ludwig Wilhelm Erhard           (b. 1897 - d. 1977)  CDU
     1 Dec 1966 - 21 Oct 1969  Kurt Georg Kiesinger            (b. 1904 - d. 1988)  CDU
    21 Oct 1969 -  7 May 1974  Willy Brandt                    (b. 1913 - d. 1992)  SPD
     7 May 1974 - 16 May 1974  Walter Scheel (acting)          (s.a.)               FDP
    16 May 1974 -  1 Oct 1982  Helmut Heinrich Waldemar Schmidt(b. 1918 - d. 2015)  SPD
     1 Oct 1982 - 27 Oct 1998  Helmut Josef Michael Kohl       (b. 1930 - d. 2017)  CDU
    27 Oct 1998 - 22 Nov 2005  Gerhard Fritz Kurt Schröder     (b. 1944)            SPD
    22 Nov 2005 -  8 Dec 2021  Angela Dorothea Merkel (f)      (b. 1954)            CDU
     8 Dec 2021 -              Olaf Scholz                     (b. 1958)            SPD         

    Party abbreviations: CDU = Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands (Christian Democratic Union of Germany, christian-democratic, liberal conservative, center-right, est.26 Jun 1945); CSU = Christlich-Soziale Union in Bayern (Christian Social Union in Bavaria, christian democratic, christian democratic, conservative, center-right, Bavaria regionalist, est.13 Oct 1945); FDP = Freie Demokratische Partei (Free Democratic Party, liberal, centrist, est.12 Dec 1948); SPD = Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (Social Democratic Party of Germany, social-democratic, Marxist to 1925, 27 May 1875-22 Jun 1933, re-est.Oct 1945)



    German Democratic Republic  (East Germany)
     
    [flag of German
                          Democratic Republic (East Germany) 1949-1959]
    7 Oct 1949 - 1 Oct 1959
    [The national
                          flag of German Democratic Republic (East
                          Germany) 1959-1990]
    1 Oct 1959 - 3 Oct 1990
    Map of East Germany Hear National Anthem
    "Auferstanden aus Ruinen"
    (Risen from Ruins)
    Text of National Anthem
    Adopted 5 Nov 1949
     Constitution
    (6 Apr 1968; in German)
    Capital: East Berlin
    (not officially recognized
     by U.S., U.K., or France)
    Currency: Deutsche
     Mark
    (DEM) 1 Jul - 3 Oct 1990;
    Ostmark
    (DDM) 1968 - 1 Jul
    1990; Mark der Deutschen
    Notenbank (DDM) 1964-1967;
    Deutsche Mark (DDM)
     1948-1964
    National Holiday: 7 Oct (1949)
    Tag der Republik
    (
    Day of the Republic)
    Population: 16,307,170 (1990)
    18,388,000 (1950)
    GNP: $159.5 billion (1989)
    Exports: $30.7 billion (1988)
    Imports: $31.0 billion (1988)
    Ethnic groups: Germans 98.6%, Sorbs 0.6%, Vietnamese 0.4%, Mozambicans 0.1%, Polish 0.1%, others 0.2% (1989)
    (Soviet troops and their dependents not included)
    Total G.D.R. Armed Forces: 171,100 (1989)
    Soviet Military Forces: 380,000 (1989)
    G.D.R. Merchant marine: 145 ships (1990)
    Religions: Protestant 47%, Roman Catholic 7%,
    unaffiliated or other 46%; less than 5% of Protestants
    and about 25% of Roman Catholics active participants
    International Organizations/Treaties G.D.R. 1949-1990: ANT (consultative), BTWC, CCC, Comecon, ENMOD, ESCR, IAEA, IBEC, ICRM, IHO, IIB, ILO, IMO, Inmarsat, Interkosmos, Intersputnik, IOC, IPU, ISO (from 1988), ITU, LORCS, NPT, NSG, OST, UN (as observer 1972-73), UNCLOS (signatory), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WP, WToO, ZC
    Districts

     7 Oct 1949                German Democratic Republic (Deutsche Demokratische Republik)
                                 ("East Germany").

     3 Oct 1990                Incorporated into the Federal Republic of Germany.

    General Secretaries (28 Jul 1953 - 22 May 1976, First Secretaries) of the
    Central Committee of the Socialist Unity (Communist) Party of Germany (SED)

    22 Apr 1946 - 25 Jul 1950  Friedrich Wilhelm Reinhold Pieck    (b. 1876 - d. 1960)
                               + Otto Grotewohl                    (b. 1894 - d. 1964)
                               (co-chairmen)
    25 Jul 1950 -  3 May 1971  Ernst Paul Walter Ulbricht          (b. 1893 - d. 1973)
     3 May 1971 - 18 Oct 1989  Erich Honecker                      (b. 1912 - d. 1994)
    18 Oct 1989 -  3 Dec 1989  Egon Krenz                          (b. 1937)
                                ("leading role" of the party abolished 1 Dec 1989)
    18 Dec 1989 -  4 Feb 1990  Gregor Gysi                         (b. 1948)
                                (chairman of the SED-PDS)

    Co-Chairmen of the Presidium of the German People's Council
    19 Mar 1948 -  7 Oct 1949  Friedrich Wilhelm Reinhold Pieck    (s.a.)               SED
                               + Wilhelm Külz (to 10 Apr 1948)     (b. 1875 - d. 1948)  LDPD
                               + Otto Nuschke (to 18 Mar 1949)     (b. 1883 - d. 1957)  CDU
                               + Ernst Goldenbaum                  (b. 1898 - d. 1990)  DBD
                                 (from 18 Mar 1949)
                               + Lothar Bolz (from 18 Mar 1949)    (b. 1903 - d. 1986)  NDPD
                               + Hermann Kastner (from 18 Mar 1949)(b. 1886 - d. 1957)  LDPD
    Presidents
     7 Oct 1949 - 11 Oct 1949  Johannes Dieckmann (1st time)       (b. 1893 - d. 1969)  LDPD
                                 (acting)
    11 Oct 1949 -  7 Sep 1960 
    Friedrich Wilhelm Reinhold Pieck    (s.a.)               SED
     7 Sep 1960 - 12 Sep 1960  Johannes Dieckmann (2nd time)       (s.a.)               LDPD
                                 (acting)
    Chairmen of the Council of State
    12 Sep 1960 -  1 Aug 1973  Ernst Paul Walter Ulbricht          (s.a.)               SED
     1 Aug 1973 -  3 Oct 1973  Friedrich Ebert (acting)            (b. 1894 - d. 1979)  SED
     3 Oct 1973 - 29 Oct 1976  Willi Stoph                         (b. 1914 - d. 1999)  SED
    29 Oct 1976 - 24 Oct 1989  Erich Honecker                      (s.a.)               SED
    24 Oct 1989 -  6 Dec 1989  Egon Krenz                          (s.a.)               SED
     6 Dec 1989 -  5 Apr 1990  Manfred Gerlach (acting)            (b. 1928 - d. 2011)  LDPD
    President of the People's Chamber
     5 Apr 1990 -  2 Oct 1990  Sabine Bergmann-Pohl (f)            (b. 1946)            CDU

    Minister-president
    12 Oct 1949 -  8 Dec 1958  Otto Grotewohl                      (s.a.)               SED
    Chairmen of the Council of Ministers (premiers)¹
     8 Dec 1958 - 21 Sep 1964  Otto Grotewohl                      (s.a.)               SED
    21 Sep 1964 -  3 Oct 1973  Willi Stoph (1st time)              (s.a.)               SED
                                 (acting to 24 Sep 1964 [acting for
                                 Grotewohl Nov 1960 - 21 Sep 1964])
     3 Oct 1973 - 29 Oct 1976  Horst Sindermann                    (b. 1915 - d. 1990)  SED
    29 Oct 1976 - 13 Nov 1989  Willi Stoph (2nd time)              (s.a.)               SED
    13 Nov 1989 - 12 Apr 1990  Hans Modrow                         (b. 1928 - d. 2023)  SED
    Minister-president
    12 Apr 1990 -  2 Oct 1990  Lothar de Maizière                  (b. 1940)            CDU

      ¹Although initially the government was officially called Regierung, the term Ministerrat was used unofficially and, from 16 Nov 1954, officially; the term Vorsitzender des Ministerrates for its head was made official 8 Dec 1958, replacing the earlier Ministerpräsident.

    Territorial Disputes: It was U.S. policy that the final borders of Germany had not been
    established; the U.S. sought to settle the property claims of U.S. nationals against the G.D.R.; East Berlin was not officially recognized as the capital of the G.D.R. by France, U.K., and U.S., which together with the U.S.S.R. had special rights and responsibilities in Berlin; the G.D.R. considered that Berlin (West) had never been a "Land of the Federal Republic of Germany" and did not form part of the Federal Republic of Germany and was not governed by it. This was re-affirmed and given legal effect in the Quadripartite Agreement of 3 Sep 1971, declarations by the Federal Republic of Germany extending international agreements to "Land Berlin" were regarded as having no legal effect. 

    Party abbreviations: SED = Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands (Socialist Unity Party of Germany, Marxist-Leninist communist, 1949-89 government party, 21 Apr 1946-4 Feb 1990, named SED-PDS Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands-Partei des Demokratischen Sozialismus [Socialist Unity Party of Germany-Party of Democratic Socialism] 16 Dec 1989 - 4 Feb 1990);
    - the four "bloc parties" below were in alliance with the SED until 1989 (all 5 Parties, along with some mass organizations, on 7 Oct 1949 formed NFDD = Nationalen Front des demokratischen Deutschlands [National Front of Democratic Germany], which from 1973 became NFDDR = Nationale Front der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik [National Front of the German Democratic Republic]) -
    LDPD = Liberaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands (Liberal Democratic Party of Germany, liberal, 5 Jul 1945-11 Aug 1990, from 9 Feb 1990 as Liberaldemokratische Partei, merged 12 Feb 1990 into BFD which on 11 Aug 1990 merged into FDP); CDU = Christlich-Demokratische Union Deutschlands (Christian-Democratic Union of [East] Germany, 26 Jun 1945-3 Oct 1990, merged into [West] German CDU); NDPD = National-Demokratische Partei Deutschlands (National-Democratic Party of Germany, national conservative, 25 May 1948-27 Mar 1990, merged into FDP); DBD = Demokratische Bauernpartei Deutschlands (Democratic Farmer's Party of Germany, socialist, 29 Apr 1948-15 Sep 1990, merged into CDU);
    - new parties from 1989 -
    DSU = Deutsche Soziale Union (German Social Union, social conservative, est.20 Jan 1990); FDP = Freie Demokratische Partei ([East German] Free Democratic Party, liberal, centrist, 4 Feb 1990-11 Aug 1990, merged into [West German] FDP); DFP = Deutsche Forumpartei (German Forum Party, liberal, centrist, 27 Jan 1990-11 Aug 1990, merged into [West German] FDP); SDP = Sozialdemokratische Partei in der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik (Social Democratic Party in the German Democratic Republic, 7 Oct 1989-13 Jan 1990, renamed SPD or Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands [Social Democratic Party of Germany]); AD = Allianz für Deutschland (Alliance for Germany, electoral alliance for 18 Mar 1990 elections by the CDU, DA, and DSU); BFD = Bund Freier Demokraten (Alliance of Free Democrats, liberal alliance, LDP and NDPD, 12 Feb 1990 - 11 Aug 1990, merged into [West German] FDP)



    Heligoland (Helgoland)
     
    [United Kingdom
                          flag]
    5 Sep 1807 - 1 Jul 1890
    [Heligoland
                          unofficial civil flag 1807-c.1814]
    1807 - c.1814 Unofficial Local Flag
    [Heligoland
                          unofficial civil flag c.1814-1890]
    c.1814 - 1 Jul 1890 Unofficial Local Flag
    Map of Heligoland
    Capital: Heligoland
    (In the Town)

    Constitutions
    (29 Feb 1868-1890;
    7 Jun 1864-1868)
    Population: 2,001 (1881);
    2,041 (1807) 

    1402                       Part of the Duchy of Schleswig (confirmed 1470).
    10 Aug 1490                Part of the Duchy of Holstein-Gottorp (under Danish royal
                                 administration 1684-1689)(subordinated to Gottorp amt to
                                 1639, them to Husum amt).

     7 Aug 1714                Part of
    Denmark royal part of Duchy of Schleswig.
    31 Dec 1720                Storm separates Sandy Island from Heligoland.
     
    5 Sep 1807                British occupation.
    14 Jan 1814                British colony (formally ceded to U.K. by Denmark in Treaty of Kiel)
     7 Jan 1864                Ancient Frisian constitution abolished.
     1 Jul 1890                Ceded to Germany by U.K. in the Anglo-German Agreement
                                 (Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty).
     9 Aug 1890                Formal handover to Germany by U.K.
    15 Dec 1890                Annexed to Germany (from 18 Feb 1891, part of Prussian 
                                 province of Schleswig-Holstein).
     8 May 1945 -  1 Mar 1952  British occupation (population evacuated Apr 1945).

    Lieutenant governors
     5 Sep 1807 - 16 Oct 1807  Corbet James d'Auvergne (acting)   (b. 1767 - d. 1826)
    16 Oct 1807 - 1815         William Osborne Hamilton           (b. 1750? - d. 1818)
    Apr 1815 - 1840            Henry King                         (b. 1777/78 - d. 1854)
                                 (from 5 Jun 1834, Sir Henry King)
    13 Oct 1840 -  7 Mar 1857  John Hindmarsh                     (b. 1775 - d. 1860)
                                 (from 7 Aug 1851, Sir John Hindmarsh)
    1857 - 1863                Richard Pattinson                  (b. 1809 - d. 1875)
     2 Jun 1863 - Feb 1864     Henry Fitzharding Berkeley Maxse   (b. 1832 - d. 1883)
    Governors
    Feb 1864 - 1881            Henry Fitzharding Berkeley Maxse   (s.a.)
                                 (from 1 May 1877, Sir Henry Fitzhardinge Berkeley Maxse)
    26 Oct 1881 - 1888         John Terence Niolls O'Brien        (b. 1830 - d. 1903) 
                                
    (from 24 May 1887, Sir John Terence Nicolls O'Brien)
    27 Nov 1888 -  9 Aug 1890  Arthur Cecil Stuart Barkly         (b. 1843 - d. 1890)
    German Administrator
     9 Aug 1890 - 1891         Adolf Wermuth (interim)            (b. 1855 - d. 1927)



    Saarland (Saargebiet, Saarbecken)
     
    [Saar Territory
                          1920-1935 (Germany)]
    28 Jul 1920 - 1 Mar 1935 
    [Saar
                          Territory 1920-1935 version for governmental
                          use]
    28 Jul 1920 - 1 Mar1935 Government Flag
    [Saar 1947-1956
                          (Germany)]
    17 Dec 1947 - 1 Jan 1957
    Map of Saarland
    Hear National Anthem
    "Saarlied" (The Saar Song) 
    Text of National Anthem
    (1921-1935, 29 Nov 1950-1957)
    Constitutions
    (17 Dec 1947; in German;
    26 Feb 1920 [Part III Sec. IV])

    Capital: Saarbrücken
    (Sarrebruck)
    Currency: 1945 - 6 Jul 1959
    French
    Franc (FRF); 1947 Saar Mark (SAAM); 1919-1935 French Franc (FRF); 1919-1930 Saar Franc (SAAF)
    National Holiday:
    1947-1957: 15 Dec (1947)
    Verfassungstag
    (Constitution Day)
    ------------------------------------
    1920-1935: N/A
    Population: 1,019,000 (1957)
    812, 000 (1933)
    GDP: 5.5 billion DEM (1960) Exports: 149,9 billion
    French Francs (1951);
    Imports: 148,8 billion
    French Francs (1951)

    Ethnic Groups: German,
    French
    -----------------------------------
    Saarland Police: c.1,000 (1946)
    Religions: Roman Catholic
    72.2%, Protestant 25.7%,
    Jewish 0.5% (1927)
    International Organizations/Treaties: 1920-1935: ITU, UPU; 1947-1957: CE (associate), IOC, UPU, WMO

    Oct 1792                   French rule.
    1814 - 20 Nov 1815         Allied occupation.
    20 Nov 1815                Annexed to Prussia (part of Rhein province); small parts are
                                 annexed to Bavaria (part of Pfalz province). 
    11 Nov 1918 - 26 Feb 1920  Allied (French) occupation.
    26 Feb 1920                League of Nations administration (Saargebiet/Saar Territory/
                                 Territoire de la Sarre)(also in official use: Saarbecken = Bassin
                                 de
    la Sarre and Saarbeckengebiet = Territoire du Bassin de la
                                 Sarre
    ).

    13 Jan 1935                In a plebiscite 90.73% vote to re-join Germany.
     1 Mar 1935                Re-incorporated into Germany (but not in Prussia) as Saar state
                                 (Saarland).

     
    8 Apr 1940                Palatinate (Pfalz), a district of Bavaria, administered by Saarland,
                                 jointly known as Saarpfalz (from 11 Mar 1941, Westmark).       
    20 Mar 1945 - 31 Jul 1945  U.S. occupation.

    10 May 1945                Part of Saar-Pfalz-Rheinhessen (from 1 Jun 1945, Mittelrhein-Saar).
    31 Jul 1945                French administration
    , separated from Mittelrhein-Saar (Saargebiet =
                                
    Territoire de la Sarre)(also in official use: Sarre (French);
                                 Saarland (German, gradually into official use after 8 Oct 1946).

    17 Dec 1947                Constituted as an autonomous state in economic and customs union
                                 with 
    France (Saarland)(semi-official (French) before incorporation
                                 into Germany: Sarre), separated from Germany.

    23 Oct 1955                Referendum votes against proposal for an independent Saarland
                                 under Western European Union (WEU) protection, 67.7% to 32.3%
     1 Jan 1957                Incorporated into Federal Republic of Germany as a state
                                 (for Saarland from 1957 see under German states).

    Administrateurs-supérieur (Supreme Administrators)
    20 Nov 1918 - 17 Feb 1919  Henri Wirbel (France)(1st time)    (b. 1861 - d. 1948)
    17 Feb 1919 - 20 Nov 1919  Joseph Louis Marie Andlauer        (b. 1869 - d. 1956)
                                 (France)                
    20 Nov 1919 -  7 Mar 1920  Henri Wirbel (France)(2nd time)    (s.a.)
    Presidents of the Governing Commission of the Territory of the Saar Basin
    21 Feb 1920 - 31 Mar 1926  Victor Michel Émile Marie Rault    (b. 1858 - d. 1930?)
                                 (France)            
     1 Apr 1926 -  9 Jun 1927  George Washington Stephens (Canada)(b. 1866 - d. 1942)
     1 Apr 1927 - 20 Jun 1927  František Vezensky (Czechoslovakia)(b. 18.. - d. 1938)
                                 (acting [for absent Stephens to 9 Jun 1927])
    20 Jun 1927 - 31 Mar 1932  Sir Ernest Colville Collins Wilton (b. 1870 - d. 1952)
                                 (U.K.)
     1 Apr 1932 - 28 Feb 1935  Geoffrey George Knox (U.K.)        (b. 1884 - d. 1958)
                                 (from 1 Mar 1935, Sir Geoffrey George Knox)
    Chairman of the Tripartite Committee of the League of Nations for the Saar Territory
    28 Feb 1935 -  1 Mar 1935  Barone Pompeo Aloisi, conte di     (b. 1847 - d. 1949)
                                 Allumiere (Italy)      
    Reichskommissar für die Rückgliederung des Saarlandes (from 17 Jun 1936,
    Reichskommissar für das Saarland; from 8 Apr 1940, Reichskommissar für
    die Saarpfalz; from 11 Mar 1941, Reichsstatthalter in der Westmark)
    (also chiefs of civil administration in Lorraine 7 Aug 1940 - 19 Mar 1945)
     1 Mar 1935 - 28 Sep 1944  Josef Bürckel                      (b. 1895 - d. 1944)  NSDAP

    29 Sep 1944 - 21 Mar 1945  Willi Stöhr (acting)               (b. 1903 - d. 1994?) NSDAP
    Allied Military Governors
    Mar 1945 -  7 Jul 1945     Louis G. Kelly (U.S.)              (b. 1897 - d. 1970)  Mil
     7 Jul 1945 -  7 Sep 1945  Louis Constant Morlière (France)   (b. 1897 - d. 1980)  Mil
    Superior Delegate for the Military Government of Saarland
    30 Aug 1945 -  7 Sep 1945  Gilbert Yves Édmond Grandval       (b. 1904 - d. 1981)  Mil
    Governor of the Saar
     7 Sep 1945 - 10 Jan 1948  Gilbert Yves Édmond Grandval       (s.a.)               Mil
    High Commissioner of the French Republic in the Saar

    10 Jan 1948 -  1 Jan 1952  Gilbert Yves Édmond Grandval       (s.a.)
    Chiefs of the Diplomatic Mission of the French Republic in the Saar 
     1 Jan 1952 -  8 Jul 1955  Gilbert Yves Édmond Grandval       (s.a.)
     8 Jul 1955 - 27 Oct 1956  Charles Marie Eric de Carbonnel    (b. 1910 - d. 1965)

    Presidents of the Landesrat (Vorsitzender des Landesrates)
    19 Jul 1922 - 23 Mar 1924  Bartholomäus Kossmann              (b. 1883 - d. 1952)  ZP
    24 Mar 1924 -  1 Mar 1935  Peter Scheuer                      (b. 1882 - d. 1944)  ZP
    Presidents of the Government
    (Regierungspräsidenten)
     1 Mar 1935 - 8 Apr 1940   Philipp Wilhelm Jung               (b. 1884 - d. 1965)  NSDAP
     8 Apr 1940 - Mar 1945     Karl Barth                         (b. 1895 - d. 1962)  NSDAP
    Mar 1945 - 4 May 1945      Vacant
     4 May 1945 -  8 Oct 1946  Hans Neureuter                     (b. 1901 - d. 1953)  Non-party
    Chairman of the Administration Commission

    (Vorsitzender der Verwaltungskommission des Saarlandes)
     8 Oct 1946 - 20 Dec 1947  Erwin Müller                       (b. 1906 - d. 1968)  Non-party
    Minister-presidents (Ministerpräsident; semi-official French: Ministre-Président)
    15 Dec 1947 - 29 Oct 1955  Johannes Hoffmann                  (b. 1890 - d. 1967)  CVP
    29 Oct 1955 - 10 Jan 1956  Heinrich Welsch                    (b. 1888 - d. 1976)  Non-party
    10 Jan 1956 -  1 Jan 1957  Hubert Ney                         (b. 1892 - d. 1984)  CDU
                                 (continues to 4 Jun 1957)

    Party abbreviations: CDU = Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands (Christian Democratic Union of Germany, christian-democratic, liberal conservative, center-right, est.26 Jun 1945); CVP = Christliche Volkspartei des Saarlandes (Saarland Christian People's Party, christian democratic, Saarland regionalist, 10 Jan 1946-19 Apr 1959, merged into CDU); NSDAP = Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (National Socialist German Workers' Party, German nationalist, national socialist, Nazi fascist, xenophobic, 14 Jul 1933-31 May 1945 only legal party, 24 Nov 1920-10 Oct 1945); ZP = Zentrumspartei des Saargebietes (Center Party of Saarland, catholic centrist, Saarland regionalist, 1920-1935); Mil = Military



    Allied Occupation of the Rhineland

     1 Dec 1918                Allied occupation of territories in western Germany begins
                                (Belgian zone - north Rhine prov., Aachen, and from 1919
                                 Eupen-Malmedy; British zone - northern-central Rhine prov.,
                                 and Köln; French zone - southern Rhine prov., Hessian Rhine prov.,
                                 Bavarian Pfalz district, Mainz, Kehl and from 1921 Wiesbaden; and
                                 U.S. zone - south-central Rhine prov., Birkenfeld, and
                                 Koblenz).
     1 Jun 1919 - 1919         Rhineland Republic, failed French attempt to back separatists.
     6 Apr 1920 - 18 May 1920  France briefly occupies the Hessian towns of Bad-Homburg, Darmstadt,
                                 Frankfurt, Hanau, and Offenbach.
     8 Mar 1921                Franco-Belgian occupation of Düsseldorf, Duisberg and Ruhrort.
    24 Jan 1923                Withdrawal U.S. forces, former U.S. zone taken over by France.
    11 Jan 1923 -  1 Aug 1924  Franco-Belgian occupation of the Ruhr.
    23 Aug 1923                Germany establishes a separate ministry for the western territories
                                 under allied occupation.
    21 Oct 1923 - 26 Nov 1924  Rhineland Republic, 2nd failed French attempt to back separatists
                                 (Palatine Republic proclaimed at Speyer (2 Nov 1923 - 17 Feb 1924).
    Dec 1929                   Withdrawal of British forces, zone taken over by Belgium and France.
    30 Jun 1930                End of Allied occupation, Rhineland a demilitarized zone.
     7 Mar 1936                Rhineland is remilitarized by Germany.

    President and French Representative of the Permanent Inter-Allied Armistice Commission    
    Nov 1918 - 1920            Alphonse Pierre Nudant (France)    (b. 1861 - d. 1952)
    General Controller of the Administration of the Occupied Territories

    Dec 1918 - 10 May 1920     Paul Tirard (France)               (b. 1879 - d. 1945)
    Chairman of the
    Inter-Allied Rhineland High Commission (IARHC)
    (in Koblenz)
    10 May 1920 - 30 Jun 1930  Paul Tirard (France)               (s.a.)

    Commanders-in-Chief of the Allied Armies
    in Germany 
    (Belgian forces remained under direct command of King Albert)
     1 Dec 1918 - 1919         Ferdinand Jean Marie Foch (France) (b. 1851 - d. 1929)
    1919 - 30 Jun 1930         the Commanders of the French Zone

    Reichskommissare (Imperial and Prussian State Commissioners) for Occupied Rhenish Territories
    29 Aug 1923 - 30 Nov 1923  Johannes Fuchs                     (b. 1874 - d. 1956)  Non-party
    30 Nov 1923 - 15 Jan 1925  Anton Höfle (acting)               (b. 1882 - d. 1925)  Z
    15 Jan 1925 - 21 Nov 1925  Josef Alois Frenken (acting)       (b. 1854 - d. 1945)  Z
    21 Nov 1925 - 20 Jan 1926  Heinrich Brauns                    (b. 1868 - d. 1939)  Z
    20 Jan 1926 - 16 May 1926  Wilhelm Marx (1st time)(acting)    (b. 1863 - d. 1946)  Z
    16 May 1926 - 29 Jan 1927  Johannes Bell (acting)             (b. 1868 - d. 1949)  Z
    29 Jan 1927 - 28 Jun 1928  Wilhelm Marx (2nd time)(acting)    (s.a.)               Z
    28 Jun 1928 -  7 Feb 1929  Theodor von Guérard                (b. 1863 - d. 1943)  Z
     7 Feb 1929 - 13 Apr 1929  Carl Severing (acting)             (b. 1875 - d. 1952)  SPD
    13 Apr 1929 - 30 Mar 1930  Joseph Wirth                       (b. 1879 - d. 1956)  Z
    30 Mar 1930 - 30 Sep 1930  Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus      (b. 1891 - d. 1971)  DNVP; 23 Jul
                                                                                       1930: KVP

    Ruhr Occupation Area 1923-24

    Commander of the French occupation forces (32nd Army Corps)
    (subordinated to commander of French Rhine Army)
    11 Jan 1923 -  1 Aug 1924  Alphonse Édouard Caron             (b. 1862 - d. 1951)

    Commander of the Belgian occupation forces (detachement belge de la Rhur)
    (subordinated to the French commander in the Ruhr)
    11 Jan 1923 - 1924?        Albert Borremans                   (b. 1868 - d. 1943)

    Presidents of the Inter-Allied Mission for the Control of Factories and Mines
    (Mission Interalliée de Contrôle des Usines et des Mines [MICUM])
    1923                       Émile Gustave Alfred Coste (France)(b. 1864 - d. 1945)
    1923 - 1924                Paul Herman Frantzen (France)      (b. 1880 - d. 1935)

    Party abbreviations: DNVP = Deutschnationale Volkspartei (German National Party, conservative, nationalist, monarchist, split from DKP, 24 Nov 1918-27 Jun 1933, merged into NSDAP); DVP = Deutsche Volkspartei (German People's Party, national liberal, moderate nationalist, constitutional monarchist, 15 Dec 1918-4 Jul 1933, merged into NSDAP); KVP = Konservative Volkspartei (Conservative People's Party, republican conservative, split from DNVP, Jul 1930-14 Jul 1933); SPD = Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (Social Democratic Party of Germany, social-democratic, Marxist to 1925, 27 May 1875-22 Jun 1933, re-est.Oct 1945); ZDeutsche Zentrumspartei "Zentrum" (German Center Party "Center", catholic, centrist, christian democratic, 13 Dec 1870-5 Jul 1933)USPD = Unabhängige Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany, democratic socialist, centrist Marxist, pacifist, split from SPD, 6 Apr 1917-1 Nov 1931)


    American Zone

    American Commissioners to the Inter-Allied Rhineland High Commission
    Apr 1920 - May 1920        Pierrepont Burt Noyes              (b. 1870 - d. 1959)
    May 1920 - 24 Jan 1923     Henry Tureman Allen                (s.a.)
    24 Jan 1923 - 30 Jun 1930  Vacant

    Commander of the American Expeditionary Force
     
    5 Jul 1917 -  1 Jul 1919  John Joseph Pershing               (b. 1860 - d. 1948)
    Commanding Generals of the U.S. Third Army
     
    7 Nov 1918 -  2 May 1919  Joseph Theodore Dickman            (b. 1857 - d. 1927)     
     
    2 May 1919 -  2 Jul 1919  Hunter Liggett                     (b. 1857 - d. 1935)
    Commander of American Forces in Germany
     
    8 Jul 1919 - 24 Jan 1923  Henry Tureman Allen                (b. 1859 - d. 1930) 


    Belgian Zone

    Belgian High Commissioners to the Inter-Allied High Rhineland Commission
    1920 - 1921                Émile Édouard Charles Louis        (b. 1858 - d. 1937)
                                
    Digneffe
    1921 - Jul 1925           
    Édouard, baron Rolin-Jaecquemyns   (b. 1863 - d. 1936)
    Jul 1925 -  4 Mar 1929     Pierre Forthomme                   (b. 1877 - d. 1959)
     4 Mar 1929 - 30 Jun 1930  Jules Le Jeune de Münsbach         (b. 1869 - d. 1941)

    Commanders-in-chief of the Belgian Army of Occupation
    Dec 1918 -  1 Jun 1920     Augustin
    Édouard, baron Michel du  (b. 1855 - d. 1951)
                                 Faing d'Aigremont
     1 Jun 1920 - Dec 1923     Louis, baron Rouquoy               (b. 1861 - d. 1937)
    Dec 1923 - 26 Jun 1928     Laurent Burguet
    26 Jun 1928-Dec 1929/1930  Ferdinand II de Posch              (b. 1869 - d. 1952)


    British Zone

    British High Commissioners to the Inter-Allied High Rhineland Commission
    Apr 1920 - Oct 1920        Sir Harold Arthur Stuart           (b. 1860 - d. 1923)
    Oct 1920 - Dec 1920        Malcolm Arnold Robertson           (b. 1878 - d. 1951)
    Dec 1920 - 20 Feb 1928     Victor Alexander Sereld Hay,       (b. 1876 - d. 1928)
                                 Baron Kilmarnock (from 8 Jul 1927)  
                                 Earl of Erroll                   
    May 1928 - Jan 1930        William Seeds                      (b. 1892 - d. 1973)
    30 Jan 1930 - 30 Jun 1930  James Herbertson                   (b. 1883 - d. 1974)

    General Officers Commanding-in-Chief for British Army of the Rhine
    Dec 1918 - Apr 1919        Sir Herbert Charles Onslow Plumer  (b. 1857 - d. 1932)
    22 Apr 1919 - Mar 1920     Sir William Robert Robertson       (b. 1860 - d. 1933)  

     3 Mar 1920 - 1922         Sir Thomas Lethbridge Napier       (b. 1865 - d. 1925)
                                 Morland  
     8 Mar 1922 - 1924         Sir Alexander John Godley          (b. 1867 - d. 1957)
    17 Jun 1924 - 1927         Sir John Philip Du Cane            (b. 1865 - d. 1947)
    30 Apr 1927 - Dec 1929     Sir William Thwaites               (b. 1868 - d. 1947)


    French Zone

    General Controller of the Administration of the Occupied Territories
    Dec 1918 - 1920            Paul Tirard (France)               (b. 1879 - d. 1945)
    Chairman of the Inter-Allied Rhineland High Commission

    10 May 1920 - 30 Jun 1930  Paul Tirard (France)               (s.a.)

    Commander of the French 10th Army (Xe Armée)
    Dec 1918 - 21 Oct 1919     Charles Marie Emmanuel Mangin      (b. 1866 - d. 1925)
    Commander of the French 8th Army (VIIIe Armée)
    Dec 1918 – 21 Oct 1919     Augustin Grégoire Arthur Gérard    (b. 1857 - d. 1926)
    Commanders of the French Army of the Rhine (Armée du Rhin)

    21 Oct 1919 - 1924         Jean Marie Joseph Degoutte         (b. 1866 - d. 1938)

    1924 - 30 Jun 1930         Louis Adolphe Guillaumat           (b. 1863 - d. 1940)


    Rhineland republics
     
    [Rhineland
                          Republic flag 1919 (Germany)]
    1 Jun 1919 - Jun 1919
    [Rhineland
                          Republic flag 1923-24, Variant 1919
                          (Germany)]
    21 Oct 1923 - 17 Feb 1924
     1 Jun 1919 - Jun 1919     Failed attempt to proclaim a Rhenish Republic (Rheinische Republik)
                                 at Wiesbaden (supported by French occupation forces). 
    21 Oct 1923 - 30 Nov 1923  Provisional Government of the Rhenish Republic (Vorläufige Regierung
                                 der Rheinischen Republik); from 23 Oct 1913 capital at Koblenz
                                 (supported by French and Belgian occupation forces).
    12 Nov 1923 - 17 Feb 1924  Autonomous Palatinate Republic, federated with the Rhenish Republic,
                                 declared in rebellion (see Bavaria under German states from 1918).

    President of the Government of the Rhenish Republic
     1 Jun 1919 - Jun 1919     Johannes "Hans" Adam Dorten        (b. 1880 - d. 1963)  Z
    Minister-president (prime minister) of the Rhenish Republic
    25 Oct 1923 - 29 Nov 1923  Josef Friedrich Matthes            (b. 1886 - d. 1943)  VRB
                                 (provisional)

    Party abbreviations: ZDeutsche Zentrumspartei "Zentrum" (German Center Party "Center", catholic, centrist, christian democratic, 13 Dec 1870-5 Jul 1933); VRB = Vereinigte Rheinische Bewegung (United Rhenish Movement, Rhenish separatist, 15 Aug 1923-1924)



    French Departments in Germany 1797-1814
    [French Flag]

     2 Oct 1794                French invasion of the Rhineland begins (Aachen on 6 Oct 1794,
                                 Cologne 26 Oct 1794, Bonn 8 Nov 1794).
    Nov 1794                   French create central administration (Pays d'entre Meuse et Rhin).
    18 Oct 1797                Treaty of Campo Formio cedes de facto Rhineland territories 
                                 to France.
     4 Nov 1797                A French commissioner is appointed to supervise and organize
                                 the territories into départements (not yet considered to be
                                 part of France); Roer, Sarre, Mont Tonnerre, Rhin-et-Moselle.
     9 Feb 1801                By the Treaty of Lunéville the Rhineland is de jure annexed 
                                 to France.
    30 Jun 1802                Rhine départements become regular départements of France.
    23 Sep 1802                Unified administration terminated.
    1813 - 1815                Allied administration; territories later restored to Prussia, 
                                 Bavaria, Oldenburg, etc.

    Commanders of the Army of the Sambre and Meuse (northern zone)
     2 Jul 1794 - 20 Dec 1794  Jean-Baptiste Jourdan (1st time)   (b. 1762 - d. 1833)
    21 Dec 1794 - 28 Feb 1795  Jacques Maurice Hatry              (b. 1742 - d. 1802)
     1 Mar 1795 - 21 Jan 1796  Jean-Baptiste Jourdan (2nd time)   (s.a.)
    22 Jan 1796 - 28 Feb 1796  Jean-Baptiste Kléber (1st time)    (b. 1753 - d. 1800)
    29 Feb 1796 - 30 Jul 1796  Jean-Baptiste Jourdan (3rd time)   (s.a.)
    31 Jul 1796 -  7 Aug 1796  Jean-Baptiste Kléber (2nd time)    (s.a.)
     8 Aug 1796 - 23 Sep 1796  Jean-Baptiste Jourdan (4th time)   (s.a.)
    23 Sep 1796 - 23 Jan 1797  Pierre Riel de Beurnonville        (b. 1752 - d. 1821)
                               - together with - 
    14 Dec 1796 - 23 Jan 1797  Jean-Baptiste Kléber (3rd time)    (s.a.)
    26 Feb 1797 - 18 Sep 1797  Louis Lazare Hoche                 (b. 1768 - d. 1797)
    Commander of the Army of the Rhine (southern zone)
    14 Jan 1794 - 10 Apr 1795  Claude Ignace François Michaud     (b. 1751 - d. 1835)
    Commander of the Army of the Moselle
     2 Jul 1794 -  9 Feb 1795  Jean Victor Moreau                 (b. 1763 - d. 1813)
    Commanders of the Army of the Rhine and Moselle
    20 Apr 1795 -  4 Mar 1796  Jean Charles Pichegru              (b. 1761 - d. 1804)
    21 Apr 1796 -  9 Sep 1797  Jean Victor Moreau                 (s.a.)
    10 Sep 1797 - 18 Sep 1797  Louis Lazare Hoche                 (s.a.)
    18 Sep 1797 -  7 Oct 1797  Laurent de Gouvion-Saint-Cyr       (b. 1764 – d. 1830)
    Commander of the Army of Germany
     7 Oct 1797 - 12 Dec 1797  Charles Pierre Francois Augereau   (b. 1757 - d. 1816)
    French Government Commissioners Army of Germany
     4 Nov 1797 - 21 Feb 1799  François Joseph Rudler             (b. 1757 - d. 1837)
    26 Mar 1799 - Aug 1799     Jean Joseph Marquis                (b. 1747 - d. 1823)
    Aug 1799 – 29 Nov 1799     Joseph Lakanal                     (b. 1762 - d. 1845)

    29 Nov 1799 - Dec 1799     Louis Thibaut Dubois-Dubais        (b. 1743 - d. 1834)
                                 (did not exercise office)
    22 Dec 1799 – Oct 1800     Henri Shée                         (b. 1739 - d. 1820)

    22 Sep 1800 - Feb 1802     Jean-Baptiste Moisë Jollivet       (b. 1753 - d. 1818)
    Feb 1802 - 22 Sep 1802     André Jeanbon, dit Jeanbon Saint-  (b. 1749 - d. 1813)
                                 André


    Bouches-de-l'Elbe

    13 Dec 1810                French département of Bouches-de-l'Elbe formed from
                                 free cities of Hamburg and Lübeck and parts of Holstein.
    1814                       End of French rule.

    Prefects
    10 Jan 1811 -  6 Mar 1813  Patrice Charles Ghislain de        (b. 1770 - d. 1827)
                                 Coninck-Outryve
    25 Mar 1813 - 1814         Achille Stanislas Émile Le         (b. 1781 - d. 1864)
                                 Tonnelier, baron de Breteuil


    Bouches-du-Weser

    13 Dec 1810                French département of Bouches-du-Weser formed from
                                 free city of Bremen, Duchy of Oldenburg, county of
                                 Hoya and part of Hanover.
    1814                       End of French rule.

    Prefect
    10 Jan 1811 - 1814         Charles Philippe Alexandre         (b. 1776 - d. 1814)
                                 d'Arberg                   


    Ems-Oriental 

    Jul 1807                   Principality of East Frisa (Ostfriesland), Barony of Kniphausen
                                (Knyphausen), and Häuptlingschaft Jever ceded to France 
                                 by Prussia and Russia respectively (see East Frisia).
    11 Nov 1807                Incorporated into Kingdom of Holland as département
                                 of Oost-Friesland (East Friesland).
     1 Jan 1811                Incorporated into France as département of Ems-Oriental 
                                 (Eastern Ems).


    Commissioner-general

    13 Jun 1807 -  5 Feb 1808  Johan Frederik Rudolph van Hoof    (b. 1755 - d. 1816) 
    Landdrost
     5 Feb 1808 - 22 Dec 1808  Godert Alexander Gerard Philip     (b. 1778 - d. 1848)
                                 van der Capellen
    22 Dec 1808 - 25 Feb 1811  Willem Queysen (arrived 1 Jan 1809)(b. 1754 - d. 1817)
    Prefect
    25 Feb 1811 -  8 Nov 1813  Sébastien Louis Joseph Jannesson   (b. 1779 - d. 1864)
                                 (arrived 1 Mar 1811)


    Ems-Supérieur

     1 Jan 1811                French département of Ems-Supérieur formed from Bishopric
                                 of Minden (Prefecture Osnabrück).
    Oct 1813                   End of French rule.

    Prefect
    13 Jan 1811 - Oct 1813     Karl Ludwig Joseph von Keverberg   (b. 1768 - d. 1841)


    Lippe

    27 Apr 1811                French département of Lippe formed from parts 
                                 of Bouche-l'Yssel, Ems-Occidental and Yssel-Supérieur.
    Nov 1813                   End of French rule.

    Prefect
    13 Jun 1811 - Nov 1813     Jean Charles Annet Victorin de     (b. 1768 - d. 1833)
                                 Lasteyrie du Saillant


    Mont-Tonnerre

     9 Mar 1801                French département of Mont-Tonnerre (German: Donnersberg)
                                 formed from southern parts of Electorate of Mainz and parts 
                                 of Bishoprics of Speyer and Worms and of Palatinate and 
                                 Duchy of Zweibrücken.
    Jan 1814                   End of French rule.

    Prefects
    22 Sep 1800 - 1801         J
    ean-Baptiste Moïse Jollivet       (b. 1753 - d. 1818) 
     9 Mar 1801 - 1801         Henri d'Alton-Shée                 (b. 1739 - d. 1820)
    20 Dec 1801 - 10 Dec 1813  André Jeanbon, dit Jeanbon Saint-  (b. 1749 - d. 1813)
                                 André (from 9 Jan 1810, André
                                 Jeanbon, baron de Saint-André)
    14 Dec 1813 - 1814         C
    harles Philippe Alexandre         (b. 1776 - d. 1814)
                                 d'Arberg (not installed)


    Rhin-et-Moselle

     9 Mar 1801                French département of Rhin-et-Moselle (Rhine and Moselle)
                                 formed from parts of Electorates of Trier and Cologne and the
                                 Lower County of Catzenellenbogen (Obergrafschaft Katzenelnbogen)
                                 of Hesse-Darmstadt.

    1814                       End of French rule.

    Prefects
     9 Mar 1801 - 1803         Philippe Boucqueau de Villeraie    (b. 1773 - d. 1834)
    14 Jun 1803 - 1805         François Louis René Mouchard       (b. 1757 - d. 1814) 
                                 de Chaban
     1 Feb 1805 -  3 May 1806  Alexandre Théodore Victor          (b. 1760 - d. 1829)
                                 de Lameth
    15 May 1806 - 1810         Paul Adrien François Marie de      (b. 1769 - d. 1814)
                                 Lezay-Marnésia
     7 Aug 1810 - Jan 1814     Jean Marie Thérèse Doazan          (b. 1774 - d. 1839)


    Catzenellenbogen

    20 Nov 1806                Upper County of Catzenellenbogen (Niedergrafschaft Katzenelnbogen)
                                 of
    Hesse-Cassel occupied by France. Administered by France as the
                                 Reserved Country of Catzenellenbogen (Pays réservé de
                                 Catzenellenbogen
    ), administered by the Imperial prefectural
                                 councilor in Langenschwalbach in département Rhin-et-Moselle
                                 (but part of the
    département).
     1 Nov 1813                French withdraw from areas of the right bank of the Rhine.
     6 Nov 1813 -  2 Dec 1813  Provisional administration by General Government of Frankfurt.
     2 Dec 1813 -
    16 Oct 1815  Administered by Hesse-Darmstadt.
    16 Oct 1815 -
    17 Oct 1816  Administered by Prussia.
    17 Oct 1816                Ceded to the Duchy of Nassau.

    Imperial Prefectural Councilor
    1806 - Nov 1813            Balthasar Pietsch                  (b. 1747 - d. 1826)


    Roer

     9 Mar 1801                French département of Roer formed from duchies of Jülich,
                                 Guelders, and Kleve, Principality of Meurs, parts of
                                 Electorate of Cologne, and free cities of Cologne and Aachen.
    1814                       End of French rule.

    Prefects
     9 Mar 1801 -  4 Mar 1802  Nicolas Sébastien Simon            (b. 1749 - d. 1802)
    Mar 1802 - 23 Sep 1802     Johann Friedrich Jacobi (1st time) (b. 1765 - d. 1831)
                               + Heinrich Joseph Cogels de Weert
                               (acting)
    23 Sep 1802 - 1804         Alexandre Edme Méchin              (b. 1772 - d. 1849)
    1804 - 15 Sep 1804         Johann Friedrich Jacobi (2nd time) (s.a.)
                                 (acting)
    15 Sep 1804 - 1806         Jean Charles Joseph Laumond        (b. 1753 - d. 1825)
     3 May 1806 - 19 Feb 1809  Alexandre Théodore Victor          (b. 1760 - d. 1829)
                                 de Lameth
    31 Mar 1809 - 1814         Jean Charles François de           (b. 1772 - d. 1848)
                                 Ladoucette (from 3 May 1809, Jean
                                 Charles François, chevalier de
                                 Ladoucette [from 31 Dec 1809, Jean
                                 Charles François, baron de Ladoucette])


    Sarre

     9 Mar 1801                French département of Sarre formed from parts of Electorate
                                 of Trier and Duchy of Zweibrücken.
    1814                       End of French rule.

    Prefects
    22 Jun 1800 - 1803         Joseph Bexon d'Ormeschville        (b. 1738 - d. 1814)
    24 Mar 1803 - 1810         Maximilien Xavier Képler (Keppler) (b. 1758 - d. 1837)
                                (from 16 Sep 1808, Maximilien Xavier,
                                 chevalier Képler [from 14 Feb 1810,
                                 Maximilien Xavier, baron Képler])
     7 Aug 1810 -  6 Jan 1814  Alexandre François de Bruneteau    (b. 1769 - d. 1853)
                                 de Sainte-Suzanne (from 19 Jan
                                 1812, Alexandre François de
                                 Bruneteau, baron de Sainte-Suzanne)



    Neu-Schwabenland (New Swabia)
     
    Map of  Neu-schwabenland
    19 Jan 1939 -  6 Feb 1939  Antarctic area 20°E to 10°W is explored by a German expedition led
                                 by Alfred Ritscher (b. 1879 - d. 1963) and named Neu-Schwabenland
                                 (New Swabia), although Germany made no formal territorial
                                 claims.






    © Ben Cahoon