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The Netherlands
 
[Dutch
                                    17 Provinces flag, 1556-1579]
1556 - 1579
[Republic of the United
                                    Netherlands flag, 1579-1581]
1579 - 1581
[Dutch flag 1581-1596 Prince
                                    flag]
1581 - c.1596 (de facto)
(de jure to 19 Feb 1937)
(recognized by NSB as national flag
14 May 1940 - 5 May 1945)
[National
                                    flag of the Netherlands]
c.1596 - 15 Feb 1795;
21 Sep 1806 - 13 Jul 1810
[Flag
                                    of the Batavian Republic, 1795-1806
                                    (Netherlands)]
15 Feb 1795 - 21 Sep 1806
   
[French
                                    Flag]
13 Jul 1810 - 21 Nov 1813
 
[Dutch flag 1813-1816 Prince
                                    flag]
21 Nov 1813 - 16 Mar 1816

[National
                                    flag of the Netherlands]
Re-adopted 16 Mar 1816
(officially adopted 19 Feb 1937)

Map of The Netherlands
Hear National Anthem
"Wilhelmus van Nassouwe"
(William of Nassau)
from 1626, Adopted 10 May 1932
Former National Anthem
"Wien Neerlandsch Bloed"
(Who is of Dutch Blood)
(1815-10 May 1932)
Constitution
(1815, 17 Feb 1983)
-------------------------------------
Treaty of the Union
(23 Jan 1579)
Capital: Amsterdam
 Seat of Government:
The Hague
(Dordrecht 1575-1579,
Antwerp 1579-1583,
Middelburg 1583-1585)
Currency: Euro (EUR);
1581-1 Jan 2002 Netherlands
Guilder (NLG); 1810-1813 French Franc (FRF); 1940-44 German Reichsmark (DER)
National Holiday:
27 Apr (1967)

Koningsdag
(King's Day)
1949-2013: Koninginnedag
[Queen's Day] 30 Apr
Population: 17,151,228 (2018)
2,000,000 (1795 est.)
GDP: $924.4 billion (2017)
Exports: $555.6 billion (2017)
Imports: $453.8 billion (2017)
Ethnic groups: Dutch 76.9%, other European 6.4%,
Turkish 2.4%,
Moroccan 2.3%, Indonesian 2.1%,
Surinamese 2%, Polish 1%, other 4.8% (2018)
Total Armed Forces: 35,410 (2018)
U.S. Forces: 425 (2023)
Merchant marine
: 1,233 ships (2018)
Religions: Roman Catholic 23.6%, Protestant 14.9% (includes
Dutch Reformed [NHK] 6.4%, Protestant Church of The
Netherlands 5.6%, Calvinist 2.9%), Muslim 5.1%, other 5.6%
(includes Hindu, Buddhist, Jewish), none 50.7% (2017)
International Organizations/Treaties: AC (observer), ACS (associate), ADB (nonregional), AfDB (nonregional), AG, AIIB (nonregional), ANT (consultative), APM, Benelux, BIS, BTWC, CBSS (observer), CCM, CD, CE, CERN, CFE, CTBT, CWC, DC (observer), DLU, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EITI, EMU, ENMOD, ESA, ESCR, EU, Euratom, Eutelsat, FAO, FATF, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partner), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, IRENA, ISA, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, Moon, MTCR, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NPT, NSG, NTBT, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OS, OSCE, OST, PA (observer), PCA, Paris Club, SEGIB (associate observer), SELEC (observer), UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-KP, UNFCC-PA, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WA, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
The
Netherlands
Index
Chronology

19 Jul 1425                Burgundian rule (within the Holy Roman Empire).
23 Dec 1482                Under Habsburg rule (Austrian to 1556; then 
                             to Spanish branch).
16 Jan 1556                Part of the Spanish Netherlands (see Belgium).
 7-10 Aug 1566             Anti-church icon riots soon spread into a general
                             Protestant revolt against Spanish rule.
 4 Jul 1575                Union of Dordrecht, William of Orange appointed as
                             Stadtholder of Holland and Holland and Zeeland
                             agree to cooperate.
 8 Nov 1576                Pacification of Ghent (Satisfaction of Ghent) an
                             agreement concluded between the 17 regions of the
                             Spanish Netherlands (minus Luxembourg) to unite
                             in a so-called General Union on the basis of
                             religious freedom (ratified 5 Jan 1577). 
 9 Jan 1577                (First) Union of Brussels concluded by members of
                             the States General (except Luxembourg), the
                             Council of State, and deputies of Holland and
                             Zeeland, to force King of Spain to accept the
                             Pacification of Ghent (signed by King Philip II
                             on 6 Apr 1577), reconfirmed 10 Dec 1577 by Second
                             (or Further) Union of Brussels.
 
6 Jan 1579                Union of Arras (Atrecht) concluded between the
                             Catholic territories of Southern Netherlands
                             leaving the Union of Brussels by the County of
                             Artois, County of Hainaut,
and Douai (Dowaai),
                             Lille, and Orchies (Oorschie) in Walloon Flanders
                             (confirmed 17 May 1579).
23 Jan 1579                Union of Utrecht is formed by the Protestant
                             territories in the Northern Netherlands ("Treaty
                             of the Union, eternal alliance and confederation
                             made in the town of Utrecht by the countries and
                             their towns and members") by Holland
, Zeeland,
                             Utrecht, and the Ommelanden of Groningen. Later,
                             Gelderland from Mar 1579, Overijssel from Apr
                             1580, Drenthe from 1594 (early attempt Apr 1580 -
                             1581), Friesland from Mar 1579, Groningen city
                             from 23 Jul 1594, Antwerpen for Duchy of Brabant
                             29 Jul 1579 - 17 Aug 1585, Ieper Jul 1579 - Apr
                             1584, Breda Jul 1579 - 1581, and Ghent for the
                             County of Flanders 4 Feb 1579 - 17 Aug 1584).

26 Jul 1581                The Staten-Generaal (Estates-General, usually
                             mistranslated States-General) becomes the
                             supreme authority of the United Netherlands; 
                             from c.1648 in regular non-official use
                             Republic of the United Netherlands or Republic
                             of the United Provinces (Republiek der Verenigde
                             Nederlanden). Formal declaration of 
                             independence from Spain "Oath of Abjuration"
                             (Plakkaat van Verlatinghe).

15 May 1648                Independence and sovereignty of the confederal
                             United Netherlands recognized by Spain and by the
                             Holy Roman Empire by the Peace of Münster (signed
                             15 Jan 1648) as part of the Peace of Westphalia.
19 Mar 1702 - May 1747     Stadholderate vacant in Holland, Zeeland and 
                             Utrecht.
13 May 1747                Hereditability of the office of stadholder in all 
                             provinces enacted; style becomes General 
                             Hereditary Stadholder of the United Netherlands
19 Jan 1795 - 13 Jul 1810  Occupied by France.
16 Feb 1795                Office of stadholder abolished by Staten-Generaal
                             now styled Algemene Staten (General Estates).
 
1 Mar 1796                Batavian Republic (Bataafse Republiek [in French:
                             République Batave])(in informal official use
from
                             19 Jan 1795; from 17 Oct 1801 also the Batavian

                             Commonwealth [
Bataafs Gemenebest]).
29 Apr 1805                Batavian Commonwealth (Bataafs Gemenebest).
 
9 Jun 1806                Kingdom of Holland (Koninkrijk Holland)(proclaimed
                             in Paris 5 Jun 1806).
24 Apr 1810 - 1813         Brabant (and Walcheren on 1 Feb) annexed by France.
13 Jul 1810 - 20 Nov 1813  Annexed to France.
20 Nov 1813                United Netherlands (Verenigde Nederlanden).
 
4 May 1814                Den Helder French garrison under Admiral Carel
                             Hendrik Ver Huell, comte de Sevenaar (b. 1765 -
                             d. 1845) surrenders to Dutch forces.
16 Mar 1815                Kingdom of the Netherlands (Koninkrijk der
                             Nederlanden)(includes Belgium to 4 Oct 1830
).
16 Mar 1815 - 23 Nov 1890  Grand Duchy of Luxembourg in personal union with
                             The Netherlands.
19 Apr 1839                Netherlands recognizes independence of Belgium by
                             Treaty of London (ratified 8 Jun 1839).
19 Apr 1839 - 11 May 1867  Duchy of Limburg a (nominally) separate polity in
                             personal
union with The Netherlands.
10 May 1940 -  5 May 1945  Occupied by Germany (Reichskomissariat 
                             Niederlanden).
 1 Jan 1948                Part of the Benelux Union (Belgium-Netherlands-
                             Luxembourg)(signed 5 Sep 1944).
23 Apr 1949 - 11 Aug 1963  Annexation of certain German border areas to 
                             The Netherlands (see under Germany).
 
1 Nov 1993                Part of European Union (1958-1993 European
                             Community).

Provinces
German Occupation
(1940-1945)
Resistance
(1940-1945)
Limburg
(1839-1867)
Former Empire States in Limburg

  Thorn

(1691-1795)
Wittem
(1692-1794)
Former Empire States in
Brabant

Bokhoven

(1654-1795)
Boxmeer
(1689-1797)
Gemert
(1558-1794)
Megen
(1674-1794)
Ravenstein
(1397-1794)
Historical Map
of the Netherlands
 
 

Governor and Captain-General
25 Jan 1586 - 17 Dec 1587  Robert Dudley, Earl of
Leicester   (b. 1532 - d. 1588)
Captains-General and Admirals of the United Netherlands
(Stadholders of Holland, Zeeland, and Utrecht provinces)

1587 - 23 Apr 1625         Mauritz prins van 
Oranje           (b. 1567 - d. 1625)
                             graaf van Nassau         
23 Apr 1625 - 14 Mar 1647  Frederick Hendrick prins van
      (b. 1584 - d. 1647)
                             Oranje graaf van Nassau    
14 Mar 1647 -  6 Nov 1650  Wilhem
prins van Oranje, graaf     (b. 1626 - d. 1650)
                             van Nassau    
 6 Nov 1650 -  9 Jul 1672  Vacant
(authority reverted to the Estates-General)
 9 Jul 1672 - 19 Mar 1702  Wilhem Hendrick
prins van Oranje   (b. 1650 - d. 1702)
                             en Nassau     
19 Mar 1702 - 13 May 1747  Vacant
(authority reverted to the Estates-General)
General Hereditary Stadtholders (Erfstadhouders-Generaal), Captains-General
and Admirals of the United Netherlands

13 May 1747¹- 22 Oct 1751  Willem IV Karel Hendrik Friso,     (b. 1711 - d. 1751)
                             prins van Oranje en Nassau   
22 Oct 1751 - 16 Feb 1795  Willem V Batavus prins van         (b. 1748 - d. 1806)
                             Oranje en Nassau          
                            (in exile from 18 Jan 1795; rule interrupted 
                             in parts of the Netherlands Jun 1785 - Sep 1787)
22 Oct 1751 - 12 Jan 1759  Anna van Brunswyk-                 (b. 1709 - d. 1759)
                             Lunenburg (f) -Regent     
12 Jan 1759 -  9 Apr 1765  Maria Louisa von Hessen-           (b. 1688 - d. 1765)
                             Cassel (f) -Regent
12 Jan 1759 -  8 Mar 1766  Ludwig Ernst von Braunschweig-
     (b. 1718 - d. 1788)
                             Wolfenbüttel -Regent
 9 Apr 1765 -  8 Mar 1766  Wilhelmina Carolina d'Orange van   (b. 1743 - d. 1787)
                             Nassau (f) -Regent
Presidents of the Staten-Generaal (General Estates)
18 Jan 1795 - 25 Jan 1795  François Pierre Guillaume van
     (b. 1767 - d. 1818)
                             Schuylenburgh       
25 Jan 1795 -  1 Feb 1795  ....
 1 Feb 1795 -  8 Feb 1795  ....
 8 Feb 1795 - 15 Feb 1795  Cornelis Taaij (
Taay)              (b. 1753 - d. 1808)  
15 Feb 1795 - 22 Feb 1795  Jacob George Hieronymus Hahn       (b. 1761 - d. 1822)  Uni   
                             (1st time)
22 Feb 1795 -  1 Mar 1795  Jacob Verheije van Citters         (b. 1753 - d. 1823)   
 1 Mar 1795 -  8 Mar 1795  Paulus Hubert Adriaan Jan Strick  
(b. 1769 - d. 1819)
                             van Linschoten   
 8 Mar 1795 - 15 Mar 1795  Johannes Lambertus Huber (1st time)(b. 1750 - d. 1826)  Fed
15 Mar 1795 - 22 Mar 1795  Gerrit David Jordens (1st time)    (b. 1734 - d. 1803)  Fed  
22 Mar 1795 - 29 Mar 1795  Albert Johan de Sitter (1st time)  (b. 1748 - d. 1814)  Fed 
29 Mar 1795 -  5 Apr 1795  Gerrit Willem
ridder van Zuylen    (b. 1756 - d. 1814)  Pat
                             van Nievelt  
 5 Apr 1795 - 12 Apr 1795  Jacob George Hieronymus Hahn       (s.a.)               Uni 
                             (2nd time)
12 Apr 1795 - 19 Apr 1795  Bonifacius Matthias Pous (1st time)(b. 1744 - d. 1797)   
19 Apr 1795 - 26 Apr 1795  Pieter
Pijpers (Pÿpers)(1st time)  (b. 1749 - d. 1805)  Pat       
26 Apr 1795 -  3 May 1795  Johannes Lambertus Huber (2nd time)(s.a.)               Fed
 3 May 1795 - 10 May 1795  Gerrit David Jordens (2nd time)    (s.a.)               Fed   
10 May 1795 - 17 May 1795  Albert Johan de Sitter (2nd time)  (s.a.)               Fed   
17 May 1795 - 24 May 1795  Carel Gerard Hultman               (b. 1752 - d. 1820)  Mod   
24 May 1795 - 31 May 1795  Jacob George Hieronymus Hahn       (s.a.)               Uni  
                             (3rd time)
31 May 1795 -  7 Jun 1795  Bonifacius Matthias Pous (2nd time)(s.a.)   
 7 Jun 1795 - 14 Jun 1795  Pieter 
Pijpers (2nd time)          (s.a.)               Pat  
14 Jun 1795 - 21 Jun 1795  Johannes Lambertus Huber (3rd time)(s.a.)               Fed
21 Jun 1795 - 28 Jun 1795  Hendrik Knijpinga Cramer           (b. 1754 - d. 1815)   
28 Jun 1795 -  5 Jul 1795  Jacobus van der Steege (1st time)  (b. 1746 - d. 1811)  
 5 Jul 1795 - 12 Jul 1795  Herman Jacob Dyckmeester (1st time)(b. 1771 - d. 1850) 
12 Jul 1795 - 19 Jul 1795  Ludovicus Timon de Kempenaar       (b. 1752 - d. 1812)  Uni  
                             (1st time)
19 Jul 1795 - 26 Jul 1795  Bonifacius Matthias Pous (3rd time)(s.a.)  
26 Jul 1795 -  2 Aug 1795  Pieter Pijpers (3rd time)          (s.a.)               Pat      
 2 Aug 1795 -  9 Aug 1795  Johannes Lambertus Huber (4th time)(s.a.)               Fed  
 9 Aug 1795 - 16 Aug 1795  Johan Antony Zwier van Ysselmuyden
(b. 1760 - d. 1810)  
                             tot Paeslo (1st time)       
16 Aug 1795 - 23 Aug 1795  Albert Johan de Sitter (3rd time)  (s.a.)               Fed 
23 Aug 1795 - 30 Aug 1795  Jan Willem Hendrik Conrady         (b. 1768 - d. 1844)  
30 Aug 1795 -  6 Sep 1795  Ludovicus Timon de Kempenaar       (s.a.)               Uni  
                             (2nd time)
 6 Sep 1795 - 13 Sep 1795  Bonifacius Matthias Pous (4th time)(s.a.) 
13 Sep 1795 - 20 Sep 1795  Pieter Pijpers (4th time)          (s.a.)
20 Sep 1795 - 27 Sep 1795  
Thomas Philippus Joha (1st time)   (b. 1750 - d. 1812)   
27 Sep 1795 -  4 Oct 1795  Lambert Christiaan Hendrik
                             Strubberg   
 4 Oct 1795 - 11 Oct 1795  Albert Johan de Sitter (4th time)  (s.a.)  
11 Oct 1795 - 18 Oct 1795  Herman Jacob Dyckmeester (2nd time)(s.a.)  
18 Oct 1795 - 25 Oct 1795  Ludovicus Timon de Kempenaar       (s.a.
)               Uni 
                             (3rd time)
25 Oct 1795 -  1 Nov 1795  Joan van Kuffeler                  (b. 1755 - d. 1811)  
 1 Nov 1795 -  7 Nov 1795  Pieter Pijpers (5th time)          (s.a.)               Pat  
 8 Nov 1795 - 14 Nov 1795  Johannes Lambertus Huber (5th time)(s.a.)               Fed
15 Nov 1795 - 21 Nov 1795  Gerrit David Jordens (3rd time)    (s.a.)               Fed
22 Nov 1795 - 28 Nov 1795  Albert Johan de Sitter (5th time)  (s.a.)               Fed 
29 Nov 1795 -  5 Dec 1795  Herman Jacob Dyckmeester (3rd time)(s.a.) 
 6 Dec 1795 - 12 Dec 1795  Ludovicus Timon de Kempenaar       (s.a.)               Uni
                             (4th time)
13 Dec 1795 - 19 Dec 1795  Nicolaas Cornelis Lambrechtsen     (b. 1752 - d. 1823)  
20 Dec 1795 - 26 Dec 1795  Pieter 
Pijpers (6th time)          (s.a.)               Pat     
27 Dec 1795 -  2 Jan 1796  Thomas Philippus Joha (2nd time)   (s.a.)               Fed   
 3 Jan 1796 -  9 Jan 1796  Johan Antony Zwier van Ysselmuyden
(s.a.) 
                             tot Paeslo (2nd time)       
10 Jan 1796 - 16 Jan 1796  Jacobus van der Steege (2nd time)  (s.a.)
17 Jan 1796 - 23 Jan 1796  Augustinus Geukama                 (b. 1732 - d. 1801) 
24 Jan 1796 -  2 Feb 1796  Ludovicus Timon de Kempenaar       (s.a.)               Uni 
                             (5th time)
 3 Feb 1796 -  6 Feb 1796  Adriaan François Lammens           (b. 1767 - d. 1847)
 7 Feb 1796 - 13 Feb 1796  Pieter Pijpers (7th time)  
       (s.a.)               Pat   
14 Feb 1796 - 20 Feb 1796  Johannes Lambertus Huber (5th time)(s.a.)               Fed 
21 Feb 1796 - 27 Feb 1796  Gerard Willem van Marle            (b. 1752 - d. 1799)  Fed  
28 Feb 1796 - 29 Feb 1796  Jacobus van der Steege (3rd time)  (s.a.)
Presidents of the Nationale Vergadering (National Assembly)
(often styled National Convention, in imitation
of French parallel)
 1 Mar 1796 - 17 Mar 1796  Pieter Paulus                      (b. 1754 - d. 1796)  Mod
 
7 Mar 1796 -  2 Apr 1796  Pieter Leonard van de Kasteele     (b. 1748 - d. 1810)  Rad
                             (acting for Paulus to 18 Mar 1796)
                             (1st time)
 2 Apr 1796 - 16 Apr 1796  Albert Johan de Sitter             (s.a.)               Fed
17 Apr 1796 - 30 Apr 1796  Jan Bernd Bicker (1st time)        (b. 1746 - d. 1812)  Fed
 
1 May 1796 - 14 May 1796  Daniël Cornelis de Leeuw           (b. 1747 - d. 1834)  Uni
15 May 1796 - 28 May 1796  Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck heer   (b. 1761 - d. 1825)  Mod
                             van Nijenhuis, Peckedam en
                             Gallicum (
1st time) 
29 May 1796 - 11 Jun 1796  Joan Arend de Vos van Steenwijk,   (b. 1746 - d. 1813)  
                             heer van Nijerwal, Oldenhof,
                             Welland en Serooskerke
12 Jun 1796 - 25 Jun 1796  Jacob George Hieronymus Hahn       (s.a.)               Uni
26 Jun 1796 -  9 Jul 1796  Paulus Hartog                      (b. 1735 - d. 1805)  Mod
10 Jul 1796 - 23 Jul 1796  Willem Aernout de Beveren          (b. 1749 - d. 1820)  Fed
25 Jul 1796 -  6 Aug 1796  Ludovicus Timon de Kempenaer       (s.a.)               Uni
 
7 Aug 1796 - 20 Aug 1796  Jan Pieter van Wickevoort          (b. 1763 - d. 1837)  Uni
                             Crommelin 
21 Aug 1796 -  3 Sep 1796  Paulus Emmanuel Anthony de la      (b. 1760 - d. 1848)  Uni
                             Court 
 
4 Sep 1796 - 17 Sep 1796  Jacob Jan Cambier                  (b. 1756 - d. 1831)  Mod
18 Sep 1796 -  1 Oct 1796  Jacobus Kantelaar                  (b. 1759 - d. 1821)  Fed
 
2 Oct 1796 - 15 Oct 1796  Tammo Adriaan ten Berge            (b. 1756 - d. 1830)  Fed
16 Oct 1796 - 29 Oct 1796  Bernardus Blok                     (b. 1756 - d. 1818)  Uni
30 Oct 1796 - 12 Nov 1796  Gerrit David Jordens               (s.a.)               Fed
13 Nov 1796 - 26 Nov 1796  Abraham Gijsbertus Verster         (b. 1751 - d. 1841)  Fed
27 Nov 1796 - 10 Dec 1796  Ijsbrand van Hamelsveld            (b. 1743 - d. 1812)  Dem
11 Dec 1796 - 24 Dec 1796  Cornelis van Lennep                (b. 1751 - d. 1813)  Mod
25 Dec 1796 -  7 Jan 1797  Jan Hendrik Stoffenberg            (b. 1749 - d. 1838)  Fed
 
8 Jan 1797 - 21 Jan 1797  Lambert Engelbert van Eck          (b. 1754 - d. 1803)  Mod
22 Jan 1797 -  4 Feb 1797  Willem Queysen                     (b. 1754 - d. 1817)  Fed
 
5 Feb 1797 - 18 Feb 1797  Carel de Vos van Steenwijk heer    (b. 1759 - d. 1830)  Fed
                             van Dikninge en de Hogenhof
19 Feb 1797 -  4 Mar 1797  Hendrik van Castrop                (b. 1736 - d. 1806)  Mod
 5 Mar 1797 - 18 Mar 1797  Meinardus Siderius                 (b. 1754 - d. 1829)  Fed
19 Mar 1797 -  1 Apr 1797  Cornelis Wilhelmus de Rhoer        (b. 1751 - d. 1821)  Fed
 
2 Apr 1797 - 15 Apr 1797  Jan Couperus                       (b. 1755 - d. 1833)  Uni
16 Apr 1797 - 29 Apr 1797  Jacob Abraham de Mist              (b. 1749 - d. 1823)  Fed
30 Apr 1797 - 13 May 1797  Jan Bernd Bicker (2nd time)        (s.a.)               Fed
14 May 1797 - 27 May 1797  Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck heer   (s.a.)               Mod
                             van Nijenhuis, Peckedam en
                             Gellicum (
2nd time) 
28 May 1797 - 10 Jun 1797  Gerard Willem van Marle            (s.a.)               Fed
14 Jun 1797 - 27 Jun 1797  Herman Hendricus Vitringa          (b. 1757 - d. 1801)  Fed
25 Jun 1797 -  8 Jul 1797  Johan Herman de Lange              (b. 1759 - d. 1818)  Fed
 
9 Jul 1797 - 22 Jul 1797  Ambrosius Justus Zubli             (b. 1751 - d. 1820)  Mod
23 Jul 1797 -  5 Aug 1797  Willem Hendrik Teding van Berkhout (b. 1745 - d. 1809)  Mod
                             heer van Noord-Scharwoude
 
6 Aug 1797 - 19 Aug 1797  Scato Trip                         (b. 1742 - d. 1822)  Fed
20 Aug 1797 - 31 Aug 1797  Pieter Leonard van de Kasteele     (s.a.)               Mod
                             (2nd time) 
 1 Sep 1797 - 16 Sep 1797  Jan David Pasteur                  (b. 1753 - d. 1804)  Uni
17 Sep 1797 - 30 Sep 1797  Adrianus Ploos van Amstel          (b. 1749 - d. 1816)  Uni
 
1 Oct 1797 - 14 Oct 1797  Joachim Nuhout van der Veen        (b. 1756 - d. 1833)  Uni
15 Oct 1797 - 28 Oct 1797  Hugo Gevers                        (b. 1765 - d. 1852)  Mod
29 Oct 1797 - 11 Nov 1797  Jacob van Manen                    (b. 1752 - d. 1822)  Uni
12 Nov 1797 - 25 Nov 1797  Pieter Vreede                      (b. 1750 - d. 1837)  Rad
26 Nov 1797 -  9 Dec 1797  Stefanus Jacobus van Langen        (b. 1758 - d. 1847)  Uni
10 Dec 1797 - 23 Dec 1797  Jacobus Blaauw                     (b. 1756 - d. 1829)  Dem
24 Dec 1797 -  6 Jan 1798  Joan Bernard Auffmorth             (b. 1744 - d. 1831)  Uni
 
7 Jan 1798 - 20 Jan 1798  Joannes Franciscus Rudolphus van   (b. 1755 - d. 1816)  Uni
                             Hooff
21 Jan 1798 - 22 Jan 1798  Johannes Henricus Midderigh        (b. 1753 - d. 1800)  Rad
President of the
Constituerende Vergadering (Constituent Assembly)
22 Jan 1798 - 25 Jan 1798  Johannes Henricus Midderigh        (s.a.)               Rad

Presidents of the Uitvoerend Bewind
(literally: Executive Authority; usually translated
as Executive Directory, in imitation of French parallel)(provisional to 20 May 1798)
25 Jan 1798 - 28 Feb 1798  Pieter Vreede                      (s.a.)               Rad
 1 Mar 1798 - 31 Mar 1798  Wybo Fijnje (Fynje)                (b. 1754 - d. 1796)  Rad
 
2 Apr 1798 - 30 Apr 1798  Stefanus Jacobus van Langen        (s.a.)               Uni
 
1 May 1798 - 31 May 1798  Berend Wildrik                     (b. 1754 - d. 1831)  Uni
 
1 Jun 1798 - 12 Jun 1798  Johan Pieter Fokker                (b. 1751 - d. 1831)  Uni
Presidents of the Intermediair Uitvoerend Bewind (Interim Executive Authority)
12 Jun 1798 - 14 Jun 1798  Intermediair Bestuur (Interim Administration)
                           - Jacobus Spoors                   (b. 1751 - d. 1833) 
                           - Gerrit Jan Pijman (Pyman)        (b. 1750 - d. 1839) 
                           - Isaäk Jan Alexander Gogel        (b. 1765 - d. 1821)  Uni
                           - Reinier Willem Tadama            (b. 1771 - d. 1812)  Uni
                           - Abraham Jacques La Pierre        (b. 1750 - d. 1837)  Mod
14 Jun 1798 - 20 Jun 1798  Jacobus Spoors (1st time)
         (s.a.) 
21 Jun 1798 - 27 Jun 1798  Gerrit Jan Pijman (Pyman)(1st time)(s.a.) 
28 Jun 1798 -  4 Jul 1798  Isaäk Jan Alexander Gogel          (s.a.)               Uni
                             (1st time)
 4 Jul 1798 - 11 Jul 1798  Reinier Willem Tadama (1st time)   (s.a.)               Uni
12 Jul 1798 - 18 Jul 1798  Abraham Jacques La Pierre          (s.a.)               Mod
                             (1st time)
19 Jul 1798 - 25 Jul 1798  Jacobus Spoors (2nd time)          (s.a.) 
26 Jul 1798 - 31 Jul 1798  Gerrit Jan Pijman (Pyman)(2nd time)(s.a.) 
 1 Aug 1798 -  7 Aug 1798  Isaäk Jan Alexander Gogel          (s.a.)               Uni
                             (2nd time)
 8 Aug 1798 - 14 Aug 1798  Reinier Willem Tadama (2nd time)   (s.a.)               Uni
14 Aug 1798 - 17 Aug 1798  Abraham Jacques La Pierre          (s.a.)               Mod
                             (2nd time)
Presidents of the Uitvoerend Bewind
(literally: Executive Authority; usually translated
as Executive Directory, in imitation of French parallel)
17 Aug 1798 - 16 Sep 1798  Albert Willem Hoeth (1st time)     (b. 1758 - d. 1827)  Mod
17 Sep 1798 - 16 Oct 1798  Johannes Willem van Hasselt        (b. 1752 - d. 1833)  
                             (1st time)              
17 Oct 1798 - 16 Nov 1798  François Ermerins (1st time)       (b. 1753 - d. 1840)  
17 Nov 1798 - 16 Dec 1798  Anthony Frederik Robbert Evert     (b. 1756 - d. 1830)  Fed  
                             van Haersolte heer van Staverden
                             (1st time)                    
17 Dec 1798 - 16 Jan 1799  Joannes Franciscus Rudolphus       (s.a.)               Uni
                             van Hooff (1st time)     
17 Jan 1799 - 16 Feb 1799  Albert Willem Hoeth (2nd time)     (s.a.)               Mod
17 Feb 1799 - 16 Mar 1799  Johannes Willem van Hasselt        (s.a.)               
                             (2nd time)              
17 Mar 1799 - 16 Apr 1799  François Ermerins (2nd time)       (s.a.)              
17 Apr 1799 - 16 May 1799  Anthony Frederik Robbert Evert     (s.a.)              
                             van Haersolte heer van Staverden
                             (2nd time)                  
17 May 1799 - 16 Jun 1799  Joannes Franciscus Rudolphus       (s.a.)               Uni
                             van Hooff (2nd time)     
17 Jun 1799 - 16 Jul 1799  Albert Willem Hoeth (3rd time)     (s.a.)               Mod
17 Jul 1799 - 16 Aug 1799  Augustijn Gerhard Besier (Bezier)  (b. 1758 - d. 1829) 
                             (1st time)           
17 Aug 1799 - 16 Sep 1799  François Ermerins (3rd time)       (s.a.)              
17 Sep 1799 - 16 Oct 1799  Anthony Frederik Robbert Evert     (s.a.)              
                             van Haersolte heer van Staverden
                             (3rd time)         
17 Oct 1799 - 16 Nov 1799  Joannes Franciscus Rudolphus       (s.a.)               Uni
                             van Hooff (3rd time)  
17 Nov 1799 - 16 Dec 1799  Albert Willem Hoeth (4th time)     (s.a.)               Mod
17 Dec 1799 - 16 Jan 1800  Augustijn Gerhard Besier           (s.a.)              
                             (2nd time)            
17 Jan 1800 - 16 Feb 1800  François Ermerins (4th time)       (s.a.)              
17 Feb 1800 - 16 Mar 1800  Anthony Frederik Robbert Evert     (s.a.)              
                             van Haersolte heer van Staverden
                             (4th time) 
17 Mar 1800 - 16 Apr 1800  Joannes Franciscus Rudolphus       (s.a.)               Uni
                             van Hooff (4th time)
17 Apr 1800 - 16 May 1800  Albert Willem Hoeth (5th time)     (s.a.)               Mod
17 May 1800 - 16 Jun 1800  Augustijn Gerhard Besier           (s.a.)               
                             (3rd time)           
17 Jun 1800 - 16 Jul 1800  François Ermerins (5th time)       (s.a.)            
17 Jul 1800 - 16 Aug 1800  Anthony Frederik Robbert Evert     (s.a.)               
                             van Haersolte heer van Staverden
                             (5th time)              
17 Aug 1800 - 16 Sep 1800  Jan Hendrik van Swinden (1st time) (b. 1746 - d. 1823)  
17 Sep 1800 - 16 Oct 1800  Albert Willem Hoeth (6th time)     (s.a.)               Mod
17 Oct 1800 - 16 Nov 1800  Augustijn Gerhard Besier           (s.a.)            
                             (4th time)        
17 Nov 1800 - 16 Dec 1800  François Ermerins (6th time)       (s.a.)            
17 Dec 1800 - 16 Jan 1801  Anthony Frederik Robbert Evert     (s.a.)             
                             van Haersolte heer van Staverden
                             (6th time)      
17 Jan 1801 - 16 Feb 1801  Jan Hendrik van Swinden (2nd time) (s.a.)               
17 Feb 1801 - 16 Mar 1801  Albert Willem Hoeth (7th time)     (s.a.)               Mod
17 Mar 1801 - 16 Apr 1801  Augustijn Gerhard Besier           (s.a.)              
                             (5th time) 
17 Apr 1801 - 16 May 1801  François Ermerins (7th time)       (s.a.)              
17 May 1801 - 16 Jun 1801  Anthony Frederik Robbert Evert     (s.a.)             
                             van Haersolte, heer van Staverden
                             (7th time)         
17 Jun 1801 - 16 Jul 1801  Jan Hendrik van Swinden (3rd time) (s.a.)               
17 Jul 1801 - 16 Aug 1801  Gerrit Jan Pijman                  (s.a.)               
17 Aug 1801 - 16 Sep 1801  Augustijn Gerhard Besier           (s.a.)              
                             (6th time)     
17 Sep 1801 - 18 Sep 1801  François Ermerins (8th time)       (s.a.)          
18 Sep 1801 - 19 Sep 1801  Augustijn Gerhard Besier           (s.a.)              
                             (7th time)    
19 Sep 1801 - 17 Oct 1801  Anthony Frederik Robbert Evert
    (s.a.)              
                             van Haersolte, heer van Staverden
                             (8th time)                    
Presidents of the Staatsbewind
(literally: State Authority, usually translated
as State Council)
17 Oct 1801 - 31 Jan 1802  Willem Aernout de Beveren          (s.a.)               Fed 
                             (1st time) 
 1 Feb 1802 - 30 Apr 1802  Egbert van Burmania Rengers        (b. 1745 - d. 1806)  Org
 1 May 1802 - 31 Jul 1802  Samuel van Hoogstraten heer van    (b. 1756 - d. 1830)  Mod
                             Heicup, Boeicup, Woubrugge, Sint
                             Jacobswoude en Rodenburg
 1 Aug 1802 - 31 Oct 1802  Gerrit Jan Pijman                  (s.a.)              
 1 Nov 1802 - 31 Jan 1803  Johannes Baptista Verheyen         (b. 1746 - d. 1814)  
 1 Feb 1803 - 30 Apr 1803  Jacobus Spoors                     (s.a.)              
 1 May 1803 - 31 Jul 1803  Campegius Hermanus Gockinga        (b. 1748 - d. 1823)  Mod
 1 Aug 1803 - 31 Oct 1803  Daniël Cornelis de Leeuw           (s.a.)               Uni
 1 Nov 1803 - 31 Jan 1804  Augustijn Gerhard Besier           (s.a.)            
 1 Feb 1804 - 30 Apr 1804  Anthony Frederik Robbert Evert     (s.a.)               Fed
                             van Haersolte heer van Staverden 
 1 May 1804 - 31 Jul 1804  Gerard Brantsen                    (b. 1734 - d. 1809)  Org
 1 Aug 1804 - 31 Oct 1804  Willem Queysen                     (s.a.)               Fed
 1 Nov 1804 - 31 Jan 1805  Willem Aernout de Beveren          (s.a.)               Fed
                             (2nd time) 
 1 Feb 1805 - 29 Apr 1805  Jan Bernd Bicker                   (s.a.)               Fed
Pensionaries of the Council (Raadpensionaris, usually translated Grand Pensionaries)
29 Apr 1805 -  5 Jun 1806  Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck heer   (s.a.)               Mod
                             van Nijenhuis, Peckedam en
                             Gallicum

 5 Jun 1806 -  9 Jun 1806  Carel de Vos van Steenwijk heer    (s.a.)               Fed

                             van Dikninge en de Hogenhof
                             (acting) 

Kings²
 9 Jun 1806 -  1 Jul 1810  Lodewijk I Napoleon                (b. 1778 - d. 1846)
                            (= Louis Napoléon Bonaparte) 
 1 Jul 1810 - 13 Jul 1810  Napoleon Lodewijk II               (b. 1804 - d. 1831)
                            (= Napoléon Louis Bonaparte) 
 
3 Jul 1810 - 13 Jul 1810  Paulus Jacobsz. van der            (b. 1753 - d. 1823)
                            
Heim -Regent
   
                        ([acting for absent
Queen Hortense] president
                             of provisional council of regency
)
Governor-general

13 Jul 1810 - 20 Nov 1813  Charles-François Lebrun, duc de    (b. 1739 - d. 1824)
                             Plaisance
                            (Lieutenant-general to 31 Dec 1810)

Sovereign Prince²
20 Nov 1813 -  6 Dec 1813  General Executive of the United Netherlands
                          
["in the name of the Prince of Oranje-Nassau"]
                           - Gijsbert Karel van Hogendorp     (b. 1762 - d. 1834)  Org
                           - Adam François Jules Armand van   (b. 1771 - d. 1848)  Org
                               der Duyn, vrijheer van 's
                               Gravenmoer, heer van Maasdam,
                               Benthorn en Hinkelenoord

 
2 Dec 1813 - 16 Mar 1815  Willem (VI) Frederik               (b. 1772 - d. 1848)
Kings² (also Grand dukes of Luxembourg)
16 Mar 1815 -  7 Oct 1840  Willem I                           (s.a.)
 7 Oct 1840 - 17 Mar 1849  Willem II                          (b. 1792 - d. 1849)
17 Mar 1849 - 23 Nov 1890  Willem III                         (b. 1817 - d. 1890)
Queen²
23 Nov 1890 - 13 May 1940  Wilhelmina (1st time)              (b. 1880 - d. 1962)
                             (13 May 1940 - 13 Mar 1945 in London exile)
23 Nov 1890 - 31 Aug 1898  Emma, Koningin-Weduwe (f) -Regent  (b. 1858 - d. 1934)
                             (= Adelheid Emma Wilhelmina Theresia,

                             prinses van Waldeck en Pyrmont)
13 May 1940 - 15 May 1940  Henri Gerard Winkelman             (b. 1876 - d. 1952)  Mil
                            (commander-in-chief of the Army and Navy;
                             Supreme Authority in The Netherlands)
German Military Governors
15 May 1940 - 16 May 1940  Moritz Albrecht Franz Friedrich    (b. 1880 - d. 1945)  Mil
                             Fedor von Bock
16 May 1940 - 29 May 1940  Alexander Ernst Alfred Hermann     (b. 1878 - d. 1966)  Mil
                             Freiherr von Falkenhausen
                            (military governor of Netherlands and Belgium)
Reichskommissar für die besetzten niederländischen Gebiete
(Rijkscommissaris voor het bezette Nederlandsche gebied.
[Reich Commissioner for the Occupied Dutch Regions])

29 May 1940 -  7 May 1945  Arthur von Seyss-Inquart           (b. 1892 - d. 1946)  NSDAP
                            
(appointed 18 May 1940, arrived The Hague 25 May 1940)
Queens
²

 5 May 1945 -  4 Sep 1948  Wilhelmina (2nd time)              (s.a.)
14 Oct 1947 -  1 Dec 1947  Juliana prinses der                (b. 1909 - d. 2004)
                            
Nederlanden (f) -Regent (1st time)
14 May 1948 - 30 Aug 1948  Juliana prinses der                (s.a.)
                             Nederlanden (f) -Regent (2nd time)

 4 Sep 1948 - 30 Apr 1980  Juliana                            (s.a.)
30 Apr 1980 - 30 Apr 2013  Beatrix                            (b. 1938)
King²
30 Apr 2013 -              Willem-Alexander                   (b. 1967)

Secretaries of the Council of State (Raad van State)³
1584 -  8 Jan 1624         Christiaan Huygens                 (b. 1551 - d. 1624)
 9 Jan 1624 - 24 Sep 1642  Maurits Huygens                    (b. 1595 - d. 1642)
10 Oct 1642 -  3 Mar 1664  Johan Eyckberch                    (d. 1664)
 7 May 1664 -  3 Jul 1690  Govert van Slingelandt             (b. 1620 - d. 1690)
 4 Aug 1690 - 26 Oct 1725  Simon van Slingelandt              (b. 1664 - d. 1736)
27 Oct 1725 -  3 Apr 1737  Nicolaas ten Hove                  (b. 1693 - d. 1738)
 4 Apr 1737 -  1 Feb 1748  Adriaan van der Hoop               (b. 1701 - d. 1767)
 2 Feb 1748 - 20 Aug 1753  Johannes Hop                       (b. 1709 - d. 1772)
21 Aug 1753 - 22 Feb 1764  David van Royen                    (b. 1699 - d. 1764)
 2 Mar 1764 -  4 Apr 1769  Paulus Abraham Gillis              (b. 1708 - d. 1792)
10 Apr 1769 - 21 Apr 1785  Johannes Ignatius van Hees         (b. 1732 - d. 1786)
22 Apr 1785 -  4 Mar 1795  Johan Hendrik Mollerus             (b. 1750 - d. 1834)
Secretary of the Committee of General Affairs
³
 7 Mar 1795 - 16 Feb 1798  Boudewijn Donker Curtius           (b. 1746 - d. 1832)
State Secretary
22 Oct 1798 - 21 Mar 1801
 Carel Gerard Jan Hultman           (b. 1752 - d. 1820)  Mod
                             (1st time)
21 Mar 1801 - 17 Oct 1801  Vacant
17 Oct 1801 - 29 Apr 1805
 Carel Gerard Jan Hultman           (s.a.)               Mod
                             (2nd time)
General Secretaries of State (and from 19 Jun 1806, Secretaries of the Cabinet)

29 Apr 1805 - 30 Jun 1806  Carel Gerard Jan Hultman           (s.a.)               Mod   
                             (acting from 19 Jun 1806)
30 Jun 1806 -  8 Jan 1808  Willem Frederik
Roëll              (b. 1767 - d. 1835)  Org
Chief ministers (presidents of the Council of Ministers)
1809 -  8 Mar 1810         Paulus van der Heim                (s.a.)              
 8 Mar 1810 - 31 Dec 1810  Jacob Jan Cambier                  (s.a.)               Mod
Secretaries of State
31 Dec 1813 - 19 Mar 1818  Anton Reinhard Falck               (b. 1777 - d. 1843)  Con
19 Mar 1819 - 12 Nov 1835  Jean Gijsberto de Mey van          (b. 1782 - d. 1841)  Con
                             Streefkerk (from 16 Jun 1826,
                             Jean Gijsberto baron de Mey
                             van Streefkerk)                            
                             (acting to 28 Dec 1822)
16 Aug 1820 - 15 Nov 1820  Steven Dassevael                  
(b. 1771 - d. 1838)  Con 
                             (acting for Streefkerk)
12 Nov 1835 -  1 Dec 1836  Gerrit graaf Schimmelpenninck      (b. 1794 - d. 1863)  Con
 1 Dec 1836 - 31 Dec 1840  Hendrik Jacob baron van Doorn      (b. 1786 - d. 1853)  Con
                             van Westcapelle
                            (acting for
Schimmelpenninck 22 Sep - 1 Dec 1836) 
Vice-Presidents of the Council of State and Presidents of the Council of Ministers
 6 Apr 1814 -  7 Nov 1816  Gijsbert Karel van Hogendorp       (b. 1762 - d. 1834)  Con   
                             Hogendorp (from 28 Aug 1814,
                             Jonkheer
Gijsbert Karel van Hogendorp;
                             from 20 Sep 1815,
Gijsbert Karel
                             graaf
van Hogendorp)      
 7 Nov 1816 -  1 Jul 1829  Johan Hendrik Mollerus             (b. 1750 - d. 1834)  Con 
   
                         (from 24 Nov 1816, Jonkheer Johan
                             Hendrik Mollerus
; from 21 Dec 1820,
                             
Johan Hendrik baron Mollerus) 
                             (acting to 10 Feb 1817)
 1 Jul 1829 -  7 Oct 1840  Willem
van Nassau, prins van       (s.a.)               Non-party 
                             
Oranje-Nassau (= Willem II)
 7 Oct 1840 - 31 Dec 1840  
Jonkheer Jan Elias Nicolaas van    (b. 1766 - d. 1841)  Con  
                             Lynden (acting)  
 
1 Jan 1841 - 26 Mar 1848  Hendrik Jacob baron van Doorn      (s.a.)               Con
                             van Westcapelle
Prime ministers (until 23 May 1945, Chairman of the Council of Ministers;
then Minister-President)

26 Mar 1848 - 17 May 1848  Gerrit graaf Schmmelpenninck       (s.a.)               Lib
17 May 1848 -  4 Jun 1849  Dirk Donker Curtius                (b. 1792 - d. 1863)  Lib
 4 Jun 1849 -  1 Nov 1849  Jacob Matthaeus de Kempenaer       (b. 1793 - d. 1870)  Lib
 1 Nov 1849 - 19 Apr 1853  Johan Rudolf Thorbecke (1st time)  (b. 1798 - d. 1872)  Lib
19 Apr 1853 -  1 Jul 1856  Floris Adriaan van Hall (1st time) (b. 1791 - d. 1866)  Con-Lib
                             (from 1 Apr 1856, Floris Adriaan baron van Hall)
 1 Jul 1856 - 18 Mar 1858  Jastinus Jacob Leonard van der     (b. 1804 - d. 1863)  Con
                             Brugghen
18 Mar 1858 - 23 Feb 1860  Jan Jacob Rochussen                (b. 1797 - d. 1871)  Con
23 Feb 1860 - 23 Feb 1861  Floris Adriaan baron van Hall      (s.a.)               Con-Lib
                             (2nd time) 
23 Feb 1861 - 14 Mar 1861  Schelte baron Heemstra             (b. 1807 - d. 1864)  Lib
                             (1st time)(acting)
14 Mar 1861 - 10 Nov 1861  Jacob Pieter Pompejus baron        (b. 1816 - d. 1890)  Con-Lib
                             van Zuylen van Nijevelt
10 Nov 1861 -  1 Feb 1862  Schelte baron van Heemstra         (s.a.)               Lib
                             (2nd time)(acting)
 1 Feb 1862 - 10 Feb 1866  Johan Rudolf Thorbecke (2nd time)  (s.a.)               Lib
10 Feb 1866 -  1 Jun 1866  Isaäc Dignus Fransen van de Putte  (b. 1822 - d. 1902)  Lib
                             (1st time)
12 Mar 1866 - 19 Apr 1866  Pieter Philip van Bosse            (b. 1809 - d. 1879)  Lib    
                             (acting for van de Putte)
19 May 1866 -  1 Jun 1866  Pieter Philip van Bosse            (s.a.)               Lib 
                             (acting for van de Putte)
 1 Jun 1866 -  4 Jun 1868  Julius Philip Jacob Adriaan        (b. 1819 - d. 1894)  Con
                             graaf van Zuylen van Nijevelt
 4 Jun 1868 -  4 Jan 1871  
Pieter Philip van Bosse (1st time) (s.a.)               Lib
 4 Jan 1871 -  4 Jun 1872  Johan Rudolf Thorbecke (3rd time)  (s.a.)               Lib
 4 Jun 1872 -  6 Jul 1872  Pieter Philip van Bosse (2nd time) (s.a.)               Lib
 6 Jul 1872 - Nov 1872     Gerrit de Vries                    (b. 1818 - d. 1900)  Lib
Nov 1872 - 27 Aug 1874     Isaäc Dignus Fransen van de Pute   (s.a.)               Lib
                             (2nd time)
27 Aug 1874 -  3 Nov 1877  J
an Abrahamzoon Heemskerk          (b. 1818 - d. 1897)  Con
                             (1st time) 
 3 Nov 1877 - 20 Aug 1879  Johannes Kappeyne van de Coppello  (b. 1822 - d. 1895)  Lib
20 Aug 1879 - 23 Apr 1883  Constantijn Theodoor baron van     (b. 1826 - d. 1885)  Con
                             Lynden van Sandenburg  
                            (from 24 Aug 1882,
Constantijn Theodoor
                             graaf van Lynden van
Sandenburg)
23 Apr 1883 - 21 Apr 1888  Jan Abrahamzoon Heemskerk          (s.a.)               Con
                             (2nd time)
21 Apr 1888 - 21 Aug 1891  Aeneas baron Mackay                (b. 1838 - d. 1909)  ARP
21 Aug 1891 - 21 Mar 1894  Gijsbert van Tienhoven             (b. 1841 - d. 1914)  Lib
21 Mar 1894 -  9 May 1894  Johannes Pieter Roetert Tak van    (b. 1829 - d. 1904)  LU 
                             Poortvliet    
 9 May 1894 - 27 Jul 1897  Jonkheer Joan Roëll                (b. 1844 - d. 1914)  Lib
27 Jul 1897 -  1 Aug 1901  Nicolaas Gerard Pierson            (b. 1839 - d. 1909)  LU
 1 Aug 1901 - 17 Aug 1905  Abraham Kuyper                     (b. 1837 - d. 1920)  ARP
17 Aug 1905 - 12 Feb 1908  Theodoor Herman de Meester         (b. 1851 - d. 1919)  LU
12 Feb 1908 - 29 Aug 1913  Theodorus "Theo" Heemskerk         (b. 1852 - d. 1932)  ARP
29 Aug 1913 -  9 Sep 1918  Pieter Willem Adriaan Cort van     (b. 1846 - d. 1935)  Lib
                             der Linden
 9 Sep 1918 -  3 Aug 1925  Jonkheer Charles Joseph Maria Ruys (b. 1873 - d. 1936)  AB
                             de Beerenbrouck (1st time)
 4 Aug 1925 -  8 Mar 1926  Hendrikus "Hendrik" Colijn         (b. 1869 - d. 1944)  ARP
                             (1st time) 
 8 Mar 1926 - 10 Aug 1929  Dirk Jan de Geer (1st time)        (b. 1870 - d. 1960)  CHU
10 Aug 1929 - 26 May 1933  Jonkheer Charles Joseph Maria Ruys (s.a.)               RKSP
                             de Beerenbrouck (2nd time)
26 May 1933 - 10 Aug 1939  Hendrikus "Hendrik" Colijn         (s.a.)               ARP
                             (2nd time)
10 Aug 1939 -  3 Sep 1940  Dirk Jan de Geer (2nd time)        (s.a.)               CHU
                             (in London exile from 13 May 1940)
 3 Sep 1940 - 24 Jun 1945  Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy           (b. 1885 - d. 1961)  ARP
                             (in London exile to 23 May 1945) 
 6 May 1945 - 23 May 1945  Lodewijk Hendrik Nicolaas Bosch,   (b. 1884 – d. 1953)  CHU
                             ridder van Rosenthal
                            (chairman of the Committee of Trusted
                             Representatives of the Government
)
24 Jun 1945 -  3 Jul 1946  Willem "Wim" Schermerhorn          (b. 1894 - d. 1977)VDB;1946 PvdA
 3 Jul 1946 -  7 Aug 1948  Louis Joseph Maria Beel (1st time) (b. 1902 - d. 1977)  KVP
 7 Aug 1948 - 22 Dec 1958  Willem Drees                       (b. 1886 - d. 1988)  PvdA
22 Dec 1958 - 19 May 1959  Louis Joseph Maria Beel (2nd time) (s.a.)               KVP
19 May 1959 - 24 Jul 1963  Jan Eduard de Quay                 (b. 1901 - d. 1985)  KVP
24 Jul 1963 - 14 Apr 1965  Victor "Vic" Gerard Marie Marijnen (b. 1917 - d. 1975)  KVP
14 Apr 1965 - 22 Nov 1966  Jozef "Jo" Maria Laurens Theo Cals (b. 1914 - d. 1971)  KVP
22 Nov 1966 -  5 Apr 1967  Jelle Zijlstra                     (b. 1918 - d. 2001)  ARP 
 5 Apr 1967 -  6 Jul 1971  Petrus "Piet" Jozef Sietse de Jong (b. 1915 - d. 2016)  KVP
 6 Jul 1971 - 11 May 1973  Barend Willem Biesheuvel           (b. 1920 - d. 2001)  ARP
11 May 1973 - 19 Dec 1977  Johannes "Joop" Marten den Uyl     (b. 1919 - d. 1987)  PvdA
19 Dec 1977 -  4 Nov 1982  Andreas "Dries" Antonius Maria     (b. 1931 - d. 2024) KVP;1980 CDA
                             van Agt 
 4 Nov 1982 - 22 Aug 1994  Rudolphus "Ruud" Franciscus Marie  (b. 1939 - d. 2018)  CDA
                             Lubbers  
22 Aug 1994 - 22 Jul 2002  Willem "Wim" Kok                   (b. 1938 - d. 2018)  PvdA
22 Jul 2002 - 14 Oct 2010  Jan Pieter "Jan Peter" Balkenende  (b. 1956)            CDA
14 Oct 2010 - 
2 Jul 2024  Mark Rutte                         (b. 1967)            VVD
 2 Jul 2024 -              Hendrikus
"Dick" Wilhelmus Maria   (b. 1957)            Ind
                             Schoof

German and Allied Occupation 1940-1945

German Military Commanders
10 May 1940 - 16 May 1940  Moritz Albrecht Franz Friedrich    (s.a.)               Mil
                             Fedor von Bock 
16 May 1940 - 29 May 1940  Alexander Freiherr von             (b. 1878 - d. 1966)  Mil
                             Falkenhausen 
29 May 1940 -  6 May 1945  Friedrich Christiansen             (b. 1879 - d. 1972)  Mil
14 Dec 1942 -  5 May 1945  Anton Adriaan Mussert              (b. 1894 - d. 1946)  NSB
                             (with the German authorized honorific
                             style Leider van het Nederlandse Volk 
                             ["Leader of The Netherlands People"]) 

Dutch Chief of the General Staff, Military Authority for the Liberated Areas
14 Sep 1944 -  6 Mar 1946  Hendrik Johan Kruls (Netherlands)  (b. 1902 - d. 1975)  Mil

Heads, Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF) Mission to Netherlands
15 Sep 1944 - 21 Jan 1945  John Keith Edwards (U.K.)          (b. 1896 - d. 1984)  Mil
21 Jan 1945 - Jul 1945     John George Walters Clark (U.K.)   (b. 1892 - d. 1948)  Mil

The Resistance 1940-1945

Note: Until 1944 the different resistance movement factions acted separately under the supervision of the Bureau Special Missions (Bureau Bijzondere Opdrachten) of the Netherlands government in exile. On 5 Sep 1944, they were united into the Netherlands Interior Forces (Nederlandse Binnenlandse Strijdkrachten).

Commander of the Netherlands Interior Forces
 
5 Sep 1944 - 13 Sep 1945  Bernhard Leopold Frederik          (b. 1911 - d. 2004)  Mil 
                             prins der Nederlanden, prins
                             van Lippe-Biesterfeld

French Envoys to the Batavian Republic 1795-1805

French Envoys
 5 Sep 1795 - Dec 1797     François Joseph Michel Noël        (b. 1756 - d. 1841)
Dec 1797 - Jun 1798        Charles François Delacroix         (b. 1741 - d. 1805)
Jun 1798                   Claude Roberjot                    (b. 1752 - d. 1799)
Jun 1798 - Oct 1798        Louis Champigny-Aubin (acting)     (b. 1756 - d. 1847)
Oct 1798 - Jul 1799        Vincent Lombard de Langres         (b. 1765 - d. 1830)
Jul 1799                   Joseph Fouché                      (b. 1759 - d. 1820)
29 Jul 1799 -  2 Nov 1799  Guiot de Saint-Florent, dit        (b. 1755 - d. 1834)
                             Florent-Guiot
Nov 1799                   François Louis Michel Chemin des   (b. 1759 - d. 1840)
                             Forgues, dit Deforgues
Dec 1799                   Henri François Constance de        (b. 1751 - d. 1810) 
                            
Perrochel
30 Dec 1799 -  1 Feb 1805  Charles-Louis Huguet Montaran      (b. 1759 - d. 1839)

 ¹Willem IV became stadholder as Willem II in Friesland 1 Sep 1711, in Groningen 13 Oct 1718; as Willem III in in Drenthe 19 Mar 1722, Gelderland 2 Nov 1722; as Willem IV in in Zeeland 28 Apr 1747, in Utrecht 3 May 1747, in Holland en Westfriesland 4 May 1747, and in Overijssel 10 May 1747.

 ²The full style of the rulers:
(a) 9 Jun 1806 - 7 Aug 1806: Door de Gratie Gods en de Constitutionele Wetten van den Staat/van het Koninkrijk, Koning van Holland ("By the Grace of God and the Constitutional Laws of the State/of the Kingdom, King of Holland");
(b) 7 Aug 1806 - 13 Jul 1810:
Door de Gratie Gods en de Constitutie des Rijks/Koninkrijks, Koning van Holland ("By the Grace of God and the Constitution of the Realm/Kingdom, King of Holland");
(c) 2 Dec 1813 - 17 Mar 1814: Bij de Gratie Gods, Prins van Oranje-Nassau, Souverein Vorst der Verenigde Nederlanden, enz., enz., enz. ("By the Grace of God, Prince of Orange-Nassau, Sovereign Prince of the United Netherlands, etc., etc., etc.");
(d) 17 Mar 1814 - 9 Jun 1814:
Bij de Gratie Gods, Prins van Oranje-Nassau, Souverein Vorst der Verenigde Nederlanden, Hertog van Luxemburg, enz., enz., enz. ("By the Grace of God, Prince of Orange-Nassau, Sovereign Prince of the United Netherlands, Duke of Luxembourg, etc., etc., etc.");
(e) 9 Jun 1814 - 16 Mar 1815:
Bij de Gratie Gods, Prins van Oranje-Nassau, Souverein Vorst der Verenigde Nederlanden, Groothertog van Luxemburg, enz., enz., enz. ("By the Grace of God, Prince of Orange-Nassau, Sovereign Prince of the United Netherlands, Grand Duke of Luxembourg, etc., etc., etc.");
(f) 16 Mar 1815 - 19 Apr 1839:
Bij de Gratie Gods, Koning der Nederlanden, Prins van Oranje-Nassau, Groothertog van Luxemburg, enz., enz., enz. ("By the Grace of God, King of the The Netherlands, Prince of Orange-Nassau, Grand Duke of Luxembourg, etc, etc, etc.");
(g) 19 Apr 1839 - 23 Nov 1890:
Bij de Gratie Gods, Koning der Nederlanden, Prins van Oranje-Nassau, Groothertog van Luxemburg, Hertog van Limburg, enz., enz., enz. ("By the Grace of God, King of the The Netherlands, Prince of Orange-Nassau, Grand Duke of Luxembourg, Duke of Limburg, etc, etc, etc.");
(h) 23 Nov 1890 - 30 Apr 2013: Bij de Gratie Gods, Koningin der Nederlanden, Prinses van Oranje-Nassau, enz., enz., enz. ("By the Grace of God, Queen of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, etc., etc., etc.");
(i) from 30 Apr 2013: Bij de Gratie Gods, Koning der Nederlanden, Prins van Oranje-Nassau, enz., enz., enz. ("By the Grace of God, King of The Netherlands, Prince of Orange-Nassau, etc., etc., etc.").   
 
 ³Council of State was the closest the United Netherlands had to a federal cabinet. The Council consisted usually of 12 members (1-3 per province, except Drenthe) appointed by the Estates-General and (to 1625) 1 or 2 members appointed by the English government. The stadholders of the provinces were ex officio members of the Council and the chief executives of the United Netherlands. Secretaries of the Council managed the business of the Council, but were not members of the Council. In 1795 the Council of State was replaced by the Committee of General Affairs with a similar composition (without the stadholders) and functions.

Noble titles: baron = baron; burggraaf/burggravin = viscount/viscountess; graaf/gravin = count/countess; heer/vrouwe = lord/lady, master; hertog/hertogin = duke/duchess; jonkheer/jonkvrouw = esquire, squire; koning/koningin = king/queen; markies/markiezin = margrave/margravine; prins/prinses = prince/princess; ridder = knight; stadhouder/stadhoudster = stadholder, steward; vrijheer/vrijvrouwe = allodial (free) lord/lady.

Ecclesiastic titles: prins-bisschop = prince-bishop; vorst-abt/vorstin-abdis = prince-abbot/
princess-abbess
.

Party Abbreviations: CDA = Christen Democratisch Appèl (Christian-Democratic Appeal, christian-democratic, center-right, est.11 Oct 1980 by merger of KVP, ARP, & CHU); Ind = Onafhankelijk (Independent, non-affiliated); PvdA = Partij van de Arbeid (Labor Party, social-democratic, center-left, est.9 Feb 1946 by merger of SDAP, VDB, & Christelijk Democratische Unie [CDU]); VVD = Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie (People's Party for Freedom and Democracy, conservative liberal, center-right, est.24 Jan 1948); Mil = Military; 
- Former parties: AB = Algemeene Bond van Roomsch-Katholieke Kiesverenigingen (General General League of Roman Catholic Caucuses, confessionalist [catholic], 1904-26, merged into RKSP);
ARP = Anti-Revolutionaire Partij (Anti-Revolutionary Party, confessionalist [protestant], 1879-1980, merged into CDA); CHU = Christelijk-Historische Unie (Christian Historical Union, 1908-80, merged into CDA); Con = Conservatief (Conservative); Con-Lib = Conservatief-Liberaal (Conservative-Liberal); Dem = Democratisch Unitariër (Democratic Unitarian, 1798-1810); Fed = Federalist (supported federal state, 1795-98); KVP = Katholieke Volkspartij (Catholic People's Party, confessionalist [catholic], 1945-80, merged into CDA); Lib = Liberaal (Liberal); LU = Liberale Unie (Liberal Union, liberal, 1885-1921); Mod = Moderaat (Moderate, in between Org and Pat/Uni, 1795-98); NSB = Nationaal Socialistische Beweging (National Socialist Movement, Dutch fascist party, pro-Nazi-German, 1931-45); NSDAP = Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (National Socialist German Workers' Party, Nazi fascist, xenophobic, 1920-1945); Org = Orangist (royalist, pro-House of Orange); Pat = Patriot (republican, pro-provincial autonomy, trade-oriented policies, anti-Org., to 1796); PvdV = Partij van de Vrijheid (Freedom Party, liberal, 1946-48, merged into VVD); Rad = Radikaal Unitariër (Radical Unitarian, 1798-1810); RKSP = Rooms-Katholieke Staatspartij (Roman Catholic States Party, confessionalist [catholic], 1926-45, from 1945 KVP); SDAP = Sociaal-Democratische Arbeiderspartij (Social Democratic Worker's Party, socialist, 1894-1946, merged into PvdA); Stat = Staatsen (Stateist, republican, anti-Org., predecessor of Pat); Uni = Unitariër (Unitarian, supported pro-unitary state, 1798-1810); VDB = Radicale Partij/Vrijzinnig Democratische Bond (Radical Party/Free Democratic League, liberal, 1901-46, merged into PvdA)



Limburg

[Flag Duchy of Limburg 19th
                century]

Map of Limburg
Capital: Maastricht
Population: 182,000 (1858) (excluding Maastricht and Venlo, population 35,200)

Aug 1815                   Netherlands province of Limburg established by the merger
                             of several territories that had been part of France from
                             1795 to 1814 as Meuse-Inférieure département.
 4 Oct 1830                Administration by Belgium established (except Maastricht and Venlo)
19 Apr 1839                Final Act of the London Conference divides the province:
                             part becomes Belgian, the rest of the province (except Maastricht
                             and Venlo) becomes the Duchy of Limburg,
in notional personal
                             union with the Kingdom of the Netherlands.

 5 Sep 1839                Duchy of Limburg (Hertogdom Limburg/Herzogtum Limburg) accepted as
                             a member state of
the German Confederation (this polity is not
                             a successor polity
to the pre-1792 Duchy of Limburg (see
                             under Belgium).

11 May 1867                Following the dissolution of the German Confederation,
                             Limburg is incorporated into the Kingdom of the Netherlands;
                             Hertogdom Limburg continues in some official use to 1906,
                             while the style Hertog van Limburg remains incorporated
                             (tacitly, as part of enz., enz., enz.) into the royal style
                             until 4 Sep 1948.

Dukes 
19 Apr 1839 - 11 May 1867  the kings of the Netherlands

Governors/Commissioners of the Duke (King)
19 Apr 1839 - 11 May 1867  see the province of Limburg


States of the Empire in Limburg

Note: There were some immediate Imperial baronies (reichsfreiherrschaften) of the Empire in Limburg, not recorded below. According to the archives of the Imperial Chamber Court (Reichskammergericht) the following baronies were considered immediate as of 1794 in the territory of modern Dutch province of Limburg: Wijlre (Wylre), Rijckholt (Richold), Slenaken (Schlenacken), Stein, and Cartils. The first of them had population of around 1,000 and the others had less. Imperial baronies were not represented in the Imperial Diet, and not included in Reichsmatrikel (Imperial Register for Taxation) and were not compensated in 1803 by territories east of the Rhine by the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss.

Gronsfeld (Gronsveld)


Map of Gronsfeld
 (Gronsveld)



Capital: Gronsfeld (Gronsveld)


Population: 1,500 (1794)

Religions: Roman Catholic almost 100% (1809)

24 Jun 1498                Lordship elevated to imperial Barony of Gronsfeld (Herrschaft
                             Gronsfeld
/Baronie Gronsveld) under the Bronckhorst-Batenburg

                             family, separated from the Duchy of Limburg.

29 Sep 1586                Raised to County of Gronsfeld (Grafschaft Gronsveld/Graafschap
                             Gronsveld
)
.

1719                       Under the family of the Counts of Törring-Jettenbach (disputed
                             until 1724 by Clara Sibilla von Bronckhorst-Batenburg).

1794                       French occupation.
16 May 1795 - 20 Nov 1813  Annexed to France, part of département de la Meuse-Inférieure
                             (see under Belgium).
 9 Feb 1801                Formally ceded to France by the Holy Roman Empire by the Peace of
                             Lunéville.
25 Feb 1803 – 12 Jul 1806  Count Joseph August (b. 1753 – d. 1826) receives the Imperial
                             Abbey of Gutenzell in Swabia as compensation, which is elevated
                             to the Imperial County of Gutenzell (Reichsgrafschaft Gutenzell)
                             by the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss.
16 Mar 1815                Incorporated into The Netherlands, part of Limburg.

Counts/Countesses of Gronsfeld (title Graf/Gräfin von Gronsfeld [Gronsveld])
1673 -  8 Apr 1719         Johann Franz                       (b. 1639 – d. 1719)
 8 Apr 1719 - 1738         Maria Anna (f)                     (b. 1691 – d. 1738)
1738 - 17 Feb 1754         Maria Josepha Gräfin von Arberg    (b. 1722 – d. 1754)
                             und Valangin (f)
1738 - Jan 1746            Ignaz Felix Graf von Törring-      (b. 1682 – d. 1763)
                             Jettenbach -Regent
17 Jan 1754 - 13 Mar 1773  Maximilian Emanuel                 (b. 1715 – d. 1773)
13 Mar 1773 - 1794         August Joseph                      (b. 1728 – d. 1802)

Thorn (Thorn in Limburg)

Map of Thorn Abbey
Capital: Thorn
(Thurn)

Population: 3,795
(1795)

Religions: Roman Catholic 99%, other 1% (1809)

c.972                      Benedictine Abbey of Thorn (Abbatia Thorensis/Stift Thorn).
17 Sep 1292                Imperial immediacy (Reichsstift Thorn/Rijksabdij van Thorn)
                             confirmed by King Adolf. 

30 Nov 1310                Members of the abbey emphasize their status as secular noble canons
                             and claim they had never been Benedictines.
16 Dec 1485                Emperor Maximilian declares the abbess, the chapter, and subjects
                             of Thorn under Imperial protection (confirmed 2 Jul 1494, and
                             again by
Emperor Ferdinand 28 Jul 1559).
1602 - 1636                Spanish troops quartered in Thorn.
1636 - 1648                Imperial troops quartered in Thorn.
1648 - 1652                Dutch troops quartered in Thorn. 
1652 - 1653                Duchy of Lorraine troops quartered in Thorn. 
1653 - 1656                French troops quartered in Thorn. 
1699                       Brandenburg and Bavarian Imperial troops quartered in Thorn.
 7 Dec 1706                Statute or Recession of the Chapter of Thorn (Statutum seu
                             Recessus capituli Thorensis
) confirms that Thorn is an imperial
                             subject and  thar the
Abbess is a Princesses of the Empire.
 3 Oct 1715                Thorn is recognized by the Netherlands as under the Empire and
                             the
Staten-Generaal renounces its jurisdiction over it.
 
4 Oct 1794 -  1 Oct 1795  Occupied by France.
 1 Oct 1795 - 15 Feb 1814  Annexed by
France (part of département de la Meuse-Inférieure)
                            
(see under Belgium).
 9 Feb 1801                Officially ceded to France by the Holy Roman Empire by Treaty of
                             Lunéville.
15 Feb 1814 - 16 Mar 1815  Allied administration (see
Niederrhein under Prussia provinces).
16 Mar 1815                Part of the Netherlands.

Princess-Abbesses (title without individual titles of a specific abbess: des heiligen Römishen Reichs Fürstin und Äbtissin deren Keyserlichen frey-weltlichen Stifftern Essen und Thorn, Frau zu Relinghausen, Huckard, Ubach und Neeroeteren, etc. etc./Vorstin van het Heilige Roomsche Rijk, Vorstin-abdis van Essen en Thorn, Vrouw tot Relinghausen, Huckard, Ubach en Neeroeteren etc. etc. ["Princess and Abbess of the Holy Roman Empire of their Imperial Free-Secular Foundations in Essen and Thorn, Lady of Relinghausen, Huckard, Ubach and Neeroeteren, etc., etc."])(from 15 Oct 1726, also princess-abbesses of Essen; resident in Essen)
15 Mar 1691 -  6 Oct 1706  Eleonora von Löwenstein-           (b. 1653 - d. 1706)
                             Rochefort
 7 Dec 1706 - 12 Jan 1717  Anna Juliana Helena von            (b. 1665 - d. 1717)
                             Manderscheid-Blankenheim-Gerolstein
30 Mar 1717 - 16 Jul 1776  Franziska Christine Pfalzgräfin    (b. 1696 - d. 1776)
                             von Sulzbach
14 Jun 1756 -  7 Nov 1773  Anna Charlotte von Lothringen,     (b. 1714 - d. 1773)
                             Äbtissin von Remiremont
                             (co-adjutrice)
16 Jul 1776 -  1 Oct 1795  Maria Kunigunde Dorothee Herzogin  (b. 1740 - d. 1826)
                             von Sachsen
                             (co-adjutrice from 23 Nov 1775)


Meiers (Intendants) of Thorn
1687 - 1705                Johannes Meyers (Meiers)
1705 - 1721                Christiaan Hermans
1724 - 1749                Johan Jacob Parren
1750 - 1759                D. Weiler
1761 - 1763                Jan Willem Joseph van Stoltzen
1763                       D.H. Fabrij (Fabry)
1763 - 1785                N. de Borman
1786 - 1795                Jacobus Norbertus van der Schoor   (b. 1748 - d. 1847)
                            
(absent 23 Jul 1794 - 1795)
1795                       J.C. Coomans (substitute)
1795                       N. Mülbrag (Mülbrach)


Wittem

[Wittem flag c.1723
                        (Netherlands)]
Flag c.1723

Map of Wittem
Capital: Wittem
Population: 2,700 (1794)
Religions: Roman Catholic almost 100% (1809)

1125 - 1206                Sold to Benedictine abbey of Sint-Jacobus de Mindere in Liège.
1206 - 1344                Sold to Wilhelm (Wychem) von Julémont.
1344 - 1466                Sold by Gerhard von Julémont to Johann Corsselaar.
1466 - 1639                Sold to Dietrich von Pallandt
Oct 1520                   Free Lordship of Wittem (
Vrije Rijksheerlijkheid Wittem) elevated
                             by Emperor Charles V.
1564 - 1604                Lord Floris I becomes a protestant and his territory is confiscated
                             by Imperial authorities.
1639                       Floris II von Pallant dies and rule falls to husband of his cousin,
                             Wolrad IV von Waldeck-Eisenberg from the Waldeck family.
1689                       Spain ends Brabant-Limburg's suzerainty over Wittem.
1717                       Sold to Joseph Adolf von Pretlack by Albertine Elisabeth Gräfin zu
                             Waldeck-Eisenberg.
1720                       Sold to Count Carl Gottfried von Giech.

1728                       Sold to Count Ferdinand von Plettenberg-Lenhausen.
1732                       Free Imperial County of Wittem (Rijksgraafschap Wittem/
                             Grafschaft Wittem).
1794                       French occupation.
16 May 1795 - 20 Nov 1813  Annexed to France, part of département de la Meuse-Inférieure
                             (see under Belgium).
 9 Feb 1801                Formally ceded to France by Graaf Maximiliaan Frederik and by the
                             Holy Roman Empire by the Peace of Lunéville 9 Feb 1801.
25 Feb 1803 - 12 Jul 1806  Count Maximiliaan Frederik receives the towns Mietingen and
                             Sulmingen in Swabia as compensation, which are elevated to the
                             Imperial County of Mietingen (Grafschaft Mietingen)(by
                             Reichsdeputationshauptschluss).
16 Mar 1815                Incorporated into The Netherlands, part of Limburg.

Lords/Lady (title Heer/Vrouwe van Wittem)
1692 - 1717                Albertine Elisabeth Gräfin zu      (b. 1664 - d. 1727)
                             Waldeck-Eisenberg -Lady
1717 - 1720                Joseph Adolf von Pretlack
1720 - 1722                Carl Gottfried van Giech           (b. 1670 - d. 1729)
1722 - 1728               
Karel Maximilian                   (b. 1695 - d. 1748)
1728 - 1732                Ferdinand Adolf                    (b. 1690 - d. 1737)
Counts (title Graaf van Wittem)
1732 - 18 Mar 1737         Ferdinand Adolf                    (s.a.)
18 Mar 1737 - 19 Apr 1779  Frans Jozef                        (b. 1714 - d. 1779)
19 Apr 1779 - 1794         Maximiliaan Frederik               (b. 1771 - d. 1813)
                            (= Maximilian Friedrich Graf von Plettenberg)

Steward (Drost)
1782 - 1794/95             Joachim Ignatius Isfordt (Isfort)

States of the Empire in Brabant 


Bokhoven (Bockhove)

Map of Bokhoven
Capital: Bokhoven
Population: 218 (1805)
Religions: Roman Catholic almost 100% (1809)

1363                       Lordship of Bokhoven (Heerlijkheid Bokhoven).
15 Sep 1365 -  1 Oct 1795  Vassal of the Prince-Bishopric of Liège, within the
                             Holy Roman Empire.
16 Mar 1499                Barony of Bokhoven (Baronie 
Bokhoven).
1535 - 11 Jul 1741         Van Immerseel family inherits Heerlijkheid Loon op Zand.
1570 - 11 Jul 1741         Bokhoven under the Van Immerseel dynasty.
17 Feb 1640                Free County of Bokhoven (Vrij Graafschap
Bokhoven), but due to
                             rights of the Prince-Bishop of Liège it was not recognized as a
                             fully fledged Imperial County.
Jul 1672                   French forces destroy Bokhoven castle.
11 Jul 1741 – 21 Dec 1744  Succession disputed between four descents of Engelbert II:
                             Maria Christina von Salm-Salm (f)(b. 1655 - d. 1745),
                             Marie-Catherine de Bryas (f), Claire-Honorine de Bryas (f)
                            (b. 1672 - d. 1741) on one side and 
Albertine Jeanne Josepha de
                             Dongelberghe, marquuse van Rèves (f) whose mother was the aunt
                             of Count Charles.
 2 Apr 1747 -  8 Feb 1753  New
succession dispute between Anne Louis Auguste de Montmorency,
                             prins van Robecq
and Ludwig Karl Otto Fürst zu Salm-Salm
                             (b. 1721 - d. 1778).

27 Sep 1794 -  1 Oct 1795  French occupation.
17 Nov 1794 - 31 Aug 1795  Part of Central and Superior Administration of Belgium.
 1 Oct 1795 -  8 Mar 1800  Annexed to France.
 5 Jan 1800                Sold by France to the Batavian Republic (see Netherlands)
                             (confirmed in Peace of Lunéville 9 Feb 1801 and officially
                             relinquished by the Holy Roman Empire).
 8 Mar 1800 - 25 Sep 1805  Part of the Gecedeerde Landen.

26 Sep 1805                I
ncorporated into Brabant (Bataafs-Brabant to 6 Aug 1806) province.
 3 May 1810 - 12 Dec 1813  Annexed to France (part of département des Bouches-du-Rhin).
12 Dec 1813                End of French rule.
 8 Mar 1814                Part of Netherlands (part of Province of Brabant).

Counts (title Graaf van Bokhoven, heer van Loon op Zand)
23 May 1654 - 22 Jul 1676  Thomas Ignace                      (b. 1634 - d. 1676)
22 Jul 1676 – 16 May 1696  Ferdinand Albertus Hyacinth        (b. c.1665 - d. 1696)
16 May 1696 - 11 Jul 1741  Charles                            (b. 1674 - d. 1741)
Count/Countess (title Graaf/Gravin van Bokhoven)
11 Jul 1741 - 21 Dec 1744  
various claimants
21 Dec 1744 -  2 Apr 1747  Albertine Jeanne Josepha (f)      
(b. 1675 - d. 1747)
 2 Apr 1747 –  8 Feb 1753  various claimants
 8 Feb 1753 -  1 Oct 1795  Anne Louis Alexandre               
(b. 1724 - d. 1812)

Boxmeer (Boksmeer)

Map of Boxmeer
Capital: Boxmeer
Population: 2,313 (1805)
Religions: Roman Catholic 99%, other 1% (1809)

1292/1308                  Sold by the Lord of Cuijk to Jan Boc van Meer.
1269 - 1361                Buch/Buc/Boc van Mere dynasty.
1361 – 1472                Under the Van Culemborg dynasty.
1380                       Name Bocmeer/Boxmeer used to distinguish Mere and Meer;
                             Lordship of Boxmeer (Heerlijkheid Boxmeer).
1472 - 1479                Under the van Vertaing
dynasty.
1479 - 1505                Under the Egmont
(Egmond) dynasty.
1505 - 19 Jun 1712         Under the van den Bergh
dynasty (1654 - 1712 the counts of Van
                             den Bergh were considered fully fledged Imperial Counts).
19 Jun 1712 - 1797         Under the Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen dynasty.
21 Oct 1794 - 23 Jan 1798  French occupation.
18 Dec 1797                Boxmeer placed under the Provisional Administration of the
                             Pays d'entre Meuse et Rhin and Pays d'entre Rhin-et-Moselle.
23 Jan 1798 - 15 Mar 1800  Part of French
département of Roer (see under Germany).
 5 Jan 1800                Sold by France to the Batavian Republic (see Netherlands)
                             (confirmed in Peace of Lunéville 9 Feb 1801 and officially
                             relinquished by the Holy Roman Empire).
15 Mar 1800 - 26 Sep 1805  Part of the Gecedeerde Landen.
25 Feb 1803                Formally ceded to Batavian Republic by the Prince of Hohenzollern
                             -Sigmaringen (who is compensated for the loss of Boxmeer and
                             other lands with the Lordship of Glatt and monasteries of
                             Inzikhofen, Klosterbeuren, and Holzheim in the
                             Reichsdeputationshauptschluss).

20 Sep 1805                I
ncorporated into Brabant province.
 3 May 1810 - 12 Dec 1813  Annexed to France (part of département des Bouches-du-Rhin; from
                            
26 Feb 1814, part of département d'Yssel-Supérieur).
12 Dec 1813                End of French rule.
 8 Mar 1814                Part of Netherlands (part of Province of Brabant).
 

Lords/Ladies (title from 1505, Graaf/Gravin van den Bergh, Heer/Vrouwe van Boxmeer)
13 Aug 1689 - 19 Jun 1712  Oswald III                         (b. 1646 - d. 1712)
19 Jun 1712 - 15 Jul 1715  Maria Clara van den Bergh-         (b. 1644 - d. 1715)
                             van Hohenzollern (f) 
15 Jul 1715 - 10 Feb 1737  Frans Wilhelm                      (b. 1704 - d. 1737)
10 Feb 1737 - 15 May 1781  Johan Baptist 
"de dolle graaf"     (b. 1728 - d. 1781)
                             ("the Mad Count")
                             (imprisoned in Haigerloch from 1757)
10 Feb 1737 - 11 Aug 1741  Frans Lodewijk de Sanguessa,       (b. 1662 - d. 1741)
                             bisschop van Roermond -Guardian
1757 - 1769                Oswald Petrus Hoevel -Administrator(b. c.1700 - d. 1769)
                             (administrator of Huis Bergh)
1769 - 1781                Johannes Nepomucenus Hoevel        (b. 1735 - d. 1810)
                             (administrator of Huis Bergh)
15 May 1781 - 22 Feb 1787  Joanna Josephina Antonia (f)
      (b. 1727 - d. 1787)
                             (regent 1757 - 15 May 1781)
                           + Karel Frederik van Hohenzollern-
                              Sigmaringen (to 20 Dec 1785)    (b. 1724 - d. 1785)
22 Feb 1787 - 18 Dec 1797  Anton Alois                        (b. 1762 - d. 1831)

Stewards (title Drost van de vrije heerlijkheden Boxmeer, St. Anthonis en Sambeek)
bf.1716 - 26 Apr 1739      Willem de Raet, heer van de Wijer  (b. 1674 - d. 1739)
1739 -  4 May 1797        
Leopold Frans de Raet, heer van    (b. 1716 - d. 1797)
                             de Wijer
1797                       Jan Baptist de Raet,
heer van      (b. 1744 - d. 1825)
 
                            de Wijer



Gemert

[Knights of the Hospital of
                Saint Mary of the Teutonic House in Jerusalem (Teutonic
                Order) flag] 

Map of Gemert
Capital: Gemert
Population: 3,656 (1805)
Religions: Roman Catholic almost 100% (1809)

c.1076                     Lordship of Gemert (rijksheerlijkheid Gemert/Herrschaft Gemert)
                             under a family named "De Gamerthe" ("De Gemerde").
12th cent.                 To local Lords of Gemert as fief of Brabant.
1220                       Partitioned between itself (de Gemert family) and the Teutonic
                             Order; Gemert hereafter ruled as a condominium until 1366 with
                             two separate administrations with joint jurisdiction
                             (Herrschaft und Kommende Gemert).
1331                       Gemert half to 's-Hertogenbosch.
1366                       Teutonic Order acquired the whole territory of Gemert as Gemert
                             Free Domain and Commandery of the Teutonic Order
                             (Commanderij van Gemert)(subordinated to Teutonic Order Bailiwick
                             of Alden Biesen) as fief of Brabant.
1478                       Imperial immediacy granted.
1648 - 24 Jun 1662         Dutch occupation. 
1662                       The Netherlands recognizes the rights of the Order over Gemert.
21 Oct 1794 - 16 May 1795  French occupation

16 May 1795 - 17 Mar 1800  Annexed to France (from 23 Jan 1798, part of département Roer).
17 Mar 1800                Incorporated into Batavian Republic (later Kingdom of Holland)
                             (confirmed in Peace of Lunéville 9 Feb 1801 and officially
                             relinquished by the Holy Roman Empire)
(part of the Gecedeerde
                             Landen
17 Mar 1800-25 Sep 1805;
26 Sep 1805-6 Aug 1806
                             departement Bataafs Brabant;
7 Aug 1806-2 May 1810 departement
                            
Brabant).

 3 May 1810 - 1814         Annexed to France (part of département des Bouches-du-Rhin).
 8 Mar 1814                Part of Netherlands (part of province of Brabant).

Lords (title Heer van Gemert/Herr von Gemert) and Land Commanders of the Bailiwick of Alden
Biesen (Landcommandeurs van de balije Alden Biesen/Landkomtur der Ballei Alden Biesen)
1467 - 1481                Johan van de Velde
1481 - 1482                Gerard de Sombreffe
1482 - 1503                Johan van Herck
1503 -  8 Oct 1512         Maximiliaan van Eynatten           (d. 1512)
                             (= Johan Mathliaan van Einatten)
1512 - 1536                Gerard van Streithagen (Strijthagen)
1536 - 1554                Wynand van Breyll
                             (= Wijnand van Breijel)
30 Aug 1554 - 1572         Jan van Goer
                             (= Johan van Goir/Goor/Ghor)
1572 - 30 Mar 1603         Johann Heinrich von Reuschenberg   (b. 1528 - d. 1603)
                             zu Setterich
                             (= Hendrik van Ruijschenbergh)
1603 - 1605                Willem Frambach Bock van           (d. 1605)
                             Lichtenberg
1605 -  9 Apr 1634         Edmond grraaf Huyn van Amstenraedt (b. 1567 - d. 1634)
                             (Amstenrade)
1634 - 1657                Godfried Huyn van Amstenraedt van  (b. c.1598 - d. 1657)
                             Geleen
                             (= Gottfried Graf Huyn, Freiherr von Geleen)
1657 - 26 Oct 1690         Edmond Godfried van Bocholtz       (b. 1615 - d. 1690)
1690 - 1707                H
endrik baron van Wassenaer        (b. 1642 - d. 1709)
                             tot Warmond
1707 - 19 Aug 1743         Damian Hugo Philipp Reichsgraf von (b. 1676 - d. 1743)
                             Schönborn-Buchheim
1743 - 1749                Ferdinand Damian von Sickingen zu
                             Ebernburg
1749 - 1766                Wiric Leopold von Steinen zu Scherf
1766 -  2 Jan 1784         Kaspar Anton Freiherr von der
                             Heyden gen. Belderbusch
                             (from 1782, Kaspar Anton Graf    (b. 1722 - d. 1784)
                             von der Heyden gen. Belderbusch)
1784 - 21 Oct 1794         Franz Josef Johann Nepomuk Fidel   (b. 1730 - d. 1807)
                             Freiherr von Reischach
                             (nominally in exile
to 12 Sep 1807)

Commanders (Commandeur van de Duitse Orde te Gemert/Kommandeur des Deutschen Ordens in Gemert)(subordinated to Bailiffs of Alden Biesen; from 1720, titular and did not reside in Gemert)
c.1483 - 1503              Maximiliaan van Eynatten           (s.a.)
                             (= Johan Mathliaan van Einatten)
c.1515 - 17 Jul 1544       H
endrik van Eynatten               (d. 1544)
1550 - 1553                Hendrik van Hoochkerken (acting)   (d. 1561)
1558 - 25 May 1570         Wynand van Eynatten                (d. 1570)

                             (acting to 1560)
1570 - 1598                Goyart van Aer (Ahr)               (d. 1598)
1598 - Sep 1630            Hendrik van Holtrop                (d. 1630)
1630 - 1635                Vacant
1635 - 1654                Caspar Ulrich Thoen baron van      (d. 1655)
                             Hoensbroek
1654 - 18 Mar 1684         Ambrosius baron de Lerod Virmundt  (d. 1684)
                             (administrator to 1661)
Dec 1684 - 1691            Hendrik baron van Wassenaer        (s.a.)
                             tot Warmond
 6 Mar 1691 - 21 Mar 1712  Bertram Wessel baron van Loë       (b. 1644 - d. 1712)
                             tot Wissen
1712 - 1716                Vacant
 3 Jun 1716 -  2 Mar 1720  Bertram Anton baron van            (b. 1674? - d. 1720)
                             Wachtendonk tot Germenseel
1720 - 1744                Vacant
1744 - 30 Nov 1763         Johan Jozef baron van der Noot     (b. 1707 - d. 1763)
1763 - 1770                Vacant
1770 - 1777                Nicolus-Bernardus de Borchgrave    (b. 1715 - d. 1777)
                             (Borchgrave)
1778 - 1794                Clemens August baron van           (b. 1719 - d. 1796)
                             Plettenberg
1793 - 1794                Jan Hubert Robijns                 (b. 1758 - d. 1833)
                             (acting for Plettenberg)

Stewards
(title Rentmeester/Drossaard van Gemert)

1... - 1733                Godefroy Cox
1734 - 1760                François van der Geest             (b. 1699 - d. 17..)
1760 - 1785                Peter Adrian de la Court           (b. 1725 - d. 1792)
1785 - 1786                Theodorus Antonius Franciscus      (b. 1746 - d. 1786)
                             Borret
1786 - 1794                Maria Petronella Aerdts (f)        (b. 1746 - d. 1829)  
1793 - 1794                Jan Hubert Robijns                 (s.a.)
                             (acting for Aerdts)
1794                       J.J.F. Meyer



Megen

[Megen County
                (Netherlands)]

Map of Megen
Capital: Megen
Population: 1,710 (1805)
Religions: Roman Catholic 99%, other 1% (1809)

721/22                     First mentioned as Meginum.
1145                       County of Megen (Graafschap Megen/Grafschaft Megen) first
                             mentioned; county included the city of Megen and villages
                             of Haren, Macharen and Teefelen. Also called the Stad en Land
                             van Megen.
1190                       Imperial immediacy.
1420                       Purchased by Henric (Henrik) Dicbier.
16 Feb 1470                Sold to Guy de Brimeu (b. c.1433/34 - d. 1477).
1610                       Passed to the Croÿ family.
1648 - 1671                Disputed between Croÿ family and the Dutch Staten-Generaal.
30 Nov 1671                The Netherlands recognizes the independence of the county from
                             the Netherlands and the county being part of the Empire, but due
                             to certain remaining rights of the (Spanish) Duchy of Brabant
                             it was not recognized as a fully fledged Imperial County.
 
6 Apr 1697                Purchased by Elector Johann Wilhelm of the Palatinate.
 6 Sep 1728                Purchased by Maximilian Damian Freiherr von Schall zu Bell.
21 Oct 1794 - 16 May 1795  Occupied by France.
16 May 1795 - 14 Mar 1800  Annexed to France (from 23 Jan 1798, part of département Roer).
 5 Jan 1800                Sold by France to Batavian Republic (later Kingdom of Holland)
                             (confirmed in Peace of Lunéville 9 Feb 1801 and officially
                             relinquished by the Holy Roman Empire)
(part of the Gecedeerde
                             Landen
14 Mar 1800-25 Sep 1805; 26 Sep 1805-6 Aug 1806
                             departement Bataafs Brabant;
7 Aug 1806-2 May 1810 departement
                            
Brabant).

25 Feb 1803                Count of Schall is compensated for the loss of Megen with perpetual
                             interest of 12,000 guilders (to be paid by the Elector of
                             Württemberg by the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss).
 3 May 1810 - 20 Nov 1813  Annexed to France (part of département des Bouches-du-Rhin).
 8 Mar 1814                Part of Netherlands (part of province of Brabant).

Counts (title Graaf van Megen/Graf zu Megen)
Oct 1674 –  8 Oct 1675     Alexander Graf zu Vehlen           (b. 1599 - d. 1675) 
 8 Oct 1675 –  7 Jul 1685  Ferdinand Gottfried Graf zu Vehlen (b. 1626 - d. 1685)  
 7 Jul 1685 –  6 Apr 1697  Alexander Otto Graf zu Vehlen      (b. 1657 - d. 1727)
 6 Apr 1697 –  8 Jun 1716  Johann Wilhelm Pfalzgraf bei Rhein (b. 1658 - d. 1716)
 8 Jun 1716 –  6 Sep 1728  Karl Philipp Pfalzgraf bei Rhein   (b. 1661 - d. 1742)
 6 Sep 1728 –  4 Feb 1741  Maximilian Damian Freiherr von     (b. 1681 - d. 1741)
                             Schall zu Bell
 4 Feb 1741 –  3 Dec 1783  Ferdinand Freiherr von Schall      (b. 1720 - d. 1783)
                             Bell (from 7 Sep 1745, Graf von Schall zu Bell)
 3 Dec 1783 – 21 Oct 1794  Karl Theodor Graf von Schall zu    (b. 1747 - d. 1832)
                             Bell


Ravenstein

Map of Ravenstein
Capital: Ravenstein
Population: 11,779 (1805)
Religions: Roman Catholic 89%, Dutch Reformed 11% (1809)

c.1170                     To Herpen; later superseded by Ravenstein and the local barons
                             assumed the name Ravenstein.
1191
                       Lordship of Herpen (Herpen Dominium/Heerlijkheid Herpen/Herrschaft
                             Herpen
).
1360                       Renamed Lordship of Ravenstein (Rauenstein Dominium/Heerlijkheid
                             Ravenstein/Herrschaft Ravenstein
) after new castle.
1324 - 1396                Under the Valkenburg dynasty.
1396 - 1397               
Under the Salm-Salm.
1397 - 1609                Under the Duchy of Cleves (from 1528, Jülich-Cleves-Berg).
1609 – 1614                Condominium of Brandenburg and
Pfalz-Neuburg.
1614                       By Treaty of Xanten ceded to the Electorate of Brandenburg.
1621 – 1624               
Dutch forces garrison Ravenstein.
 9 Mar 1629                By Treaty of Düsseldorf under the Dukes of Pfalz-Neuburg

                             (from 1685, also the Elector Palatine)(effected 11 Jun 1631).
1635 – 1672                Dutch forces garrison Ravenstein.
 2 Jun 1670                Brandenburg ends its claim to Ravenstein.
Sep 1794                   French occupation.
21 Oct 1794                Ravenstein annexed by France.
23 Jan 1798 - 12 Mar 1800  Part of French département of Roer (see under Germany).
 5 Jan 1800                Sold by France to the Batavian Republic (see Netherlands)
                             (confirmed in Peace of Lunéville 9 Feb 1801 and officially
                             relinquished by the Holy Roman Empire).
12 Mar 1800 - 26 Sep 1805  Part of the Gecedeerde Landen.
23 Feb 1803                Formally ceded to the Dutch by Elector of Bavaria.
20 Sep 1805                I
ncorporated into Brabant province.
 3 May 1810 - 12 Dec 1813  Annexed to France (part of département des Bouches-du-Rhin; from
                             26 Feb 1814, part of
département d'Yssel-Supérieur).
12 Dec 1813                End of French rule.
 8 Mar 1814                Part of Netherlands (part of Province of Brabant).

Lords (title Heer van Ravenstein/Herren von Ravenstein)
1397 – 1609                the Dukes of Cleves
1609 –  2 Jun 1670         the Electors of Brandenburg
                           - in dispute with -
1609 - 21 Oct 1794         the Dukes of
Pfalz-Neuburg

Land Stewards (title Drost van het Land van Ravenstein)
1446 - 1451                Dirk van Bronkhorst
1486                       Peter van Chaurengereur
1524 - 1561                R. Bijland
1561 - 1569                Otto van Wachtendonk
1596 - 1597                Tengnagel
1623 - 1624                van Efferen
1625                       Johan Vaeck
1633 - 1643                Sibergh (vice-drost)
1648 - 1650                Locquenghien
1650                       van der Bijlant
1652                       A. de Vos
1657 - 1666                De Rheede
1671 - 1691                De Soly (vice-drost)
1674 - 1702                Herman van Wachtendonk
1691 - 1701                Gerard Theodor van Honthorst
                             (vice-drost)
1702 - 1709                Arnold van Wachtendonk
1709 - 1716                Carel Frans van Wachtendonk
1716 - 1747                Herman van Wachtendonk
1716 - 1722                Johan van Willigen (vice-drost)
1722 - 1724                Leonard van Duren (vice-drost)
1724 - 1728                Gerard Olivier Gijbkens (vice-drost)
1728 - 1738                Bernard van Niel (vice-drost)
1738 - 1747                Judocus Johannes Bloemarts
                             (vice-drost)
1747 - 1773                Joannes Adriaan de Lauwere          (b. 1725 - d. 1773)
1773 - 1794                Amandus van Bree







© Ben Cahoon