Luxembourg
-
- 8 May 1713 -
15 Dec 1792;
- 28 Apr 1793
- 1 Oct 1795
-
|
-
- 15 Dec 1792 - 28
Apr 1793;
- 1 Oct 1795 - 1 Feb
1815
-
|
-
- 16 Mar 1815 - 12
Jul 1845
-
-
|
-
- Adopted 12 Jul 1845
- (officially adopted
16 Aug 1972)
|
-
- Ensign Adopted 23
Jun 1972
- Civil &
Merchant Ensign 9 Nov 1990
|
|
Map
of Luxembourg |
Hear
National Anthem
"Ons Heemecht"
formerly "Ons Hémécht"
(Our Motherland)
Adopted 1895 |
Hear
Royal Anthem
"De Wilhelmus"
Adopted 1919 |
Constitution
(17 Oct 1868) |
Capital: Luxembourg
|
Currency: Euro (EUR);
1848-1 Jan 2002 Luxembourg
Franc (LUF); 1941-1944
German Reichsmark (DER);
1871-1918 German Mark (DEP);
1831-1848
Belgian Franc (BEF);
1815-1831 Netherlands
Guilder (NLG) |
National Holiday: 23
Jun (1896)
Nationalfeierdag /
Groussherzogsgebuertsdag
(National Day/Sovereign's
Birthday)
(birthday of Grand
Duchess Charlotte)
|
Population: 605,764
(2018) |
GDP: $62.11
billion (2017)
|
Exports:
$15.9 billion (2017)
Imports: $20.6
billion (2017)
|
Ethnic groups:
Luxembourger 51.1%, Portuguese 15.7%,
French 7.5%, Italian 3.6%, Belgian
3.3%, German 2.1%,
Spanish 1.1%, British 1%, other 14.6%
(2019)
|
Total Active
Armed Forces: 900 (2010)
Merchant marine:
152 ships (2018)
|
Religions:
Christian (predominantly Roman
Catholic) 70.4%,
Muslim 2.3%, other (includes Buddhist,
folk religions,
Hindu, Jewish) 0.5%, none 26.8% (2010)
|
International
Organizations/Treaties: ADB
(nonregional), AfDB, AG, AIIB
(nonregional), APM, Benelux,
BIS, BTWC, CCM, CD, CE, CFE, CPLP
(associate observer), CTBT, CWC, EAPC,
EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, ENMOD (signatory),
ESA, ESCR, EU, Euratom, Eutelsat,
FAO, FATF, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt,
ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS,
ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU,
IRENA, ISA, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA,
MTCR, NATO, NEA, NPT, NSG, NTBT, OAS
(observer), OECD, OIF, OPCW, OS, OSCE,
OST, PCA, SEGIB (associate observer),
UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-KP, UNFCC-PA, UNHCR,
UNIDO, UNRWA, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WTO, ZC
|
Luxembourg
Index
|
Chronology
17 Apr
963
Area of modern Luxembourg acquired
from the
abbots of St. Maxim at Trier; title
used by
the rulers Graf im
Moselgau und den Ardennen.
6
Jul
1083
Title of Count of Luxembourg
adopted
(Graf von Lützelburg).
26 Jul
1199
Treaty
concluded between Thibaut
de Bar,
Baudouin de Flandre,
and Philippe de Namur
who agree to recognize
Ermesindis as ruler.
13 Mar
1354
Duchy of Luxembourg; formal separation
from
Lorraine/Lothringen.
26 Feb
1388
The duchy is pledged by Wenceslas II
to Jost
(Jobst/Josse/Jodok),
and from this date to 23 Nov
1457 there are side by side the
hereditary duke
(duc héréditaire)
and the actually governing
"duke by pledge" (duc par
engagère).
4 Oct 1441
Elisabeth von Görlitz
sells Luxembourg to Philippe
de Bourgogne,
but only to succeed upon her death.
22 Nov 1443 - 15 Jun 1467
Administered by Burgundy.
23 Nov
1457
Upon the death of hereditary duke
Ladislaus,
"Postumus" of Austria, the ducal line
is claimed
by the Burgundian branch of the house
of Valois;
Anna, sister of Ladislaus, and her
husband
continue to claim to be the
rightful heirs.
20 Mar
1459
Wilhelm
II von Thüringen
sells claims to Luxembourg
to France which is not
recognized by Burgundy.
25 Mar
1462
France waives
claim to Luxembourg by declaration.
13 Nov
1462 - 1467
Upon the death of Anna
von Österreich, her sister,
Elisabeth
von Habsburg and her husband continue
to claim Luxembourg.
1 Sep 1542 -
10 Sep 1542 French occupation.
12 Sep
1543 - 6 Aug 1544 French
occupation.
16 Jan
1556 - 8 May 1713 Under
Spanish rule as as part of
the Spanish
Netherlands (see Belgium).
4 Jun 1684 - 28 Jan
1698 French occupation.
1701 - 26 Jun
1713
French occupation.
8
May
1713
As a consequence of the War of the
Spanish
Succession, Luxembourg becomes part of
the
Austrian Netherlands (see Belgium)
26 Jun
1713 - 7 Jan 1715 Under
Hessian administration.
7
Jan
1715
Austrians take possession.
15 Dec
1792
French decree proclaims the eventual
"freedom and
sovereignty" of the peoples of the
Austrian
Netherlands, but from 1 -
30 Mar 1793 it is
gradually integrated into
France; Austria,
however continues to
control Luxembourg fortress.
21 Nov 1794 - 10 Jun
1795 Luxembourg
fortress under siege by
France.
10 Jun 1795
France occupies
Luxembourg.
1 Oct 1795 - 1 Feb
1814 Annexation by France
(becomes département des
Forêts from 18
Nov 1795).
15 Feb
1814 - 9 Mar 1814 Under Gouvernement-général
de la Belgique
(see Belgium).
10 Mar
1814 - 12 May 1815 Under Gouvernement-général
du Rhin Moyen
(Generalgouvernement
Mittelrhein)
(from 10 Jun 1814, Bas-Rhin
et Rhin Moyen
[Generalgouvernement Nieder- und
Mittelrhein]).
16 Mar
1815
Style of duke restored for Willem I
of
the Netherlands
(Duchy of Luxembourg).
9
Jun
1815
Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
16 Oct
1830
Belgian provisional government
declares
Luxembourg an integral part of Belgium
(Arlon district defects to the
revolutionaries
19 Oct 1830; district of Luxembourg
(excluding
fortress of Luxembourg) on 22 Oct
1830).
22 Oct
1830 - 19 Jan 1839 Belgian
occupation/administration of
Luxembourg
(except the fortress-city of
Luxembourg).
17 Feb
1831
Upon separation of Belgium from the
Kingdom of
the Netherlands, the already
diminished
territory of Luxembourg is divided
into the
(larger) Belgian province of
Luxembourg and
the (smaller) surviving Grand
Duchy.
19 Jun
1839
Division acquiesced to by the
King/Grand-duke.
23 Nov
1890
End of the personal union with the
Netherlands.
2
Aug 1914 - 11 Nov 1918 Occupied
by Germany (de facto to 20 Nov 1918).
4
May 1919
Referendum
favors continuation of the monarchy.
10 May 1940 - 11 Sep
1944 Occupied by Germany
(administered from Belgium
4 Jun 1940 - 2 Aug 1940;
attached/integrated but
not
formally annexed to Germany as the
Area of
Chief of Civil Administration [CdZ-Gebiet]
in
Luxemburg from 2 Aug 1940.
14 Aug
1940
Luxembourg constitution voided - all
references
to the "Grand Duchy" or "State of
Luxembourg"
in official documents prohibited by
Germany. On
27 Aug 1940 Parliament is dissolved,
political
parties banned.
11 Sep 1944 - 12 Apr
1945 Allied occupation.
16 Dec
1944 - 28 Jan 1945 Northern
third of Luxembourg re-occupied
by
Germany during the Battle of the
Bulge.
1 Nov 1993
Part of European
Union (1958-93 European
Community).
|
Resistance
(1944-1945)
|
Republican
rebellions
(1918, 1919)
|
Historical
Maps
of
Luxembourg
|
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Counts of Ardenne
87. - 897
Odacar
(b.
85. - d. 90.)
897 - c.918
Wigerich
(b. 87. - d.
c.918)
c.918 - 19 Oct 942
Gozelo
(b. c.914 - d. 942)
19 Oct 942 - 963
Giselbert
(b. c.915 - d. 963)
963 - 28 Oct 998
Siegfried
(b. c.916 - d. 998)
28 Oct 998 - 27 Feb 1026 Heinrich I
(in Ardennengau)
(b. c.960 - d. 1026)
(co-ruler from 993)
(Heinrich V of Bavaria)
28 Oct 998 - 18 May 1004 Giselbert
I
(b. c.960 - d. 1004)
(co-ruler in Moselgau)
18 May 1004 - 6 Oct 1019
Friedrich
(b. c.970 - d. 1019)
(co-ruler in Moselgau)
27 Feb 1026 - 14 Oct 1047 Heinrich
II
(b. c.1005 - d. 1047)
(Heinrich VI of Bavaria)
14 Oct 1047 - 14 Aug 1059 Giselbert II
(b. c.1007 - d. 1059)
14 Aug 1059 - 6 Jul 1083 Konrad
(Conrad)
(b. c.1030 - d. 1086)
Counts of Luxembourg
6 Jul 1083 - 8 Aug 1086
Konrad
I
(s.a.)
8 Aug 1086 -
1096
Heinrich
III
(b. c.1060 - d. 1096)
1096 - 23 Jan 1130
Wilhelm I
(b. c.1070 - d. 1130)
23 Jan 1130 -
1136
Konrad
II
(b. c.1106 - d. 1136)
1136 - 14 Aug
1196
Heinrich
IV
(b. 1111 - d. 1196)
1196 - 1197
Otto (in dispute with
following) (b. 1167 - d. 1200)
14 Aug 1196 - 12 Feb 1247 Ermesinde
-Countess
(b. 1186 -
d. 1247)
(Ermensindis)
14 Aug 1196 - 13 Feb 1214
Thibaut, comte de Bar -Regent
(b. 1160? - d. 1214)
(husband of Ermesinde, styled Count of Luxembourg)
Apr? 1214 - Jun/Jul 1226 Walram
Herzog von Limburg -Regent (b. c.1175 - d.
1226)
(Valerien III, duc de Limbourg;
husband of Ermesinde, styled Count of Luxembourg)
12 Feb 1247 - 24 Dec 1281 Heinrich
V
(b. 1216 - d. 1281)
(Hendrik IV of Limburg; Henri III of Namur)
24 Dec 1281 - 5 Jun 1288 Heinrich
VI
(b. 1250 - d. 1288)
5 Jun 1288 - Jun 1310
Heinrich
VII
(b. 1274 - d. 1313)
Jun 1310 - 26 Aug 1346 Johann I
(John "the
Blind") (b.
1296 - d. 1346)
26Aug1346-15Nov/19Dec 1353 Karl I (Charles I)
(b. 1316 - d. 1378)
15Nov/19Dec1353-13Mar 1354 Wenczlaw
(Wenceslas)
(b. 1337 - d. 1383)
Dukes
13 Mar 1354 - 8 Dec 1383 Wenczlaw
I
(s.a.)
8 Dec 1383 - 26 Feb 1388 Wenczlaw
II
(b. 1361 - d. 1419)
- hereditary dukes; styled heir of the
duchy of Luxembourg -
26 Feb 1388 - 16 Aug 1419 Wenczlaw
II
(s.a.)
16 Aug 1419 - 9 Dec 1437
Sigismund
(b. 1368 - d. 1437)
(Zsigmond of Hungary)
9 Dec 1437 - 19 Dec 1442 Elisabeth
I -Duchess
(b. 1409 - d. 1442)
- together with the following -
9 Dec 1437 - 27 Oct 1439
Albrecht
(b. 1397 - d. 1439)
(Albrecht V of Austria)
22 Feb 1440 - 23 Nov 1457 Ladislaus
"Postumus"
(b. 1440 - d. 1457)
23 Nov 1457 - 20 Mar 1459 Anna von
Österreich -Duchess
(b. 1432 - d. 1462)
23 Nov 1457 - 20 Mar 1459 Wilhelm II von
Thüringen -Regent (b.
1425 - d. 1482)
(husband
of Anna, styled Duke of Luxembourg)
20 Mar 1459 - 25 Nov 1462 Philippe "le Bon" -Governor
(b. 1396 - d. 1467)
13 Nov 1462 - 1467 Elisabeth
II von Habsburg -Duchess (b.
1437 - d. 1505)
(claimed
followed death of Anna)
13 Nov 1462 - 1467 Casimir
Jagiello
(b. 1427 - d. 1492)
(Kazimierz IV Jagiellonczyk
of Poland)
(husband of Elisabeth II, styled Duke of Luxembourg)
- dukes by pledge/duc par engagère; styled dukes of
Luxembourg -
26 Feb 1388 - 15 Sep 1402 Jost
(1st time)
(b. 1354 - d. 1411)
(Josse de Luxembourg/Jobst von Mähren)
15 Sep 1402 - 23 Nov 1407 Louis, duc
d'Orléans -Governor (b. 1372 -
d. 1407)
23 Nov 1407 - 18 Jan 1411 Jost (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
18 Jan 1411 - 22 Nov 1443 Elisabeth von
Görlitz -Duchess (b. 1390
- d. 1451)
18 Jan 1411 - 25 Apr 1415 Antonie de
Bourgogne -Regent
(b. 1384 - d. 1415)
(Antonie of Brabant and Limburg)
(husband
of Elisabeth, styled Duke of Luxembourg)
9 Jun 1419 - 6 Jan 1425 Johann
II -Regent
(b. 1374 - d. 1425)
(husband of Elisabeth, styled Duke of Luxembourg)
(Johann III of Bavaria)
1 May 1441 - 4 Oct 1441 Jakob
von Sierck -Governor
(b. 1398 - d. 1456)
(Archbishop of Trier Jakob I)
(not
allowed to take office)
22 Nov 1443 - 15 Jun 1467 Philippe (I)
"le Bon" -Governor (s.a.)
(Philippe III of Burgundy)
(nominally for Elisabeth von Görlitz
until her death 3 Aug 1451, then
continuing after death of Ladislaus)
- hereditary dukes -
15 Jun 1467 - 5 Jan 1477 Charles
II
(b. 1433 - d. 1477)
(Charles I of Burgundy)
5 Jan 1477 - 27 Mar 1482 Maria
-Duchess
(b. 1457 - d.
1482)
(Marie "la Riche"
of Burgundy)
27 Mar 1482 - 25 Sep 1506 Philippe
II
(b. 1478 - d. 1506)
(Philippe IV of Burgundy; Felipe I of Spain)
25 Sep 1506 - 25 Oct 1555 Charles
III
(b. 1500 - d. 1558)
(Carlos I of Spain; Holy Roman
Emperor as Karl V)
26 Jun 1548 - 25 Oct 1555 Maria von
Habsburg (f) -Regent (b.
1505 - d. 1558)
25 Oct 1555 - 13 Sep 1598 Philippe
III
(b. 1527 - d. 1598)
(Felipe II of Spain)
13 Sep 1598 - 31 Mar 1621 Philippe IV
(b. 1578 - d. 1621)
(Felipe
III of Spain)
31 Mar 1621 - 17 Sep 1665 Philippe
V
(b. 1605 - d. 1665)
(Felipe IV of Spain)
17 Sep 1665 - 4 Jun 1684 Charles IV (1st
time)
(b. 1661 - d. 1700)
(Carlos II of Spain)
4 Jun 1684 - 20 Sep 1697 Louis
Dieudonné "le
Grand"
(b. 1638 - d. 1715)
(Louis XIV of France)
20 Sep 1697 - 1 Nov 1700 Charles IV
(2nd
time)
(s.a.)
1 Nov 1700 - 16 Nov 1700 Interregnum:
under the authority
of the Governing Board in Spain
16 Nov 1700 - 25 May 1711 Philippe VI
(b. 1683 - d. 1746)
(Felipe V of Spain)
25 May 1711 - 8 May 1713
Maximilien Marie Emmanuel
(b. 1662 - d. 1726)
(Maximilian II of Bavaria)
8 May 1713 - 7 Jan 1715 Interregnum:
Hessian administration
7 Jan 1715 - 20 Oct 1740 Charles
IV
(b. 1685 - d. 1740)
(Karl III of Austria)
20 Oct 1740 - 29 Nov 1780 Maria Theresa -Duchess
(b. 1717 - d. 1780)
(Maria Theresia of Austria)
29 Nov 1780 - 20 Feb 1790 Joseph (Joseph II of
Austria) (b. 1741 - d.
1790)
20 Sep 1790 - 1 Mar 1792
Leopold
(b. 1747 - d. 1792)
(Leopold II of Austria)
5 Jul 1792 - 1 Oct
1795 François (1st
time)
(b. 1768 - d. 1835)
(Franz I of Austria)
1 Oct 1795 - 1 Feb 1814 Annexed
to France
Austrian military governors
15 Dec 1792 - 28 Apr 1793 Jean-Pierre,
baron Beaulieu de (b. 1725 - d.
1819)
Marconnay
1793 - 10 Jun
1795
Blasius Columban Freiherr von (b.
1714 - d. 1798)
Bender
Commissioners
1795
Bernard
Stévenotte
(b. 1752 - d. 18..)
(president of the administration)
1795 - May 1798
Nicolas Vincent Legier
(b. 1754 - d. 1827)
(Agent
National; from Oct 1795, Commissioner of the Executive
Power; from 1796, Commissioner of the Directory)
12 May 1798 - 24 Dec 1798 Jacques Louis
Failly
(b. 1764 - d. ....)
Dec 1798 - 1799
Jean-Baptiste Bernard Arnoul (b.
1761 - d. 1838)
1799 - 1800
François Pierre Sébastien Delattre
(b. 1749 - d. 1834)
Prefects of Forêts
2 Mar 1800 -
1800
Johannes Birnbaum
(b. 1763 - d. 1832)
(Johann
Michael Franz Birnbaum)
30 Nov 1800 -
1808
Jean-Baptiste
Lacoste
(b. 1756 - d. 1821)
18 May 1808 -
1814
André Joseph Jourdan
(b. 1762 - d. 1833)
(from 11 Jun 1810, André Joseph, baron Jourdan)
Governor-general (on behalf of the
Allied powers)
15 Feb 1814 - 9 Mar 1814 part
of Gouvernement-Général de la
Belgique (see Belgium)
10 Mar 1814 - 12 May 1815 Johann August
von
Sack
(b. 1764 - d. 1831)
Duke¹
16 Mar 1815 - 9 Jun 1815 Guillaume
I
(b. 1772 - d. 1848)
Grand Dukes¹
9 Jun 1815 - 7 Oct 1840 Guillaume
I
(s.a.)
7 Oct 1840 - 17 Mar 1849 Guillaume
II
(b. 1792 - d. 1849)
17 Mar 1849 - 23 Nov 1890 Guillaume
III
(b. 1817 - d. 1890)
24 Oct 1850 - 13 Jan 1879 Prince Henri -Regent
(b. 1820 - d. 1879)
11 Apr 1889 - 3 May 1889 Duke Adolphe
-Regent
(b. 1817 - d. 1905)
6 Nov 1890 - 23 Nov 1890 Duke Adolphe -Regent
(s.a.)
23 Nov 1890 - 17 Nov 1905
Adolphe
(s.a.)
14 Apr 1902 - 17 Nov 1905 Prince
Guillaume -Regent
(b. 1852 - d. 1912)
17 Nov 1905 - 25 Feb 1912 Guillaume
IV
(s.a.)
19 Mar 1908 - 25 Feb 1912 Maria Ana de
Bragança (f) -Regent (b. 1861 - d.
1942)
Grand Duchess¹
25 Feb 1912 - 15 Jan 1919
Marie-Adélaïde
(b. 1894 - d. 1924)
25 Feb 1912 - 14 Jun 1912 Maria Ana de
Bragança (f) -Regent (s.a.)
German Military Commanders
2 Aug 1914 - 22 Jan 1915 Albrecht Maria
Alexander Herzog (b. 1865 - d. 1939)
von Württemberg
22 Jan 1915 - 20 Nov 1918 Richard Karl von
Tessmar (b. 1853 - d.
1928)
Grand Duchess¹
15 Jan 1919 - 12 Nov 1964
Charlotte
(b. 1896 - d. 1985)
(9 May 1940 - 14 Apr 1945 in exile [France to 18 Jun
1940;
25
Jun-Aug 1940 Portugal; Aug-4 Oct 1940, London;
4 Oct - 13 Nov 1940 New York; from
13 Nov 1940, Montreal])
German Military Commanders
10 May 1940 - 22 May 1940 Karl Rudolf
Gerd von Rundstedt (b. 1875 - d.
1953)
22 May 1940 - 24 May 1940 Otto Gullmann (acting)
(b. 1887 - d. 1963)
25 May 1940 - 4 Jun 1940 Friedrich
Schumacher (acting) (b. 1872 - d.
1946)
Military Governor
4 Jun 1940 - 6 Aug 1940
Alexander Freiherr
von
(b. 1878 - d. 1966)
Falkenhausen
Chief of the civil administration (Chef
der Zivilverwaltung in Luxemburg)
6 Aug 1940 - 9 Sep 1944
Gustav Simon (fled 1-3 Sep 1944) (b. 1900 - d.
1945) NSDAP
Aug 1940 - Sep 1944
Heinrich Christian Siekmeier
(b. 1901 - d. 1982) NSDAP
(permanent representative for mostly absent
Simon)
1 Sep 1944 - 3 Sep 1944 Curt Souchay
(acting for Simon) (b. 1893 - d. 1978)
Mil
Grand Dukes¹
4 May 1961 - 12 Nov 1964 Prince Jean
-Regent
(b. 1921 - d. 2019)
12 Nov 1964 - 7 Oct 2000
Jean
(s.a.)
4 Mar 1998 - 7 Oct 2000
Prince Henri -Regent
(b. 1955)
7 Oct 2000
-
Henri
(s.a.)
French Governors
1 Sep 1542 - 10 Sep 1542 Claude de
Lorraine, duc de Guise (b. 1496 - d. 1550)
12 Sep 1543 -
1544
François
d'Anglure
(b. c.1490 - d. 1544)
1544 - 6 Aug
1544
François de Clèves, duc de Nevers (b. 1516 - d.
1562)
Spanish Governors and Captains-general
2 Jul 1545 - 23 May 1604 Peter Ernst Graf
von Mansfeld (b. 1517 - d.
1604)
(French
prisoner 22 Jun 1552 - 18 May 1557)
22 Jun 1552 - 18 May 1557 acting successively
for Mansfeld
- Lamoral, comte d'Egmont
(b. 1522 - d. 1568)
- Martin van Rossem, maréchal de (b. 1478 - d.
1555)
Gueldre
(to 1555)
- Charles de Brimeu, comte de (b.
1524/25 - d. 1572)
Menghen
Sep 1576 - Feb
1577 Jean, sieur
de Naves, seigneur (d. 1579)
de
Sivry (acting for Mansfeld)
Jun 1604 - 1626
Florent, comte de
Berlaimont (b. 1546
- d. 1626)
Apr 1627 -
1636
Christoph Graf Emden von
(b. 1569 - d. 1636)
Ostfriesland
1636 -
1642
Philippe Thierry, comte de
(b. 1596 - d. 1653)
Manderscheid-Blankenheim
+ Andrea
Cantelmo
(b. 1587 - d. 1645)
(Aug 1637 - Nov
1637)
Jan 1638 -
1638
Claude de Lannoy, comte de la
(b. 1578 - d. 1643)
Motterie (acting)
18 Jan 1642 - 1648
Jean de Beck
(b. 1588 - d. 1648)
15 Jan 1646 - Nov 1646 Alonso,
marchese Strozzi
(acting
for Beck)
1648 - 19 Jun
1650
Philippe François de Croÿ,
(b. 1610 - d. 1650)
duc
d'Havré
1650
Gilles, marquis de Moulinguin
(acting)
Aug 1650 - 1652
Alfonso di Lorenzo, marchese
(b. c.1581 - d. 1657)
Strozzi
(acting)
1652 - 1654
Francisco Sanchez-Garrido Pardo
(b. 1598 - d. 1679)
(acting)
24 Jan 1654 - 12 Jan 1675 Philippe de
Ligne-Arenberg, prince
de
Chimay et de Croy d'Arenberg (b. 1619 -
d. 1675)
1675
Jean-Charles Chrétien de Sandas et
Louvegnies, baron de Grandcourt
(acting)
1676
Charles de Watteville
et de Joux, (b. 1628 - d. 1699)
marquis
de Conflans (acting)
1675 -
1680
Johann Franz Desiderius Fürst
von (b. 1626 - d. 1699)
Nassau-Siegen
1680 -
1684
Ernest Alexandre Dominique
de (b. 1643 - d. 1686)
Ligne-Arenberg Croÿ, prince
de
Chimay et de Croÿ d'Arenberg
French Governors
12 Jun 1684 - Jul 1686 Henri de
Lambert, marquis de
(b. 1631 - d. 1686)
Lambert et de Saint Bris,
baron de Citry
(governor and lieutenant-general)
10 Aug 1686 - Jul 1687 Louis
François, duc de Boufflers (b. 1644 - d. 1711)
25 Jul 1687 - 1690
Nicolas de Catinat, seigneur de (b.
1637 - d. 1712)
Saint Gratien
(from Mar 1690, Lieutenant-general)
1690 - 1697?
Henri, duc de Harcourt
(b. 1654 - d. 1718)
1697
Louis François du Parc, marquis (b. 1647 -
d. 1709)
de Locmaria
Spanish Governor and captain-general
15 Nov 1697 -
1713
Jean-Frédéric, comte d'Autel (b.
1645 - d. 1716)
Hessian Governors
1713 -
1714
Reinhardt Vincent, baron Hompesch (b. 1660 - d.
1733)
1 Jun 1714 - 1715?
Johan Rabo, baron van
Keppel (b. 1677 - d. 1733)
Austrian Governors
5 Jan 1715 - 4 Dec 1716
Bertram Anton Freiherr von
(b. 1674? - d. 1720)
Wachtendonk
4 Dec 1716 - 17 Apr 1719 Johann
Franz Graf von Bronkhorst- (b. 1640 - d.
1719)
Gronsveld
1719 - Jul
1720
Maximilian von Pasqualini
(b. 1669 - d. 1720)
1720 -
1722
Adolf Christian Freiherr von Galen (b. 16.. - d. 1722)
Mar 1722 - 27 Apr 1727
Johann Wilhelm Freiherr von Unruh (b. 1668 - d.
1728)
29 May 1727 - Oct 1729
Franz Anton Paul Graf
Wallis (b. 1677 - d.
1737)
Oct 1729 - 7 May 1730
Philippe Henri de Magawly,
(b. 1675 - d. 1756)
baron de Cabry (1st time)(acting)
7 May 1730 - 22 May 1731 Wilhelm
Reinhard Graf Neipperg (b. 1684
- d. 1774)
(1st time)
22 May 1731 - 22 Feb 1732 Philippe Henri
de Magawly, (s.a.)
baron de Cabry (2nd time)(acting)
22 Feb 1732 - 5 May 1733 Sigismund
Freiherr von Thungen (b. 1687 -
d. 1745)
(1st time)(acting)
5 May 1733 - 22 Jun 1734 Wilhelm
Reinhard Graf Neipperg (s.a.)
(2nd time)
22 Jun 1734 - 30 Jul 1736 Sigismund
Freiherr von Thungen (s.a.)
(2nd time)(acting)
30 Jul 1736 - Jan 1737
Wilhelm Reinhard Graf Neipperg
(s.a.)
(3rd time)
Jan 1737 - Apr
1737 Georges
Adolphe d'Olizy (1st time) (d. 1739)
(acting)
Apr 1737 - May
1737 Jacques
Antoine de Peissant,
(b. c.1670 - d. 1748)
comte de Rumigny (acting)
May 1737 - Jan
1738 Wilhelm
Reinhard Graf Neipperg (s.a.)
(4th time)
Jan 1738 - 16 May 1739
Georges-Adolphe d'Olizy (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
1739 - 17 Sep
1742
Carl Urban Graf von Chanclos
(b. 1686 - d. 1761)
(acting)
17 Sep 1742 -
1743
Christian de Holtzapfel (acting)
1743 - Mar
1744
de Melligny (acting)
Mar 1744 -
1753
Wilhelm Reinhard Graf Neipperg
(s.a.)
(5th time)
1753 - 20 Oct
1755
Eberhard Reichsfreiherr von
(b. 1688 - d. 1767)
Gemmingen (1st time)(acting)
20 Oct 1755 - 1766
Ernst
Dietrich Marschall
von (b. 1692 - d.
1771)
Burgholzhausen
1756 -
1763
Eberhard Reichsfreiherr von
(s.a.)
Gemmingen (2nd time)(acting)
(acting
for Marschall)
1766 - May
1773
Maximilian Friedrich Ernst Fürst (b. 1732 -
d. 1773)
von Salm-Salm
2 Jan 1767 - 1785
Christian
Jacob Freiherr von (b. 1703 - d.
1785)
Vogelsang
(acting for Salm-Salm to May 1773)
1 Sep 1785 - 7 Jun 1795
Johann Blasius Freiherr von Bender (b. 1713 - d. 1798)
(in opposition 15 Dec 1792 - 28 Apr 1793)
Dutch Commissioner-general
12 May 1815 - 9 Oct 1815 Johan Gijsbert
Verstolk van Soelen (b. 1776 - d. 1845)
Governor
2 Sep 1815 - 31 Dec 1830 Jean
Georges Othon Victorin
(b. 1763 - d. 1831)
Zacharie Willmar
Governors-general
1 Jan 1831 - 4 Mar 1831 Jean
Leclerc
(acting)
(b. 1765 - d. 1836)
4 Mar 1831 - 27 May 1831 Carl
Bernhard Herzog von Sachsen- (b. 1792 - d. 1862)
Weimar
Dutch Chairman of the Government Commission (in
Luxembourg)
27 May 1831 - 23 Jun 1839 Friedrich
Wilhelm von Goedecke (b. 1771
- d. 1857) Non-party
Belgian Governors (in Arlon)
5 Oct 1830 - 19 Jan 1839
the governors of Belgian province Luxembourg
Commissioners
23 Jun 1839 - 23 Sep 1839 Christian Ernst
Stifft
(b. 1780 - d. 1855) Non-party
+ Hans
Daniel Ludwig Friedrich (b.
1794 - d. 1862) Non-party
Hassenpflug
Chief of the Civil Services within the Grand
Duchy
23 Sep 1839 - 26 Oct 1840 Hans Daniel
Ludwig Friedrich
(s.a.)
Non-party
Hassenpflug
President of the State Government
26 Oct 1840 - 31 Dec 1841 Jean-Baptiste
Gellé
(b. 1777 - d. 1847) Non-party
Governor
1 Jan 1842 - 31 Jul 1848 Gaspar
Théodore-Ignace de
La (b. 1787 - d.
1871) Con+Lib
Fontaine (acting to 15 Jun 1842)
Prime ministers (Presidents of the
Council of General Administrators to
29 Nov 1857;
then Presidents of the Government to
14 Jul 1989)
1 Aug 1848 - 2 Dec 1848
Gaspar Théodore-Ignace de
la (s.a.)
Con+Lib
Fontaine
2 Dec 1848 - 22 Sep 1853
Jean-Jacques Madelaine Willmar
(b. 1792 - d. 1866) Lib
22 Sep 1853 - 26 Sep 1860 Charles Mathias
Simons
(b. 1802 - d. 1874) Con+Lib
26 Sep 1860 - 3 Dec 1867 Baron
Victor de
Tornaco
(b. 1805 - d. 1875) Lib
3 Dec 1867 - 26 Dec 1874 Lambert
Joseph Emmanuel Servais (b.
1811 - d. 1890) Lib
26 Dec 1874 - 23 Feb 1885 Félix, baron de
Blochausen
(b. 1834 - d. 1915) Lib
23 Feb 1885 - 24 Sep 1888 Jules Georges
Édouard Thilges (b. 1817 -
d. 1904) Lib
24 Sep 1888 - 12 Oct 1915 Paul
Eyschen
(b. 1841 - d. 1915) Lib;1904 LL
12 Oct 1915 - 6 Nov 1915 Mathias
Mongenast
(acting)
(b. 1843 - d. 1926) LL
6 Nov 1915 - 24 Feb 1916 Hubert
Loutsch
(b. 1879 - d. 1946) PD
24 Feb 1916 - 19 Jun 1917 Victor
Thorn
(b. 1844 - d. 1930) LL
19 Jun 1917 - 28 Sep 1918 Léon Michel
Kauffman
(b. 1869 - d. 1952) LL
28 Sep 1918 - 19 Mar 1925 Émile
Reuter
(b. 1874 - d. 1973) PD
19 Mar 1925 - 15 Jul 1926 Pierre
Prüm
(b. 1886 - d. 1950) PNI
15 Jul 1926 - 5 Nov 1937 Joseph
Bech (1st
time)
(b. 1887 - d. 1975) PD
5 Nov 1937 - 23 Dec 1953 Pierre
Dupong
(b. 1885 - d. 1953) PD; Dec 1944
(in London exile 10 May 1940 - 23 Sep
1944) PCS-CSV
10 May 1940 - 22 Oct 1940 Albert
Wehrer
(b. 1895 - d. 1967) Non-party
(president of the Government [from
23 May
1940 Administrative] Commission)
22 Oct 1940 - 25 Nov 1940 Johann (Jean) Metzdorf
(acting)
Non-party
(president of the Administrative Commission)
25 Nov 1940 - 1 Jan 1941 Drontsch
Non-party
(commissioner for the Administrative Commission)
23 Dec 1953 - 29 Mar 1958 Joseph Bech
(2nd
time)
(s.a.)
PCS-CSV
(acting to 29 Dec 1953)
29 Mar 1958 - 23 Feb 1959
Pierre
Frieden
(b. 1892 - d. 1959) PCS-CSV
23 Feb 1959 - 2 Mar 1959 Joseph Bech (3rd
time)(acting) (s.a.)
PCS-CSV
2 Mar 1959 - 17 Jun 1974 Pierre
Werner (1st
time)
(b. 1913 - d. 2002) PCS-CSV
17 Jun 1974 - 16 Jul 1979 Gaston
Thorn
(b. 1928 - d. 2007) PD-DP
16 Jul 1979 - 20 Jul 1984 Pierre Werner
(2nd
time)
(s.a.) PCS-CSV
20 Jul 1984 - 20 Jan 1995 Jacques
Santer
(b.
1937) PCS-CSV
20 Jan 1995 - 4 Dec 2013
Jean-Claude
Juncker
(b.
1954) PCS-CS
4 Dec 2013
-
Xavier
Bettel
(b.
1973)
PD-DP
Dutch Secretary (from 14 Aug
1838, Privy Councillor)
for the Affairs of
the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (in The Hague)
1 Jan 1831 - 14 Nov 1841 Christian
Ernst
Stifft
(s.a.)
Chancellors of State for the Grand
Duchy of Luxembourg (in The
Hague)
15 Nov 1841 - 3 Apr 1848 Friedrich
Georg Prosper Freiherr (b. 1802 - d. 1886)
von Blochausen
(acting
to 18 Jul 1844)
3 Apr 1848 - 26 Apr 1848 Henri Guillaume
Joseph Grégoire (b. 1794 - d. 1854)
(acting)
26 Apr 1848 - 31 Aug 1849 Jean François Xavier
Würth-Paquet (b. 1800 - d. 1874)
(acting)
Secretaries for the Affairs of the Grand Duchy of
Luxembourg (in The Hague)
1 Sep 1849 - 31 Mar 1882 Gustave
Adolphe Henri d'Olimart (b. 1821 -
d. 1896)
1 Apr 1882 - 23 Nov 1890 Hippolyte
Émile, comte de Villers (b. 1843 - d.
1920)
Resistance and Allied
Occupation 1944-1945
23 Mar
1944
Letzeburger Patriote
Liga (Luxembourg Patriot League),
Letzeburger Ro'de Le'f (Luxembourg
Red Lion) and Letzeburger
Volléks-Legio'n
(Luxembourgian People's Legion)
resistance
movements, set up previously, merged to form a
new organization
called Unio'n vun de Letzeburger
Freihéts-organisation'nen
(Union for Luxembourg Freedom Organizations)(UNION).
1 Sep 1944
Letzeburger
Freihéts-Bewegong (Luxembourgian
Freedom Movement)
(formed
1940) joins UNION.
11 Sep 1944 - 23 Apr 1945 Allied
occupation.
President of the UNION
23 Mar 1944 -
1945
François
Schammel
Left Wing
Allied Regional Military Government Officers,
Luxembourg (all from U.S.)
13 Sep 1944 - 16 Sep 1944
Charles William Matthews (1st time)(b. 1904 - d.
1988)
16 Sep 1944 - 13 Nov
1944 Edgar Alonzo Jett II
(b.
1906 - d. 1986)
13 Nov 1944 - 23 Apr
1945 Charles William Matthews (2nd time)(s.a.)
¹Full style of the ruler:
(a) 16 Mar 1815 - 9 Jun 1815: Par
la grâce de Dieu, Roi des Pays-Bas, Prince
d'Orange-Nassau, Duc de Luxembourg, etc., etc., etc. (French);
Von Gottes Gnaden König der Niederlande,
Prinz von Oranien-Nassau, Herzog von Luxemburg, etc.,
etc., etc. (German)
("by the Grace of God, King of the
Netherlands, Prince of Orange-Nassau, Duke of
Luxembourg, etc., etc, etc.");
(b) 9 Jun 1815 - 23 Nov 1890: Par la
grâce de Dieu, Roi des Pays-Bas, Prince
d'Orange-Nassau, Grand-Duc de Luxembourg, etc., etc.,
etc. (French);
Von Gottes Gnaden König der Niederlande, Prinz
von Oranien-Nassau, Grossherzog von Luxemburg, etc.,
etc., etc. (German)("by
the Grace of God, King of the Netherlands, Prince of
Orange-Nassau, Grand Duke of Luxembourg, etc., etc,
etc.");
(c) 23 Nov 1890 - 7 Oct 2000:
Par la grâce de Dieu, Grand-Duc/Grande-Duchesse de
Luxembourg, Duc/Duchesse de
Nassau, etc., etc., etc. (French);
Von Gottes Gnaden Grossherzog/Grossherzogin
von Luxemburg, Herzog/Herzogin von Nassau (from
27/28 Jun 1906 - 12 Nov 1964 zu Nassau),
etc., etc., etc. (German); Vu
Gottes Gnod, Groussherzog vu Lëtzebuerg, Herzog vun
Nassau, etc., etc., etc. (Luxembourgish;
official from 24 Feb 1984)("by the Grace of
God, Grand Duke/Grand Duchess of Luxembourg,
Duke/Duchess of Nassau, etc., etc., etc.");
(d) from 7 Oct 2000: Grand-Duc de
Luxembourg, Duc de Nassau (French);
Grossherzog von Luxemburg, Herzog von Nassau (French);
Groussherzog vu Lëtzebuerg, Herzog vun
Nassau (Luxembourgish)("Grand
Duke of Luxembourg, Duke of Nassau").
Party abbreviations: PCS-CSV = Parti
Populaire Chrétien Social/Christlich Soziale
Volkspartei/ Chrëschtlech Sozial Vollekspartei (Christian
Social People's Party, christian-democratic,
center-right, est.1944); PD-DP
= Parti Démocratique/Demokratische
Partei/Demokratesch Partei (Democratic Party,
social liberal, center-right, est.1955);
- Former parties: Con
= Conservative; Lib
= Liberal; LL
= Ligue Libérale/Liberalen Liga/Liberal Liga (Liberal
League, liberal, secular, 1904-1925, succeeded by DP);
PNI = Parti National
Indépendant/Unabhängige Nationalpartei/Onofhängeg
Nationalpartei (National Independent
Party, populist, split from PD, 1918-1931); PD
= Parti de la Droite/ Rechtspartei/
Rietspartei (Party of the Right, conservative,
1914 - Dec 1944, renamed CSV); NSDAP
= Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei
(National Socialist German Workers' Party, German Nazi
fascist, xenophobic, 1920-1945, only legal party in
Luxembourg 27 Aug 1940 - 9 Sep 1944)
Attempts to Establish a Republic
in Luxembourg 1918-1919
Note: The end of World War I was
followed by at chaotic period, as several groups, having
different points of view on the status of
post-war Luxembourg opposed each other (partisans of the
reigning Grand Duchess of the House of Nassau, of
forming a republic, and of annexation to Belgium or
France).
9 Nov 1918
(hours) First
attempt to make Luxembourg a republic.
11 Nov 1918
(hours) Second
republican revolt at Esch-sur-Alzette.
10 Jan
1919
Some members of the Luxembourgian Chamber declare the
House
of Nassau deposed and that a Committee of Public Safety
(Comité de Salut Public)
will govern the "republic."
11 Jan
1919
Chamber members are dispersed by French troops.
9 Nov 1918
(hours) Luxembourg-City
Committee
- Aloyse
Kayser
LL
- Emile Mark
(b. 1874 - d. 1935)
POS-LSA
- Jean
Schaack-Wirth
POS-LSA
11 Nov 1918
(hours) Esch-sur-Alzette
Committee
- Pierre Kappweiler
(b. 1887 - d. 1931) PPI
- Jacques Thilmany
(b. 1879 - d. 1967) POS-LSA
- Pierre Schaack
(b. 1885 - d.
19..)
Chairman of the Committee of Public Safety
10 Jan 1919 - 11 Jan 1919 Emile Servais
(b. 1847 - d. 1928) PL
Party abbreviations: LL = Ligue
Libérale/Liberalen Liga/Liberal Liga (Liberal League,
liberal, secular, 1904-1925, succeeded by DP);
POS-LSA = Parti
Ouvrier Socialiste Luxembourgeois/ Luxemburger
Sozialistische Arbeiterpartei/Lëtzebuerger Sozialistesch
Arbechterpartei (Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party,
social-democratic, est.1902); PL = Parti Libéral
(Liberal Party); PPI = Parti Populaire
Indépendant/Unabhängige Volkspartei (Independent
People's Party)
© Ben Cahoon
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