States of Germany since 1918

Note: Some states have both a civil flag (Landesflagge) and a state flag (Landesdienstflagge). State flags (and anthems) were abolished 15 Sep 1935 - May 1945. The federal structure of Germany was practically eliminated, state constitutions were made inapplicable and individual designations of states (Free State, Free City, People's State, etc.) were abandoned 30 Jan 1934 – 1945. Prussian provinces 1945 - 1947 are recorded under successor states. 

Capital: Dessau

State Anthem "Dessauer Marsch" (Dessau March) (unofficial)

Population: 436,200 (1939)

Constitution (18 Jul 1919)

12 Nov 1918                Free State of Anhalt (Freistaat Anhalt).
30 Jan 1934                State of Anhalt (Land Anhalt).
Apr 1945 - Jul 1945        U.S. occupation.
Jul 1945 - 20 Sep 1955     Part of Soviet occupation zone.
 9 Jul 1945                Merged into Sachsen-Anhalt.

Ministers of State
 8 Nov 1918 - 14 Nov 1918  Max Gutknecht                      (b. 1876 - d. 1935)  Non-party
14 Nov 1918 - 23 Jul 1919  Wolfgang Heine                     (b. 1861 - d. 1944)  SDP
23 Jul 1919 -  9 Jul 1924  Heinrich Deist (1st time)          (b. 1874 - d. 1962)  SPD
 9 Jul 1924 - 25 Nov 1924  R. Willi Knorr                     (b. 1878 - d. 1937)  DNVP
25 Nov 1924 - 21 May 1932  Heinrich Deist (2nd time)          (s.a.)               SPD
21 May 1932 -  8 Jan 1940  Alfred Freyberg                    (b. 1892 - d. 1945)  NSDAP
 5 May 1933 - 23 Oct 1935  Friedrich Wilhelm Loeper           (b. 1883 - d. 1935)  NSDAP
                             (Reichsstatthalter)
29 Nov 1935 - 19 Apr 1937  Fritz Sauckel                      (b. 1894 - d. 1946)  NSDAP
                             (acting Reichsstatthalter)
 8 Jan 1940 - Apr 1945     Rudolf Jordan                      (b. 1902 - d. 1988)  NSDAP
                             (also Reichsstatthalter from 19 Apr 1937)
Leader of State Administration
May 1945 - Jul 1945        Heinrich Deist                     (s.a.)               Non-party

Capital: Karlsruhe (Freiburg 1945-1952)

State Anthem "Badner Lied" (Song of Baden) (unofficial)

Population: 1,197,100  (1951),  2,502,000 (1939)

Constitution  (21 Mar 1919; 28 May 1947)

 

22 Nov 1918                Republic of Baden (Republik Baden); in latter official (but non-
                             constitutional) use usually - Free State of Baden (Freistaat
                             Baden).
30 Jan 1934                State of Baden (Land Baden).
Apr 1945 -  5 May 1955     French occupation.
13 Jul 1945                Divided into two parts: northern part merged into Württemberg-Baden
                             and southern part (referred to as South Baden [Südbaden])
                             remained the State of Baden (Land Baden).

 7 Sep 1949                Part of the Federal Republic of Germany.

25 Apr 1952                Merged into Baden-Württemberg.

21 Apr 1945 -  5 May 1955  French occupation.
 8 Jul 1945 -  5 May 1955  Northern part transferred to the U.S. occupation zone.
25 Apr 1952                Southwest State (Südweststaat) constituted by the merger of
                             Baden, Württemberg-Baden, and Württemberg-Hohenzollern.
15 May 1952                State of Baden-Württemberg (Land Baden-Württemberg)

Minister-presidents
25 Apr 1952 - 30 Sep 1953  Reinhold Otto Maier                (b. 1889 - d. 1971)  FDP/DVP
30 Sep 1953 - 17 Dec 1958  Gebhard Müller                     (b. 1900 - d. 1990)  CDU
17 Dec 1958 -  1 Dec 1966  Kurt Georg Kiesinger               (b. 1904 - d. 1988)  CDU
 1 Dec 1966 - 16 Dec 1966  Wolfgang Haussmann (acting)        (b. 1903 - d. 1989)  FDP/DVP
16 Dec 1966 - 30 Aug 1978  Hans Karl Filbinger                (b. 1913 - d. 2007)  CDU
30 Aug 1978 - 22 Jan 1991  Lothar Späth                       (b. 1937 - d. 2016)  CDU
22 Jan 1991 - 20 Apr 2005  Erwin Teufel                       (b. 1939)            CDU
21 Apr 2005 -  9 Feb 2010  Günther Hermann Oettinger          (b. 1953)            CDU
10 Feb 2010 - 12 May 2011  Stefan Mappus                      (b. 1966)            CDU
12 May 2011 -              Winfried Kretschmann               (b. 1948)            Grn

 8 Nov 1918                People's State of Bavaria (Volksstaat Bayern).
 4 Jan 1919                Republic of Bavaria (Republik Bayern), named by the first
                             Provisional State Fundamental Law.
17 Mar 1919                Free State of Bavaria (Freistaat Bayern), named by the second
                             Provisional State Fundamental Law.
 7 Apr 1919 -  2 May 1919  Bavarian Soviet Republic or "Conciliar" Republic of
                             Bavaria (Bayerische Räterepublik), in rebellion.
30 Jan 1934                State of Bavaria (Land Bayern).
Apr 1945 -  5 May 1955     U.S. occupation.
 2 Dec 1946                Free State of Bavaria (Freistaat Bayern).
 7 Sep 1949                Part of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Minister-presidents
 8 Nov 1918 - 21 Feb 1919  Kurt Eisner                        (b. 1867 - d. 1919)  USPD 
21 Feb 1919 - 14 Mar 1920  Johannes Hoffmann                  (b. 1867 - d. 1930)  SPD
                             (acting to 15 Mar 1919, in Bamberg 7 Apr - 2 May 1919)
 4 Mar 1919 - 15 Mar 1919  Martin Segitz (acting)             (b. 1853 - d. 1927)  SDP
                             (in opposition, not recognized by the Diet) 
14 Mar 1920 - 16 Mar 1920  Karl Freiherr von Freyberg (acting)(b. 1866 - d. 1940)  BVP
16 Mar 1920 - 21 Sep 1921  Gustav Ritter von Kahr             (b. 1862 - d. 1934)  BVP
21 Sep 1921 -  8 Nov 1922  Hugo Graf von und zu Lerchenfeld   (b. 1871 - d. 1944)  BVP
                             auf Köfering und Schönberg
 8 Nov 1922 - 28 Jun 1924  Eugen Ritter von Knilling          (b. 1865 - d. 1927)  BVP 
26 Sep 1923 - 16 Feb 1924  Gustav Ritter von Kahr             (s.a.)               BVP
                             (Staatskommissar)
27 Sep 1923 - 23 Oct 1923  Otto von Lossow (Reichskommissar)  (b. 1868 - d. 1938)  Mil
 8 Nov 1923 -  9 Nov 1923  Ernst Pöhner                       (b. 1870 - d. 1925)  NSDAP
                             (appointed by Hitler, in rebellion)
28 Jun 1924 - 16 Mar 1933  Heinrich Held                      (b. 1868 - d. 1938)  BVP
16 Mar 1933 - 12 Apr 1933  Franz Xaver Ritter von Epp         (b. 1868 - d. 1946)  NSDAP
                            (also Reichskommissar 9-16 Mar 1933 and 
                             Reichsstatthalter 10 Apr 1933 - 29 Apr 1945)
12 Apr 1933 -  1 Nov 1942  Ludwig Siebert                     (b. 1874 - d. 1942)  NSDAP
 2 Nov 1942 - 28 Apr 1945  Paul Giesler                       (b. 1895 - d. 1945)  NSDAP
28 Apr 1945 - 28 May 1945  Vacant
28 May 1945 - 28 Sep 1945  Fritz Schäffer                     (b. 1888 - d. 1967)  Non-party
28 Sep 1945 - 21 Dec 1946  Wilhelm Hoegner (1st time)         (b. 1887 - d. 1980)  SPD
21 Dec 1946 - 14 Dec 1954  Hans Ehard (1st time)              (b. 1887 - d. 1980)  CSU
14 Dec 1954 - 16 Oct 1957  Wilhelm Hoegner (2nd time)         (s.a.)               SPD
16 Oct 1957 - 26 Jan 1960  Franz "Hanns" Wendelin Seidel      (b. 1901 - d. 1961)  CSU
26 Jan 1960 - 11 Dec 1962  Hans Ehard (2nd time)              (s.a.)               CSU
11 Dec 1962 -  6 Nov 1978  Alfons Goppel                      (b. 1905 - d. 1991)  CSU
 6 Nov 1978 -  3 Oct 1988  Franz Josef Strauss                (b. 1915 - d. 1988)  CSU
 3 Oct 1988 - 28 May 1993  Max Balthasar Streibl              (b. 1932 - d. 1998)  CSU
                             (acting to 19 Oct 1998)
28 May 1993 -  9 Oct 2007  Edmund Rüdiger Stoiber             (b. 1941)            CSU
 9 Oct 2007 - 27 Oct 2008  Günther Beckstein                  (b. 1943)            CSU
27 Oct 2008 - 13 Mar 2018  Horst Lorenz Seehofer              (b. 1949)            CSU
14 Mar 2018 - 16 Mar 2018  Barbara Stamm (f)                  (b. 1944)            CSU
                           + Ilse Aigner (f)                  (b. 1964)            CSU
                           (acting)
16 Mar 2018 -              Markus Söder                       (b. 1967)            CSU

 7 Apr 1919 -  2 May 1919  Bavarian Soviet ("Conciliar") Republic
                             (Bayerische Räterepublik), in Munich rebellion.

Chairmen of the Workers' and Soldiers' Central Council (in Munich)
 7 Apr 1919 -  8 Apr 1919  Ernst Karl August Niekisch         (b. 1889 - d. 1967)  USPD
 8 Apr 1919 - 14 Apr 1919  Ernst Toller                       (b. 1893 - d. 1939)  USPD
Chairmen of the Executive Council (in Munich)
14 Apr 1919 - 27 Apr 1919  Eugen Leviné (Niessen)             (b. 1883 - d. 1919)  KPD
                           + Max Levien                       (b. 1885 - d. 1937)  KPD
27 Apr 1919 - 28 Apr 1919  Ernst Toller                       (s.a.)               USPD
29 Apr 1919 -  2 May 1919  Rudolf Eglhofer                    (b. 1896 - d. 1919)  Mil/KPD
                             (commander-in-chief of the Red Army)

 1 Dec 1918 - 30 Jun 1930  French occupation of Bavarian Palatinate as part of the Allied
                             occupation of the Rhineland.        
 1 Jun 1919 - fall 1919    Failed attempt at declaring a Palatine Republic (Pfälzische
                             Republik) in rebellion for the detachment of Bavarian Palatinate
                             from Bavaria (supported by French occupation forces).
12 Nov 1923 - 17 Feb 1924  Palatinate Republic in the Association of the Rhenish Republic
                             (Pfälzische Republik im Verbande der Rheinischen Republik)
                             proclaimed, in rebellion against Bavarian government (supported
                             by French occupation forces).
 8 Apr 1940 - Mar 1945     Palatinate is de facto separated from Bavaria by merging its
                             administration with that of Saarland into Saarpfalz.
10 May 1945                Part of Saar-Pfalz-Rheinhessen (from 30 Aug 1946, Rhineland-Pfalz).
20 Mar 1945 - Jul 1945     U.S. occupation.
Jul 1945 -  5 May 1955     Part of French occupation zone.

President
 1 Jun 1919 - Oct? 1919    Eberhard Haas (in rebellion)       (b. 1872 - d. 19..)  FPB
Chairmen of the Government of the Autonomous Palatinate (in rebellion)
12 Nov 1923 -  9 Jan 1924  Franz Josef Heinz-Orbis            (b. 1884 - d. 1924)  DVP
 9 Jan 1924 - 17 Feb 1924  Adolf Bley                         (b. 1874 - d. 1951)  USPD

Director of the Bavarian Central Office for Palatine Affairs
(in Mannheim; from 1921, Heidelberg)
 4 Jun 1919 - 10 May 1924  August Ritter von Eberlein         (b. 1877 - d. 1949)  Mil Regierungspräsidenten of the Pfalz
 1 Apr 1918 - 31 May 1919  Theodor von Winterstein            (b. 1861 - d. 1945)
31 May 1919 -  5 Jun 1919  Lorenz Wappes                      (b. 1860 - d. 1952)
 5 Jun 1919 - 23 Jan 1923  Friedrich von Chlingensperg        (b. 1860 - d. 1944)
24 Jan 1923 - 30 Jun 1928  Jakob Mathèus                      (b. 1862 - d. 1946)
 1 Jul 1928 - 31 May 1932  Theodor Pfülf                      (b. 1866 - d. 1953)
 1 Jun 1932 - 30 Sep 1933  Ludwig Osthelder                   (b. 1877 - d. 1954)  BVP
 1 Oct 1933 -  3 May 1934  Franz Röder (provisional)          (b. 1873 - d. 19..)  NSDAP
 3 May 1934 - 20 Jun 1934  Richard Imbt                       (b. 1900 - d. 1987)  NSDAP
 1 Aug 1934 -  8 Apr 1940  Friedrich Wenner (1st time)        (b. 1876 - d. 1955)  NSDAP
 1 Sep 1939 -  8 Apr 1940  Karl Barth                         (b. 1896 - d. 1962)  NSDAP
                             (did not take office)
 8 Apr 1940 - Mar 1945     office merged with Saarland into Saarpfalz (later Westmark)
 8 Apr 1941 - 30 Nov 1943  Friedrich Wenner (2nd time)        (s.a.)               NSDAP
                             (did not take office)

(West) Berlin
 

Capital: Berlin	Population: 3,711,930 (2017) 4,013,588 (1925) West Berlin: 2,013,000 (1987)	West Berlin Ethnic groups:  German 87%,  foreign (mostly Turkish and Croat) 13% (1982)
West Berlin Police: 20,446 (1989) (incl. civilian personnel)	West Berlin GDP: 55.2 billion  DEM (1982) ----------------------------------- State Anthem  "Berliner Luft" (Berlin Air) (unofficial)	West Berlin Religions: Protestant  (mostly Lutheran) 70%, Roman  Catholic 12%, other/ none 18% (1970)
Map of West Berlin	Allied Sectors Map 1945-1990	City Constitution (13 Aug 1946; 1 Oct 1950 - 23 Nov 1995; 23 Nov 1995)

American Sector

City Commandants (U.S. Commanders, Berlin)
 4 Jul 1945 -  2 Sep 1945  Floyd Lavinius Parks               (b. 1896 - d. 1959)
 3 Sep 1945 - 10 Oct 1945  James Maurice Gavin                (b. 1907 - d. 1990)
11 Oct 1945 -  1 May 1946  Ray Wehnes Barker                  (b. 1889 - d. 1974)
 1 May 1946 - 13 May 1947  Frank Augustus Keating             (b. 1895 - d. 1973)
14 May 1947 - 23 Sep 1947  Cornelius Edward Ryan              (b. 1896 - d. 1972)
24 Sep 1947 - 30 Nov 1947  William Hesketh                    (b. 1895 - d. 1986)
 1 Dec 1947 - 31 Aug 1949  Frank Leo "Howlin" Howley          (b. 1903 - d. 1993)
31 Aug 1949 - 31 Jan 1951  Maxwell Davenport Taylor           (b. 1901 - d. 1987)
 1 Feb 1951 -  2 Jan 1953  Lemuel Mathewson                   (b. 1889 - d. 1970)
 3 Jan 1953 -  4 Aug 1954  Thomas Sherman Timberman           (b. 1900 - d. 1989)
 5 Aug 1954 -  9 Sep 1955  George Honnen                      (b. 1897 - d. 1974)
10 Sep 1955 -  3 Jun 1957  Charles Lanier Dasher              (b. 1900 - d. 1968)
 4 Jun 1957 - 15 Dec 1959  Barksdale Hamlett, Jr.             (b. 1908 - d. 1979)
20 Dec 1959 -  3 May 1961  Ralph Morris Osborne               (b. 1903 - d. 1991)
 4 May 1961 -  2 Jan 1963  Albert Watson II                   (b. 1909 - d. 1993)
 2 Jan 1963 - 31 Aug 1964  James Hilliard Polk                (b. 1911 - d. 1972)
 1 Sep 1964 -  3 Jun 1967  John Francis Franklin, Jr.         (b. 1911 - d. 1990)
 3 Jun 1967 - 28 Feb 1970  Robert George Fergusson            (b. 1911 - d. 2001)
28 Feb 1970 - 12 May 1971  George Marion Seignious II         (b. 1921 - d. 2005)
12 May 1971 - 10 Jun 1974  William Warren Cobb                (b. 1917 - d. 2007)
10 Jun 1974 - 11 Aug 1975  Sam Sims Walker                    (b. 1925 - d. 2015)
11 Aug 1975 -  7 Jun 1978  Joseph Corbett McDonough           (b. 1924 - d. 2005)
 7 Jun 1978 -  5 Jul 1981  Calvert Potter Benedict            (b. 1924 - d. 2011)
 5 Jul 1981 - 27 Jun 1984  James Gowen Boatner                (b. 1930 - d. 2017)
27 Jun 1984 -  1 Jun 1988  John Henderson Mitchell            (b. 1933 - d. 2013)
 1 Jun 1988 -  2 Oct 1990  Raymond Earl Haddock               (b. 1936)

City Commandants (General Officers Commanding, Berlin [British Sector])
 5 Jul 1945 - 30 Aug 1945  Lewis Owen Lyne                    (b. 1899 - d. 1970)
30 Aug 1945 - 13 Jun 1947  Eric Paytherus Nares               (b. 1892 - d. 1947)
13 Jun 1947 - 23 Jan 1949  Edwin Otway Herbert                (b. 1901 - d. 1984)
23 Jan 1949 - 24 Oct 1951  Geoffrey Kemp Bourne               (b. 1902 - d. 1982)
24 Oct 1951 - 13 Mar 1954  Cyril Frederick Charles Coleman    (b. 1903 - d. 1974)
13 Mar 1954 - 30 Apr 1955  William Pasfield Oliver            (b. 1901 - d. 1981)
 1 May 1955 - 23 Mar 1956  Robert Charles Cottrell-Hill       (b. 1903 - d. 1965) 
 6 Feb 1956 - 23 Mar 1956  .... (acting [for Cottrell-Hill])
23 Mar 1956 - 20 Mar 1959  Francis David Rome                 (b. 1905 - d. 1985)
23 Mar 1959 -  3 May 1962  Rohan Delacombe                    (b. 1906 - d. 1991)
                             (from 10 Jun 1961, Sir Rohan Delacombe) 
 4 May 1962 -  7 Dec 1962  Claude Ian Hurley Dunbar           (b. 1909 - d. 1971)
 7 Dec 1962 - 28 Jan 1966  David Peel-Yates                   (b. 1911 - d. 1978)
28 Jan 1966 -  7 Mar 1968  Sir Eustace John Blois Nelson      (b. 1912 - d. 1993)
 7 Mar 1968 - 19 Nov 1970  Francis James Cecil Bowes-Lyon     (b. 1917 - d. 1977)
19 Nov 1970 -  2 Aug 1973  Alan Cathcart, Earl Cathcart       (b. 1919 - d. 1999)
 2 Aug 1973 - 29 Nov 1975  David William Scott-Barrett        (b. 1922 - d. 2004)
29 Nov 1975 - 24 Jan 1978  Roy Michael Frederick Redgrave     (b. 1925 - d. 2011)
24 Jan 1978 - 15 Sep 1980  Robert Francis Richardson          (b. 1929 - d. 2014)
15 Sep 1980 -  7 Oct 1983  Joseph David Frederick Mostyn      (b. 1928 - d. 2007)
 7 Oct 1983 - Dec 1985     Bernard Charles Gordon Lennox      (b. 1932 - d. 2017)
Dec 1985 - 16 Jan 1989     Patrick Guy Brooking               (b. 1937 - d. 2014)
16 Jan 1989 -  2 Oct 1990  Robert John Swan Corbett           (b. 1940) 

City Commandants (Commandantc du secteur français de Berlin)
11 Jul 1945 - 12 Mar 1946  Geoffroi Marie Otton du Bois de    (b. 1883 - d. 1957)
                             Beauchesne
12 Mar 1946 -  4 Oct 1946  Charles Joseph Marie André Lançon  (b. 1890 - d. 1956)
 4 Oct 1946 -  1 Oct 1950  Jean Joseph Xavier Émile Ganeval   (b. 1894 - d. 1981)
 1 Oct 1950 - 31 Dec 1952  Pierre Louis Marie Carolet         (b. 1898 - d. 1981)
 1 Jan 1953 - 31 Dec 1954  Pierre Jacques Emmanuel Manceaux-  (b. 1898 - d. 1979)
                             Demiau
 1 Jan 1955 - 30 Sep 1958  Amédée Jean-Baptiste Gèze          (b. 1898 - d. 1988)
 1 Oct 1958 - 25 Feb 1962  Jean Octave Léon Lacomme           (b. 1902 - d. 1983)
26 Feb 1962 - 30 Sep 1964  Édouard Kléber Toulouse            (b. 1904 - d. 1981)
 1 Oct 1964 - 11 Oct 1967  François Étienne Adolphe Henri     (b. 1911 - d. 1997)
                             Binoche
11 Oct 1967 - 1970         Bernard Marie Joseph Huchet de     (b. 1911 - d. 1983)
                             Quénetain
1970 - 1973                Maurice Albert Routier             (b. 1915 - d. 2004)
 1 Feb 1973 - 1975         Camille Antoine Metzler            (b. 1915 - d. 2006)
1975 - 1977                Jacques Michel Mangin              (b. 1917 - d. 2015)
1977 - 1980                Bernard d'Astorg                   (b. 1921 - d. 2014)
1980 - 1984                Jean-Pierre Marcel Liron           (b. 1924 - d. 2007)
1984 - 1985                Olivier Louis Marie Le Taillandier (b. 1926 - d. 1995)
                             de Gabory
15 Jan 1985 - 1987         Paul Cavarrot                      (b. 1937 - d. 2012)
1987 -  2 Oct 1990         François Robert Cann               (b. 1932)

Soviet Military Commandants
28 Apr 1945 - 16 Jun 1945  Nikolay Erastovich Berzarin        (b. 1904 - d. 1945)
                             (commander 5th Shock Army) 
17 Jun 1945 - 19 Nov 1945  Aleksandr Vasilyevich Gorbatov     (b. 1891 - d. 1973) 
                             (commander 5th Shock Army)
19 Nov 1945 -  1 Apr 1946  Dmitriy Sergeyevich Smirnov        (b. 1901 - d. 1975) 
 1 Apr 1946 - 10 Oct 1949  Aleksandr Georgiyevich Kotikov     (b. 1902 - d. 1981) 
Representatives of the Soviet Control Commission in Berlin
10 Oct 1949 –  7 Jun 1950  Aleksandr Georgiyevich Kotikov     (s.a.)
 7 Jun 1950 - 28 May 1953  Sergey Alekseyevich Dengin         (b. 1900 - d. 1989) 
City Commandants
28 May 1953 - 23 Jun 1956  Pyotr Akimovich Dibrova            (b. 1901 - d. 1971)
28 Jun 1956 - 26 Feb 1958  Andrey Sergeyevich Chamov          (b. 1905 - d. 1981)
26 Feb 1958 -  9 May 1961  Nikolay Fyodorovich Zakharov   
 9 May 1961 - 22 Aug 1962  Andrey Y. Solov'yov (Soloviev)
City Commandants of the Capital of the GDR, Berlin
(Stadtkommandanten der Hauptstadt der DDR, Berlin)
22 Aug 1962 - 31 May 1971  Helmut Poppe                       (b. 1926 - d. 1979)
 1 Jun 1971 - 31 Aug 1978  Artur Kunath                       (b. 1914 - d. 1995)
 1 Sep 1978 - 31 Dec 1989  Karl-Heinz Drews                   (b. 1929)
 1 Jan 1989 - 30 Sep 1990  Wolfgang Dombrowski                (b. 1933 - d. 2006)
 1 Oct 1990 -  2 Oct 1990  Detlef Wendorf (acting)

24 Oct 1945 - 15 Dec 1945	State Flag 15 Dec 1945 - 23 Jul 1952	Civil Flag 15 Dec 1945 - 23 Jul 1952
3 Oct 1990 - 30 Jan 1991 Unofficial	Adopted 30 Jan 1991

Civil Flag 1891 - 15 Sep 1935; Re-adopted 1945

State Flag 4 Feb 1919 - 15 Sep 1935; Re-adopted 21 Oct 1947 (allowed to be used also as civil flag)

10 Jan 1919 - 4 Feb 1919

 6 Nov 1813                Free Hanseatic City of Bremen (Freie Hansestadt Bremen).
10 Jan 1919 -  4 Feb 1919  Soviet Republic of Bremen (Bremer Räterepublik)(in Bremerhaven
                             to 8 Feb 1919).
30 Jan 1934                State of Bremen (Land Bremen).
26 Apr 1945 -  1 Jan 1947  British occupation.
 1 Jan 1947 -  5 May 1955  Bremen and Bremerhaven part of U.S. occupation zone.
21 Oct 1947                Free Hanseatic City of Bremen (Freie Hansestadt Bremen).
 7 Sep 1949                Part of the Federal Republic of Germany.

First Mayor
 1 Jan 1918 - 10 Jan 1919  Hermann Christian Ferdinand        (b. 1849 - d. 1939)  1919: DDP
                             Hildebrand 
Chairmen of the Workers' and Soldiers' Council
14 Nov 1918 - 10 Jan 1919  Alfred Henke (in rebellion)        (b. 1868 - d. 1946)  USPD
10 Jan 1919 -  4 Feb 1919  Rat der Volksbeauftragten
                           - Alfred Henke (chairman)          (s.a.)               USPD
                           - Adam Frasunkiewicz               (b. 1873 - d. 1923)  USPD
                           - Johann Knief                     (b. 1880 - d. 1919)  KPD
                           - Karl Jannack                     (b. 1891 - d. 1968)  SPD
                           - .... [five others]
First Mayors
 4 Feb 1919 - 10 Apr 1919  Hermann Christian Ferdinand        (s.a.)               DDP
                             Hildebrand 
10 Apr 1919 - 18 May 1920  Karl Deichmann                     (b. 1863 - d. 1940)  SPD
18 May 1920 - 18 Mar 1933  Martin Donatus Ferdinand Donandt   (b. 1852 - d. 1937)  Non-party
18 Mar 1933 - 23 Oct 1934  Richard Markert                    (b. 1891 - d. 1957)  NSDAP
                             (Reichskommissar 6 Mar - 13 May 1933)
 5 May 1933 - 15 May 1942  Karl Röver (Reichsstatthalter)     (b. 1889 - d. 1942)  NSDAP
23 Oct 1934 - 16 Apr 1937  Karl Hermann Otto Heider           (b. 1896 - d. 1960)  NSDAP
16 Apr 1937 - 16 Jun 1944  Johann Heinrich Adolph Böhmcker    (b. 1896 - d. 1944)  NSDAP
27 May 1942 - Apr 1945     Paul Wegener (Reichsstatthalter)   (b. 1908 - d. 1993)  NSDAP
 1 Jul 1944 - 26 Apr 1945  Richard Duckwitz                   (b. 1886 - d. 1972)  NSDAP
27 Apr 1945 - 30 Apr 1945  Johannes Schroers (acting)         (b. 1885 - d. 1960)  Non-party
Governing Mayor
 4 May 1945 -  1 Aug 1945  Erich Vagts                        (b. 1896 - d. 1981)  Non-party
Mayors and Presidents of the Senate
 1 Aug 1945 - 20 Jul 1965  Wilhelm Kaisen                     (b. 1887 - d. 1979)  SPD
20 Jul 1965 - 28 Nov 1967  Willy Dehnkamp                     (b. 1903 - d. 1985)  SPD
28 Nov 1967 - 18 Sep 1985  Hans Koschnick                     (b. 1929 - d. 2016)  SPD
18 Sep 1985 -  4 Jul 1995  Klaus Wedemeier                    (b. 1944)            SPD
 4 Jul 1995 -  8 Nov 2005  Henning Scherf                     (b. 1938)            SPD
 8 Nov 2005 - 15 Jul 2015  Jens Böhrnsen                      (b. 1949)            SPD
15 Jul 2015 - 15 Aug 2019  Carsten Sieling                    (b. 1959)            SPD
15 Aug 2019 -              Andreas Bovenschulte               (b. 1965)            SPD

10 Nov 1918                Republic of Brunswick (Republik Braunschweig).
22 Feb 1919                Free State of Brunswick (Freistaat Braunschweig),
                             named by the Provisional Constitutional Law.
30 Jan 1934                State of Brunswick (Land Braunschweig).
Apr 1945 - Jul 1945        U.S. occupation.
Jul 1945 -  5 May 1955     Part of British occupation zone.
 9 Dec 1946                Part of Niedersachsen.

20 Dec 1819                Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg (Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg)
30 Jan 1934                State of Hamburg (Land Hamburg).
 1 Apr 1938                Renamed Hanseatic City of Hamburg (Hansestadt Hamburg).
 3 May 1945 -  5 May 1955  British occupation.
 6 Jun 1952                Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg

Chairmen of the Workers' and Soldiers' Council
12 Nov 1918 - 11 Jan 1919  Heinrich Laufenberg                (b. 1872 - d. 1932)  KDP
11 Jan 1919 - 31 Mar 1919  Karl Hense                         (b. 1871 - d. 1946)  SPD
First Mayors
31 Mar 1919 - 31 Dec 1919  Werner von Melle (3rd time)        (b. 1853 - d. 1937)  Non-party
 1 Jan 1920 -  2 Feb 1920  Gustav Friedrich Carl Johann       (b. 1856 - d. 1931)  Non-party
                             Sthamer 
 2 Feb 1920 -  3 Jan 1924  Arnold Friedrich Georg Diestel     (b. 1857 - d. 1924)  DDP
 9 Jan 1924 - 31 Dec 1929  Carl Wilhelm Petersen (1st time)   (b. 1868 - d. 1933)  DDP
 1 Jan 1930 - 31 Dec 1931  Rudolf Adolf Wilhelm Ross          (b. 1872 - d. 1951)  SPD
 1 Jan 1932 -  8 Mar 1933  Carl Wilhelm Petersen (2nd time)   (s.a.)               DDP
 8 Mar 1933 - 30 Jul 1936  Carl Vincent Krogmann (1st time)   (b. 1889 - d. 1978)  NSDAP
                             (from 18 May 1933, Governing Mayor)
30 Jul 1936 -  3 May 1945  Karl Otto Kurt Kaufmann            (b. 1900 - d. 1969)  NSDAP
                             (also Reichsstatthalter 16 May 1933 - 3 May 1945)
 5 May 1945 -  9 May 1945  Carl Vincent Krogmann (2nd time)   (s.a.)               Non-party
                             (acting)
15 May 1945 - 22 Nov 1946  Rudolf Petersen                    (b. 1879 - d. 1962)  Non-party
22 Nov 1946 -  2 Dec 1953  Max Brauer (1st time)              (b. 1887 - d. 1973)  SPD
 2 Dec 1953 -  4 Dec 1957  Kurt Sieveking                     (b. 1897 - d. 1986)  CDU
 4 Dec 1957 -  1 Jan 1961  Max Brauer (2nd time)              (s.a.)               SPD
 1 Jan 1961 -  9 Jun 1965  Paul Nevermann                     (b. 1902 - d. 1979)  SPD
 9 Jun 1965 - 16 Jun 1971  Herbert Weichmann                  (b. 1896 - d. 1983)  SPD
16 Jun 1971 - 12 Nov 1974  Peter Schulz                       (b. 1930 - d. 2013)  SPD
12 Nov 1974 - 24 Jun 1981  Hans-Ulrich Klose                  (b. 1937)            SPD
24 Jun 1981 -  8 Jun 1988  Klaus von Dohnanyi                 (b. 1928)            SPD
 8 Jun 1988 - 12 Nov 1997  Henning Voscherau                  (b. 1941 - d. 2016)  SPD
12 Nov 1997 - 31 Oct 2001  Ortwin Runde                       (b. 1944)            SPD
31 Oct 2001 - 25 Aug 2010  Ole von Beust                      (b. 1955)            CDU
25 Aug 2010 -  7 Mar 2011  Christoph Ahlhaus                  (b. 1969)            CDU
 7 Mar 2011 - 13 Mar 2018  Olaf Scholz                        (b. 1958)            SPD
14 Mar 2018 - 28 Mar 2018  Katharina Fegebank (f) (acting)    (b. 1977)            Grn
28 Mar 2018 -              Peter Tschentscher                 (b. 1966)            SPD

Land Flag 5 Dec 1945 - 9 Dec 1946

State Flag 1946 - 9 Dec 1946

Oberpräsidenten
11 May 1945 - 16 Sep 1945  Eberhard Hagemann                  (b. 1880 - d. 1958)  Non-party
16 Sep 1945 - 23 Aug 1946  Hinrich Wilhelm Kopf               (b. 1893 - d. 1961)  SPD
Minister-president
23 Aug 1946 -  9 Dec 1946  Hinrich Wilhelm Kopf               (s.a.)               SPD

 9 Nov 1918                Republic of Hesse (Republik Hessen).
 2 Mar 1919                Free State of Hesse (Freistaat Hessen), name used in the
                             Provisional Constitutional Law.
12 Dec 1919                People's State of Hesse (Volksstaat Hessen).
30 Jan 1934                State of Hesse (Land Hessen).
28 Mar 1945 -  5 May 1955  U.S. occupation.
19 Sep 1945                Hesse(-Darmstadt)(without administrative district of
                             Rheinhessen) is merged with the greater part of Prussian
                             provinces of Kurhessen and Nassau to form the State of
                             Greater Hesse (Land Gross-Hessen).
 4 Dec 1946                State of Hesse (Land Hessen)(retroactive from 1 Dec 1946).
 7 Sep 1949                Part of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Minister-president
11 Nov 1918 -  2 Mar 1919  Carl Ulrich                        (b. 1853 - d. 1933)  SPD
State Presidents
 2 Mar 1919 - 14 Feb 1928  Carl Ulrich                        (s.a.)               SPD
14 Feb 1928 - 13 Mar 1933  Bernhard Adelung                   (b. 1876 - d. 1943)  SPD
13 Mar 1933 - 15 May 1933  Heinrich Josef Philipp Müller      (b. 1896 - d. 1945)  NSDAP 
15 May 1933 - 23 Sep 1933  Ferdinand Werner                   (b. 1876 - d. 1961)  NSDAP
23 Sep 1933 -  1 Mar 1935  Philipp Wilhelm Jung               (b. 1884 - d. 1965)  NSDAP
 1 Mar 1935 - Mar 1945     Jakob Sprenger                     (b. 1884 - d. 1945)  NSDAP
                             (also Reichsstatthalter 5 May 1933 - Mar 1945)
Mar 1945                   Heinrich Reiner (acting)           (b. 1892 - d. 1946)  NSDAP
President of the Government
14 Apr 1945 - 16 Oct 1945  Ludwig Bergsträsser                (b. 1883 - d. 1960)  Non-party
Minister-presidents
16 Oct 1945 - 20 Dec 1946  Karl Hermann Geiler                (b. 1878 - d. 1953)  Non-party
20 Dec 1946 - 14 Dec 1950  Christian Stock                    (b. 1884 - d. 1967)  SPD
14 Dec 1950 -  3 Oct 1969  Georg-August Zinn                  (b. 1901 - d. 1976)  SPD
 3 Oct 1969 - 12 Oct 1976  Albert Osswald                     (b. 1919 - d. 1996)  SPD
12 Oct 1976 - 23 Apr 1987  Holger Börner                      (b. 1931 - d. 2006)  SPD
23 Apr 1987 -  5 Apr 1991  Walter Wallmann                    (b. 1932 - d. 2013)  CDU
 5 Apr 1991 -  7 Apr 1999  Hans Eichel                        (b. 1941)            SPD
 7 Apr 1999 - 31 Aug 2010  Roland Koch                        (b. 1958)            CDU
31 Aug 2010 -              Volker Bouffier                    (b. 1951)            CDU

Oberpräsident
10 May 1945 - 19 Sep 1945  Fritz Hoch                         (b. 1896 - d. 1984)  Non-party

Oberpräsidenten
24 Apr 1945 -  4 Aug 1945  Hans Karl August Friedrich Bredow  (b. 1879 - d. 1959)  Non-party
                             (acting to 1 May 1945)
 4 Aug 1945 - 19 Sep 1945  Martin Nischalke                   (b. 1882 - d. 1962)  Non-party

12 Nov 1918                Free State of Lippe (Freistaat Lippe)
30 Jan 1934                State of Lippe (Land Lippe).
Apr 1945 - Jul 1945        U.S. occupation.
Jul 1945 -  5 May 1955     Part of the British occupation zone.
21 Jan 1947                Part of Nordrhein-Westfalen.

Chairman of the People's and Soldiers Council
10 Nov 1918 - 13 Feb 1919  Clemens Becker                      (b. 1869 - d. 1961)  SPD
Minister of State (assigned the executive function by the Council)
13 Nov 1918 - 10 Feb 1919  Karl Ludwig Freiherr von Biedenweg  (b. 1864 - d. 1940)  Non-party
                             (provisional)
Chairmen of State Presidium
13 Feb 1919 - 17 Dec 1920  Clemens Becker                      (s.a.)               SPD
17 Dec 1920 -  8 Jun 1921  Heinrich Hermann Drake (1st time)   (b. 1881 - d. 1970)  SPD
 8 Jun 1921 - 14 Jun 1921  Wilhelm Meier                       (b. 1887 - d. 1957)  SPD
                             (chairman State Committee)
14 Jun 1921 -  7 Feb 1933  Heinrich Hermann Drake (2nd time)   (s.a.)               SDP
                             (president of the state government from 1932)
Ministers of State 
 7 Feb 1933 - 23 May 1933  Ernst Krappe                        (b. 1891 - d. 1977)  NSDAP
23 May 1933 -  1 Feb 1936  Hans-Joachim Riecke                 (b. 1899 - d. 1987)  NSDAP
16 May 1933 - Apr 1945     Alfred Meyer                        (b. 1891 - d. 1945)  NSDAP
                             (also Reichsstatthalter 16 May 1933 - 4 Apr 1945)
State President
17 Apr 1945 - 21 Jan 1947  Heinrich Hermann Drake              (s.a.)               SPD 

Capital: Lübeck

State Anthem "Lübecker Lied" (Song of Lubeck) (unofficial)

Population: 136,500 (1933)

Constitution (23 May 1920)

1813                       Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck (Freie und Hansestadt Lübeck). 
30 Jan 1934                State of Lübeck (Land Lübeck).
 1 Apr 1937                Incorporated into Prussia.
10 May 1945 -  5 May 1955  Part of the British occupation zone.
23 Aug 1946                Merged into Schleswig-Holstein.

Presiding Mayors
 1 Jan 1917 - 31 Dec 1920  Emil Ferdinand Fehling           (b. 1847 - d. 1927)  Non-party
31 Dec 1920 -  2 Jun 1926  Johann Martin Andreas Neumann    (b. 1865 - d. 1928)  Non-party
 2 Jun 1926 - 26 May 1933  Paul Bernhard Heinrich Löwigt    (b. 1873 - d. 1934)  SDP
26 May 1933 - 31 Mar 1937  Otto-Heinrich Drechsler          (b. 1895 - d. 1945)  NSDAP
                             (continues to 5 May 1945)
26 May 1933 - 31 Mar 1937  Friedrich Hildebrandt            (b. 1898 - d. 1948)  NSDAP 
                             (Reichsstatthalter)

Capital: Schwerin

State Anthem "Mein Mecklenburg -Vorpommern"  (My Mecklenburg- West Pomerania) (unofficial, in use from 2019)

Population: 1,610,674 (2016) 900,000 (1939)

Constitution (16 Jan 1947; 23 May 1993)

 

14 Nov 1918                Free State of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (Freistaat Mecklenburg-Schwerin),

                             and also the Free State of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (Freistaat

                             Mecklenburg-Strelitz).

 1 Jan 1934                Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz united as the State

                             of Mecklenburg (Land Mecklenburg).

May 1945 - Jul 1945        British (in the west) and Soviet (in the east) occupation.
Jul 1945 - 20 Sep 1955     All within the Soviet occupation zone.
 9 Jul 1945                Part of the Prussian province of Pomerania merged into Mecklenburg.

31 Jul 1945                State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania (Land Mecklenburg-Vorpommern)

 1 Mar 1947                Renamed State of Mecklenburg (Land Mecklenburg).

 7 Oct 1949                Part of the German Democratic Republic.

23 Jul 1952                State is dissolved into districts (Schwerin, Rostock, and

                             Neubrandenburg).

 3 Oct 1990                Reconstituted as a state of the Federal Republic of Germany as

                             State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania (Land Mecklenburg-Vorpommern).

President of the State Ministry
 9 Nov 1918 - 22 Feb 1919  Hugo Wendorff                     (b. 1864 - d. 1945)  DDP
Minister-presidents
22 Feb 1919 - 28 Jul 1920  Hugo Wendorff                     (s.a.)               DDP
28 Jul 1920 - 14 Jan 1921  Hermann Reincke-Bloch             (b. 1867 - d. 1928)  DVP
14 Jan 1921 - 18 Mar 1924  Johannes Stelling                 (b. 1877 - d. 1933)  SPD
18 Mar 1924 -  8 Jul 1926  Joachim Freiherr von Brandenstein (b. 1864 - d. 1941)  DNVP
 8 Jul 1926 - 10 Jul 1929  Paul Schröder                     (b. 1875 - d. 1932)  SPD
10 Jul 1929 - 13 Jul 1932  Karl Eschenburg                   (b. 1877 - d. 1943)  DNVP
13 Jul 1932 - 10 Aug 1933  Walter Granzow                    (b. 1887 - d. 1952)  NSDAP
10 Aug 1933 - 31 Dec 1933  Hans Egon Engell                  (b. 1897 - d. 1974)  NSDAP
26 May 1933 - 31 Dec 1933  Friedrich Hildebrandt             (b. 1898 - d. 1948)  NSDAP 
                            (Reichsstatthalter)

Chairmen of the State Ministry
11 Nov 1918 -  7 Jan 1919  Peter Franz Stubmann               (b. 1876 - d. 1962)  DDP
 7 Jan 1919 - 13 Oct 1919  Hans Krüger                        (b. 1884 - d. 1933)  SPD
Ministers of State
13 Oct 1919 -  2 Aug 1923  Kurt Gustav Hans Otto              (b. 1877 - d. 1937)  SPD
                             Freiherr von Reibnitz (1st time)
 2 Aug 1923 - 13 Mar 1928  Karl Schwabe                       (b. 1877 - d. 1938)  DNVP
13 Mar 1928 - 12 Apr 1929  Kurt Gustav Hans Otto              (s.a.)               SPD
                             Freiherr von Reibnitz (2nd time) 
12 Apr 1929 - 16 Apr 1929  Kurt Häntzschel (Reichskommissar)  (b. 1889 - d. 1941)  DDP
16 Apr 1929 -  4 Dec 1931  Kurt Gustav Hans Otto              (s.a.)               SPD 
                             Freiherr von Reibnitz (3rd time) 
 4 Dec 1931 - 27 May 1933  Heinrich Wilhelm Ferdinand         (b. 1888 - d. 1942)  DNVP
                             von Michael 
27 May 1933 - 31 Dec 1933  Fritz Stichtenoth                  (b. 1895 - d. 1935)  NSDAP
26 May 1933 - 31 Dec 1933  Friedrich Hildebrandt              (b. 1989 - d. 1948)  NSDAP
                            (Reichsstatthalter) 

First Secretaries of the Socialist Unity Party
21 Apr 1946 - 28 Jul 1951  Kurt Bürger                        (b. 1894 - d. 1951)
1951 - 1952                Karl Mewis                         (b. 1907 - d. 1987)

Minister-presidents
 1 Jan 1934 - 25 Oct 1934  Hans Egon Engell                   (s.a.)               NSDAP
25 Oct 1934 - May 1945     Friedrich Scharf                   (b. 1897 - d. 1974)  NSDAP
 1 Jan 1934 -  1 May 1945  Friedrich Hildebrandt              (b. 1898 - d. 1948)  NSDAP
                             (Reichsstatthalter)
Leaders of the State Administration
May 1945                   Hans Jess (1st time)(acting)       (b. 1887 - d. 1975)  Non-party
May 1945 - 18 Jun 1945     Eduard Friedrich Stratmann         (b. 1875 - d. 1952)  Non-party
18 Jun 1945 - Jun 1945     Hans Jess (2nd time)               (s.a.)               Non-party
Jun 1945 -  9 Jul 1945     Reinhold Lobedanz                  (b. 1880 - d. 1955)  Non-party
President of the State Administration
 9 Jul 1945 - 31 Jul 1945  Wilhelm Höcker                     (b. 1886 - d. 1955)  Non-party
President
31 Jul 1945 -  9 Dec 1946  Wilhelm Höcker                     (s.a.)     SPD;22 Apr 1946: SED
Minister-presidents
 9 Dec 1946 - 20 Jul 1951  Wilhelm Höcker                     (s.a.)               SED
20 Jul 1951 - 30 Jul 1951  Kurt Bürger                        (s.a.)               SED
30 Jul 1951 - 23 Jul 1952  Bernhard Quandt                    (b. 1903 - d. 1999)  SED
 3 Oct 1990 - 27 Oct 1990  Martin Brick                       (b. 1939)            CDU
                            (Landesbevollmächtigter)
27 Oct 1990 - 19 Mar 1992  Alfred Gomolka                     (b. 1942 - d. 2020)  CDU
19 Mar 1992 -  3 Nov 1998  Berndt Seite                       (b. 1940)            CDU
 3 Nov 1998 -  6 Oct 2008  Harald Ringstorff                  (b. 1939)            SPD
 6 Oct 2008 -  4 Jul 2017  Erwin Sellering                    (b. 1949)            SPD 
 4 Jul 2017 -              Manuela Schwesig (f)               (b. 1974)            SPD

1946 - 13 Oct 1952 Unofficial

Adopted 13 Oct 1952

1945 -  5 May 1955         Part of British occupation zone.
 9 Dec 1946                State of Lower Saxony (Land Niedersachsen) constituted by
                             the merger of Braunschweig, Oldenburg, Schaumburg-Lippe,
                             and Hannover.
 7 Sep 1949                Part of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Minister-presidents
 9 Dec 1946 - 26 May 1955  Hinrich Wilhelm Kopf               (b. 1893 - d. 1961)  SPD
                             (1st time)
26 May 1955 - 12 May 1959  Heinrich Hellwege                  (b. 1908 - d. 1991)  DP
12 May 1959 - 21 Dec 1961  Hinrich Wilhelm Kopf               (s.a.)               SPD
                             (2nd time)
29 Dec 1961 -  8 Jul 1970  Georg Diederichs                   (b. 1900 - d. 1983)  SPD
 8 Jul 1970 -  6 Feb 1976  Alfred Kubel                       (b. 1909 - d. 1999)  SPD
 6 Feb 1976 - 21 Jun 1990  Ernst Albrecht                     (b. 1930 - d. 2014)  CDU
21 Jun 1990 - 28 Oct 1998  Gerhard Schröder                   (b. 1944)            SPD
28 Oct 1998 - 15 Oct 1999  Gerhard Glogowski                  (b. 1943)            SPD
15 Oct 1999 -  4 Mar 2003  Sigmar Gabriel                     (b. 1959)            SPD
 4 Mar 2003 - 30 Jun 2010  Christian Wulff                    (b. 1959)            CDU
30 Jun 2010 -  1 Jul 2010  Jörg Bode (acting)                 (b. 1970)            FDP
 1 Jul 2010 - 19 Feb 2013  David McAllister                   (b. 1971)            CDU
19 Feb 2013 -              Stephan Weil                       (b. 1958)            SPD

Civil Flag Adopted 10 Mar 1953 (in use from 1948)

State Flag Adopted 10 Mar 1953 (in use from 1948)

Apr 1945 -  5 May 1955     Part of British occupation zone.
23 Aug 1946                Prussian provinces of Westfalen and Nordrhein merged
                             to form the State of North Rhine-Westphalia
                             (Land Nordrhein-Westfalen).
 7 Sep 1949                Part of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Minister-presidents
23 Aug 1946 - 16 Jun 1947  Rudolf Amelunxen                   (b. 1888 - d. 1969)  Non-party; 
                                                                                   1947: Z
17 Jun 1947 - 20 Feb 1956  Karl Arnold                        (b. 1901 - d. 1958)  CDU
20 Feb 1956 - 21 Jul 1958  Fritz Steinhoff                    (b. 1897 - d. 1969)  SPD
21 Jul 1958 -  8 Dec 1966  Franz Meyers                       (b. 1908 - d. 2002)  CDU
 8 Dec 1966 - 20 Sep 1978  Heinz Kühn                         (b. 1912 - d. 1992)  SPD
20 Sep 1978 - 27 May 1998  Johannes Rau                       (b. 1931 - d. 2006)  SPD
27 May 1998 - 22 Oct 2002  Wolfgang Clement                   (b. 1940 - d. 2020)  SPD
22 Oct 2002 -  6 Nov 2002  Michael Vesper (acting)            (b. 1952)            Grn
 6 Nov 2002 - 22 Jun 2005  Peer Steinbrück                    (b. 1947)            SPD
22 Jun 2005 - 14 Jul 2010  Jürgen Rüttgers                    (b. 1951)            CDU
14 Jul 2010 - 27 Jun 2017  Hannelore Kraft (f)                (b. 1961)            SPD
27 Jun 2017 - 26 Oct 2021  Armin Laschet                      (b. 1961)            CDU
26 Oct 2021 - 27 Oct 2021  Joachim Stamp (acting)             (b. 1970)            FDP
27 Oct 2021 -              Hendrik Josef Wüst                 (b. 1975)            CDU

20 Jun 1945                Nordrhein province formed from northern part of Prussian
                             province of Rheinland.
23 Aug 1946                Part of Nordrhein-Westfalen.

Oberpräsidenten
30 Apr 1945 -  2 Oct 1945  Johannes "Hans" Fuchs              (b. 1874 - d. 1956)  Non-party
                             (oberpräsident of province of Rheinland to 20 Jun 1945)
 2 Oct 1945 - 24 Aug 1946  Robert Lehr                        (b. 1883 - d. 1956)  CDU

 9 Nov 1918                Republic of Oldenburg-East Friesland (Republik
                             Oldenburg-Ostfriesland) declared.
17 Jun 1919                Free State of Oldenburg (Freistaat Oldenburg).
30 Jan 1934                State of Oldenburg (Land Oldenburg).
 1 Apr 1937                Exclaves of Birkenfeld and Eutin annexed to Prussia.
Apr 1945 - 5 May 1955      British occupation.
 9 Dec 1946                Part of Niedersachsen.

President of the Directory
14 Nov 1918 -  3 Mar 1919  Bernhard Kuhnt                     (b. 1876 - d. 1946)  USPD
 3 Mar 1919 - 21 Jun 1919  Members of the Directory
                           - Johann Peter Paul Hug            (b. 1857 - d. 1934)  SPD
                           - Karl Heitmann                    (b. 1869 - d. 1947)  SPD
                           - August Jordan                    (b. 1872 - d. 1935)  SPD
                           - Julius Meyer                     (b. 1875 - d. 1934)  SPD
                           - Theodor Johann Tantzen           (b. 1877 - d. 1947)  DDP
                           - Franz Clemens Driver             (b. 1863 - d. 1943)  Z
                           (acting)
Minister-presidents
21 Jun 1919 - 17 Apr 1923  Theodor Johann Tantzen (1st time)  (s.a.)               DDP
17 Apr 1923 - 13 Jul 1930  Eugen von Finckh                   (b. 1860 - d. 1930)  Non-party
14 Dec 1930 - 16 Jun 1932  Friedrich Cassebohm                (b. 1872 - d. 1951)  Non-party
16 Jun 1932 -  6 May 1933  Carl Röver                         (b. 1889 - d. 1942)  NSDAP
                             (also Reichsstatthalter 5 May 1933 - 15 May 1942)
 6 May 1933 - Apr 1945     Georg Joel                         (b. 1898 - d. 1981)  NSDAP
27 May 1942 - Apr 1945     Paul Wegener (Reichsstatthalter)   (b. 1908 - d. 1993)  NSDAP
Apr 1945 - 16 May 1945     Vacant
16 May 1945 -  9 Dec 1946  Theodor Johann Tantzen (2nd time)  (s.a.)               Non-party

11 Nov 1918                Land Birkenfeld (within Oldenburg).
 4 Dec 1918 - 30 Jun 1930  Occupied by French troops during Allied occupation of Rhineland.
14 Jul 1919 -  7 Nov 1919  Republic of Birkenfeld (Republik Birkenfeld) declared in
                             rebellion.  
 1 Apr 1937                Incorporated into Prussia (kreis Birkenfeld part of Rheinland
                             province). 

Presidents (or directors) of the Government in Birkenfeld
(Präsidenten [bzw. Vorstände] der Regierung in Birkenfeld)
29 Nov 1917 - 15 Jun 1919  Hermann Gerhard Pralle (acting)       (b. 1863 - d. 1939)  Non-party
15 Jun 1919 - 30 Aug 1919  Konrad Wilhelm Heinrich Hartong       (b. 1861 - d. 1931)  Z
                             (acting)
Head of State
30 Aug 1919 -  7 Nov 1919  Philipp Ludwig Eberhard Zoeller
Presidents (of directors) of the Government in Birkenfeld
 7 Nov 1919 - 31 Oct 1923  Hugo Walther Dörr (1st time)          (b. 1879 - d. 1964)  DDP
                             (acting to 14 Feb 1920)
31 Oct 1923 - 15 Jan 1924  Karl Nieten (acting)                  (b. 1883 - d. 1957)  Non-party
15 Jan 1924 - 21 Oct 1932  Hugo Walther Dörr (2nd time)          (s.a.)               DDP
21 Oct 1932 - 31 Mar 1937  Wilhelm Herbert Wild                  (b. 1886 - d. 1969)  NSDAP
                             (acting to 1933)

12 Nov 1918                Free State of Prussia (Freistaat Preussen), confirmed on
                             20 Mar 1919 by the Law for the Provisional Order of State
                             Authority.
30 Jan 1934                State of Prussia (Land Preussen).
30 Apr 1945                End of central Prussian government.
23 Aug 1946/6 Feb 1947     All provinces of Prussia reorganized into states.
25 Feb 1947                Allied Control Commission proclaims the dissolution of Prussia.

Presidents of the Government of People's Commissioners
 9 Nov 1918 - 12 Nov 1918  Paul Hirsch                        (b. 1868 - d. 1940)  SPD 
                             (Reichs- und Staatskommissar)
12 Nov 1918 - 25 Mar 1919  Paul Hirsch                        (s.a.)               SPD
                           + Heinrich Ströbel (to 4 Jan 1919) (b. 1869 - d. 1944)  USPD
Presidents of the State's Ministry
25 Mar 1919 - 27 Mar 1920  Paul Hirsch                        (s.a.)               SPD
13 Mar 1920 - 17 Mar 1920  Wolfgang Kapp -Minister-president  (b. 1858 - d. 1922)  ADV
                             (in rebellion)
27 Mar 1920 - 21 Apr 1921  Otto Braun                         (b. 1872 - d. 1955)  SPD
Minister-presidents
21 Apr 1921 -  5 Nov 1921  Adam Stegerwald                    (b. 1874 - d. 1945)  Z
 5 Nov 1921 - 18 Feb 1925  Otto Braun (1st time)              (s.a.)               SPD
18 Feb 1925 -  6 Apr 1925  Wilhelm Marx                       (b. 1863 - d. 1946)  Z
 6 Apr 1925 - 10 Apr 1933  Otto Braun (2nd time)              (s.a.)               SDP
                            (from 20 Jul 1932 in opposition
                             to the Reichskommissar)
 6 Jun 1932 - 20 Jul 1932  Heinrich Hirtsiefer                (b. 1876 - d. 1941)  Z
                            (acting for Braun) 
20 Jul 1932 -  3 Dec 1932  Franz von Papen (1st time)         (b. 1879 - d. 1969)  Z
                            (Reichskommissar)
 3 Dec 1932 - 28 Jan 1933  Kurt von Schleicher                (b. 1882 - d. 1934)  Non-party 
                            (Reichskommissar)
30 Jan 1933 - 10 Apr 1933  Franz von Papen (2nd time)         (s.a.)               DNVP
                            (Reichskommissar)
10 Apr 1933 - 24 Apr 1945  Hermann Göring                     (b. 1893 - d. 1946)  NSDAP
25 Apr 1933 - 30 Apr 1945  Adolf Hitler (Reichsstatthalter)   (b. 1889 - d. 1945)  NSDAP

Ministers of State
17 Apr 1919 - Jan 1921     Karl Eduard Emil Franz Moritz      (b. 1875 - d. 1946)  Non-party 
                             Freiherr von Brandenstein
                           + William Oberländer               (b. 1869 - d. 1946)  DDP

11 Nov 1918                Free State Reuss Younger Line (Freistaat Reuss jüngerer Linie).
21 Dec 1918                Formed an administrative community with Reuss-Greiz.
17 Apr 1919                The two states united as People's State of Reuss.

Leading Minister of State
10 Nov 1918 - 17 Apr 1919  Karl Eduard Emil Franz Moritz      (b. 1875 - d. 1946)  Non-party
                             Freiherr von Brandenstein

11 Nov 1918                Free State Reuss Senior Line (Freistaat Reuss älterer Linie).
21 Dec 1918                Formed an administrative community with Reuss-Gera.
17 Apr 1919                The two states united as People's State of Reuss.

Leading Minister of State
11 Nov 1918 - 17 Apr 1919  William Oberländer                 (b. 1869 - d. 1946)  FP

Mar 1945 - Jul 1945        British occupation.
Jul 1945 -  5 May 1955     Part of French occupation zone.
 6 Sep 1945                Rheinland-Hessen-Nassau province is separated from Hessen-Pfalz,
                             and consisted of the southern part of the former Prussian
                             province of Rhineland and western parts of the former Prussian
                             province of Nassau.
30 Aug 1946                Rheinland-Hessen-Nassau and Hessen-Pfalz are merged to form the
                             State of Rhenish-Palatinate (Land Rheinpfalz), the state
                             government begun to function on 1 Dec 1946.
18 May 1947                State of Rhineland-Palatinate (Land Rheinland-Pfalz).
 7 Sep 1949                Part of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Minister-presidents
19 Nov 1945 -  9 Jul 1947  Wilhelm Boden                      (b. 1890 - d. 1961)  CDU
                            (oberpräsident of Rhineland-Hessen-Nassau to 1 Dec 1946;
                             also chairman of the Joint Commission of Rheinpfalz
                             12 Sep - 1 Dec 1946)
 9 Jul 1947 - 19 May 1969  Peter Altmeier                     (b. 1899 - d. 1977)  CDU
19 May 1969 -  2 Dec 1976  Helmut Kohl                        (b. 1930 - d. 2017)  CDU
 2 Dec 1976 -  8 Dec 1988  Bernhard Vogel                     (b. 1932)            CDU
 8 Dec 1988 - 21 May 1991  Carl-Ludwig Wagner                 (b. 1930 - d. 2012)  CDU
21 May 1991 - 26 Oct 1994  Rudolf Scharping                   (b. 1947)            SPD
26 Oct 1994 - 16 Jan 2013  Kurt Beck                          (b. 1949)            SPD
16 Jan 2013 -              Maria Luise Anna "Malu" Dreyer (f) (b. 1961)            SPD

Hessen-Pfalz

10 May 1945                Pfalz (Palatinate) district of Bavaria and the Rheinhessen
                             district of Hessen(-Darmstadt) and Saarland are merged to
                             form the province of Saar-Pfalz-Rheinhessen‏.
 1 Jun 1945                Renamed Mittelrhein-Saar; the southern part of the Prussian
                             province of Rheinland added.
31 Jul 1945                Renamed Pfalz-Hessen (from 29 Aug 1945, Hessen-Pfalz),
                             separation of the Saarland.
 6 Sep 1945                Rheinland-Hessen-Nassau province is separated, the province
                             of Hessen-Pfalz is downsized to only the former districts
                             of Pfalz and Rheinhessen.
30 Aug 1946                Rheinland-Hessen-Nassau and Hessen-Pfalz are merged into
                             Rheinland-Pfalz.

Oberregierungspräsidenten
10 May 1945 –  7 Jul 1945  Hermann Heimerich                  (b. 1885 – d. 1963)  Non-party
 7 Jul 1945 –  2 Oct 1945  Hans Hoffmann                      (b. 1893 – d. 1952)  Non-party
 2 Oct 1945 –  1 Dec 1946  Otto Eichenlaub                    (b. 1898 – d. 1954)  CDU

 1 Jan 1957                Incorporated into Federal Republic of Germany as Saarland
                             (Saar state)(for Saar 1918-1957 see under Germany).

Minister-presidents
10 Jan 1956 -  4 Jun 1957  Hubert Ney                         (b. 1892 - d. 1984)  CDU
 4 Jun 1957 - 23 Apr 1959  Hans Egon Reinert                  (b. 1908 - d. 1959)  CDU
23 Apr 1959 - 26 Jun 1979  Franz Josef Röder                  (b. 1909 - d. 1979)  CDU
                             (acting to 30 Apr 1979)
26 Jun 1979 -  5 Jul 1979  Werner Klumpp (acting)             (b. 1928 - d. 2021)  FDP
 5 Jul 1979 -  9 Apr 1985  Werner Zeyer                       (b. 1929 - d. 2000)  CDU
 9 Apr 1985 - 10 Nov 1998  Oskar Lafontaine                   (b. 1943)            SPD
10 Nov 1998 - 29 Sep 1999  Reinhard Klimmt                    (b. 1942)            SPD
29 Sep 1999 - 10 Aug 2011  Peter Aloysius Müller              (b. 1955)            CDU
10 Aug 2011 -  1 Mar 2018  Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer (f)     (b. 1962)            CDU
 1 Mar 2018 - 25 Apr 2022  Tobias Hans                        (b. 1978)            CDU
25 Apr 2022 -              Anke Moos Rehlinger (f)            (b. 1976)            SPD

18 Apr 1945 -  1 Jul 1945  U.S. occupation.
 1 Jul 1945 - 20 Sep 1955  Part of Soviet occupation zone.
 9 Jul 1945                Province of Saxony-Anhalt (Provinz Sachsen-Anhalt) formed by
                             the merger of the Prussian provinces of Magdeburg and Halle-
                             Merseburg with the State of Anhalt (Land Anhalt); until
                             20 Oct 1946 the official name was Province of Saxony
                             (Provinz Sachsen).
10 Jan 1947                State of Saxony-Anhalt (Land Sachsen-Anhalt).
 7 Oct 1949                Part of the German Democratic Republic.
23 Jul 1952                State is dissolved into districts (Halle and Magdeburg).
 3 Oct 1990                Reconstituted as a state of the Federal Republic of Germany
                             (State of Saxony-Anhalt).

First Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party
21 Apr 1946 - 1952         Bernhard Koenen                    (b. 1889 - d. 1964)

Minister-presidents
20 Jul 1945 - 13 Aug 1949  Erhard Hübener                     (b. 1881 - d. 1952)  LDPD
                             (president of provincial administration to 3 Dec 1946)
13 Aug 1949 - 23 Jul 1952  Werner Bruschke                    (b. 1898 - d. 1995)  SED
 3 Oct 1990 - 28 Oct 1990  Karl-Hermann Steinberg             (b. 1941)            CDU
                             (Landesbevollmächtigter)
28 Oct 1990 -  4 Jul 1991  Gerd Gies                          (b. 1943)            CDU
 4 Jul 1991 -  2 Dec 1993  Werner Münch                       (b. 1940)            CDU
 2 Dec 1993 - 21 Jun 1994  Christoph Bergner                  (b. 1948)            CDU
21 Jun 1994 - 16 May 2002  Reinhard Höppner                   (b. 1948 - d. 2014)  SPD
16 May 2002 - 19 Apr 2011  Wolfgang Böhmer                    (b. 1936)            CDU
19 Apr 2011 -              Reiner Haseloff                    (b. 1954)            CDU

Oberpräsident
May 1945 – Jul 1945        Götz Heinrich von Götz            (b. 1881 - d. 1954)  Non-party

Oberpräsident
May 1945 – 20 Jul 1945     Erhard Hübener (acting)           (s.a.)               Non-party

Leading Minister of State
12 Nov 1918 - 27 Mar 1919  Wilhelm Tell                       (b. 1871 - d. 1950)  Non-party
Chairman of the State Ministry
27 Mar 1919 - Jan 1921     August Frölich                     (b. 1877 - d. 1966)  SPD

10 Nov 1918                Free State of Saxe-Coburg (Freistaat Sachsen-Coburg).
14 Nov 1918                De facto separation of Gotha following the resignation of the Duke
                             of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (confirmed by the agreement between
                             Coburg and Gotha from 12 Apr 1919; formally treated by
                             Germany as a single state).
10 Mar 1919                Free State of Coburg (Freistaat Coburg).
 1 Jul 1920                Part of Bavaria.

 9 Nov 1918                Gotha Republic (Gothaer Republik), Duke is declared deposed by
                             the Workers' and Soldiers' Council in Gotha.
14 Nov 1918                De facto separation of Gotha following the resignation of the Duke
                             of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (confirmed by the agreement between
                             Coburg and Gotha from 12 Apr 1919; formally treated by Germany
                             as a single state).
24 Dec 1919                Republic of Gotha (Republik Gotha), name confirmed by the law.
 1 May 1920                Part of Thüringen (state government continued to Jan 1921).

Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Workers' and Soldiers Council
 9 Nov 1918 - 30 Nov 1918  Otto Geithner                      (b. 1876 - d. 1948)  USPD
Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars
30 Nov 1918 -  4 Feb 1919  Wilhelm Bock                       (b. 1846 - d. 1931)  USPD
 4 Feb 1919 - 10 May 1920  Albin Tenner                       (b. 1885 - d. 1967)  USPD
10 Apr 1920 - 15 Jun 1920  Albert Heinrich Friedrich Wilhelm  (b. 1866 - d. 1945)  Non-party
                             Holle (Reichskommissar)
15 Jun 1920 - Jan 1921     Otto Liebetrau                     (b. 1855 - d. 1928)  DDP

12 Nov 1918                Free State of Saxe-Meiningen (Freistaat Sachsen-Meiningen).
 1 May 1920                Part of Thüringen (state government continued to Jan 1921).

First State Councillor (from Mar 1919, Leading Minister of State)
12 Nov 1918 - Jan 1921     Ludwig Freiherr von Türcke         (b. 1857 - d. 1933)  Non-party

 9 Nov 1918                Free State of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (Freistaat Sachsen-Weimar-
                             Eisenach).
20 May 1919                Free People's State of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
                             (Freie Volksstaat Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach).
 1 May 1920                Part of Thüringen (state government continued to 17 Jan 1921).

Chairman of the Workers' and Soldiers' Council
 8 Nov 1918 - 12 Nov 1918  August Baudert                    (b. 1860 - d. 1942)  SPD
State Commissioner and State Minister
12 Nov 1918 - 20 May 1919  August Baudert                    (s.a.)               SPD
Presiding Minister of State
20 May 1919 - 17 Jan 1921  Arnold Rudolf Paulssen            (b. 1864 - d. 1942)  DDP

16 Nov 1918                Free State of Schaumburg-Lippe (Freistaat Schaumburg-Lippe).
30 Jan 1934                State of Schaumburg-Lippe (Land Schaumburg-Lippe).
Apr 1945 -  5 May 1955     British occupation.
 9 Dec 1946                Incorporated into Niedersachsen.

Minister of State
1898 -  4 Dec 1918         Friedrich Rudolf Ernst Freiherr    (b. 1858 - d. 1942)  Non-party
                             von Feilitzsch
                            (from 15 Nov 1918, under authority of the Council)
Chairman of the Workers' and Soldiers' Council
15 Nov 1918 -  4 Dec 1918  Georg Schrader                                          Non-party
Chairman of the State Council
 4 Dec 1918 - 14 Mar 1919  Heinrich Lorenz                    (b. 1870 - d. 1947)  SPD
State Councillors
14 Mar 1919 - 22 May 1922  Heinrich Friedrich Otto Bömers     (b. 1857 - d. 1931)  Non-party
22 May 1922 - 28 May 1925  Konrad Wippermann                  (b. 1858 - d. 1935)  Non-party
28 May 1925 -  7 Oct 1927  Erich Steinbrecher                 (b. 1882 - d. 19..)  SPD
 7 Oct 1927 -  7 Mar 1933  Heinrich Lorenz                    (s.a.)               SPD
 1 Apr 1933 - 23 May 1933  Hans Joachim Riecke                (b. 1899 - d. 1987)  NSDAP
State Presidents
23 May 1933 - Apr 1945     Karl Heinrich Dreier               (b. 1898 - d. 1974)  NSDAP
16 May 1933 -  4 Apr 1945  Alfred Meyer                       (b. 1891 - d. 1945)  NSDAP
                            (Reichsstatthalter)
Apr 1945 - May 1945        Vacant
May 1945 - 15 Jun 1945     Heinrich Bövers (1st time)         (b. 1886 - d. 1950)  Non-party
                            (state councillor and chairman of state government)
15 Jun 1945 - 30 Apr 1946  Heinrich Hermann Drake             (b. 1881 - d. 1970)  SPD
30 Apr 1946 -  9 Dec 1946  Heinrich Bövers (2nd time)         (s.a.)               Non-party
                            (state councillor and chairman of state government)

Civil Flag Adopted 29 Aug 1948

State Flag Adopted 18 Jan 1957

Capital: Kiel

State Anthem "Schleswig-Holstein meerumschlungen" (Schleswig-Holstein, Embraced by the Sea) (unofficial)

Population: 2,881,926 (2016)

Constitution (13 Dec 1949)

May 1945 -  5 May 1955     British occupation.
23 Aug 1946                Prussian province of Schleswig-Holstein becomes a state as
                             the State of Schleswig-Holstein (Land Schleswig-Holstein).
 7 Sep 1949                Part of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Oberpräsidenten
May 1945 - 14 May 1945     Waldemar Vöge (acting)             (b. 1898 - d. 19..)  Non-party
14 May 1945 - 15 Nov 1945  Otto Hoevermann (acting)           (b. 1888 - d. 1953)  Non-party
15 Nov 1945 - 12 Sep 1946  Theodor Hans Steltzer              (b. 1885 - d. 1967)  CDU
Minister-presidents
12 Sep 1946 - 29 Apr 1947  Theodor Hans Steltzer              (s.a.)               CDU
29 Apr 1947 - 29 Aug 1949  Hermann Lüdemann                   (b. 1880 - d. 1959)  SPD
29 Aug 1949 -  5 Sep 1950  Bruno Diekmann                     (b. 1897 - d. 1982)  SPD
 5 Sep 1950 - 25 Jun 1951  Walter Bartram                     (b. 1893 - d. 1971)  CDU
25 Jun 1951 -  2 Oct 1954  Friedrich Wilhelm Lübke            (b. 1887 - d. 1954)  CDU
11 Oct 1954 - 14 Jan 1963  Kai-Uwe von Hassel                 (b. 1913 - d. 1997)  CDU
14 Jan 1963 - 24 May 1971  Helmut Lemke                       (b. 1907 - d. 1990)  CDU
24 May 1971 - 14 Oct 1982  Gerhard Stoltenberg                (b. 1928 - d. 2001)  CDU
14 Oct 1982 -  2 Oct 1987  Uwe Barschel                       (b. 1944 - d. 1987)  CDU
 2 Oct 1987 - 31 May 1988  Henning Schwarz (acting)           (b. 1928 - d. 1993)  CDU
31 May 1988 - 19 May 1993  Björn Engholm                      (b. 1939)            SPD
19 May 1993 - 27 Apr 2005  Heide Simonis (f)                  (b. 1943)            SPD
27 Apr 2005 - 12 Jun 2012  Peter Harry Carstensen             (b. 1947)            CDU
12 Jun 2012 - 28 Jun 2017  Torsten Albig                      (b. 1963)            SPD
28 Jun 2017 -              Daniel Günther                     (b. 1973)            CDU

23 Nov 1918                Free State of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (Freistaat
                             Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt).
 1 May 1920                Part of Thüringen (state government continued to Jan 1921).

People's Government Ministers
23 Nov 1918 - 23 May 1919  Franz Ernst Wilhelm Karl Freiherr
                             von der Recke                   (b. 1854 - d. 1923)  Non-party 
                           + August Richard Werner                                Non-party
                           + Friedrich Wissmann              (b. 1865 - d. 1942)  Non-party
                           + Ernst Otto                                           SPD
                           + Emil Hartmann (chairman)        (b. 1868 - d. 1942)  SPD
                           + August Albin Albert Scholl      (b. 1871 - d. 1931)  SPD
                           + Oskar Günther Wilhelm Hertel                         DDP
Leading Minister of State
23 May 1919 - Jan 1921     Emil Hartmann                     (s.a.)               SPD

25 Nov 1918                Free State of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen (Freistaat
                             Schwarzburg-Sondershausen).
 1 May 1920                Part of Thüringen (state government continued to Jan 1921).

Leading Minister of State
25 Nov 1918 -  2 Apr 1919  Harald Bielfeld                   (b. 1863 - d. 1933)  DDP
First People's Ministers
 2 Apr 1919 - 13 Dec 1919  Wilhelm Bärwinkel                 (b. 1880 - d. 1969)  USPD
13 Dec 1919  Jan 1921      Bruno Bieligk                     (b. 1889 - d. 1969)  USPD

7 Apr 1921 - 15 Sep 1935; 20 Dec 1945 - 23 Jul 1952; Civil Flag Adopted 11 Apr 1991	State Flag 25 Apr 1922 - 15 Aug 1933	State Flag 15 Aug 1933 - 15 Sep 1935
State Flag 13 Aug 1945 - 23 Jul 1952	3 Oct 1990 - 10 Jan 1991 Unofficial	State Flag Adopted 10 Jan 1991

14 Jul 1919                Council of State entrusted with the elaboration of a 
                             common constitution and with the provisional 
                             administration of the Union.
 4 Jan 1920                The treaty on formation of the Thüringian Community 
                             (Thüringer Gemeinschaft) signed.
 1 May 1920                Reuss, Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg, Saxe-Gotha, Saxe-Meiningen,
                             Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, and
                             Schwarzburg-Sondershausen united as the State of
                             Thuringia (Land Thüringen).
11 Mar 1921                Free State of Thuringia (Freistaat Thüringen).
 8 Nov 1923 - 28 Feb 1924  Under martial law, administered by the central government.
30 Jan 1934                State of Thuringia (Land Thüringen).
 6 Apr 1945 -  1 Jul 1945  U.S. occupation.
 1 Jul 1945 - 20 Sep 1955  Part of the Soviet occupation zone.
20 Dec 1946                Name State of Thuringia confirmed by constitution.
 7 Oct 1949                Part of the German Democratic Republic.
23 Jul 1952                State is dissolved into districts (Suhl, Gera, and Erfurt).
 3 Oct 1990                Reconstituted as a state of the Federal Republic of Germany
                             as the State of Thuringia (Land Thüringen).
23 Nov 1993                Free State of Thuringia (Freistaat Thüringen).

First Secretaries of the Socialist Unity Party
21 Apr 1946 - 1947         Werner Karl Jakob Eggerath         (b. 1900 - d. 1977)
1947 - 1949                Erich Ernst Kops                   (b. 1905 - d. 1961)
1949 - 25 Jul 1952         Erich Mückenberger                 (b. 1910 - d. 1998)

Chairman of State Council
14 Jul 1919 - 30 Apr 1920  Arnold Rudolf Otto Paulssen        (b. 1864 - d. 1942)  DDP
                            (also Reichskommissar 22 Mar - 10 Apr 1920) 
Leading Ministers of State (Vorsitzende des Staatsministeriums)
 1 May 1920 - 11 Nov 1920  August Frölich (1st time)          (b. 1867 - d. 1964)  SPD
11 Nov 1920 -  6 Oct 1921  Arnold Rudolf Otto Paulssen        (s.a.)               DDP
 7 Oct 1921 - 21 Feb 1924  August Frölich (2nd time)          (s.a.)               SPD                              (acting from 7 Dec 1923)
 8 Nov 1923 - 28 Feb 1924  Paul Hasse                         (b. 1864 - d. 1945)  Mil
                            (military administrator)
Minister-presidents
21 Feb 1924 -  6 Nov 1928  Richard Leutheusser                (b. 1867 - d. 1945)  DVP
 6 Nov 1928 - 13 Jan 1930  Arnold Rudolf Paulssen             (s.a.)               DDP
13 Jan 1930 - 26 Aug 1932  Erwin Baum                         (b. 1868 - d. 1950)  TLB
26 Aug 1932 -  8 May 1933  Fritz Sauckel                      (b. 1894 - d. 1946)  NSDAP
                            (also Reichsstatthalter 6 May 1933 - 12 Apr 1945)
 8 May 1933 - 12 Apr 1945  Wilhelm "Willy" E.K. Marschler     (b. 1893 - d. 1952)  NSDAP
Leading Ministers of State
12 Apr 1945 -  7 May 1945  Karl Müller                                             Non-party
 7 May 1945 -  9 Jun 1945  Hermann Louis Brill                (b. 1895 - d. 1959)  Non-party
President of the Government
 9 Jun 1945 - 16 Jul 1945  Hermann Louis Brill                (s.a.)               Non-party
Minister-presidents
16 Jul 1945 -  1 Sep 1947  Rudolf Paul                        (b. 1893 - d. 1978)  DemP;
                            (leader of the state administration to 4 Dec 1946)  Apr 1946: SED
 2 Sep 1947 - 23 Jul 1952  Werner Karl Jakob Eggerath         (s.a.)               SED
                            (acting to 8 Oct 1947)
 3 Oct 1990 -  5 Feb 1992  Josef Duchac                       (b. 1938)            CDU
                            (Landesbevollmächtigter to 8 Nov 1990)
 5 Feb 1992 -  5 Jun 2003  Bernhard Vogel                     (b. 1932)            CDU
 5 Jun 2003 - 30 Oct 2009  Dieter Althaus                     (b. 1958)            CDU
 1 Jan 2009 - 20 Apr 2009  Birgit Diezel (f)                  (b. 1958)            CDU
                             (acting for Althaus)
30 Oct 2009 -  5 Dec 2014  Christine Lieberknecht (f)         (b. 1958)            CDU
 5 Dec 2014 -  5 Feb 2020  Bodo Ramelow (1st time)            (b. 1956)            Lft
 5 Feb 2020 -  4 Mar 2020  Thomas Kemmerich                   (b. 1965)            FDP
 4 Mar 2020 -              Bodo Ramelow (2nd time)            (s.a.)               Lft

State Directors (Landesdirektoren)(appointed by the Prussian government)
1914 -  1 Sep 1920         Karl Hermann Friedrich Wilhelm     (b. 1867 - d. 1940)  Non-party
                             von Redern
 1 Sep 1920 -  7 Feb 1929  Wilhelm Schmieding                 (b. 1878 - d. 1929)  DVP
25 Feb 1929 - 31 Mar 1929  Herbert Herberg                                         DVP

26 Oct 1939 - Feb 1945     Part of occupied Poland annexed to Germany (but not to Prussia)
                             as Reichsgau Posen. 
 2 Nov 1939                Renamed Reichsgau Wartheland.
Feb 1945                   Re-incorporated into Poland.

20 Feb 1922 - 15 Sep 1935

30 Nov 1946 - 25 Apr 1952