German States before 1918 A-E

Note: The list below is only complete for those polities that survived beyond 1806. Within 

the Holy Roman Empire, there existed countless minor states (ecclesiastical states, imperial

cities, imperial villages, lordships, counties, baronies, principalities, etc.), which

are nearly impossible to list with even partial accuracy. A major reorganization was

brought about by the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss of 1803, when more than 100 polities were abolished.¹ Polities listed prior to 1806 are a sample of the major or most well known

polities of the Holy Roman Empire and the Confederation of the Rhine. After 1806, all the

polities that survived the Napoleonic Wars and the Congress of Vienna are listed.

  The Golden Bull 25 Dec 1356 codified the procedure for electing the king and specified the (then) seven princes, called electors (Kurfürsten), who would carry out the election, thus confirming then current practice. These princes nominally derived their electoral status from the high court offices (Erzämter) they held. The first-named three electors were the holders of the office of archchancellor of the Holy Roman Empire, i.e., the archbishops of Mayence (Mainz), Treves (Trier), and Cologne (Köln). These archbishops were of course major territorial lords, although in the period covered by this record their territorial holdings no longer included the cities from which they derived the names of their sees (Erzstifte).

 

  For the sake of providing a division between eras, after the republican revolutions 

of Nov 1918, which overthrew the last German monarchies, remaining states are listed under

German states since 1918; these include the states (länder) and former provinces of Germany. The provinces of Prussia are listed in a separate section following the entry for Prussia (Prussian provinces). Statistical data is given only for those polities that survived until 1866.

Ecclesiastical titles: Äbt/Äbtissin = Abbot/Abbess; Bischof = bishop; Erzbischof = Archbishop; Fürstabte = Prince-Abbot; Fürstabtissin = Princess-Abbess; Fürstbischof = Prince-bishop.

Maps showing some of the major territorial changes: Historical Map of Germany in 1660;

Historical map of Germany in 1789; Historical map of Germany in 1803; Map of Germany in 1812;

Map of German Confederation 1815; Map of German Empire 1871

---

Aachen 

c.124 AD                   Founded as by the Romans as Aquae Granni.
768 - 814                  Winter capital of the Frankish kingdom.
936 - 1531                 Coronations of the Kings of Germany and the Romans in Aachen.
Apr/May 1248 - Oct 1248    Siege of Aachen by Count William II of Holland.
1306                       Free Imperial City of Aachen (Freie Reichsstadt Aachen); two
                             "succession lines" can be distinguished.
24-25 Aug 1614             Siege of Aachen by Spanish Army of Flanders, led by Ambrogio
                             Spinola, Marquis of the Balbases.
May 1668                   Town hosts signing of the 1668 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle.
Apr 1748                   Town hosts international Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle and signing
                             the 1748 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle.
15 Dec 1792 -  2 Mar 1793  Occupied by France.
23 Sep 1794                Re-occupied by France.
18 Oct 1797                Ceded to France.
16 Mar 1798                French abolish the free city government.
 9 Mar 1801 - 1813         Annexed to France as Aix-la-Chapelle, part of département
                             Roer (see under Germany).
1813 - 1814                Allied (Prussian) occupation.
14 Feb 1814                Part of Prussia (part of Niederrhein from 1822, Rhein province).

Mayors (Bürgermeister)
 - Line 1 -
1698 - 1699                Tilman Schroeder (2nd time)        (b. 1645 - d. 1706)
1699 - 1700                Werner von Broich (7th time)       (b. 1636 - d. 1731)
1700 – 1706                Vacant
1706 – 1709                Werner von Broich (8th time)       (s.a.)
1709 - 1710                Dietrich Joseph Speckhewer         (b. 1659 - d. 1714)
                             (1st time)
1710 - 1711                Werner von Broich (9th time)       (s.a.)
1711 - 1712                Dietrich Joseph Speckhewer         (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)    
1712 - 1713                Werner von Broich (10th time)      (s.a.)
1713 - 1714                Winand Theodor von Wilre zur Worm  (b. 1665 - d. 1717)
                             (1st time)
1714 - 1715                Werner von Broich  (11th time)     (s.a.)
1715 - 1716                Winand Theodor von Wilre zur Worm  (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
1716 - 1717                Franz Hermann Brauman (1st time)   (b. 1686 - d. 1750)
1717 - 1718                Leonhard Joseph Franz Hieronimus   (b. 1686 - d. 1764)
                             Freiherr von Lamberts zu
                             Cortenbach (1st time)
1718 - 1719                Franz Hermann Brauman (2nd time)   (s.a.)   
1719 - 1720                Leonhard Joseph Franz Hieronimus   (s.a.)
                             Freiherr von Lamberts zu
                             Cortenbach (2nd time)
1720 - 1721                Franz Hermann Brauman (3rd time)   (s.a.)
1721 - 1722                Leonhard Joseph Franz Hieronimus   (s.a.)
                             Freiherr von Lamberts zu
                             Cortenbach (3rd time)
1722 - 1723                Johann Werner von Broich (1st time)(b. 1675 - d. 1747)
1723 - 1724                Johann Theodor Richterich          (b. 1650 - d. 1728)
                             (1st time)
1724 – 1725                Johann Werner von Broich (2nd time)(s.a.)
1725 - 1726                Johann Theodor Richterich          (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
1726 - 1727                Johann Werner von Broich (3rd time)(s.a.)
1727 - 1728                Johann Theodor Richterich          (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)
1728 - 1729                Johann Werner von Broich (4th time)(s.a.)
1729 - 1730                Alexander Theodor Oliva (1st time) (b. 1691 - d. 1767)
1730 - 1731                Johann Werner von Broich (5th time)(s.a.)
1731 - 1732                Alexander Theodor Oliva (2nd time) (s.a.)
1732 - 1733                Johann Werner von Broich (6th time)(s.a.)
1733 - 1734                Alexander Theodor Oliva (3rd time) (s.a.)
1734 - 1735                Johann Werner von Broich (7th time)(s.a.)
1735 - 1736                Alexander Theodor Oliva (4th time) (s.a.)
1736 - 1737                Johann Werner von Broich (8th time)(s.a.)
1737 - 1738                Alexander Theodor Oliva (5th time) (s.a.)
1738 - 1739                Johann Werner von Broich           (s.a.)
                             (9th time)
1739 - 1740                Alexander Theodor Oliva (6th time) (s.a.)
1740 - 1741                Johann Werner von Broich           (s.a.)
                             (10th time)
1741 - 1742                Alexander Theodor Oliva (7th time) (s.a.)
1742 - 1743                Johann Werner von Broich           (s.a.)
                             (11th time)
1743 - 1744                Alexander Theodor Oliva (8th time) (s.a.)
1744 - 1745                Johann Werner von Broich           (s.a.)
                             (12th time)
1745 - 1746                Alexander Theodor Oliva (9th time) (s.a.)
1746 - 1747                Johann Werner von Broich           (s.a.)
                             (12th time)
1747 - 1748                Alexander Theodor von Oliva        (s.a.)
                             (10th time)
1748 - 1749                Franz von Fürth (1st time)         (b. 1695 - d. 1773)
1749 - 1750                Alexander Theodor von Oliva        (s.a.)
                             (11th time)
1750 - 1751                Franz von Fürth (2nd time)         (s.a.)
1751 - 1752                Alexander Theodor on Oliva         (s.a.)
                             (12th time)
1752 - 1753                Franz von Fürth (3rd time)         (s.a.)
1753 - 1754                Alexander Theodor von Oliva        (s.a.)
                             (13th time)
1754 - 1755                Franz von Fürth (4th time)         (s.a.)
1755 - 1756                Alexander Theodor von Oliva        (s.a.)
                             (14th time)
1756 - 1757                Friedrich Wilhelm Beelen           (b. 1732 - d. 1766)
1757 - 1758                Joseph Xaver von Richterich        (b. 1719 - d. 1786)
                             (1st time)
1758 - 1759                Alexander Theodor von Oliva        (s.a.)
                             (15th time)
1759 - 1760                Joseph Xaver von Richterich        (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)   
1760 - 1761                Alexander Theodor von Oliva        (s.a.)
                             (16th time)
1761 - 1762                Joseph Xaver von Richterich        (s.a.)
                             (2nd time) 
1762 - 1763                Alexander Theodor von Oliva        (s.a.)
                             (17th time)
1763 - 1764                Joseph Xaver von Richterich        (s.a.)
                             (4th time)
1764 - 1765                Alexander Theodor von Oliva        (s.a.)
                             (18th time)
1765 - 1766                Joseph Xaver von Richterich        (s.a.)
                             (5th time) 
1766 - 1767                Alexander Theodor von Oliva        (s.a.)
                             (19th time)
1767 - 1768                Joseph Xaver von Richterich        (s.a.)
                             (6th time)
16 Jan 1768 - 1769         Johann Jacob Freiherr von Wilre    (b. 1707 - d. 1793) 
                             (1st time)
1769 - 1770                Joseph Xaver von Richterich        (s.a.)
                             (6th time)
1770 - 1771                Johann Jacob Freiherr von Wilre    (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
1771 - 1772                Joseph Xaver von Richterich        (s.a.)
                             (7th time)
1772 - 1773                Johann Jacob Freiherr von Wilre    (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)
1773 - 1774                Joseph Xaver von Richterich        (s.a.)
                             (8th time)
1774 - 1775                Johann Jacob Freiherr von Wilre    (s.a.)
                             (4th time)
1775 - 1776                Joseph Xaver von Richterich        (s.a.)
                             (9th time)
1776 - 1777                Johann Jacob Freiherr von Wilre    (s.a.)
                             (5th time)
1777 - 1778                Joseph Xaver von Richterich        (s.a.)
                             (10th time)
1778 - 1779                Johann Jacob Freiherr von Wilre    (s.a.)
                             (6th time)
1779 - 1780                Joseph Xaver von Richterich        (s.a.)
                             (11th time)
1780 - 1781                Johann Jacob Freiherr von Wilre    (s.a.)
                             (7th time)
1781 - 1782                Joseph Xaver von Richterich        (s.a.)
                             (12th time)
1782 - 1783                Johann Jacob Freiherr von Wilre    (s.a.)
                             (8th time)
1783 - 1784                Joseph Xaver von Richterich        (s.a.)
                             (13th time)
1784 - 1785                Johann Jacob Freiherr von Wilre    (s.a.)
                             (9th time)
1785 - 1786                Joseph Xaver von Richterich        (s.a.)
                             (14th time)  
1786 - 1787                Johann Jacob Freiherr von Wilre    (s.a.)
                             (10th time)
1787 - 31 Jul 1788         Johann Nepomuk Martin von Oliva    (b. 1738 - d. 1816)
31 Jul 1788 -  4 Sep 1789  Johann Jacob Freiherr von Wilre    (s.a.) 
                             (11th time)
 4 Sep 1789 - 1797         Caspar Joseph von Clotz            (b. 1762 - d. 1818)
- Line 2 -
1698 - 1699                Matthias von Maw (or Mau)(2nd time)(b. 1642 - d. 1709)
1699 - 1700                Balthasar Fiebus (2nd time)        (b. 1646 - d. 1415)
1700 - 1701                Matthias von Maw (3rd time)        (s.a.)
1701 - 1702                Balthasar Fiebus (3rd time)        (s.a.)
1702 - 1703                Matthias von Maw (4th time)        (s.a.)
1703 - 1704                Balthasar Fiebus (4th time)        (s.a.)
1704 - 1705                Matthias von Maw (5th time)        (s.a.)
1705 - 1706                Balthasar Fiebus (5th time)        (s.a.)
1706 - 1707                Matthias von Maw (6th time)        (s.a.)
1707 - 1708                Balthasar Fibus (6th time)         (s.a.)
1708 - 1709                Matthias von Maw (7th time)        (s.a.)
1709 - 1710                Balthasar Fiebus (7th time)        (s.a.)
1710 - 1711                Michael Bodden                     (b. 1667 - d. 1711)
1711 - 1712                Balthasar Fiebus (8th time)        (s.a.)
1712 - 1713                Arnold Heitgens (1st time)
1713 - 1714                Balthasar Fiebus (9th time)        (s.a.)
1714 - 1715                Arnold Heitgens (2nd time)
1715 - 1716                Lambert Xaver Lamberts
1716 - 1717                Theodor Richterich (1st time)      (b. 1650 - d. 1728)
1717 - 1718                Cornelius de Fays zu Uersfeld      (d. 1728)
                             (1st time)
1718 - 1719                Theodor Richterich (2nd time)      (s.a.)   
1719 - 1720                Cornelius de Fays zu Uersfeld      (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
1720 - 1721                Peter Dahmen                       (b. 1647 - d. 1736)
1721 - 1722                Johann Kaspar Deltour (1st time)   (b. 1651 - d. 1733)
1722 - 1723                Cornelius de Fays zu Uersfeld      (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)
1723 - 1724                Johann Kaspar Deltour (2nd time)   (s.a.)
1724 - 1725                Cornelius de Fays zu Uersfeld      (s.a.)
                             (4th time)
1725 - 1726                Martin Lambert von Lonneux         (b. 1690 - d. 1756) 
                             (1st time)
1726 - 1727                Cornelius de Fays zu Uersfeld      (s.a.)
                             (5th time)
1727 - 1728                Martin Lambert von Lonneux         (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
1728 - 1729                Johann Kaspar Deltour (3rd time)   (s.a.)
1729 - 1730                Martin Lambert von Lonneux         (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)
1730 – 23 Jun 1730         Johann Kaspar Deltour              (s.a.)
                             (to 23 Jun 1730)
23 Jun 1730 – 1731         Martin Lambert von Lonneux         (s.a.)
                             (4th time)
1731 - 1732                Jacob Niclas (1st time)            (b. 1678 - d. 1755)
1732 - 1733                Martin Lambert von Lonneux         (s.a.)
                             (5th time)
1733 - 1734                Jacob Niclas (2nd time)            (s.a.)
1734 - 1735                Martin Lambert von Lonenux         (s.a.)
                             (6th time)
1735 - 1736                Jacob Niclas (3rd time)            (s.a.)
1736 - 1737                Martin Lambert von Lonneux         (s.a.)
                             (7th time)
1737 - 1738                Jacob Niclas (4th time)            (s.a.)
1738 - 1739                Martin Lambert von Lonneux         (s.a.)
                             (8th time)
1739 - 1740                Jacob Niclas (5th time)            (s.a.)
1740 - 1741                Martin Lambert von Lonneux         (s.a.) 
                             (9th time)
1741 - 1742                Jacob Niclas (6th time)            (s.a.)
1742 - 1743                Martin Lambert von Lonneux         (s.a.)
                             (10th time)
1743 - 1744                Jacob Niclas  (7th time)           (s.a.)
1744 - 1745                Martin Lambert von Lonneux         (s.a.)
                             (11th time)
1745 - 1746                Jacob Niclas (8th time)            (s.a.)
1746 - 1747                Martin Lambert von Lonneux         (s.a.)
                             (12th time)
1747 - 1748                Jacob Niclas (9th time)            (s.a.)
1748 - 1749                Martin Lambert von Lonneux         (s.a.)
                             (13th time)
1749 - 1750                Jacob Niclas (10th time)           (s.a.)
1750 - 1751                Martin Lambert von Lonneux         (s.a.) 
                             (14th time)
1751 - 1752                Jacob Niclas (11th time)           (s.a.)
1752 - 1753                Martin Lambert de Loneux           (s.a.) 
                             (15th time)
1753 - 1754                Jacob Niclas (12th time)           (s.a.)
1754 - 1755                Martin Lambert de Loneux           (s.a.)
                             (16th time)
1755 - 1756                Jacob Niclas (13th time)           (s.a.)
1756 - 1757                Johann von Wispien (1st time)      (b. 1700 - d. 1759)
1757 - 1758                Peter Balthasar Strauch (1st time) (b. 1728 - d. 1802)
1758 - 1759                Johann von Wispien (2nd time)      (s.a.)
1759 - 1760                Peter Ballhasar Strauch (2nd time) (s.a.)
1760 - 1761                Franz Augustin de Broe (1st time)
1761 - 1762                Peter Balthasar Strauch (3rd time) (s.a.)
1762 - 1763                Franz Augustin de Broe (2nd time)
1763 - 1764                Johann Lambert Kahr (1st time)     (b. 1710 - d. 1776)
1765 - 1766                Johann Lambert Kahr (2nd time)     (s.a.)
1766 - 1767                Cornelius Chorus (2nd time)        (s.a.)
1767 - 1768                Johann Lambert Kahr (3rd time)     (s.a.)
25 May 1768 - 1769         Cornelius Chorus (3rd time)        (s.a.)
1769 - 1770                Johann Lambert Kahr (4th time)     (s.a.)
1770 - 1771                Cornelius Chorus (4th time)        (s.a.)
1771 - 1772                Johann Lambert Kahr (5th time)     (s.a.)
1772 - 1773                Cornelius Chorus (5th time)        (s.a.)
1773 - 1774                Johann Lambert Kahr (5th time)     (s.a.)
1774                       Cornelius Chorus (6th time)        (s.a.)
                             (to ... 1774)
1775 - 1776                Johann Lambert Kahr (6th time)     (s.a.)
1776 - 1777                Stephan Dominikus Dauven (1st time)(b. 1732 - d. 1797)
1777 - 1778                Heinrich Joseph von Thimus-        (b. 1719 - d. 1789)
                             Zieverich (1st time)
1778 - 1779                Stephan Dominikus Dauven (2nd time)(s.a.)
1779 - 1780                Heinrich Joseph von Thimus-        (s.a.)
                             Zieverich (2nd time)
1780 - 1781                Stephan Dominikus Dauven (3rd time)(s.a.)
1781 - 1782                Heinrich Joseph Freiherr           (s.a.)
                             von Thimus-Zieverich (3rd time)
1782 - 1783                Stephan Dominikus Dauven (4th time)(s.a.)
1783 - 1784                Heinrich Joseph Freiherr           (s.a.)
                             von Thimus-Zieverich (4th time)
1784 - 1785                Stephan Dominikus Dauven (5th time)(s.a.)
1785 - 1786                Leonhard Brammerz
1786 – 26 Jun 1786         Stephan Dominikus Dauven (6th time)(s.a.)
1787 - 31 Jul 1788         Franz de Broe von Diepenbeud
31 Jul 1788 -  4 Sep 1789  Franz Carl Nellessen               (b. 1752 - d. 1819)
 4 Sep 1789 - 1797         Johann Michael Kreitz
Mayors (Bürgermeister)
1797 - 22 Sep 1797         Philipp Freiherr de Witte de       (b. 1743 - d. 1799)
                             Limminghe
22 Sep 1797                Wilhelm Houben (refused office)
22 Sep 1797 - 18 Mar 1798  Andreas Monheim                    (b. 1750 - d. 1804)
Presidents of the Municipality (Munizipalpräsident)
1798                       Jakob Friedrich Kolb               (b. 1748 - d. 1813)
1798 - 1800                Johann Friedrich Jacobi            (b. 1765 - d. 1831)
Mayors
1800 - 1804                Jakob Friedrich Kolb               (s.a.)
1804 - 1808                Johann Wilhelm Gottfried Franz     (b. 1743 - d. 1810)
                             Maria Freiherr von Mommessem
1808 - 1814                Cornelius Maria Paulus von Guaita  (b. 1766 - d. 1821)

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Alsace (Elsass): see Alsace-Lorraine under France

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1250                       Principality of Anhalt (Fürstentum Anhalt).
10 Jul 1603                Partitioned into 5 principalities (Anhalt-Bernburg,
                             Anhalt-Dessau, Anhalt-Köthen, Anhalt-Plötzkau,
                             and Anhalt-Zerbst).
30 Aug 1863                Duchy of Anhalt (Herzogtum Anhalt) unified.
12 Nov 1918                Free State of Anhalt (Freistaat Anhalt)
                             (see German states since 1918).

Dukes
30 Aug 1863 - 22 May 1871  Leopold IV                         (b. 1794 - d. 1871) 
22 May 1871 - 24 Jan 1904  Friedrich I                        (b. 1831 - d. 1904)
24 Jan 1904 - 21 Apr 1918  Friedrich II                       (b. 1856 - d. 1918)
21 Apr 1918 - 13 Sep 1918  Eduard                             (b. 1861 - d. 1918)
13 Sep 1918 - 12 Nov 1918  Joachim Ernst                      (b. 1901 - d. 1947)
Sep 1918 - 12 Nov 1918     Aribert Fürst von Anhalt -Regent   (b. 1864 - d. 1933)

Ministers of State
12 Sep 1863 - 1868         Carl Friedrich Ferdinand Sintenis  (b. 1804 - d. 1868)
1868 - 1875                Karl August Alfred von Larisch     (b. 1819 - d. 1897)
1875 - 1892                Anton von Krosigk                  (b. 1820 - d. 1892)
1892 - 1902                Kurt von Koseritz                  (b. 1834 - d. 1902)  DKP
1903 - 1909                Nikolaus Michael Louis Hans von    (b. 1855 - d. 1919)  DKP
                             Dallwitz 
 1 Jan 1910 -  8 Nov 1918  Ernst Laue                         (b. 1855 - d. 1923)
 8 Nov 1918 - 14 Nov 1918  Max Gutknecht                      (b. 1876 - d. 1935)  Non-party

Party abbreviation: DKP = Deutschkonservative Partei (German Conservative Party, conservative, 1876-1918)

Princes (title Fürst zu Anhalt[-Bernburg], Graf von Askanien)
 2 Oct 1656 - 14 Feb 1718  Viktor Amadeus                     (b. 1634 - d. 1718)
14 Feb 1718 - 22 Apr 1721  Karl Friedrich                     (b. 1668 - d. 1721)
22 Apr 1721 - 18 May 1765  Viktor Friedrich                   (b. 1700 - d. 1765)
18 May 1765 -  9 Apr 1796  Friedrich Albrecht                 (b. 1735 - d. 1796)
 9 Apr 1796 -  8 Apr 1806  Alexius Friedrich Christian        (b. 1767 - d. 1834)
Dukes (title Herzog zu Anhalt[-Bernburg], Graf von Askanien)
 8 Apr 1806 - 24 Mar 1834  Alexius Friedrich Christian        (s.a.)
24 Mar 1834 - 19 Aug 1863  Alexander Karl                     (b. 1805 - d. 1863)
 8 Oct 1855 - 19 Aug 1863  Herzogin Friederike Karoline       (b. 1811 - d. 1902)
                             Juliane (f) -Co-regent        

Presidents of the State Government
1810 - 1827                Johann Vollrath Ludwig Freiherr    (b. 1761 - d. 1827)
                             von Salmuth                      (b. 1761 - d. 1827)
1827 - 1831                Wilhelm Ernst Carl Pfau            (b. 1775 - d. 1841)
                             (from 12 Jun 1828, Wilhelm Ernst
                             Carl von Pfau)                         
1831 - 24 Jul 1848         Friedrich Wilhelm August von       (b. 1773 - d. 1852)
                             Kersten
Ministers of State
24 Jul 1848 -  2 Nov 1848  Friedrich Wilhelm August von       (s.a.)
                             Kersten
 3 Nov 1848 - 14 Dec 1850  Carl Magnus Heinrich von Krosigk   (b. 1789 - d. 1850)
14 Dec 1850 - 17 Apr 1853  Johann Victor Andreas von Hempel   (b. 1792 - d. 18..)
17 Apr 1853 - 12 Sep 1863  Maximilian Theodor von Schnetzell  (b. 1804 - d. 1879)

17 Apr 1630                Anhalt-Bernburg-Harzgerode separated from Anhalt-Bernburg
                             (Fürstentum Anhalt-Bernburg-Harzgerode).
14 Dec 1709                Re-incorporated into Anhalt-Bernburg.

Princes (title Fürst zu Anhalt[-Bernburg-Harzgerode], Graf von Askanien)
17 Apr 1630 - 30 Jun 1670  Friedrich                          (b. 1613 - d. 1670)
30 Jun 1670 - 14 Dec 1709  Wilhelm                            (b. 1643 - d. 1709)

14 Feb 1718                Anhalt-Zeitz-Hoym separated from Anhalt-Bernburg
                             (Fürstentum Anhalt-Zeitz-Hoym).
17 May 1727                Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym (Fürstentum
                             Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym).
24 Dec 1812                Re-incorporated into Anhalt-Bernburg.

Princes (title Fürst zu Anhalt[-Zeitz-Hoym], Graf von Askanien)
14 Feb 1718 - 17 May 1727  Leberecht                          (b. 1669 - d. 1727)
Princes (title Fürst zu Anhalt[-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym], Graf von Askanien)
17 May 1727 - 15 Apr 1772  Viktor I                           (b. 1693 - d. 1772)
15 Apr 1772 - 20 Aug 1806  Karl                               (b. 1723 - d. 1806)
20 Aug 1806 - 22 Apr 1812  Viktor II                          (b. 1767 - d. 1812)
22 Apr 1812 - 24 Dec 1812  Friedrich                          (b. 1741 - d. 1812)

Princes (title Fürst zu Anhalt[-Dessau], Graf von Askanien)
17 Aug 1693 -  9 Apr 1747  Leopold I "der alte Dessauer"      (b. 1676 - d. 1747)
 9 Apr 1747 - 16 Dec 1751  Leopold II                         (b. 1700 - d. 1751)
16 Dec 1751 - 18 Apr 1807  Leopold III                        (b. 1740 - d. 1817)
Dukes (title Herzog zu Anhalt[-Dessau], Graf von Askanien)
18 Apr 1807 -  9 Aug 1817  Leopold III                        (s.a.)
 9 Aug 1817 -  2 May 1853  Leopold IV                         (b. 1794 - d. 1871)

Presidents of the Government (Regierungspräsidenten)
1763 - 1793                Wilhelm Lebrecht Stubenrauch       (b. 1711 - d. 1793)
1794 - 1809                Carl Eschwin von Krosigk           (b. 1739 - d. 1809)
1810 - 1831                Wolff Carl August von 
                             Wolfframsdorff                   (b. 1769 - d. 1831)
1831 - 1835                Ludwig von Basedow                 (b. 1774 - d. 1835)
1835 -  5 Apr 1848         Leopold von Morgenstern            (b. 1790 - d. 1848)
Ministers of State
 5 Apr 1848 - Jul 1849     August Eberhardt Habicht           (b. 1805 - d. 1896)
11 Jul 1849 - 1862         Albert Friedrich von Plötz         (b. 1808 - d. 1862)
1862 - 12 Sep 1863         Carl Friedrich Ferdinand Sintenis  (b. 1804 - d. 1868)

Princes (title Fürst zu Anhalt[-Köthen], Graf von Askanien)
18 Nov 1670 - 30 May 1704  Emanuel Lebrecht                   (b. 1671 - d. 1704)
30 May 1704 - 19 Nov 1728  Leopold                            (b. 1694 - d. 1728)
19 Nov 1728 -  6 Aug 1755  August Ludwig                      (b. 1697 - d. 1755)
 6 Aug 1755 - 17 Oct 1789  Karl Georg Ludwig Lebrecht         (b. 1730 - d. 1789)
17 Oct 1789 -  1 Jun 1807  August Christian Friedrich         (b. 1769 - d. 1812)
Dukes (title Herzog zu Anhalt[-Köthen], Graf von Askanien)
 1 Jun 1807 -  5 May 1812  August Christian Friedrich         (s.a.)
 5 May 1812 - 18 Dec 1818  Ludwig II                          (b. 1802 - d. 1818)
 5 May 1812 -  9 Aug 1817  Leopold III of Anhalt-             (b. 1740 - d. 1817)
                             Dessau -Regent
 9 Aug 1817 - 18 Dec 1818  Alexius von Anhalt-Bernburg -Regent(b. 1767 - d. 1834)
18 Dec 1818 - 23 Aug 1830  Friedrich Ferdinand                (b. 1769 - d. 1830)
23 Aug 1830 - 23 Nov 1847  Heinrich                           (b. 1778 - d. 1847)

Conducting Minister
1811 - 1812                Christoph Christian Freiherr von   (b. 1768 - d. 1830)
                             Dabelow
Presidents of the State Government
1812 - 1817                Ludwig Lebrecht Vierthaler         (b. 1763 - d. 1818)
1817 - 1835                Lebrecht August Renthe             (b. 1762 - d. 1835)
                             (from 1820, Lebrecht August von Renthe)    
1836 - 1839                Johann David Karl Albert           (b. 1779 - d. 1839)
                             (from 1837, Johann David Karl
                             von Albert)                         
1840 - Apr 1848            Albert Vierthaler                  (b. 1794 - d. 1862)
President of the Government (Regierungspräsident)
Apr 1848 - 1853            Albert Vierthaler                  (s.a.)
Chairmen of the Common Ministry of State (for Anhalt-Dessau and Anhalt-Köthen)
23 Jul 1848 - 10 Jul 1849  August Eberhardt Habicht           (b. 1805 - d. 1896)
10 Jul 1849 - May 1853     Gustav August von Gossler          (b. 1807 - d. 1869)

Duke
 2 May 1853 - 30 Aug 1863  Leopold IV                         (b. 1794 - d. 1871)

10 Jul 1603                Principality of Anhalt-Zerbst (Fürstentum Anhalt-Zerbst).
 3 Mar 1793                Divided among Anhalt-Bernburg, Anhalt-Köthen, Anhalt-Dessau.

Princes (title Fürst zu Anhalt[-Zerbst], Graf von Askanien)
14 Jul 1667 -  3 Nov 1718  Karl Wilhelm                       (b. 1652 - d. 1718)
 3 Nov 1718 -  7 Nov 1742  Johann August                      (b. 1677 - d. 1742)
 7 Nov 1742 -  5 Nov 1746  Johann Ludwig                      (b. 1688 - d. 1746)
                           - jointly with -
 7 Nov 1742 - 16 Mar 1747  Christian August                   (b. 1690 - d. 1747)
16 Mar 1747 -  3 Mar 1793  Friedrich August                   (b. 1734 - d. 1793)
16 Mar 1747 - 1752         Johanna Elisabeth Prinzessin       (b. 1712 - d. 1760)
                             von Holstein-Gottorp (f) -Regent

1248 - 1398                Part of Burgravite of Nürnberg.
21 Jan 1398                Principality of Ansbach (Fürstentum Ansbach),
                             partitioned from Nürnberg.
30 Apr 1415 - 21 Sep 1440  Personal union with Brandenburg.
30 Apr 1415                Title Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach adopted
                             (Markgraf von Brandenburg-Ansbach).
20 Jan 1769                Inherits Brandenburg-Bayreuth.
 2 Dec 1791                Ruler sells both principalities to Prussia.
28 Jan 1792                Annexed to Prussia (see under Bayreuth).
22 Feb 1806 - 27 May 1806  French occupation.
27 May 1806                Annexed to Bavaria.

Prince-Margraves (title Fürst und Markgraf von Ansbach)
16 Oct 1692 - 29 Mar 1703  Georg Friedrich II                   (b. 1678 - d. 1703)
29 Mar 1703 -  7 Jan 1723  Wilhelm Friedrich                    (b. 1686 - d. 1723)
 7 Jan 1723 -  3 Aug 1757  Karl Wilhelm Friedrich               (b. 1712 - d. 1757)
 7 Jan 1723 - 25 Dec 1729  Christiane Charlotte von             (b. 1694 - d. 1729)
                             Württemberg (f) -Regent
 3 Aug 1757 -  2 Dec 1791  Christian Friedrich Karl Alexander   (b. 1736 - d. 1806)
 2 Dec 1791 - 28 Jan 1792  Karl August von Hardenberg -Regent   (b. 1750 - d. 1822)
Prussian Governors
28 Jan 1792 -  8 Oct 1806  the governors of Bayreuth
French Government Commissioner
22 Feb 1806 - 24 May 1806  Carl Ferdinand Friedrich von Nagler  (b. 1770 - d. 1846)
French Military governor
24 May 1806 - 27 May 1806  Jean-Baptiste Jules Bernadotte       (b. 1763 - d. 1844)

c.1117                     Land of Arenberg (Herrschaft Arenberg).
1509                       County of Arenberg (Grafschaft Arenberg),
1549                       Becomes immediate (reichsunmittelbar).
1576                       Princely County of Arenberg (Gefürstete Grafschaft Arenberg);
                             sometimes spelled Arnberch, Aremberg or Ahremberg.
1645                       Duchy of Arenberg (Herzogtum Arenberg).
1794                       Occupied by France.
 9 Mar 1801                Arenberg annexed to France (eastern part of the country to
                             the Rhin-et-Moselle département and western part to
                             Roer département). The Duke of Arenberg receives in
                             compensation the County of Meppen, the Lordship Vest
                             Recklinghausen, and in 1806 the Lordship of Dülmen. 
 1 Dec 1802                Duchy restored at Meppen (Herzogtum Arenberg). 
12 Jul 1806                New Duchy raised to fully sovereign status.
13 Dec 1810 - 1813         Meppen annexed to France and the Duchy of Berg annexes
                             Recklinghausen.
27 Apr 1811                Divided between French département of Ems-Supérieur 
                             and département de la Lippe (see under Germany).
1813 - 29 May 1815         Allied administration.
29 May 1815                Recklinghausen and Dülmen annexed by Prussia (part of Niederrhein
                             from 1822, Rhein province), and Meppen part of Hanover.

Dukes (title Herzog von Arenberg [from 1802] zu Meppen)
25 Aug 1691 -  4 Mar 1754  Leopold Philipp                    (b. 1690 - d. 1754)
25 Aug 1691 - 14 Oct 1711  Maria Enrichetta del Carretto,     (b. 1671 - d. 1744)
                             marchesa de Savone (f) -Regent
                            (= Maria Henrietta von Alcaretto)
 4 Mar 1754 - 17 Aug 1778  Karl II                            (b. 1721 - d. 1778)
17 Aug 1778 -  1 Dec 1802  Ludwig Engelbert                   (b. 1750 - d. 1820)
 1 Dec 1802 - 13 Dec 1810  Prosper Ludwig                     (b. 1785 - d. 1861)
                            (British prisoner 28 Oct 1811 - May 1814)

c.582                      Bishopric of Augsburg (Hochstift Augsburg).
bf.923                     Bishops also Princes of the Empire (Fürstbistum Augsburg).
1258                       Dillingen donated to the Bishop of Augsburg.
 9 Mar 1276                City of Augsburg gained Imperial immediacy as a Free Imperial City.
15th cent.                 Seat of the Bishops moved to Dillingen.
25 Sep 1555                Religious Peace of Augsburg concluded.
24 Apr 1632 - 1635         Occupied by Sweden.
 1 Dec 1802                Territory of the Diocese of given to the Elector of Bavaria.
25 Feb 1803                Mediatised to Bavaria.
27 Apr 1803                Annexed by Bavaria.

Prince-Bishops (title Fürstbischof zu Augsburg)
 1 Apr 1690 - 24 Jan 1737  Alexander Sigmund Pfalzgraf am     (b. 1663 - d. 1737)
                             Rhein zu Neuburg
                             (co-adjutor 10 Feb 1681 - 1 Apr 1690)  
24 Jan 1737 - 12 Jun 1740  Johann Franz Graf von Schenk von   (b. 1658 - d. 1740)
                             Stauffenberg 
                             (co-adjutor 20 Aug 1714 - 24 Jan 1737)
18 Aug 1740 - 20 Aug 1768  Joseph Ignaz Philipp Landgraf      (b. 1699 - d. 1768)
                             von Hessen-Darmstadt            
20 Aug 1768 - 27 Apr 1803  Klemens Wenzeslaus Herzog von      (b. 1739 - d. 1812)
                             Sachsen
                             (co-adjutor 5 Nov 1764 - 20 Aug 1768)

1156                       Augsburg granted city status.
 9 Mar 1276                Free Imperial City of Augsburg (Paritätische
                             Reichsstadt Augsburg), city independent of
                             the Bishop of Augsburg, status granted by King Rudolf.
15th cent.                 Seat of the Bishops moved to Dillingen.
1529 - 1548                Augsburg under Protestant administration.
1548                       Regimental Order of 1548 of Emperor Karl V, established a
                             Small Council.
24 Apr 1632 - 1635         Occupied by Sweden.
10 Oct 1805 - 21 Dec 1805  Occupied by France.
21 Dec 1805 - 1806         Occupied by Bavaria.
 4 Mar 1806                Annexed to Bavaria.

Stadtpfleger (city caretakers)
1675 - 1701                Leonhard Weiss II                  (b. 1626 - d. 1701)
1695 - 1717                Joseph Adrian Imhof II             (b. 1655 - d. 1717)
1701 - 1716                Gottfried Amman I                  (b. 1647 - d. 1716)
1716 - 1726                Paulus von Stetten III             (b. 1643 - d. 1729)
1717 - 1725                Ignaz Langenmantel II              (b. 1654 - d. 1725)
1725 - 1730                Franz Octavian Langenmantel III    (b. c.1670 - d. 1730)
1726 - 1735                Johannes von Stetten IV            (b. 1658 - d. 1738)
1730 - 1741                Johann Jacob Holzapfel             (b. 1673 - d. 1741)
1735 - 1739                Martin Hieronymus Langenmantel IV  (b. 1683 - d. 1739)
1739 - 1751                Wolfgang Jacob Sulzer              (b. 1685 - d. 1751)
1741 - 1761                Leopold Anton Imhof III            (b. 1689 - d. 1763)
1751 - 1768                Markus Christoph Koch              (b. 1699 - d. 1768)
1761 - 1774                Franz Joseph Ignaz Rembold III     (b. 1700 - d. 1774)
1768 - 1774                David von Stetten V                (b. 1703 - d. 1774)
1774 - 1790                Jakob Wilhelm Benedict             (b. 1720 - d. 1790)
                             Langenmantel V
1774 - 1792                Paulus Amman II                    (b. 1718 - d. 1792)
1790 - 1797                Johann Baptist Christoph von       (b. 1742 - d. 1797)
                             Rehlingen
1792 - 1806                Paulus von Stetten VI              (b. 1731 - d. 1808)
1797 - 1806                Joseph Adrian von Imhof IV         (b. 1757 - d. 1831)
Mayors
1806                       Albrecht von Stetten               (b. 1736 - d. 1817)
                             (oberbürgermeister) 
1806                       Johann Baptist Peter von Carl      (b. 1761 - d. 1847)
                             (bürgermeister)

27 Apr 1112                Margraviate of Baden (Markgrafschaft Baden) established.
24 Aug 1535                Polity split into Upper Margraviate of Baden, usually called
                             Baden-Baden, and Lower Margraviate of Baden, usually called
                             Baden-Durlach, after the later choices of capitals.
21 Oct 1771                Baden-Baden line extinct; Baden-Durlach reunites both
                             polities into a single Margraviate of Baden.
25 Jul 1803                The ruler is made into a prince-elector and the polity is
                             styled Electorate of Baden (Kurfürstentum Baden).
25 Jul 1806                Grand Duchy of Baden (Grossherzogtum Baden).
14 May 1849 - 25 Jun 1849  Rebellion, establishing the Republic of Baden (Republik Baden) on
                             1 Jun 1849.
22 Nov 1918                Republic of Baden (Republik Baden)(see German states since 1918).

Baden-Baden

Margraves (title Markgraf von Baden)
22 May 1677 -  4 Jan 1707  Ludwig Wilhelm "der Türkenlouis"   (b. 1655 - d. 1707)
 4 Jan 1707 - 22 Oct 1761  Ludwig Georg Simpert               (b. 1702 - d. 1761)
 4 Jan 1707 -  7 Jun 1727  Franziska Sibylla Augusta von
                             Sachsen-Lauenburg (f) -Regent    (b. 1675 - d. 1733)
                           - jointly with -
 4 Jan 1707 -  8 Apr 1716  Johann Wilhelm Pfalzgraf von       (b. 1658 - d. 1716)
                             Rhein -Regent 
 8 Apr 1716?-  7 Jun 1727  Leopold Herzog von Lorraine -Regent(b. 1679 - d. 1729)
22 Oct 1761 - 21 Oct 1771  August Georg Simpert               (b. 1706 - d. 1771)

Margraves (title Markgraf von Baden)
10 Feb 1677 - 25 Jun 1709  Friedrich VII "der Grosse"         (b. 1647 - d. 1709)
25 Jun 1709 - 12 May 1738  Karl III Wilhelm                   (b. 1679 - d. 1738)
12 May 1738 - 30 Oct 1742  Magdalene Wilhelmine von           (b. 1677 - d. 1742)
                             Württemberg (f) -Regent
12 May 1738 - 22 Nov 1746  Carl August -Regent                (b. 1712 - d. 1786)
                           - jointly with -
30 Oct 1742 - 22 Nov 1746  Carl Wilhelm Eugen -Regent         (b. 1713 - d. 1783)
12 May 1738 - 21 Oct 1771  Karl IV Friedrich                  (b. 1728 - d. 1811)

Margrave (title Markgraf von Baden)
21 Oct 1771 - 27 Apr 1803  Karl IV Friedrich                  (s.a.)
Margrave and Elector (title Markgraf von Baden, Kurfürst des Heiligen Römischen Reiches,
Pfalzgraf bei Rhein, etc.)
27 Apr 1803 - 25 Jul 1806  Karl Friedrich                     (s.a.)
Grand dukes (title Grossherzog von Baden)
25 Jul 1806 - 10 Jun 1811  Karl Friedrich                     (s.a.)
10 Jun 1811 -  8 Dec 1818  Karl Ludwig Friedrich              (b. 1786 - d. 1818)
 8 Dec 1818 - 30 Mar 1830  Ludwig I                           (b. 1763 - d. 1830)
30 Mar 1830 - 24 Apr 1852  Leopold I                          (b. 1790 - d. 1852)
                             (in exile 13 May - 19 Aug 1850)
14 May 1849 - 25 Jun 1849  Lorenz Peter Brentano              (b. 1813 - d. 1891)
                            (chairman Executive of the People's Societies to 1 Jun 1849,
                            then chairman Provisional Government of the Republic)
24 Apr 1852 -  5 Sep 1856  Ludwig II                          (b. 1824 - d. 1858)
 5 Sep 1856 - 28 Sep 1907  Friedrich I                        (b. 1826 - d. 1907)
                            (regent for Ludwig II 24 Apr 1852 - 5 Sep 1856)
28 Sep 1907 - 22 Nov 1918  Friedrich II                       (b. 1857 - d. 1928)

Chief Ministers 
1774 -  6 Dec 1793         Wilhelm Freiherr von Edelsheim     (b. 1737 - d. 1793)
1794 - 1803                Georg Ludwig Freiherr von          (b. 1740 - d. 1814)
                             Edelsheim
1803 - 27 Dec 1806         Wolfgang Heribert Tobias Otto      (b. 1750 - d. 1806) 
                             Maria Johann Nepomuk Freiherr 
                             von Dalberg
1806 - 1809                Carl Wilhelm Freiherr von          (b. 1763 - d. 1817)
                             Marschall von Bieberstein
Jul 1808 - Mar 1809        Emmerich Joseph Freiherr von       (b. 1773 - d. 1833)
                             Dalberg 
                             (provisional cabinet director)
Ministers of State
1809 - Mar 1810            Sigismund Karl Freiherr von        (b. 1766 - d. 1847)
                             Reitzenstein (1st time) 
Mar 1810 - 1810            Conrad Karl Friedrich Freiherr     (b. 1776 - d. 1839)
                             von Andlau-Birseck (acting)
1810 - 13 Jan 1812         Christian Heinrich Freiherr        (b. 1743 - d. 1812)
                             Gayling von Altheim
                            (president of the ministers
                             conference to 26 Sep 1811)
1812 - 1817                Karl Christian Freiherr von        (b. 1774 - d. 1849)
                             Berckheim 
1817 - 1818                Sigismund Karl Freiherr von        (s.a.)
                             Reitzenstein (2nd time)
Presidents of the Ministry of State
Dec 1818 - 1832            Wilhelm Ludwig Leopold Reinhard    (b. 1769 - d. 1837)
                             Freiherr von Berstett
                             (acting to 8 Oct 1819)
 8 Oct 1832 - 1833         Sigismund Karl Freiherr von        (s.a.)
                             Reitzenstein 
1833 - 27 Mar 1838         Georg Ludwig Winter                (b. 1778 - d. 1839)
1838 - 1839                Karl Friedrich Nebenius (1st time) (b. 1785 - d. 1857)
1839 - Nov 1843            Friedrich Landolin Karl Freiherr   (b. 1792 - d. 1861)
                             von Blittersdorf
Nov 1843 - Mar 1845        Christian Friedrich von Boeckh     (b. 1777 - d. 1855)
Mar 1845 - 19 Dec 1846     Karl Friedrich Nebenius (2nd time) (s.a.)
19 Dec 1846 -  9 Mar 1848  Johann Baptist Bekk                (b. 1797 - d. 1855)
 9 Mar 1848 -  1 Jul 1849  Karl Georg Hoffmann                (b. 1796 - d. 1865)
Ministers of State
 1 Jul 1849 - May 1856     Friedrich Adolf Klüber             (b. 1791 - d. 1858)
May 1856 -  2 Apr 1860     Franz Freiherr von Stengel         (b. 1803 - d. 1870)
 2 Apr 1860 - 27 Jul 1866  Anton von Stabel                   (b. 1806 - d. 1880)
Presidents of the Ministry of State
27 Jul 1866 -  3 Feb 1868  Karl Friedrich Wilhelm Mathy       (b. 1806 - d. 1868)
12 Feb 1868 - 24 Sep 1876  Julius August Isaak Jolly          (b. 1823 - d. 1891)  NLP
24 Sep 1876 -  7 Mar 1893  Ludwig Karl Friedrich Turban       (b. 1821 - d. 1898)
 7 Mar 1893 - Jun 1901     Franz Wilhelm Nokk                 (b. 1832 - d. 1903)  NLP
Jun 1901 -  8 Mar 1905     Karl Ludwig Wilhelm Arthur von     (b. 1845 - d. 1926)
                             Brauer 
 8 Mar 1905 - 22 Dec 1917  Alexander Freiherr von Dusch       (b. 1851 - d. 1923)  NLP
22 Dec 1917 - 14 Nov 1918  Heinrich Freiherr von und zu       (b. 1851 - d. 1929)  NLP
                             Bodman

Party abbreviation: NLP = Nationalliberale Partei (National Liberal Party, liberal, 1866-Nov 1918)

1227                       Cistercian Abbey of Baindt (Cistercienserinnenabtei Baindt).
1241                       Placed directly under the protection of the Emperor
                             (Abbatia imperialis Bintensis/Reichsabtei Baindt).
1263                       Declared free of any Guardianship (confirmed 1309).
1376                       Abbesses also Princesses of the Empire (Gefürstete Damenstift
                             Baindt). 
1525                       Destroyed during the German Peasants' War.
1643                       Destroyed during the Thirty Years' War.
17 Nov 1802                Baindt is secularized, to be granted as a fief to Count of Leyden.
25 Feb 1803                Granted to Johan Nepomuk Gobert von Aspremont-Lynden, the former
                             Count of Reckheim (Rekem) as compensation for loss of Reckheim
                             (effected 12 Mar 1803).
25 Jul 1806                Annexed to Württemburg.

Princess-Abbesses (title Fürstäbtissin zu Baindt)
29 Nov 1671 - 19 Apr 1688  Maria Barbara II Sauther            (b. 1647 - d. 1688)
23 Apr 1688 -  5 Jun 1721  Maria Anna IX Tanner                (b. 1643 - d. 1722)
 5 Jun 1721 - 24 Feb 1723  Maria Anna X Haug                   (b. 1681 - d. 1723)
25 Feb 1723 -  6 Aug 1751  Maria Magdalena von Dürrheim        (b. 1689 - d. 1751)
                             (Dürbheim, Dierheim)
21 Aug 1751 - 12 Feb 1768  Maria Cäcilia Seiz (Seitz)          (b. 1695 - d. 1768)
15 Feb 1768 - 22 Apr 1802  Maria Bernarda Riether              (b. 1728 - d. 1802)       
24 Apr 1802 - 12 Mar 1803  Maria Xaveria Lohmiller             (b. 1760 - d. 1836)
Princes (title Fürst von Baindt)
12 Mar 1803 - 16 Apr 1805  Johann Nepomuk Gobert I             (b. 1732 - d. 1805)
16 Apr 1805 - 25 Jul 1806  Johann Nepomuk Gobert II            (b. 1757 - d. 1819)

1007                       Bishopric of Bamberg (Hochstift Bamberg).
c.1242                     Bishops also Princes of the Empire (Fürstbistum Bamberg).
29 Sep 1802                Occupied by Bavaria.
27 Apr 1803                Annexed to Bavaria.

Prince-Bishops (title Fürstbishof zu Bamberg)
16 Nov 1693 - 30 Jan 1729  Lothar Franz Graf von Schönborn (b. 1655 - d. 1729)
13 Dec 1708 - 26 Jul 1746  Friedrich Karl Graf von         (b. 1674 - d. 1746)
                             Schönborn (co-adjutor to 30 Jan 1729)
26 Sep 1746 -  3 Jun 1753  Johann Philip Anton Freiherr    (b. 1695 - d. 1753)  
                             von Frankenstein
23 Jul 1753 -  6 Mar 1757  Franz Konrad Graf von Stadion   (b. 1679 - d. 1757)
                             und Thannhausen 
21 Apr 1757 - 18 Feb 1779  Adam Friedrich Graf von         (b. 1708 - d. 1779)
                             Seinsheim 
12 Apr 1779 - 14 Feb 1795  Franz Ludwig Freiherr von Erthal(b. 1730 - d. 1795)
 7 Apr 1795 - 29 Sep 1802  Christoph Franz Freiherr von    (b. 1724 - d. 1805)
                             Buseck       

c.1337 - 11 Sep 1878 Wittelsbach Dynasty Flag	1623 - c.1700 Elector's Flag	c.1700 - 1820 Unofficial	1820 - 1848 Unofficial
1848 - 1878  Unofficial	Landesfarben c.1838 - 1878; 11 Sep 1878 - 19 Nov 1918	11 Sep 1878 - 19 Nov 1918  National Flag

c.500                      Dukes of the Baiuvars (Ducatus Bavariae).

Aug 788                    Conquered by the Franks.

806                        Carolingian Kingdom of Bavaria (Rex Bavariae).

24 Sep 911                 Carolingian dynasty ends.

911                        Dukes of Bavaria (but polity styled Fürstentum und Land

                             zu Bayern).

16 Sep 1180                Wittelsbach dynasty begins reign.

28 Mar 1255 - 30 Jul 1505  Numerous dynastic divisions (all rulers styled Herzog von

                             Bayern).

30 Jul 1505                Polity reunited, ruler styled Herzog beider Bayern.

25 Feb 1623                Upon forfeit of the Palatinate to the king, the ruler of

                             Bavaria is elevated to the lapsed electorate 

                             (Kurfürstentum Bayern).

17 May 1632 - 1633         München (Munich) occupied by Sweden.

14 Aug 1704 -  6 Mar 1714  München (Munich) under Imperial occupation.

29 Apr 1706 -  6 Mar 1714  Divided between Austria and the Palatinate.

 6 Mar 1714                Independence restored; office of archsteward (as part of the

                             electoral dignity) in dispute with the Palatinate.

30 Dec 1777                The elector palatine inherits Bavaria upon the extinction of

                             the ruling Wittelsbach line, thus terminating the electoral

                             dispute; the ruler sometimes uses the abbreviated 

                             style Kurfürst von Pfalzbayern.

27 Apr 1803                Palatinate incorporated into Bavaria.

 1 Jan 1806                Kingdom of Bavaria (Königreich Bayern); the Prince-Elector of

                             Bavaria assumes the style of King of Bavaria.

27/28 Jul 1806-8 Oct 1813  Member state of the Confederation of the Rhine (see Germany)

                        (backdated to 25 Jul 1806).

 8 Nov 1918                People's State of Bavaria (Volksstaat Bayern), republic declared.

                             (see German states since 1918).

Chancellor of the Privy Council (Kanzler des Geheimen Rats)
1694 - 1704                Johann Rudolf von Wämpl            (b. 1638 - d. 1704)
Imperial Administrator
1704 - 1714                Maximilian Karl Albrecht Fürst     (b. 1656 - d. 1718)
                             von Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochefort
Chancellors of the Privy Council
1714 -  3 Mar 1726         Vacant
 3 Mar 1726 -  6 Mar 1749  Franz Xaver Joseph Unertl          (b. 1675 - d. 1750)
1749 - 1758                Franz Andreas Freiherr von         (b. 1689 - d. 1758)
                             Praidlohn
20 Sep 1758 - 21 Oct 1790  Wiguläus Xaverius Aloysius         (b. 1705 - d. 1790)
                             Freiherr von Kreittmayr
Ministers of the Royal House and External Affairs
1745 - 18 Nov 1777         Franz Joseph Freiherr und Graf     (b. 1702 - d. 1777)
                             von Berchem
18 Nov 1777 - 21 Feb 1799  Karl Matthäus Graf von Vieregg     (b. 1719 - d. 1802)
21 Feb 1799 -  2 Feb 1817  Maximilian Joseph Graf von         (b. 1759 - d. 1838)
                             Montgelas
Presidents of the Council of Ministers
 2 Feb 1817 - 1823         Franz Christoph Heinrich Aloys     (b. 1770 - d. 1865)
                             Graf von Reigersberg  
1823 - 26 Oct 1825         Aloys Franz Xaver Graf von         (b. 1766 - d. 1849)
                             Rechberg und Rothenlöwen
Oct 1825 -  2 Jan 1832     Georg Friedrich Freiherr von       (b. 1752 - d. 1835)
                             Zentner       
 2 Jan 1832 -  1 Nov 1837  Friedrich August Koch              (b. 1783 - d. 1860)
                             Reichsfreiherr von Gise 
 1 Nov 1837 -  1 Mar 1847  Karl Abel                          (b. 1788 - d. 1859)
                             (from 12 Mar 1844, Karl von Abel) 
 1 Mar 1847 -  1 Dec 1847  Friedrich August Karl Maria        (b. 1802 - d. 1870)
                             Philipp Joseph Freiherr von
                             zu Rhein 
 1 Dec 1847 - 14 Mar 1848  Ludwig Fürst von Öttingen-         (b. 1791 - d. 1870)
                             Wallerstein     
14 Mar 1848 - 29 Apr 1848  Klemens August Graf von Waldkirch  (b. 1806 - d. 1858)
                             (acting)
29 Apr 1848 - 18 Apr 1849  Otto Camillus Hugo Graf von        (b. 1807 - d. 1899)
                             Bray-Steinburg (1st time)   
18 Apr 1849 -  1 May 1859  Karl Ludwig Heinrich Freiherr      (b. 1811 - d. 1880)
                             von der Pfordten (1st time)  
 1 May 1859 -  4 Oct 1864  Karl Freiherr von Schrenck von     (b. 1806 - d. 1884)
                             Nozing
 4 Oct 1864 -  4 Dec 1864  Max von Neumayr (acting)           (b. 1810 - d. 1881)
 4 Dec 1864 - 31 Dec 1866  Karl Ludwig Heinrich Freiherr      (s.a.)
                             von der Pfordten (2nd time)
31 Dec 1866 -  7 Mar 1870  Chlodwig Carl Victor Fürst zu      (b. 1819 - d. 1901) 
                             Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst,
                             Prinz von Ratibor und Corvey 
 8 Mar 1870 - 21 Aug 1871  Otto Camillus Hugo Graf von        (s.a.)
                             Bray-Steinburg (2nd time)
21 Aug 1871 -  2 Jun 1872  Friedrich Adam Justus Graf von     (b. 1810 - d. 1872)
                             Hegnenberg-Dux 
 1 Oct 1872 -  4 Mar 1880  Adolph von Pfretzschner            (b. 1820 - d. 1901)
 4 Mar 1880 -  1 Jun 1890  Johann von Lutz                    (b. 1826 - d. 1890)
                             (from 28 Dec 1883, Johann Freiherr von Lutz) 
 1 Jun 1890 -  1 Mar 1903  Krafft Freiherr von Crailsheim     (b. 1841 - d. 1926)
                             (from 12 Mar 1901, Krafft Graf von Crailsheim)
 1 Mar 1903 -  9 Feb 1912  Klemens Freiherr von Podewils-     (b. 1850 - d. 1922)
                             Dürnitz 
                             (from 6 Mar 1911, Klemens Graf von Podewils-Dürnitz)
 9 Feb 1912 - 11 Nov 1917  Georg Freiherr von Hertling        (b. 1843 - d. 1919)  Zen
                             (from 17 Jan 1914, Georg Graf von Hertling) 
11 Nov 1917 -  8 Nov 1918  Otto Ritter von Dandl              (b. 1868 - d. 1942)

 ¹Style of the rulers:
(a) 1 Jul 1806 - 12 Jul 1806: Von Gottes Gnaden König von Bayern, des heiligen römischen Reichs Erzpfalzgraf, Erztruchsess, und Kurfürst ("By the Grace of God, King of Bavaria, Arch-Palatine Count, Archsteward, and Prince-Elector of the Holy Roman Empire"): use of imperial titles discontinued after 12 Jul 1806;
(b) 12 Jul 1806 - 18 Oct 1835: Von Gottes Gnaden König von Bayern ("By the Grace of God, King of Bavaria");
(c) 18 Oct 1835 - 13 Nov 1918: Von Gottes Gnaden König von Bayern, Pfalzgraf bei Rhein, Herzog von Bayern, Franken und in Schwaben etc. etc. ("By the Grace of God, King of Bavaria, Count Palatine of the Rhine, Duke of Bavaria, Franconia and in Swabia, etc., etc."): in official use after the accession of Ludwig I and is formally confirmed by the royal decree on coat-of-arms and title of 18 Oct 1835 (published 20 Oct 1835).

Party abbreviation: Zen = Deutsche Zentrumspartei "Zentrum" (German Center Party "Center", catholic, centrist, christian democratic, 13 Dec 1870-5 Jul 1933)

1248 - 1398                Under Burgravite of Nürnberg.
21 Jan 1398                Principality of Bayreuth (Fürstentum Bayreuth),
                             Kulmbach-Bayreuth is partitioned from Burgraviate
                             of Nürnberg under the Hohenzollern dynasty.
30 Apr 1415                Title Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth
                             (Markgraf Brandenburg-Bayreuth) adopted.
11 Jun 1420 - 21 Sep 1440  Reunited to Nürnberg, which is under personal
                             union with Brandenburg.
1457 - 11 Mar 1486         Administered by Ansbach.
26 Feb 1495 - 1515         Administered by Ansbach.
 8 Jan 1557 - 25 Apr 1603  Administered by Ansbach.
25 Apr 1603                Partitioned from Brandenburg-Ansbach,
                             Principality of Bayreuth (Fürstentum Bayreuth).
18 Dec 1726                Inherited by Brandenburg-Kulmbach.
20 Jan 1769                Brandenburg-Kulmbach extinct, inherited by
                             Brandenburg-Ansbach.
 2 Dec 1791                Ruler sells both principalities to Prussia.
28 Jan 1792                Annexed to Prussia.
 8 Oct 1806 - 11 Jun 1809  French administration.
11 Jun 1809 - 17 Jul 1809  Austrian administration.
17 Jul 1809 - 30 Jun 1810  French administration.
28 Feb 1810                Annexed to Bavaria.

Princes (title Fürst von Bayreuth)
 9 Jun 1655 - 10 May 1712  Christian Ernst                      (b. 1644 - d. 1712)
 9 Jun 1655 - 1664         Georg Albrecht von Brandenburg-      (b. 1619 - d. 1666)
                             Bayreuth zu Kulmbach -Regent 
10 May 1712 - 18 Dec 1726  Georg Wilhelm                        (b. 1678 - d. 1726)
18 Dec 1726 - 17 May 1735  Georg Friedrich Karl                 (b. 1688 - d. 1735)
17 May 1735 - 26 Feb 1763  Friedrich III                        (b. 1711 - d. 1763)
26 Feb 1763 - 20 Jan 1769  Friedrich Christian                  (b. 1708 - d. 1769)
20 Jan 1769 -  2 Dec 1791  Christian Friedrich Karl             (b. 1736 - d. 1806)
                             Alexander Markgraf von Ansbach
 2 Dec 1791 - 28 Jan 1792  Karl August von Hardenberg -Regent   (b. 1750 - d. 1822)
Prussian Governors
28 Jan 1792 - 1795         Friedrich Eugen Herzog von           (b. 1732 - d. 1797)
                             Württemberg
1795 - 1800                Friedrich Ludwig Alexander Herzog    (b. 1756 - d. 1818)
                             von Württemberg                
1800 - 1804                Friedrich von Schuckmann (acting)    (b. 1755 - d. 1834)
                            (präsident der kriegs- und domänenkammern)
 4 Sep 1804 -  8 Oct 1806  Friedrich Ludwig Fürst von           (b. 1746 - d. 1818)
                             Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen  
French Military governor
 8 Oct 1806 - 18 Nov 1806  Étienne Le Grand de Mercey           (b. 1755 - d. 1828)
Intendant
15 Nov 1806 - 11 Jun 1809  Philippe Camille Marcellin Casimir,  (b. 1778 - d. 1833)
                             comte de Tournon-Simiane
Austrian Military governor
11 Jun 1809 - 13 Jun 1809  Johann Nepomuk Graf Nostitz-Rieneck  (b. 1768 - d. 1840)
Intendants
13 Jun 1809 - 29 Jun 1809  Johann Erzherzog von Kutschera       (b. 1766 - d. 1832)
29 Jun 1809 - 17 Jul 1809  Karl Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein (b. 1787 - d. 1856)
French Military governor
17 Jul 1809 - 22 Jul 1809  Jean Andoche Junot, duc d'Abrantès   (b. 1771 - d. 1813)
Indendants
22 Jul 1809 - 20 Sep 1809  Dardieu (Tardieu)
20 Sep 1809 - 30 Jun 1810  Georges Christophe Victoire Combe-   (b. 1785 - d. 1864)
                             Sieyès

Kammerpräsident
1791 - 1807                Caspar Friedrich von Schuckmann      (b. 1755 - d. 1834)

c.1050                     Lordship of Bentheim (Herrschaft von Bentheim) first mentioned.
1115                       Passed to Count Otto, of the House of Salm.
1146 - 1176                Made a fief of Utrecht.
1182                       Imperial immediacy (reichsunmittelbar).
1228                       County of Bentheim as such first mentioned, not to say with
                             certainty whether it already had the status of a county or was
                             only a "rule entity", consisting of several rulers.
1263                       Annexed to the County of Tecklenburg.
1279                       Partitioned into Bentheim-Bentheim (containing the County
                             of Bentheim) and Bentheim-Tecklenburg (containing the
                             County of Tecklenburg).
1421                       Eberwin I von Götterswyk (Götterswickerhamm) inherited the Imperial
                             immediate County of Bentheim, and became Lord of Ottenstein in
                             1425, and Lord of Steinfurt in 1451 (Herren und Grafen zu
                             Bentheim).
1495                       The Holy Roman Emperor elevated Steinfurt to the rank of County
                             (Grafschaft Steinfurt)(see Steinfurt).
13 Dec 1530                Line of Counts extinct and Bentheim granted to Bentheim-
                             Steinfurt as imperial County of Bentheim-Steinfurt
                             (Grafschaft Bentheim-Steinfurt).
11 Jan 1606                Upon the death of Count Arnold IV of Bentheim and Steinfurt the
                             property is divided among his sons. Adolf von Bentheim (who dies
                             in 1623) is given the imperial county of Tecklenburg and the
                             lordship of Rheda; while Arnold Jobst and Wilhelm Heinrich are
                             given the imperial counties of Bentheim und Steinfurt und in
                             Wevelinghoven; Count Konrad Gumprecht receives the county Limburg
                             (Hohenlimburg); and Friedrich Ludolf the Lordship of the Alps
                             (Herrschaft Alpen)(the Limburg and Alps lines quickly die and
                             fall back to Steinfurt).
23 Aug 1643                County of Bentheim-Steinfurt partitioned into Bentheim-Steinfurt
                             (from 1693, Bentheim-Bentheim younger line); and Bentheim-Bentheim
                             (from 1693, Bentheim-Steinfurt younger line), the latter
                             comprising the County of Bentheim (Grafschaft Bentheim); and
                             Bentheim-Tecklenburg.
1693                       Count Arnold Moritz Wilhelm exchanges Steinfurt for Bentheim with
                             his first cousin Ernst.
21 May 1753                Bentheim mortgaged to Hannover (pleged on 22 May 1752) for 30 years.
1757 - 1758                Count Friedrich Karl Philipp occupied his former territory with
                             his French regiment.
1758                       Hanoverian troops re-occupy Bentheim.
 4 Dec 1781                Friedrich Karl Philipp declares his pledge agreement terminated, but
                             fails to procure the required amount.
 1 Jan 1783                Hanover declares that the pledge contract is established,
                             and automatically prolonged for another 30 years.
19 Feb 1803                Bentheim-Bentheim branch becomes extinct and younger line fell to
                             Bentheim-Steinfurt (see Steinfurt).
12 May 1804                Count of Bentheim-Steinfurt made a bargain with France, he pays
                             a fraction of old debt of the Count of Bentheim-Bentheim to
                             Hannover and obtains the possession of the County of Bentheim,
                             despite the protest of the Elector of Hannover.
25 Jul 1806 - 10 Dec 1810  Bentheim annexed to Berg (by the Confederation of the Rhine Act).
13 Dec 1810                Annexed to France (part of département Ems-Supérieur, then 
                             from 27 Apr 1811, the département de la Lippe).
14 Nov 1813 - 20 Dec 1813  Hanover administration (see Osnabrück).
20 Dec 1813                Bentheim annexed to Hanover (confirmed by Congress of Vienna 1815).

Counts (title Graf zu Bentheim-Bentheim)
26 Aug 1693 - 29 Apr 1701  Arnold Moritz Wilhelm                (b. 1663 - d. 1701)
29 Apr 1701 - 29 Nov 1731  Hermann Friedrich                    (b. 1693 - d. 1731)
29 Nov 1731 - 21 May 1753  Friedrich Karl Philipp               (b. 1725 - d. 1803)
                            (= Frédéric-Charles, comte de Bentheim)

1102                       Augustinian Abbey of Berchtesgaden founded
                             (Klosterstift Berchtesgaden)(other spellings Berhtersgaden,
                             Berchtersgadmen, Perehtgeresgadem, Perthersgadem,
                             Perhtersgadem, Berhtersgadem and Brechtolsgaden).
1125                       Count Berengar I von Sulzbach donates forest (Grafengaden)
                             area around Berchtesgaden to the abbey.
1194                       Imperial immediacy (reichsunmittelbar) for the
                             Land Berchtesgaden.
1380                       Provosts also Princes of the Empire (Reichsprälatur Berchtesgaden).
1491                       Converted to a Provostry (Propstei Berchtesgaden).
1559                       Raised to Bench of Spiritual Princes
                             (Fürstpropstei Berchtesgaden).
1594 - 1723                Under the administration of the Electorate of Cologne
                             by the House of Wittelsbach.
 8 Oct 1611 - 22 Oct 1611  Occupied by the Prince-Bishop of Salzburg.
1704 - 1714                Occupied by Austria.
27 Apr 1803 - 26 Dec 1805  Annexed to Salzburg.
26 Dec 1805 - 14 Oct 1809  Annexed to Austria.
14 Oct 1809                Annexed to Bavaria.

Prince-Povosts (title Fürst, Pröpste, und Herr zu Berchtesgaden)
1688 - 12 Nov 1723         Joseph Clemens Kajetan von Bayern      (b. 1671 - d. 1723)
                             (administrator)
1723 - 19 Jun 1732         Julius Heinrich Freiherr von Rehlingen (b. 1662 - d. 1732)
                             -Radau  
1732 -  4 Jul 1752         Cajetan Anton Freiherr Notthafft von   (b. 1670 - d. 1752)
                             Weissenstein
1752 - 27 May 1768         Michael Balthasar Graf von             (b. 1710 - d. 1768)
                             Christalnigg
1768 -  6 Mar 1780         Franz Anton Josef Freiherr von Hausen- (b. 1715 - d. 1780)
                             Gleichenstorff
 8 May 1780 -  4 Apr 1803  Joseph Konrad Freiherr von             (b. 1743 - d. 1803)
                             Schroffenberg-Mös  
                            (also Prince-Bishop of Freising)

c.1003                     County of Jülich (Grafschaft Jülich).
1092                       County of Cleves (Grafschaft Kleve).
1101                       County of Berg (Grafschaft Burg)
 3 Apr 1348                Julich united with Berg.
1356                       Jülich raised to a duchy (Herzogtum Jülich).
1368                       Berg united with Cleves.
13 Dec 1393 - 25 Jun 1423  Jülich in union with Guelders.
24 May 1380                Berg raised to a Duchy (Herzogtum Burg).
 4 Apr 1417                Cleves raised to a Duchy (Herzogtum Kleve).
25 Jun 1423                Jülich amalgamated and with Berg.
14 Aug 1437                Berg inherited by Duke of Jülich.
15 Mar 1521                Duchies of Jülich and Berg (along with County of Ravensberg) are
                             inherited the by the Duke of Cleves and Count of Mark as the
                             United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg (Vereinigte Herzogtümer
                             Jülich-Kleve-Berg).
25 Mar 1609                Duke Johann Wilhelm of Jülich-Cleves-Berg dies without legitimate
                             heirs, as result both the Duke of Palatinate-Neuburg (Pfalz-
                             Neuburg) and Johann Sigismund Elector of Brandenburg claim
                             succession.
 2 Apr 1609 -  2 Sep 1610  Imperial administration.
12 Nov 1614                Protestant territories (Cleves-Mark and Ravensburg) passed to
                             Brandenburg-Prussia and the Catholic lands (Jülich-Berg and
                             Ravenstein) awarded to Palatinate-Neuburg (Pfalz-Neuburg) by
                             Treaty of Xanten.
26 May 1685                Berg, along with the Palatinate (Pfalz), is inherited by Philip
                             Wilhelm, Count of Palatinate-Neuburg. 
 2 Sep 1690                Jülich and Berg in union with the Electoral Palatinate.
18 Jan 1701                Cleves, along with Brandenburg, part of Kingdom of Prussia.
31 Dec 1742                Karl Theodor of Palatinate-Sulzbach, Elector Palatinate
                            (from 30 Dec 1777, also Duke of Bavaria), inherits Jülich and Berg.
12 Oct 1794                Jülich (French: Juliers) occupied by France.
1795                       Cleves, left-bank of the Rhine, and Wesel are occupied by France.
 9 Mar 1801                Former duchies of Jülich and Cleves annexed to France (part
                             of département Roer). 
27 Mar 1803                Elector of Bavaria, Maximilian Joseph, the heir of Palatinate-
                             Neuburg, separates the remaining Duchy of Berg (Herzogtum Burg)
                             from his other Bavarian territories and grants it to his cousin
                             Wilhelm von Palatinate-Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld-Gelnhausen (b. 1752
                             - d. 1837) as administrator.
15 Feb 1806                Cleves on right bank of Rhine and the City and Fortress of Wesel
                             are ceded by Prussia to France (as proposed 15 Dec 1805).
15 Mar 1806                Berg is ceded by Bavaria to France and joined with former Prussian
                             Duchy of Cleves.
15 Mar 1806                Duchy of Cleves and Berg (Herzogtum Kleve und Burg/Duché de Clèves
                             et de Berg).
25 Jul 1806                Grand Duchy of Berg (Grossherzogtum Berg/Grand-duché de Berg). 
25 Jul 1806                Expanded by the Act of Confederation of the Rhine with the addition
                             Lordship of Hardenberg, County Limburg-Styrum, the lordships of
                             of Gimborn-Neustadt, and Homburg, the principalities of Siegen,
                             Dillenburg and Hadamar from Nassau-Orange possessions, and part
                             of the County of Wied-Runkel to the right of the Lahn, the
                             counties of Horstmar, Bentheim and Steinfurt, and the Principality
                             of Rheina-Wolbeck.
21 Jan 1808                Prussia cedes additional territories to Cleves-Berg.
 1 Mar 1808                Annexation of the former abbeys of Elten, Essen, and Werden, the
                             County of Mark (with Lippstadt), former Bishopric of Münster,
                             County Tecklenburg, the Lordship of Rheda, County of Lingen, the
                             County of Dortmund, and the Nassau lands of Siegen and Dillenburg.
21 Aug 1808                City and Fortress of Wesel is annexed by France and incorporated
                             into the département Roer (see under Germany).
14 Nov 1808                Berg and Cleves is subdivided into départements (see below). 
 1 Jul 1810 - 13 Jul 1810  In personal union with Kingdom of Holland.
13 Dec 1810                Berg's département Ems annexed to France.
 1 Jan 1811                Annexed to France (part of the département Lippe [see under
                             Germany]).
10 Nov 1813 - 15 Jun 1814  Allied administration; from 25 Nov 1813, as the Government General
                             of Berg (Generalgouvernement Berg).
15 Jun 1814                Annexed to Prussia (part of province of Jülich-Cleves-Berg).  
 

Duke (title Herzog von Burg)
27 Mar 1803 - 15 Mar 1806  Wilhelm Herzog in Bayern und Pfalzgraf (b. 1752 - d. 1837)
                             von Birkenfeld
Dukes (title Herzog von Kleve und Burg/Duc de Berg et de Clèves)
15 Mar 1806 - 24 Mar 1806  Johann Franz von Rappard (acting)      (b. 1759 - d. 1822) 
24 Mar 1806 - 25 Jul 1806  Joachim Murat                          (b. 1767 - d. 1815)
Grand Dukes (title Grossherzog von Burg/Grand-duc de Berg)
25 Jul 1806 - 15 Jul 1808  Joachim Murat                          (s.a.)
15 Jul 1808 -  3 Mar 1809  Napoléon I                             (b. 1769 - d. 1821)
 3 Mar 1809 - 10 Nov 1813  Karl Ludwig Napoléon                   (b. 1804 - d. 1831)
                             (= Napoléon Louis Bonaparte)
 3 Mar 1809 - 10 Nov 1813  Napoléon I -Regent                     (s.a.)
French Imperial Commissioner
31 Jul 1808 - 10 Nov 1813  Jacques Claude Beugnot                 (b. 1761 - d. 1835)
                             (from 24 Feb 1810, Jacques Claude, comte de Beugnot)
Allied Military governors
10 Nov 1813 - 22 Nov 1813  Guillaume Emmanuel Guignard, vicomte   (b. 1776 - d. 1814)
                             de Saint-Priest (Russia)
                            (= Graf Emmanuil Frantsevich Sen-Pri)
22 Nov 1813 - 25 Nov 1813  ....
Allied Governors-general of Government General of Berg
25 Nov 1813 - 31 Jan 1814  Karl Justus Gruner (1st time)(Russia)  (b. 1777 - d. 1820)
 1 Feb 1814 - 14 Jun 1814  Friedrich Alexander zu Solms-          (b. 1763 - d. 1830)
                             Hohensolms-Lich (Prussia)   
15 Jun 1814 - 14 Apr 1815  Karl Justus Gruner (2nd time)(Russia)  (s.a.)

General Commissioner
 5 Apr 1806 - 24 Apr 1806  Johann Franz von Rappard               (s.a.)
Presidents of the Council of State 
24 Apr 1806 -  7 Aug 1808  Jean Antoine Michel Agar de Mercuez    (b. 1771 - d. 1844)
                             (provisional)
 7 Aug 1808 - 15 Mar 1812  Jacques Claude Beugnot                 (s.a.)
                             (from 24 Feb 1810, Jacques Claude, comte de Beugnot)
15 Mar 1812 - 13 Nov 1813  Johann Franz Joseph Graf von           (b. 1755 - d. 1824)
                             Nesselrode-Reichenstein

Ministers and Secretaries of State for the Affairs of the
Grand Duchy of Berg (in Paris)
 7 Aug 1808 - 31 Dec 1808  Martin Michel Charles Gaudin           (b. 1756 - d. 1841)
 1 Jan 1809 - 23 Sep 1810  Hugues Bernard Maret, duc de Bassano   (b. 1763 - d. 1839)
24 Sep 1810 - 10 Nov 1813  Pierre Louis Roederer                  (b. 1754 - d. 1835)

Départements of Grandy Duchy of Berg 1809-1813

Ems

 1 Jan 1811 - 1813         Annexed to France (part of département de l'Ems-Supérieur).

Prefects
1809 -  1 May 1809         Franz Ambrosius Josef Anton Adam Graf  (b. 1781 - d. 1839)
                             von Spee
 1 May 1809 -  1 Jan 1811  Karl Joseph Freiherr von Mylius        (b. 1778 - d. 1838)
                             (interim)

Rhein (Rhine)

Prefects
Apr 1809 - Mar 1812        Friedrich Heinrich Graf von Borcke     (b. 1776 – d. 1825)
Mar 1812 - 1813            Franz Ambrosius Josef Anton Adam Graf  (s.a.)
                             von Spee

Sieg

Prefect
 7 Apr 1809 - Nov 1813     Johann Anton Schmitz                   (b. 1770 - d. 1857)

Ruhr (Roer)

Prefect
10 Mar 1809 - 1813         Gisbert Christian Friedrich Freiherr   (b. 1773 - d. 1859)
                             von Romberg

Adopted 1692, 13 Nov 1891 Civil Ensign

Adopted 13 Nov 1891 State Flag

c.788                      Bremen founded (civitas Bremensis).
1186                       City independent from the Archbishop. Status of imperial immediacy
                             granted.
1358 - 1669                Member of Hanseatic League.
 1 Jun 1646                Free Imperial City of Bremen (Kayserliche und dess heiligen
                             Römischen Reichs Freye Stadt [und Ansestadt] Bremen); four mayors
                             to 1853; four "succession lines" can be distinguished (Diploma
                             of Linz).
Feb 1654                   City of Bremen granted a seat and the vote in the Diet of the Holy
                             Roman Empire by the Emperor Ferdinand III.
1806                       Free Hanseatic City of Bremen (Freien Hansestadt Bremen).
20 Nov 1806 - 25 Oct 1813  Occupied by France.
13 Dec 1810                Incorporated into France; from 1 Jan 1811 as arrondissement de Brême
                             within, the département Bouches-du-Weser (see under Germany).
 6 Nov 1813                Free Hanseatic City of Bremen (Freie Hansestadt Bremen)
                             (from Nov 1918 see German states since 1918).

Mayors (Bürgermeister)
- Line 1 -
1690 - 1721                Friedrich Casimir Tilemann gen.    (b. 1638 - d. 1721)
                             Schenk
1721 - 1725                Johann von Rheden                  (b. 1648 - d. 1725)
Sep 1725 -  1 Sep 1728     Liborius von Line II               (b. 1668 - d. 1728)
1728 - 1731                Hieronymus Alers                   (b. 1655 - d. 1731)
16 Jun 1731 - 1736         Heinrich Smidt                     (b. 1655 - d. 1736)
1736 - 1749                Daniel von Büren IV                (b. 1693 - d. 1749)
1749 - 1781                Volkhard Mindemann                 (b. 1705 - d. 1781)
1781                       Albrecht Gröning                   (b. 1707 - d. 1781)
1781 - 1782                Martin Eelking                     (b. 1715 - d. 1782)
24 Dec 1782 - 1798         Gerhard von dem Busch              (b. 1725 - d. 1799)
11 Apr 1798 - 21 Aug 1803  Jakob Breuls                       (b. 1749 - d. 1803)
26 Aug 1803 - 31 Dec 1810  Heinrich Lampe (1st time)          (b. 1746 - d. 1817)
 6 Nov 1813 - 15 Dec 1817  Heinrich Lampe (2nd time)          (s.a.)
1817 - 18 Feb 1822         Christian Hermann Schöne           (b. 1763 - d. 1822)
1822 - 23 Jan 1847         Simon Hermann Nonnen               (b. 1777 - d. 1847)
1847 -  3 Aug 1853         Isaak Hermann Albrecht Schumacher  (b. 1780 - d. 1853)
- Line 2 -
17 Apr 1689 -  1 Jul 1712  Melchior Schweling                 (b. 1629 - d. 1712)
 6 Jul 1712 -  7 Oct 1737  Werner Köhne                       (b. 1656 - d. 1737)
14 Oct 1737 - 19 Apr 1741  Jakob Hüneken                      (b. 1666 - d. 1741)
1741 - 1745                Kaspar von Rheden                  (b. 1681 - d. 1745)
13 Dec 1745 - 21 Mar 1756  Heinrich Lampe I                   (b. 1680 - d. 1756)
27 Mar 1756 - 13 Mar 1767  Heinrich Köhne I                   (b. 1692 - d. 1768)
1767 - 1787                Dietrich Smidt                     (b. 1711 - d. 1787)
19 Jan 1787 - 13 Nov 1792  Heinrich Köhnen II                 (b. 1692 - d. 1768)
20 Nov 1792 - 31 Dec 1810  Christian Abraham Heineken         (b. 1752 - d. 1818)
                             (1st time)
 6 Nov 1813 - 20 Jul 1818  Christian Abraham Heineken         (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
25 Jul 1818 - 14 Apr 1821  Arnold Dietrich Tiedemann          (b. 1756 - d. 1821)
1821 - 1853                Johann Smidt                       (b. 1773 - d. 1857)
- Line 3 -
1693 - 1711                Heinrich von Aschen                (b. 1638 - d. 1711)
1711 - 1716                Wilhelm von Bentheim               (b. 1647 - d. 1717)
1716 - 1742                Johann Holler                      (b. 1674 - d. 1742)
1742 - 1751                Dietrich Meier I                   (b. 1687 - d. 1751)
1751 - 1766                Heinrich Gerhard Schumacher        (b. 1695 - d. 1766)
1766 - 1775                Isaäk von Meinertzhagen            (b. 1721 - d. 1798)
1775 - 1787                Johann Pundsack                    (b. 1729 - d. 1787)
28 Nov 1787 - 26 May 1802  Justin Friedrich Wilhelm Iken      (b. 1726 - d. 1805)
28 May 1802 - 31 Dec 1810  Daniel Klugkist (1st time)         (b. 1748 - d. 1814)
 6 Nov 1813 - 20 Sep 1814  Daniel Klugkist (2nd time)         (s.a.)
1814 - 1821                Georg Gröning                      (b. 1745 - d. 1825)
1821 - 29 Mar 1839         Heinrich Gröning                   (b. 1774 - d. 1839) 
1839 -  8 Mar 1852         Johann Daniel Noltenius            (b. 1799 - d. 1852)
- Line 4 -
1696 - 1718                Hermann Doverhagen                 (b. 1650 - d. 1718)
1718 - 1720                Konrad von Berchem                 (b. 1658 - d. 1720)
1720 - 1747                Heinrich Meier II                  (b. 1678 - d. 1747)
1747 - 1757                Christian Schöne                   (b. 1684 - d. 1757)
20 Mar 1757 - 29 Apr 1773  Hieronymus Klugkist                (b. 1711 - d. 1776)
 5 May 1773 - 1776         Hermann von Line                   (b. 1705 - d. 1786)
1776 - 1794                Daniel Tindemann                   (d. 1799)
19 Dec 1794 -  2 Dec 1802  Dietrich Meier II                  (b. 1748 - d. 1802)
10 Dec 1802 - 16 Sep 1808  Liborius Dietrich Post             (b. 1748 - d. 1811)
17 Sep 1808 - 10 Dec 1810  Franz Tiedemann (1st time)         (b. 1752 - d. 1836)
 6 Nov 1813 - 23 Dec 1824  Franz Tiedemann (2nd time)         (s.a.)
1824 - 14 Sep 1845         Michael Duntze                     (b. 1779 - d. 1845)
1845 - 1853                Dietrich Meier III                 (b. 1787 - d. 1857)
Sous-préfet, arrondissement de Brême
(subordinated to the prefects of Bouches-du-Weser)
1811 - 1813                Armand de Salperwick               (b. 1789 - d. 1834)
French Mayors (Maires)
1810 -  1 Jul 1811         Daniel Klugkist (provisional)      (s.a.)
1811 - 1813                Wilhelm Ernst Wichelhausen         (b. 1769 - d. 1835)
First mayors
1853 - 31 Dec 1856         Johann Smidt (acting)              (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1857 - 31 Dec 1863  Arnold Duckwitz                    (b. 1802 - d. 1881)
 1 Jan 1864 - 31 Dec 1867  Karl Friedrich Gottfried Mohr
                             (1st time)                       (b. 1803 - d. 1888)
 1 Jan 1868 -  3 Oct 1871  Johann Daniel Meier                (b. 1804 - d. 1871)
 3 Oct 1871 - 31 Dec 1871  Karl Friedrich Gottfried Mohr
                             (2nd time) (acting)              (s.a.)
1871 - 31 Dec 1875         Otto Gildemeister (1st time)       (b. 1823 - d. 1902)
 1 Jan 1876 - 12 Apr 1879  Friedrich Moritz Christian
                             Pfeiffer                         (b. 1815 - d. 1879)
12 Apr 1879 - 31 Dec 1879  Otto Gildemeister (2nd time)
                             (acting)                         (s.a.)
1879 - 1882                Friedrich Ludwig Grave             (b. 1815 - d. 1885)
1882 - 31 Dec 1882         Otto Gildemeister (3rd time)       (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1883 - 31 Dec 1883  Karl Friedrich Christian Buff
                             (1st time)                       (b. 1820 - d. 1891)
 1 Jan 1884 - 31 Dec 1884  Otto Gildemeister (4th time)       (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1885 - 31 Dec 1885  Karl Friedrich Christian Buff
                             (2nd time)                       (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1886 - 31 Dec 1886  Otto Gildemeister (5th time)       (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1887 - 31 Dec 1887  Stephan August Lürmann (1st time)  (b. 1820 - d. 1902)
 1 Jan 1888 - 31 Dec 1888  Karl Friedrich Christian Buff
                             (3rd time)                       (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1889 - 31 Dec 1889  Stephan August Lürmann (2nd time)  (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1890 - 31 Dec 1890  Karl Friedrich Christian Buff
                             (4th time)                       (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1891 - 31 Dec 1891  Alfred Dominicus Pauli (1st time)  (b. 1827 - d. 1915)
 1 Jan 1892 - 31 Dec 1892  Stephan August Lürmann (3rd time)  (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1893 - 31 Dec 1893  Alfred Dominicus Pauli (2nd time)  (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1894 - 31 Dec 1894  Stephan August Lürmann (4th time)  (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1895 - 31 Dec 1895  Albert Gröning (1st time)          (b. 1839 - d. 1903)
 1 Jan 1896 - 31 Dec 1896  Alfred Dominicus Pauli (3rd time)  (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1897 - 31 Dec 1897  Albert Gröning (2nd time)          (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1898 - 31 Dec 1898  Alfred Dominicus Pauli (4th time)  (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1899 - 31 Dec 1899  Friedrich August Schultz (1st time)(b. 1835 - d. 1905)
 1 Jan 1900 - 31 Dec 1900  Albert Gröning (3rd time)          (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1901 - 31 Dec 1901  Friedrich August Schultz (2nd time)(s.a.)
 1 Jan 1902 - 31 Dec 1902  Albert Gröning (4th time)          (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1903 - 31 Dec 1903  Alfred Dominicus Pauli (5th time)  (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1904 - 31 Dec 1904  Carl Georg Barkhausen (1st time)   (b. 1848 - d. 1917)
 1 Jan 1905 - 31 Dec 1905  Alfred Dominicus Pauli (6th time)  (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1906 - 31 Dec 1906  Carl Georg Barkhausen (2nd time)   (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1907 - 31 Dec 1907  Victor Wilhelm Marcus (1st time)   (b. 1848 - d. 1911)
 1 Jan 1908 - 31 Dec 1908  Alfred Dominicus Pauli (7th time)  (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1909 - 31 Dec 1909  Victor Wilhelm Marcus (2nd time)   (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1910 - 31 Dec 1910  Alfred Dominicus Pauli (8th time)  (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1911 - 31 Dec 1911  Carl Georg Barkhausen (3rd time)   (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1912 - 31 Dec 1912  Victor Wilhelm Marcus (3rd time)   (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1913 - 31 Dec 1913  Carl Georg Barkhausen (4th time)   (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1914 - 31 Dec 1914  Karl Friedrich Heinrich Stadtländer(b. 1844 - d. 1916)
 1 Jan 1915 - 31 Dec 1915  Clemens Carl Buff (1st time)       (b. 1853 - d. 1940)
 1 Jan 1916 - 31 Dec 1916  Carl Georg Barkhausen (5th time)   (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1917 - 31 Dec 1917  Clemens Carl Buff (2nd time)       (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1918 - 10 Jan 1919  Hermann Christian Ferdinand        (b. 1849 - d. 1939) 1919: DDP
                             Hildebrand

Party abbreviation: DDP = Deutsche Demokratische Partei (German Democratic Party, liberal democratic, center-left, 16 Nov 1918-28 Jun 1933)

Administrators of the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen
1596 -  3 Sep 1634         Johann Friedrich von Schleswig-   (b. 1579 - d. 1634)
                             Holstein-Gottorp
1638 - 13 Aug 1645         Frederick II                      (b. 1609 - d. 1670)
                             (from 1648, King Frederik III of Denmark)
Administrators of the Prince-Bishopric of Verden
1631 -  3 Sep 1634         Johann Friedrich von Schleswig-   (s.a.)
                             Holstein-Gottorp
1634 - 13 Aug 1645         Frederick II (2nd time)           (s.a.)
Dukes and Princes 
24 Oct 1648 - 20 Nov 1719  the queens/kings of Sweden
20 Nov 1719 - 13 Dec 1810  the duke-electors of Hanover
Governors-general (from 1648, of Bremen-Verden's General Government)(in Stade)
15 Feb 1645 - 20 Feb 1663  Hans Kristoffer greve von         (b. 1600 - d. 1663)
                             Königsmarck 
                            (to 18 Jun 1645, military governor)
1663 - 27 Feb 1666         Gustav Evertsson friherre Horn    (b. 1614 - d. 1666)
1668 - 1676                Henrik Henriksson friherre Horn   (b. 1618 - d. 1693)
                             (1st time)
1676 - 1679                occupied by Denmark, Brandenburg
1679 - 22 Feb 1693         Henrik Henriksson friherre Horn   (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
1693 - 1696                Erik Jönsson greve Dahlberg       (b. 1625 - d. 1703)
1696 - 1698                Jürgen von Mellin                 (b. 1633 - d. 1713)
1698 - 1710                Nils Carlsson greve Gyllenstierna (b. 1648 - d. 1720)
                             af Fogelvik
1710 - 1712                Mauritz greve Vellingk            (b. 1651 - d. 1727)
1712 - 1715                Jobst von Scholten                (b. 1646 - d. 1721)
                             (Danish governor)  
1715 - 1719                von Rantzow -Commander
French Subdelegate of the Commission du Gouvernement du Hanovre
1807 - 1810?               Peter Christian Dodt
Hanoverian Government Commissioner
27 Mar 1813 - 20 Dec 1813  Engelbert Johann von Marschalck   (b. 1766 - d. 1845)
                             von Bachtenbrock

Presidents of the Royal Privy Council for Governing of Bremen and Verden
1715 – 1716                Cord Plato von Schloen, gen. Gehle(b. 1661 – d. 1723)
1716 –  6 Apr 1730         Johann Friedrich von Staffhorst   (b. 1653 – d. 1730)
1730 - 1739                Vacant
1739 – 1759                Philipp Adolf von Münchhausen     (b. 1694 - d. 1762)
1759 – 25 Dec 1781         Bodo Friedrich von Bodenhausen    (b. 1705 – d. 1781)
1782 – 13 Oct 1798         Gotthelf Dietrich von Ende        (b. 1726 – d. 1798)
1798 - 1800                Vacant
1800 – 1810                Christian Ludwig von Hake         (b. 1745 – d. 1818)
Apr 1810 - Dec 1810        Johann Julius Conrad von Schlütter(b. 1749 - d. 1827)
1810 - 1813                Vacant                
1813 – 1823                Engelbert Johann von Marschalck   (s.a.)
                             von Bachtenbrock
                            (president of provisional government to 20 Dec 1813)

1642                       Sold to Count of Velen as a fief of Archbishop of Cologne.
1664                       Raised to an Imperial Barony of Bretzenheim (Herrschaft
                             Bretzenheim).
 6 Nov 1733                Count of Velen dies without an heir, reverts to Cologne.
1734 - 19 Nov 1744         Given to Graf Ambrosius Franz von Virmont (b. 1682 - d. 1744) by
                              the Archbishop of Cologne
19 Nov 1744                Extinct; to Cologne.
1747 - 28 Apr 1772         Sold to Ignaz Franz Felix Freiherr von Roll zu Bernau (b. 1719
                             - d. 1795) .
28 Apr 1772                Sold to Karl August Graf von Heydeck, an illegitimate son
                             of Elector Karl Theodor von der Pfalz. 
Aug 1774                   County of Bretzenheim (Grafschaft Bretzenheim) an appanage of
                             the Archbishopric of Cologne.
Dec 1789                   County of Bretzenheim (Reichsgrafschaft Bretzenheim) gains
                             imperial immediacy, later raised to Principality of
                             Bretzenheim (Reichsfürstentum Bretzenheim).
1795                       Prince of Bretzenheim lost Bretzenheim, Winzenheim, and other
                             Imperial immediate territories on the left bank of the Rhine
                             to France.
1795 - 1803                Occupied by France.
1795                       Prince receives the County of Lindau as compensation for the
                             loss of Bretzenheim and other territories.
25 Apr 1803                Bretzenheim part-mediatized to Hesse-Darmstadt and Lindau
                             sold to Austria.
1815                       Bretzenheim annexed to Prussia (part of Rhine province).

Counts (title Graf von Velen und Meggen, Freiherr zu Raesfeld und Bretzenheim)
1664 - 10 Oct 1675         Alexander II von Velen            (b. 1599 - d. 1675)
10 Oct 1675 -  7 Jul 1685  Ferdinand Gottfried von Velen     (b. 1626 - d. 1685)
 7 Jul 1685 - 10 May 1727  Alexander Otto von Velen          (b. 1657 - d. 1727)
10 May 1727 -  6 Nov 1733  Alexander III von Velen           (b. 1683 - d. 1733)
Prince (title Reichsfürst von und zu Bretzenheim [from 1795] und Graf zu Lindau)
Dec 1789 - 25 Apr 1803     Karl August Friedrich Joseph von  (b. 1768 - d. 1823)
                             und zu Bretzenheim
                            (from 25 Apr 1803, Karl August Friedrich
                             Joseph Fürst Bretzenheim von Regecz)

bf.1748 - 1807, 1813 - 1814

1814 - 21 Jul 1831

21 Jul 1831 - 10 Nov 1918

955                        Bruno I, founder of the Brunonen dynasty, becomes count
                             (Graf).
1136                       Heinrich "der Stolze," duke of Bavaria and Saxony, becomes
                             count.
1180                       Heinrich "der Löwe," duke of Bavaria and Saxony, becomes duke
                            (the name Braunschweig [Brunswick] becomes gradually
                             attached to the polity).
21 Aug 1235                The polity is officially Herzogtum Braunschweig und Lüneburg;
                             the style of the ruler is Herzog zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg;
                             in theory, the entire polity retains this style, as do all the
                             rulers despite the divisions.
1269                       Division into Principality of Brunswick (Fürstentum
                             Braunschweig) and Principality of Lüneburg.
1286                       Fürstentum Grubenhagen (extinct 14 Apr 1596) and Fürstentum
                             Göttingen detached from Brunswick.
23 Nov 1432                Fürstentum Calenberg detached from Brunswick.
30 Oct 1806 - 27 Aug 1807  Occupied by France.
28 Aug 1807 - 29 Oct 1813  Incorporated into Kingdom of Westphalia.
24 Jul 1809 -  6 Aug 1809  Invasion by Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Brunswick (taking Halle on
                             26 Jul, Quedlinburg 29 Jul, and Braunschweig 31 Jul 1809).
30 Oct 1813 -  6 Nov 1813  Allied administration.
 6 Nov 1813                Duchy of Brunswick (Herzogtum Braunschweig).
10 Nov 1918                Republic of Brunswick (Republik Braunschweig)
                             (see German states since 1918).

Dukes (title Herzog von Braunschweig und Fürst von Wolffenbütel)
27 Sep 1666 - 26 Jan 1704  Rudolf August                      (b. 1627 - d. 1704)
                           - jointly with -
1685 - 18 Feb 1702         Anton Ulrich (1st time)            (b. 1633 - d. 1714)
26 Jan 1704 - 27 Mar 1714  Anton Ulrich (2nd time)            (s.a.)
27 Mar 1714 - 23 Mar 1731  August Wilhelm                     (b. 1662 - d. 1731)
23 Mar 1731 -  1 Mar 1735  Ludwig Rudolf                      (b. 1671 - d. 1735)
 1 Mar 1735 -  3 Sep 1735  Ferdinand Albrecht                 (b. 1680 - d. 1735)
 3 Sep 1735 - 26 Mar 1780  Karl I                             (b. 1713 - d. 1780)
26 Mar 1780 - 10 Nov 1806  Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand             (b. 1735 - d. 1806)
                             (in exile from 25 Oct 1806)
10 Nov 1806 - 28 Aug 1807  Friedrich Wilhelm
                             "der schwarze Herzog" (1st time) (b. 1771 - d. 1815)
                           (prevented from taking office; in exile in
                            Prussia to 1809, Austria 1809, then U.K. 1809-1813)
French Governors-general of the Duchy of Brunswick (duché de Brunswick)
30 Oct 1806 - 1807         Baptiste Pierre François Jean      (b. 1767 - d. 1811)
                             Gaspard, comte Bisson 
1807 - 28 Aug 1807         Olivier Macoux Rivaud de La        (b. 1766 - d. 1839)
                             Raffinière 
28 Aug 1807 - 29 Oct 1813  part of the Kingdom of Westphalia
Allied Military governor
 6 Nov 1813 - 13 Nov 1813  Ludwig Georg Thedel Graf von       (b. 1769 - d. 1862)
                             Wallmoden-Gimborn (Austria) 
Dukes (title Herzog von Braunschweig und Lüneburg)
 6 Nov 1813 - 16 Jun 1815  Friedrich Wilhelm
                             "der schwarze Herzog" (2nd time) (s.a.)
                             (returns 22 Dec 1813)
13 Nov 1813 - Dec 1813     Johann Elias Olfermann             (b. 1776 - d. 1822) 
                             (commissioner)
16 Jun 1815 - 20 Apr 1831  Karl II                            (b. 1804 - d. 1873)
16 Jun 1815 - 30 Oct 1823  Georg August Friedrich -Regent     (b. 1762 - d. 1830)
20 Apr 1831 - 18 Oct 1884  Wilhelm                            (b. 1806 - d. 1884)
                             (regent to 25 Apr 1831)
Regencies (the ducal line being inhibited by its U.K. connections)
20 Apr 1884 -  2 Nov 1885  Wilhelm Otto Hans Hermann, Görtz-  (b. 1819 - d. 1889)
                             Wrisberg Graf von Schlitz -Regent
                             (president of Regency Council)
 2 Nov 1885 - 13 Sep 1906  Albrecht Fürst von                 (b. 1837 - d. 1906)
                             Prussen -Regent 
13 Sep 1906 -  5 Jun 1907  Albert von Otto -Regent            (b. 1836 - d. 1921)
                            (president of Regency Council)
 5 Jun 1907 -  1 Nov 1913  Johann Albrecht Herzog von
                             Mecklenburg-Schwerin -Regent     (b. 1857 - d. 1920)
Duke (title Herzog von Braunschweig und Lüneburg)
 1 Nov 1913 -  8 Nov 1918  Ernst August                       (b. 1887 - d. 1953)
Aug 1914 -  8 Nov 1918     Viktoria Luise von Preussen (f)    (b. 1892 - d. 1980)
                             (acting)

Chancellors (kanzler)
 9 Mar 1680 – 17 Nov 1718  Philipp Ludwig Probst von          (b. 1633 – d. 1718)
                             Wendhausen
1718 – 1721/15 Nov 1729?   Urban Dietrich von Lüdecke         (b. 1655 – d. 1729)
Chief Ministers
1721 - 1731                Johann Friedrich von Stein         (b. 1681 - d. 1735)
1731 - 1742                Hieronymus von Münchhausen         (b. 1680 – d. 1742)
                             (Erster minister)
1742 - 1754?               August Adolph von Cramm            (b. 1685 – d. 1765) 
16 Feb 1754 - 19 Jul 1773  Heinrich Bernhard Schrader von     (b. 1706 - d. 1773)
                             Schliestedt (Staatsminister)
23 Jul 1773 -  1 May 1786  Georg Septimius Andreas von Praun  (b. 1701 - d. 1786)
1786 - 1790                Karl August Freiherr von           (b. 1750 - d. 1822)
                             Hardenberg 
13 Oct 1790 - 1806         Carl von Praun                     (b. 1732 - d. 1808)
1806 - 1807                Gustav Adolf Graf von Wolffradt    (b. 1762 - d. 1833)
Chairman of the government commission
27 Dec 1813 - Mar 1814     Karl Friedrich Gebhard Graf von
                             der Schulenburg-Wolfsburg        (b. 1763 - d. 1818)
Directing Ministers 
Mar 1814 - 1815            Karl Friedrich Mens                (b. 1764 - d. 1836)
21 Oct 1815 - 25 Dec 1818  Karl Friedrich Gebhard Graf von
                             der Schulenburg-Wolfsburg        (s.a.)
25 Dec 1818 - Jan 1820     Vacant
Jan 1820 - 30 Oct 1823     Johann August Ernst Graf           (b. 1758 - d. 1827)
                             von Alvensleben
30 Oct 1823 - 17 Oct 1826  Wilhelm Justus Eberhard von        (b. 1763 - d. 1831)
                             Schmidt-Phiseldeck
17 Oct 1826 - 16 Oct 1830  Gottfried Philipp von Bülow        (b. 1770 - d. 1850)
                             (acting)
16 Oct 1830 - 31 Dec 1832  Werner Graf von Ventheim           (b. 1785 - d. 1860)
Ministers of State
31 Jan 1843 - 16 Mar 1848  Werner Graf von Ventheim           (s.a.)
16 Mar 1848 - 22 Mar 1848  Johann Georg Christian von Koch    (b. 1790 - d. 1861)
22 Mar 1848 -  3 Nov 1856  Wilhelm Johann Karl Heinrich
                             Freiherr von Schleinitz          (b. 1794 - d. 1856)
 3 Nov 1856 - 26 Nov 1861  August von Geyso                   (b. 1801 - d. 1861)
 1 Dec 1861 - 14 Oct 1874  Asche Burckhard Carl Ferdinand     (b. 1803 - d. 1874)
                             von Campe
14 Oct 1874 -  1 Oct 1883  Johann Christian Wilhelm Schulz    (b. 1806 - d. 1888)
 1 Oct 1883 - 22 Feb 1889  Wilhelm Otto Hans Görtz-Wrisberg   (b. 1819 - d. 1889)
 1 Apr 1889 -  1 May 1911  Albert von Otto                    (b. 1836 - d. 1921)
 1 May 1911 - 10 Jan 1914  Leonhard Christoph Adolf von       (b. 1849 - d. 1914)
                             Hartwieg
16 Jan 1914 -  8 Nov 1918  Karl Wolff                         (b. 1856 - d. 1935)

c.770                      Abbey of Buchau, then called "Bochaugie" (Stift Buchau).
1347                       Imperial immediacy (Reichsabtei Buchau) or Imperial Abbey of
                             Buchau on the Federsee (Reichsstift Buchau am Federsee).
1415                       Converted to secular foundation (Damenstift Buchau).
1447                       Abbesses also Princesses of the Empire (confirmed 1616). 
1625                       Lordship of Strassberg acquired.
 4 Dec 1802                Secularized and given to the Prince Karl Alexander von
                             Thurn und Taxis.
12 Jul 1806                Annexed to Württemburg; and former Stiftsherrschaft Strassberg 
                             to Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen.

Princess-Abbesses (title Fürstäbtissin zu Buchau)
1669 - 19 Aug 1692         Maria-Theresia I von Sultz         (b. 1634 - d. 1692) 
1692 - 14 Sep 1693         Maria-Franziska II Truchsess von   (b. 1630 - d. 1693) 
                             Waldburg-Zeil-Wurzach
14 Sep 1693 - 17 Nov 1742  Maria-Theresia II von Montfort     (b. 1663 - d. 1742) 
17 Dec 1742 - 13 Dec 1774  Maria Karolina von Reichsgräfin    (b. 1707 - d. 1774)
                             von Königsegg-Rothenfels
18 Jan 1775 -  4 Dec 1802  Maria Maximiliana von Stadion      (b. 1736 - d. 1818) 
                             zu Tannhausen und Warthausen
Prince (title Fürst von Thurn und Taxis, Fürst zu Buchau)
 4 Dec 1802 - 12 Jul 1806  Karl Alexander                     (b. 1770 - d. 1827)

Protectors of the Cisrhenian Republic
(French military commanders and Heads of the civil administration)
28 Aug 1797 - 19 Sep 1797  Louis Lazare Hoche               (b. 1768 - d. 1797)
Sep 1797 - Nov 1797        Pierre François Charles Augereau (b. 1757 - d. 1816)

Central Bureau (from 15 Sep 1797, Intermediary Commission [Commission intermédiaire])
 5 Sep 1797 - Nov 1797     Members
                           - Henri Shée (president)         (b. 1739 - d. 1820)
                           - Johann Nikolaus Becker         (b. 1773 - d. 1809)
                           - Johann Joseph Görres           (b. 1776 - d. 1848)
                           - Johann Jakob Haan              (b. 1754 - d. 1819)
                           - Johann Hugo Wyttenbach         (b. 1767 - d. 1848)
                           - Destez (C. Dester)
                              (French commissioner)
                              (to Nov 1797)
                           - Franz Georg Joseph von         (b. 1781 - d. 1818)
                               Lassaulx
                           - Johann Baptist Geich           (b. 1764 - d. 1824)
                           - Franz Gall                     (b. 1758 - d. 1828)
                           - Johann Heinrich Gerhards       (b. 1757 - d. 1826)
                           - Mathias Metternich             (b. 1747 - d. 1825)
                           - et. al.
General Commissioners of the Directory
 5 Nov 1797 - Feb 1799     François Joseph Rudler           (b. 1757 - d. 1837)
Mar 1799 - Aug 1799        J.J. Marquis
Aug 1799 - Dec 1799        Joseph Lakanal                   (b. 1762 - d. 1845)
22 Dec 1799 - Oct 1800     Henri Shée                       (s.a.)
Oct 1800 - Feb 1801        Jean-Baptiste Moïse Jollivet     (b. 1753 - d. 1818)
Feb 1801 - 23 Sep 1802     André Jean-Bon Saint-André       (b. 1749 - d. 1813)

1216                       Cologne (Köln) city council (rat) mentioned for first time.
Jul 1254 - 1256            Member of Rhineland League of Cities.
1260 - 1471                Member of Hanseatic League.
 5 Jun 1288                Bishops of Cologne are excluded from city administration, city of
                             the archbishop recognized the political independence of Cologne,
                             but reserved certain rights, notably the administration of
                             justice.
19 Nov 1367 - 1385         Part of the Confederation of Cologne against Denmark.
14 Sep 1396                Imperial City of Cologne (Reichsstadt Köln); two "succession
                             lines" can be distinguished (confirmed 1475).
1476 - 1669                Renewed member of Hanseatic League.
 6 Oct 1794                Occupied by France.
18 Oct 1797                Ceded to France.
 9 Mar 1801                Annexed to France, part of département Roer (see under Germany).
Feb 1814 - 1815            Allied occupation.
 8 Feb 1815                Annexed to Prussia (part of Rhine province).

Mayors (Bürgermeister)
- Line 1 -
24 Jun 1686 - 24 Jun 1687  Johann Jakob Huigen                (b. 16.. - d. 1701)
24 Jun 1687 - 24 Jun 1688  Bartholomäus Verhorst (1st time)   (b. 1625 - d. 1690)
24 Jun 1688 - 24 Jun 1689  Johann von Imstenrath (1st time)   (b. 1645 - d. 1711)
24 Jun 1689 - 24 Jun 1690  Hermann von Mylius (1st time)      (b. 1638 - d. 1698)
24 Jun 1690 - 24 Jun 1691  Peter Nikolaus von Krufft          (b. 1643 - d. 1727)
                             (1st time)
24 Jun 1691 - 24 Jun 1692  Johann von Imstenrath (2nd time)   (s.a.)
24 Jun 1692 - 24 Jun 1693  Hermann von Mylius (2nd time)      (s.a.)
24 Jun 1693 - 24 Jun 1694  Peter Nikolaus von Krufft          (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
24 Jun 1694 - 24 Jun 1695  Johann von Imstenrath (3rd time)   (s.a.)
24 Jun 1695 - 24 Jun 1696  Hermann von Mylius (3rd time)      (s.a.)
24 Jun 1696 - 24 Jun 1697  Peter Nikolaus von Krufft          (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)
24 Jun 1697 - 24 Jun 1698  Johann von Imstenrath (4th time)   (s.a.)
24 Jun 1698 - 24 Jun 1699  Hermann von Mylius (4th time)      (s.a.)
24 Jun 1699 - 24 Jun 1700  Peter Nikolaus von Krufft          (s.a.)
                             (4th time)
24 Jun 1700 - 24 Jun 1701  Johann von Imstenrath (5th time)   (s.a.)
24 Jun 1701 - 24 Jun 1702  Johann Ivo von den Hoevel          (b. 1654 - d. 1711)
                             (1st time)
24 Jun 1702 - 24 Jun 1703  Peter Nikolaus von Krufft          (s.a.)
                             (5th time)
24 Jun 1703 - 24 Jun 1704  Johann von Imstenrath (6th time)   (s.a.)
24 Jun 1704 - 24 Jun 1705  Johann Ivo von den Hoevel          (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
24 Jun 1705 - 24 Jun 1706  Peter Nikolaus von Krufft          (s.a.)
                             (6th time)
24 Jun 1706 - 24 Jun 1707  Johann von Imstenrath (7th time)   (s.a.)
24 Jun 1707 - 24 Jun 1708  Johann Ivo von den Hoevel          (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)
24 Jun 1708 - 24 Jun 1709  Peter Nikolaus von Krufft          (s.a.)
                             (7th time)
24 Jun 1709 - 24 Jun 1710  Johann von Imstenrath (8th time)   (s.a.)
24 Jun 1710 - 24 Jun 1711  Johann Ivo von den Hoevel          (s.a.)
                             (4th time)
24 Jun 1711 - 24 Jun 1712  Peter Nikolaus von Krufft          (s.a.)
                             (8th time)
24 Jun 1712 - 24 Jun 1713  Philipp Wilhelm von Möckel         (b. 1647 - d. 1722)
                             (1st time)
24 Jun 1713 - 24 Jun 1714  Franz de Groote (1st time)         (b. 1661 - d. 1721)
24 Jun 1714 - 24 Jun 1715  Peter Nikolaus von Krufft          (s.a.)
                             (9th time)
24 Jun 1715 - 24 Jun 1716  Philipp Wilhelm von Möckel         (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
24 Jun 1716 - 24 Jun 1717  Franz de Groote (2nd time)         (s.a.)
24 Jun 1717 - 24 Jun 1718  Peter Nikolaus von Krufft          (s.a.)
                             (10th time)
24 Jun 1718 - 24 Jun 1719  Philipp Wilhelm von Möckel         (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)
24 Jun 1719 - 24 Jun 1720  Franz de Groote (3rd time)         (s.a.)
24 Jun 1719 - 24 Jun 1720  Johann Heinrich von Wintzeler      (b. 1648 - d. 1721)
24 Jun 1720 - 24 Jun 1721  Peter Nikolaus von Krufft          (s.a.)
                             (11th time)
24 Jun 1721 - 23 Feb 1722  Philipp Wilhelm von Möckel         (s.a.)
                             (4th time)
24 Jun 1721 - 24 Jun 1722  Andreas von Weidenfeldt (1st time) (b. 1656 - d. 1733)
24 Jun 1722 - 24 Jun 1723  Hermann Joseph von Wedige(1st time)(b. 1668 - d. 1734)
24 Jun 1723 - 24 Jun 1724  Peter Nikolaus von Krufft          (s.a.)
                             (12th time)
24 Jun 1724 - 24 Jun 1725  Andreas von Weidenfeldt (2nd time) (s.a.)
24 Jun 1725 - 24 Jun 1726  Hermann Joseph von Wedige(2nd time)(s.a.)
24 Jun 1726 - 15 May 1727  Peter Nikolaus von Krufft          (s.a.)
                             (13th time)
May 1727 - 24 Jun 1727     Johann Arnold Joseph von Mylius    (b. 1676 - d. 1731)
24 Jun 1727 - 24 Jun 1728  Andreas von Weidenfeldt (3rd time) (s.a.)
24 Jun 1728 - 24 Jun 1729  Hermann Joseph von Wedige(3rd time)(s.a.)
24 Jun 1729 - 24 Jun 1730  Johann Peter von Herwegh (1st time)(b. 1686 - d. 1755)
                             (1st itme)
24 Jun 1730 - 24 Jun 1731  Andreas von Weidenfeldt (4th time) (s.a.)
24 Jun 1731 - 24 Jun 1732  Hermann Joseph von Wedige(4th time)(s.a.)
24 Jun 1732 - 24 Jun 1733  Johann Peter von Herwegh (2nd time)(s.a.)
24 Jun 1733 - 24 Jun 1734  Johann Nicolaus von Krufft         (b. 1678 - d. 1753)
                             (1st time)
24 Jun 1734 - 16 Jul 1734  Hermann Joseph von Wedige(5th time)(s.a.)
16 Jul 1734 - 24 Jun 1735  Franz Joseph von Herrestorff       (b. 1687 - d. 1771)
                             (1st time)
24 Jun 1735 - 24 Jun 1736  Johann Peter von Herwegh (3rd time)(s.a.)
24 Jun 1736 - 24 Jun 1737  Johann Nicolaus von Krufft         (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
24 Jun 1737 - 24 Jun 1738  Franz Joseph von Herrestorff       (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
24 Jun 1738 - 24 Jun 1739  Johann Peter von Herwegh (4th time)(s.a.)
24 Jun 1739 - 24 Jun 1740  Johann Nicolaus von Krufft         (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)
24 Jun 1740 - 24 Jun 1741  Franz Joseph von Herrestorff       (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)
24 Jun 1741 - 24 Jun 1742  Johann Peter von Herwegh (5th time)(s.a.)
24 Jun 1742 - 24 Jun 1743  Johann Nicolaus von Krufft         (s.a.)
                             (4th time)
24 Jun 1743 - 24 Jun 1744  Franz Joseph von Herrestorff       (s.a.)
                             (4th time)
24 Jun 1744 - 24 Jun 1745  Johann Peter von Herwegh (6th time)(s.a.)
24 Jun 1745 - 24 Jun 1746  Johann Nicolaus von Krufft         (s.a.)
                             (5th time)
24 Jun 1746 - 24 Jun 1747  Franz Joseph von Herrestorff       (s.a.)
                             (5th time)
24 Jun 1746 - 24 Jun 1747  Franz Caspar von Wymmar (1st time) (b. 1693 - d. 1772)
24 Jun 1747 - 24 Jun 1748  Johann Peter von Herwegh (7th time)(s.a.)
24 Jun 1748 - 24 Jun 1749  Johann Nicolaus von Krufft         (s.a.)
                             (6th time)
24 Jun 1749 - 24 Jun 1750  Franz Joseph von Herrestorff       (s.a.)
                             (6th time)
24 Jun 1750 - 24 Jun 1751  Johann Peter von Herwegh (8th time)(s.a.)
24 Jun 1751 - 24 Jun 1752  Johann Nicolaus von Krufft         (s.a.)
                             (7th time)
24 Jun 1752 - 24 Jun 1753  Franz Joseph von Herrestorff       (s.a.)
                             (7th time)
24 Jun 1753 - 24 Jun 1754  Johann Peter von Herwegh (9th time)(s.a.)
24 Jun 1754 - 24 Jun 1755  Johann Balthasar Joseph von        (b. 1701 - d. 1775)
                             Mülheim (1st time)
24 Jun 1754 - 30 Oct 1754  Melchior Rutger von Kerich         (b. 1696 - d. 1754)
1754 - 24 Jun 1755         Johann Heinrich Arnold von Mylius  (b. 1709 - d. 1774)
24 Jun 1755 - 24 Jun 1756  Franz Caspar von Wymmar (2nd time) (s.a.)
24 Jun 1756 - 24 Jun 1757  Johann Caspar Joseph zum Pütz      (b. 1708 - d. 1770)
                             (1st time)
24 Jun 1757 - 24 Jun 1758  Johann Balthasar Joseph von        (s.a.)
                             Mülheim (2nd time)
24 Jun 1758 - 24 Jun 1759  Franz Joseph von Herrestorff       (s.a.)
                             (8th time)
24 Jun 1759 - 24 Jun 1760  Johann Caspar Joseph zum Pütz      (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
24 Jun 1760 - 24 Jun 1761  Johann Balthasar Joseph von        (s.a.)
                             Mülheim (3rd time)
24 Jun 1761 - 24 Jun 1762  Franz Joseph von Herrestorff       (s.a.)
                             (9th time)
24 Jun 1762 - 24 Jun 1763  Johann Caspar Joseph zum Pütz      (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)
24 Jun 1763 - 24 Jun 1764  Johann Balthasar Joseph von        (s.a.)
                             Mülheim (4th time)
24 Jun 1764 - 24 Jun 1765  Franz Joseph von Herrestorff       (s.a.)
                             (10th time)
24 Jun 1765 - 24 Jun 1766  Johann Caspar Joseph zum Pütz      (s.a.)
                             (4th time)
24 Jun 1766 - 24 Jun 1767  Johann Balthasar Joseph von        (s.a.)
                             Mülheim (5th time)
24 Jun 1767 - 24 Jun 1768  Franz Joseph von Herrestorff       (s.a.)
                             (11th time)
24 Jun 1768 - 1769         Johann Caspar Joseph zum Pütz      (s.a.)
                             (5th time)
1769 - 24 Jun 1769         Evert Joseph von Herweg            (b. 1718 - d. 1777)
24 Jun 1769 - 24 Jun 1770  Johann Balthasar Joseph von        (s.a.)
                             Mülheim (6th time)
24 Jun 1770 - 24 Jun 1771  Franz Joseph von Herrestorff       (s.a.)
                             (12th time)
24 Jun 1771 - 24 Jun 1772  Maria Franz Jakob Gabriel de       (b. 1721 - d. 1792)
                             Groote (1st time)
24 Jun 1772 - 24 Jun 1773  Johann Balthasar Joseph von        (s.a.)
                             Mülheim (7th time)
24 Jun 1773 - 24 Jun 1774  Franz Caspar Joseph von            (b. 1737 - d. 1794)
                             Herrestorff (1st time)
24 Jun 1774 - 24 Jun 1775  Maria Franz Jakob Gabriel de       (b. 1721 - d. 1792)
                             Groote (1st time)
24 Jun 1775 - 24 Jun 1776  Johann Arnold Theodor Stattlohn    (b. 1720 - d. 1797)
                             (1st time)
24 Jun 1776 - 24 Jun 1777  Franz Caspar Joseph von            (s.a.)
                             Herrestorff (2nd time)
24 Jun 1777 - 24 Jun 1778  Maria Franz Jakob Gabriel de       (s.a.)
                             Groote (2nd time)
24 Jun 1778 - 24 Jun 1779  Johann Arnold Theodor Stattlohn    (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
24 Jun 1779 - 24 Jun 1780  Franz Caspar Joseph von            (s.a.)
                             Herrestorff (3rd time)
24 Jun 1780 - 24 Jun 1781  Maria Franz Jakob Gabriel de       (s.a.)
                             Groote (3rd time)
24 Jun 1781 - 24 Jun 1782  Johann Arnold Theodor Stattlohn    (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)
24 Jun 1782 - 24 Jun 1783  Franz Caspar Joseph von            (s.a.)
                             Herrestorff (4th time)
24 Jun 1783 - 24 Jun 1784  Maria Franz Jakob Gabriel de       (s.a.)
                             Groote (4th time)
24 Jun 1784 - 24 Jun 1785  Johann Arnold Theodor Stattlohn    (s.a.)
                             (4th time)
24 Jun 1785 - 24 Jun 1786  Franz Caspar Joseph von            (s.a.)
                             Herrestorff (5th time)
24 Jun 1786 - 24 Jun 1787  Maria Franz Jakob Gabriel de       (s.a.)
                             Groote (5th time)
24 Jun 1787 - 24 Jun 1788  Johann Arnold Theodor Stattlohn    (s.a.)
                             (5th time)
24 Jun 1788 - 24 Jun 1789  Johann Franz Friedrich von Beywegh (b. 1730 - d. 1790)
24 Jun 1789 - 24 Jun 1790  Johann Jakob Hermann Joseph von    (b. 1754 - d. 1823)
                             Wittgenstein (1st time)
24 Jun 1790 - 24 Jun 1791  Johann Arnold Theodor Stattlohn    (s.a.)
                             (6th time)
24 Jun 1791 - 24 Jun 1792  Franz Caspar Joseph von            (s.a.)
                             Herrestorff (6th time)
24 Jun 1792 - 24 Jun 1793  Johann Jakob Hermann Joseph von    (s.a.)
                             Wittgenstein (2nd time)
24 Jun 1793 - 24 Jun 1794  Johann Arnold Theodor Stattlohn    (s.a.)
                             (7th time)
24 Jun 1794 - 11 Dec 1794  Franz Caspar Joseph von            (s.a.)
                             Herrestorff (7th time)
Dec 1794 - 24 Jun 1795     Johann Nicolaus Dumont             (b. 1743 - d. 1816)
24 Jun 1795 - May 1796     Johann Jakob Hermann Joseph von    (s.a.)
                             Wittgenstein (3rd time)
- Line 2 -
24 Jun 1687 - 24 Jun 1688  Johann von Hounthumb (1st time)    (b. 1634 - d. 1698)
24 Jun 1688 - 24 Jun 1689  Philipp Wilhelm von Möckel         (s.a.)
                             (1st time)
24 Jun 1689 - 24 Jun 1690  Johann Jakob Huigen (1st time)     (s.a.)
24 Jun 1690 - 24 Jun 1691  Johann von Hounthumb (2nd time)    (s.a.)
24 Jun 1691 - 24 Jun 1692  Philipp Wilhelm von Möckel         (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
24 Jun 1692 - 24 Jun 1693  Johann Jakob Huigen (2nd time)     (s.a.)
24 Jun 1693 - 24 Jun 1694  Johann von Hounthumb (3rd time)    (s.a.)
24 Jun 1694 - 24 Jun 1695  Philipp Wilhelm von Möckel         (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)
24 Jun 1695 - 24 Jun 1696  Johann Jakob Huigen (3rd time)     (s.a.)
24 Jun 1696 - 24 Jun 1697  Johann von Hounthumb (4th time)    (s.a.)
24 Jun 1697 - 24 Jun 1698  Philipp Wilhelm von Möckel         (s.a.)
                             (4th time)
24 Jun 1698 - 24 Jun 1699  Johann Jakob Huigen (4th time)     (s.a.)
24 Jun 1699 - 24 Jun 1700  Johann Balthasar von Mülheim       (b. 1650 - d. 1702)
24 Jun 1700 - 24 Jun 1701  Philipp Wilhelm von Möckel         (s.a.)
                             (5th time)
24 Jun 1701 -  6 Oct 1701  Johann Jakob Huigen (5th time)     (s.a.)
Oct 1701 - 24 Jun 1702     Johann zum Pütz (1st time)         (b. 1651 - d. 1708)
24 Jun 1702 - 24 Jun 1703  Johann Arnold von Beywegh          (b. 1659 - d. 1716)
                             (1st time)
24 Jun 1703 - 24 Jun 1704  Philipp Wilhelm von Möckel         (s.a.)
                             (6th time)
24 Jun 1704 - 24 Jun 1705  Johann zum Pütz (2nd time)         (s.a.)
24 Jun 1705 - 24 Jun 1706  Johann Arnold von Beywegh          (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
24 Jun 1706 - 24 Jun 1707  Philipp Wilhelm von Möckel         (s.a.)
                             (7th time)
24 Jun 1707 - 24 Jun 1708  Johann zum Pütz (3rd time)         (s.a.)
24 Jun 1708 - 24 Jun 1709  Johann Arnold von Beywegh          (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)
24 Jun 1709 - 24 Jun 1710  Philipp Wilhelm von Möckel         (s.a.)
                             (8th time)
24 Jun 1710 - 24 Jun 1711  Hendrich von Junckerstorff         (b. 1659 - d. 1716)
                             (1st time)
24 Jun 1711 - 24 Jun 1712  Johann Arnold von Beywegh          (s.a.)
                             (4th time)
24 Jun 1712 - 24 Jun 1713  Andreas von Weidenfeldt (1st time) (s.a.)
24 Jun 1713 - 24 Jun 1714  Hendrich von Junckerstorff         (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
24 Jun 1714 - 24 Jun 1715  Johann Arnold von Beywegh          (s.a.)
                             (5th time)
24 Jun 1715 - 24 Jun 1716  Andreas von Weidenfeldt (2nd time) (s.a.)
24 Jun 1716 - 24 Jun 1717  Johann Heinrich von Wintzeler      (s.a.)
                             (1st time)
24 Jun 1717 - 24 Jun 1718  Theodor Dullmann                   (b. 1654 - d. 1720)
24 Jun 1718 - 24 Jun 1719  Andreas von Weidenfeldt (3rd time) (s.a.)
24 Jun 1719 - 24 Jun 1720  Johann Heinrich von Wintzeler      (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
24 Jun 1720 - 24 Jun 1721  Johann Peter von Herwegh (1st time)(s.a.)
24 Jun 1721 - 24 Jun 1722  Andreas von Weidenfeldt (4th time) (s.a.)
24 Jun 1722 - 24 Jun 1723  Nicolaus de Groote (1st time)      (b. 1671 - d. 1739)
24 Jun 1723 - 24 Jun 1724  Johann Peter von Herwegh (2nd time)(s.a.)
24 Jun 1724 - 24 Jun 1726  Nicolaus de Groote (2nd time)      (s.a.)
24 Jun 1726 - 24 Jun 1727  Johann Peter von Herwegh (3rd time)(s.a.)
24 Jun 1727 - 24 Jun 1728  Johann Nicolaus von Krufft         (s.a.)
                             (1st time)
24 Jun 1728 - 24 Jun 1729  Nicolaus de Groote (3rd time)      (s.a.)
24 Jun 1729 - 24 Jun 1730  Johann Arnold Joseph von Mylius    (s.a.)
24 Jun 1730 - 24 Jun 1731  Johann Nicolaus von Krufft         (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
24 Jun 1731 - 24 Jun 1732  Nicolaus de Groote (4th time)      (s.a.)
24 Jun 1732 - 24 Jun 1733  Ferdinand Joseph von Beywegh       (b. 1688 - d. 1756)
                             (1st time)
24 Jun 1733 - 24 Jun 1734  Melchior Rutger von Kerich         (s.a.)
                             (1st time)
24 Jun 1734 - 24 Jun 1735  Nicolaus de Groote (5th time)      (s.a.)
24 Jun 1735 - 24 Jun 1736  Ferdinand Joseph von Beywegh       (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
24 Jun 1736 - 24 Jun 1737  Johann Nicolaus von Krufft         (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)
24 Jun 1737 - 24 Jun 1738  Franz Joseph von Herrestorff       (s.a.)
                             (1st time)
24 Jun 1738 - 24 Jun 1739  Ferdinand Joseph von Beywegh       (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)
24 Jun 1739 - 24 Jun 1740  Melchior Rutger von Kerich         (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
24 Jun 1740 - 24 Jun 1741  Franz Caspar von Wymmar (1st time) (s.a.)
24 Jun 1741 - 24 Jun 1742  Ferdinand Joseph von Beywegh       (s.a.)
                             (4th time)
24 Jun 1742 - 24 Jun 1743  Melchior Rutger von Kerich         (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)
24 Jun 1743 - 24 Jun 1744  Franz Caspar von Wymmar (2nd time) (s.a.)
24 Jun 1744 - 24 Jun 1745  Ferdinand Joseph von Beywegh       (s.a.)
                             (5th time)
24 Jun 1745 - 24 Jun 1746  Melchior Rutger von Kerich         (s.a.)
                             (4th time)
24 Jun 1746 - 24 Jun 1747  Franz Caspar von Wymmar (3rd time) (s.a.)
24 Jun 1747 - 24 Jun 1748  Ferdinand Joseph von Beywegh       (s.a.)
                             (6th time)
24 Jun 1748 - 24 Jun 1749  Melchior Rutger von Kerich         (s.a.)
                             (5th time)
24 Jun 1749 - 24 Jun 1750  Franz Caspar von Wymmar (4th time) (s.a.)
24 Jun 1750 - 24 Jun 1751  Ferdinand Joseph von Beywegh       (s.a.)
                             (7th time)
24 Jun 1751 - 24 Jun 1752  Melchior Rutger von Kerich         (s.a.)
                             (6th time)
24 Jun 1752 - 24 Jun 1753  Franz Caspar von Wymmar (5th time) (s.a.)
24 Jun 1753 - 24 Jun 1754  Ferdinand Joseph von Beywegh       (s.a.)
                             (8th time)
24 Jun 1754 - 30 Oct 1754  Melchior Rutger von Kerich         (s.a.)
                             (7th time)
1754 - 24 Jun 1755         Johann Heinrich Arnold von Mylius  (s.a.)
                             (1st time)
24 Jun 1755 - 24 Jun 1756  Franz Caspar von Wymmar (6th time) (s.a.)
24 Jun 1756 - 24 Jun 1757  Maria Franz Jakob Gabriel de       (s.a.)
                             Groote (1st time)
24 Jun 1757 - 24 Jun 1758  Johann Heinrich Arnold von Mylius  (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
24 Jun 1758 - 24 Jun 1759  Franz Caspar von Wymmar (7th time) (s.a.)
24 Jun 1759 - 24 Jun 1760  Maria Franz Jakob Gabriel de       (s.a.)
                             Groote (2nd time)
24 Jun 1760 - 24 Jun 1761  Johann Heinrich Arnold von Mylius  (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)
24 Jun 1761 - 24 Jun 1762  Franz Caspar von Wymmar (8th time) (s.a.)
24 Jun 1762 - 24 Jun 1763  Maria Franz Jakob Gabriel de       (s.a.)
                             Groote (3rd time)
24 Jun 1763 - 24 Jun 1764  Johann Heinrich Arnold von Mylius  (s.a.)
                             (4th time)
24 Jun 1764 - 24 Jun 1765  Franz Caspar von Wymmar (9th time) (s.a.)
24 Jun 1765 - 24 Jun 1766  Maria Franz Jakob Gabriel          (s.a.)
                             Groote (4th time)
24 Jun 1766 - 24 Jun 1767  Johann Heinrich Arnold von Mylius  (s.a.)
                             (4th time)
24 Jun 1767 - 24 Jun 1768  Franz Caspar von Wymmar (10th time)(s.a.)
24 Jun 1768 - 24 Jun 1769  Maria Franz Jakob Gabriel de       (s.a.)
                             Groote (5th time)
24 Jun 1769 - 24 Jun 1770  Johann Heinrich Arnold von Mylius  (s.a.)
                             (5th time)
24 Jun 1770 - 24 Jun 1771  Franz Caspar von Wymmar (11th time)(s.a.)
24 Jun 1771 - 24 Jun 1772  Evert Joseph von Herweg (1st time) (s.a.)
24 Jun 1772 - 24 Jun 1773  Johann Heinrich Arnold von Mylius  (s.a.)
                             (6th time)
24 Jun 1773 - 24 Jun 1774  Everhard Joseph Melchior zum Pütz  (b. 1714 - d. 1777)
                             (1st time)
24 Jun 1774 - 24 Jun 1775  Evert Joseph von Herweg (2nd time) (s.a.)
24 Jun 1775 - 24 Jun 1776  Johann Nikolaus Ferdinand Joseph   (b. 1742 - d. 1786)
                             von Kerich (1st time)
24 Jun 1776 -  7 Mar 1777  Everhard Joseph Melchior zum Pütz  (b. 1714 - d. 1777)
24 Jun 1777 - 1777?        Evert Joseph von Herweg (3rd time) (s.a.)
24 Jun 1778 - 24 Jun 1779  Johann Nikolaus Ferdinand Joseph   (s.a.)
                            von Kerich (2nd time)
24 Jun 1779 - 24 Jun 1780  Johann Franz Friedrich von Beywegh (s.a.)
                             (1st time)
24 Jun 1780 - 24 Jun 1781  Melchior Dietmar von Wittgenstein  (b. 1720 - d. 1784)
                             (1st time)
24 Jun 1781 - 24 Jun 1782  Johann Nikolaus Ferdinand Joseph   (s.a.)
                             von Kerich (3rd time)
24 Jun 1782 - 24 Jun 1783  Johann Franz Friedrich von Beywegh (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
24 Jun 1783 - 24 Jun 1784  Melchior Dietmar von Wittgenstein  (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
24 Jun 1784 - 24 Jun 1785  Johann Nikolaus Ferdinand Joseph   (s.a.)
                             von Kerich (4th time)
24 Jun 1785 - 24 Jun 1786  Johann Franz Friedrich von Beywegh (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)
24 Jun 1786 - 24 Jun 1787  Johann Jakob Hermann Joseph von    (s.a.)
                             Wittgenstein (1st time)
24 Jun 1787 - 24 Jun 1788  Franz Jakob Joseph von Hilgers     (b. 1745 - d. 1821)
                             (1st time)
24 Jun 1788 - 24 Jun 1789  Johann Franz Friedrich von Beywegh (s.a.)
                             (4th time)
24 Jun 1789 - 24 Jun 1790  Johann Jakob Hermann Joseph von    (s.a.)
                             Wittgenstein (2nd time)
24 Jun 1790 - 24 Jun 1791  Franz Jakob Joseph von Hilgers     (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
24 Jun 1791 - 24 Jun 1792  Reiner Joseph Anton von Klespé     (b. 1744 - d. 1818)
                             (1st time)
24 Jun 1792 - 24 Jun 1793  Heinrich Josef von Groote          (b. 1762 - d. 1823)
                             (1st time)
24 Jun 1793 - 24 Jun 1794  Franz Jakob Joseph von Hilgers     (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)
24 Jun 1794 - 24 Jun 1795  Reiner Joseph Anton von Klespé     (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
24 Jun 1795 - 28 May 1796  Heinrich Josef von Groote          (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
Mayors (Bürgermeister)
- Line 1 -
28 May 1796 - 23 Jun 1797  Johann Jakob Hermann Joseph von    (s.a.)
                             Wittgenstein (4th time)
                           (president of the municipal council to 21 Mar 1797)
23 Jun 1797 -  5 Sep 1797  Franz Jakob Joseph von Hilgers     (s.a.)
- Line 2 -
21 Mar 1797 - 23 Jun 1797  Heinrich Josef von Groote          (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)
23 Jun 1797 - 23 Jul 1797  Johann Arnold Theodor Stattlohn    (s.a.)
23 Jul 1797 -  5 Sep 1797  Goswin Joseph Anton von Heinsberg  (b. 1766 - d. 1830)
Presidents of the Magistrate (Präsident des Magistrats)
 5 Sep 1797 - 16 Sep 1797  Maximilian von Kempis (acting)     (b. 1757 - d. 1823)
16 Sep 1797 -  8 Apr 1798  Peter Joseph Zurhoven              (b. 1765 - d. 1839)  
Presidents of the Municipality (Präsident der Munizipalität)
 9 Apr 1798 - 18 Dec 1798  Johann Baptist Fuchs               (b. 1757 - d. 1827)
18 Dec 1798 - 25 Dec 1799  Gerhard Engelbert Simons (1st time)
Mayors (Bürgermeister)
25 Dec 1799 - 17 Feb 1800  Friedrich Heinrich Herstatt        (b. 1771 - d. 1816)
                             (1st time)(provisional)  
17 Feb 1800 - 30 Apr 1801  Gerhard Engelbert Simons (2nd time)
30 Apr 1801 -  3 Apr 1803  Johann Peter Kramer                (b. 1766 - d. 1803)
 3 Apr 1803 - 18 Aug 1803  Friedrich Heinrich Herstatt        (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
                           + Johann Bernhard Boisserée        (b. 1773 - d. 1845)
                           (acting)