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Romania
Note: The country was usually known as Rumania until the English spelling was officially changed to Romania in Feb 1966. |
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![[Romania War flag and ensign, 1861-1866]](ro-mv.gif)
![[Romanian flag]](ro.gif)
![[Romanian State flag, 1867]](ro_1867state.gif)
![[Romanian State flag, 1872]](ro_1872state.gif)
![[Romanian State flag, 1877]](ro_1877.gif)
![[Romanian State flag, 1922]](ro_1921state.gif)
![[Flag of Romania, 1948]](ro-48ntl.gif)
![[Flag of Romania, 1952]](rum_rep1.gif)
![[Flag of Romania, 1965-1989]](ro-65ntl.gif)
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![[Walachia Civil ensign, 1834]](ro-val5.gif)
![[Walachia War flag, 1834-1859]](ro-val2.gif)
![[Walachia National Flag, 1848]](ro-val7.gif)
![[Walachia Civil ensign, 1858]](ro-val6.gif)
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(Curtea de Arges 1330-1430; Targoviste 1430-1698) |
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1324
Principality of Hungaro-Walachia consolidated (Ungrovlahia;
in Romanian commonly called Tara Romaneasca, and even
more colloquially Muntenia), under Hungarian suzerainty
to Nov 1330.
Oct 1394 - 23 Sep 1403 Turkish dependency.
Mar 1427 - 2 Sep 1442 Turkish dependency.
Jun 1541
Part of Ottoman Empire.
20 May 1595 - Dec 1596 Dependency of Transylvania.
16 Nov 1769 - 1770
Occupied by Russia.
1771 - 21 Jul 1774
Occupied by Russia.
19 Jun 1790 - 4 Aug 1791 Occupied by Austria (de facto
from 15 Nov 1789).
1807 - 8 Aug 1807
Occupied by Russia (de facto from 28 Aug 1806).
28 Aug 1807 - 1 Mar 1808 Occupied by Russia.
Mar 1809 - 28 May 1812 Occupied by Russia.
22 Feb 1828 - 2 Apr 1834 Occupied by Russia.
29 Oct 1853 - 31 Jul 1854 Occupied by Russia.
19 Aug 1854 - 5 Oct 1854 Occupied by Austria (de facto
to 25 Mar 1856).
23 Dec 1861
Merger with Moldavia into the
United Rumanian Principalities.
Princes¹
7 Sep 1688 - 4 Apr 1714 Constantin (II) Pavel
Basarab (b. 1654 - d. 1714)
Cantacuzino Brâncoveanu
5 Apr 1714 - 5 Jan 1716 Stefan (II) Constantin
(d. 1716)
Cantacuzino
5 Jan 1716 - 25 Nov 1716 Nicolae (II) Alexandru
(b. 1680 - d. 1730)
Mavrocordat-Scarlati (1st time)
2 Dec 1716 - 6 Mar 1719 Ioan Alexandru Mavrocordat-
(b. 1684 - d. 1719)
Scarlati
Mar 1719 - 14 Sep 1730 Nicolae (II) Alexandru
(s.a.)
Mavrocordat-Scarlati (2nd time)
14 Sep 1730 - 15 Oct 1730? Constantin (III) Nicolae
(b. 1711 - d. 1769)
Mavrocordat-Scarlati (1st time)
1730 - 24 Oct 1731
Mihai (III) Ion Racovita (1st time)
24 Oct 1731 - 16 Apr 1733 Constantin (III) Nicolae
(s.a.)
Mavrocordat-Scarlati (2nd time)
16 Apr 1733 - 27 Nov 1735 Grigore (II) Matei Ghica
(b. 1690 - d. 1752)
(1st time)
27 Nov 1735 - 1741
Constantin (III) Nicolae
(s.a.)
Mavrocordat-Scarlati (3rd time)
16? Sep 1741 - Jul 1744 Mihai (III) Ion Racovita
(2nd time)
Jul 1744 - Apr 1748 Constantin
(III) Nicolae (s.a.)
Mavrocordat-Scarlati (4th time)
Apr 1748 - 3 Sep 1752 Grigore (II)
Matei Ghica (s.a.)
(2nd time)
4 Sep 1752 - 3 Jul 1753 Matei (II) Grigore Ghica
(b. 1715 - d. 1761)
3 Jul 1753 - 19 Feb 1756 Constantin (IV) Mihai Racovita
(d. 1764)
(1st time)
20 Feb 1756 - 1758
Constantin (III) Nicolae
(s.a.)
Mavrocordat-Scarlati (5th time)
14?Aug 1758 - 16 Jun 1761 Scarlat (I) Grigore Ghica
(d. 1766)
(1st time)
16 Jun 1761 - 20 Mar 1763 Constantin (III) Nicolae
(s.a.)
Mavrocordat-Scarlati (6th time)
20 Mar 1763 - 6 Feb 1764 Constantin (IV) Mihai Racovita
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
6 Feb 1764 - 29 Aug 1765 Stefan (III) Mihai Racovita
29 Aug 1765 - 13 Dec 1766 Scarlat (I) Grigore Ghica
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
13 Dec 1766 - 28 Oct 1768 Alexandru (VI) Scarlat Ghica
28 Oct 1768 - 16 Nov 1769 Grigore (III) Alexandru Ghica
(b. 1724 - d. 1777)
16 Nov 1769 - 1770
Count Pytor Aleksandrovich (b.
1725 - d. 1796)
Rumyancev-Zadunaiski (1st time)
(Russian military administrator)
May 1770 - Oct 1771 Emanuel
Giani Ruset "Manole"
1771 - 21 Jul 1774
Count Pytor Aleksandrovich (s.a.)
Rumyancev-Zadunaiski (2nd time)
(Russian military administrator)
26 Sep 1774 - 15 Jan 1782 Alexandru (VII) Ioan Ipsilanti
(b. 1726 - d. 1807)
(1st time)
15 Jan 1782 - 17 Jul 1783 Nicolae Caragea
17 Jul 1783 - 1786
Mihai (IV) Dracon Sutu (1st time) (b. 1730 - d. 1803)
6 Apr 1786 - 19 Jun 1790 Nicolae (IV) Petru Mavroghieni
(b. 1738 - d. 1790)
19 Jun 1790 - 4 Aug 1791 Friedrich Josias Prinz von
Sachsen-Coburg-Saalfeld
(b. 1737 - d. 1815)
(Austrian military administrator;
de facto from 15 Nov 1789)
Mar 1791 - Jan 1793 Mihai
(IV) Dracon Sutu (2nd time) (s.a.)
Jan 1793 - 28 Aug 1796 Alexandru (VIII)
Constantin (b. 1740? - d. 1816)
Moruzi (1st time)
28 Aug 1796 - 9 Dec 1797 Alexandru (VII) Ioan Ipsilanti
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
9 Dec 1797 - 10 Feb 1799 Constantin (V) Hangerliu
(d. 1799)
10 Feb 1799 - 20 Oct 1801 Alexandru (VIII) Constantin
(s.a.)
Moruzi (2nd time)
20 Oct 1801 - 22 May 1802 Mihai Dracon Sutu (2nd time)
(s.a.)
2 Jul 1802 - 30 Aug 1802 Alexandru (IX) Nicolae Sutu
(b. 1758 - d. 1821)
(1st time) (Princely Lieutenant)
30 Aug 1802 - 24 Aug 1806 Constantin (VI) Alexandru
(b. 1760 - d. 1816)
Ipsilanti (1st time)
24 Aug 1806 - 13 Oct 1806 Alexandru (IX) Nicolae Sutu
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
13 Oct 1806 - 31 May 1807 Constantin (VI) Alexandru
(s.a.)
Ipsilanti (2nd time)
1807 - 8 Aug 1807
Prosorovski (1st time)
(Russian military administrator;
de facto from 28 Aug 1806)
8 Aug 1807 - 28 Aug 1807 Constantin (VI) Alexandru
(s.a.)
Ipsilanti (3rd time)
28 Aug 1807 - 1 Mar 1808 Prosorovski (2nd time)
(Russian military administrator)
1 Mar 1808 - 18 Sep 1808 Princely Lieutenancy
18 Sep 1808 - Mar 1809 Committee of
Five
Mar 1809 - 28 May 1812 Engelhardt
(Russian military administrator)
8 Sep 1812 - 11 Oct 1818 Ioan Gheorghe Caragea
(b. 1745 - d. 1845)
16 Nov 1818-30/31Jan 1821 Alexandru (IX) Nicolae Sutu
(s.a.)
(3rd time)
Feb 1821 - Jun 1821 Scarlat
(II) Alexandru Callimachi (b. 1773 - d. 1821)
Feb 1821 - Jun 1821 Tudor
Constantin Vladimirescu (b. c.1770 - d. 1821)
(Conducator [Leader], in rebellion)
1821 - 21 Jun 1822
Stefan Vogorides (Ottoman governor)
12 Jul 1822 - 11 May 1828 Grigore IV Dimitrie Ghica
(b. 1755 - d. 1834)
Russian Military Administrators
22 Feb 1828 - Feb 1829 Peter Christoph
Graf von der (b. 1771 - d. 1864)
Pahlen
Feb 1829 - Sep 1829 Seltukhin
(d. 1829)
Sep 1829 - 2 Apr 1834 Pavel Dmitrievick
Kisolyv (b. 1788
- d. 1872)
Princes¹
2 Apr 1834 - 19 Oct 1842 Alexandru (X) Dimitrie Ghica
(b. 1795 - d. 1862)
(1st time)
1 Jan 1843 - 25 Jun 1848 Gheorghe Dimitrie Bibescu
(b. 1804 - d. 1873)
25 Jun 1848 - 10 Jul 1848 Neofit II (1st time)
(b. 1787 - d. 1850)
(President of the Provisional Government)
10 Jul 1848 - 12 Jul 1848 Princely Lieutenancy
- Teodor Vacarescu
- Emanoil Baleanu (1st time)
12 Jul 1848 - 9 Aug 1848 Neofit II (2nd time)
(s.a.)
(President of the Provisional Government)
9 Aug 1848 - 25 Sep 1848 Princely Lieutenancy
- Ioan Heliade Radulescu
(b. 1802 - d. 1872)
- Nicolae Constantin Golescu
(b. 1810 - d. 1878)
- Christian Tell
(b. 1807 - d. 1884)
25 Sep 1848 - Jun 1849 Constantin Cantacuzino
(b. 1800 - d. 1875)
(Princely Lieutenant)
28 Jun 1849 - 29 Oct 1853 Barbu Dimitrie Stirbey (1st time)
(b. 1799 - d. 1869)
29 Oct 1853 - 31 Jul 1854 Aleksandr Ivanovich Budberg
(b. 1798 - d. 1876)
(Russian military administrator)
Ottoman Military Administrators
8 Aug 1854 - Aug 1854 Halil Pasha
(acting)
Aug 1854 - 19 Aug 1854 Dervish Pasha
Princes¹
19 Aug 1854 - 5 Oct 1854 Austrian Military Administration
(de facto to 25 Mar 1856)
5 Oct 1854 - 25 Mar 1856 Barbu Dimitrie Stirbey (2nd
time) (s.a.)
29 Jul 1856 - 30 Oct 1858 Alexandru (X) Dimitrie Ghica
(s.a.)
(2nd time)(Princely Lieutenant)
30 Oct 1858 - 5 Feb 1859 Princely Lieutenancy
- Ioan Manu
(b. 1803 - d. 1874)
- Emanoil Baleanu (2nd time)
- Ioan Alexandru Filipescu
(b. 1811 - d. 1863)
5 Feb 1859 - 23 Dec 1861 Alexandru (XI) Ioan Cuza Voievod
(b. 1820 - d. 1873)
Prime ministers
6 Feb 1859 - 8 Apr 1859 Ioan Alexandru Filipescu
(s.a.)
8 Apr 1859 - 18 Sep 1859 Constantin Alexandru Kretzulescu
(b. 1809 - d. 1884)
18 Sep 1859 - 23 Oct 1859 Nicolae A. Kretzulescu
(b. 1812 - d. 1900)
23 Oct 1859 - 9 Jun 1860 Prince Ion Ghica
(b. 1817 - d. 1897)
9 Jun 1860 - 25 Jul 1860 Nicolae Constantin Golescu
(b. 1810 - d. 1878)
25 Jul 1860 - 29 Apr 1861 Manolake Kostake Epureanu
(b. 1824 - d. 1880)
30 Apr 1861 - 24 May 1861 Barbu Catargiu
(b. 1807 - d. 1862)
24 May 1861 - 23 Jul 1861 Stefan Golescu
(b. 1809 - d. 1874)
31 Jul 1861 - 22 Jan 1862 Dimitrie Ghica
(b. 1816 - d. 1897)
¹Usual translation of the title Domn (Lord), in full Din Mila lui Dumnezeu, Voievoda si Domn a toata Tara Ungrovlahiei ("By the grace of God, Governor and Lord of all the Hungaro-Walachian Land").
Moldavia
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![[Moldavia Princely standard]](ro-mol1.gif)
![[Moldavia Civil ensign, 1834]](ro-mol6.gif)
![[Moldavia Civil ensign, 1858]](ro-mol7.gif)
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(Suceava 1388-1565) |
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1352
Principality of Moldavia founded.
26 Sep 1387
Under Polish suzerainty.
9 Jun 1456 - 1471
Turkish tributary.
12 Jul 1475
Under Hungarian suzerainty.
1479
Turkish tributary.
15 Sep 1485 - 1489
Under Polish suzerainty.
1541
Part of Ottoman Empire
14 Sep 1739 - Oct 1739 Occupied Russia.
15 Dec 1769 - Sep 1774 Occupied by Russia
(de facto from 8 Oct 1769).
Oct 1788 - Mar 1792 Occupied
by Russia in northern region, and Austria
in southern region (to 4 Aug 1791).
13 Feb 1828 - Apr 1834 Occupied by Russia.
30 Oct 1853 - 16 Sep 1854 Occupied by Russia.
Aug 1854 - 25 Mar 1856 Occupied by Austria.
23 Dec 1861
Merger with Walachia into the
United Rumanian Principalities.
Princes¹
18 Dec 1695 - 25 Sep 1700 Antioh Constantin Cantemir
(1st time)
25 Sep 1700 - 26 Jun 1703 Constantin (IV) Gheorghe Duca
"Duculet" (2nd time)
26 Jun 1703 - Sep 1703 Ioan Buhus
(Princely Lieutenant)(1st time)
Sep 1703 - 23 Feb 1705 Mihai Ion Racovita
(1st time)
23 Feb 1705 - 31 Jul 1707 Antioh Constantin Cantemir (2nd
time)
31 Jul 1707 - 5 Feb 1710 Ioan Buhus
(Princely Lieutenant)(2nd time)
5 Feb 1710 - 4 Dec 1710 Nicolae Alexandru Mavrocordat-
(b. 1680 - d. 1730)
Scarlati (1st time)
4 Dec 1710 - 22 Jul 1711 Dimitrie Constantin Cantemir
(b. 1671 - d. 1723)
(2nd time)(in rebellion from 29 Nov 1710)
12 Aug 1711 - 20 Sep 1711 Princely Lieutenancy
- Lupu Gavril Costache
- Maxut
- Antioh Jora
21 Sep 1711 - 7 Oct 1711 Gheorghe Apostol
(Princely Lieutenant)
7 Oct 1711 - 19 Nov 1711 Ioan Alexandru Mavrocordat-
(b. 1684 - d. 1719)
Scarlati (Princely Lieutenant)
19 Nov 1711 - 5 Jan 1716 Nicolae Alexandru Mavrocordat-
(s.a.)
Scarlati (2nd time)
5 Jan 1716 - 6 Oct 1726 Mihai Ion Racovita (2nd
time)
7 Oct 1726 - 16 Apr 1733 Grigore II Matei Ghica (1st
time) (b. 1690 - d. 1752)
16 Apr 1733 - 27 Nov 1735 Constantin (V) Nicolae
(b. 1711 - d. 1769)
Mavrocordat-Scarlati (1st time)
27 Nov 1735 - 14 Sep 1739 Grigore II Matei Ghica (2nd time)
(s.a.)
14 Sep 1739 - Oct 1739 Münich (Russian
military administrator)
Oct 1739 - 24 Sep 1741 Grigore II Matei
Ghica (3rd time) (s.a.)
Sep 1741 - 31 Jul 1743 Constantin (V) Nicolae
(s.a.)
Mavrocordat-Scarlati (2nd time)
31 Jul 1743 - May 1747 Ioan Nicolae Mavrocordat-Scarlati
(b. 1712 - d. 1747)
May 1747 - Apr 1748 Grigore
II Matei Ghica (4th time) (s.a.)
Apr 1748 - 31 Aug 1749 Constantin (V) Nicolae
(s.a.)
Mavrocordat-Scarlati (3rd time)
31 Aug 1749 - 3 Jul 1753 Constantin (VI) Mihai Racovita
(d. 1764)
(1st time)
3 Jul 1753 - 19 Feb 1756 Matei Grigore Ghica
(b. 1715 - d. 1761)
19 Feb 1756 - 13 Mar 1757 Constantin (VI) Mihai Racovita
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
13 Mar 1757 - 1758
Scarlat Grigore Ghica
(d. 1766)
14? Aug 1758 - 1761 Ioan
Teodor Callimachi
(b. 1700 - d. 1762)
8? Jun 1761 - 29 Mar 1764 Grigore (II) Ioan Callimachi
(b. 1723 - d. 1769)
(1st time)
29 Mar 1764 - 3 Feb 1767 Grigore III Alexandru Ghica
(b. 1724 - d. 1777)
(1st time)
3 Feb 1767 - 14 Jun 1769 Grigore (II) Ioan Callimachi
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
29 Jun 1769 - 15 Dec 1769 Constantin (V) Nicolae
(s.a.)
Mavrocordat-Scarlati (4th time)
15 Dec 1769 - Sep 1774 Russian Military
Administration
(de facto from 8 Oct 1769)
9? Oct 1774 - 12 Oct 1777 Grigore III Alexandru Ghica
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
12 Oct 1777 - 9 Jun 1782 Constantin (VII) Dimitrie
Moruzi (b. 1730 - d. 1787)
9 Jun 1782 - 12 Jan 1785 Alexandru (IX) Constantin
(b. 1742 - d. 1812)
Mavrocordat "Deli-bei"
12 Jan 1785 - 14 Dec 1786 Alexandru (X) Ioan Mavrocordat
(b. 1754 - d. 1819)
"Firaris," "Fugarul"
Dec 1786 - 19 Apr 1788 Alexandru (XI) Ioan
Ipsilanti (b. 1726 - d. 1807)
May 1788 - Oct 1788 Emanuel
Giani Ruset "Manole"
Oct 1788 - Mar 1792 Count
Aleksandr Vasiliyevich (b. 1729 - d.
1800)
Suvorov (Russian military
administrator in nothern region;
de facto to 9 Jan 1793)
- together with -
Oct 1788 - 4 Aug 1791 Austrian
Military Administration
(in southern region)
Mar 1792 - 10 Jan 1793 Alexandru (XII)
Constantin Moruzi (b. 1740? - d. 1816)
(1st time)
10 Jan 1793 - 6 May 1795 Mihai Dracon Sutu
(b. 1730 - d. 1803)
6 May 1795 - 18 Mar 1799 Alexandru (XIII) Callimachi
(b. 1737 - d. 1821)
18 Mar 1799 - 10 Jul 1801 Constantin (VIII) Alexandru
(b. 1760 - d. 1816)
Ipsilanti
10 Jul 1801 - 1 Oct 1802 Alexandru (XIV) Nicolae Sutu
(b. 1758 - d. 1821)
1 Oct 1802 - 9 Nov 1802 Iordache Canta
(Princely Lieutenant)
9 Nov 1802 - 24 Aug 1806 Alexandru (XII) Constantin
Moruzi (s.a.)
(2nd time)
24 Aug 1806 - 15 Oct 1806 Scarlat Alexandru Callimachi
(b. 1773 - d. 1821)
(1st time)
17 Oct 1806 - 19 Mar 1807 Alexandru (XII) Constantin Moruzi
(s.a.)
(3rd time)
19 Mar 1807 - 5 Aug 1807 Alexandru (XV) Hangerliu
5 Aug 1807 - 7 Aug 1812 Veniamin Costache (1st
time) (b. 1768 - d. 1846)
(Princely Lieutenant)
8 Sep 1812 - 2 Jul 1819 Scarlat Alexandru Callimachi
(2nd time)
24 Jun 1819 - 10 Apr 1821 Mihai Grigore Sutu
(b. 1784 - d. 1864)
10 Apr 1821 - May 1821 Veniamin Costache
(2nd time) (s.a.)
(Princely Lieutenant)
May 1821 - Sep 1821 Alexandru
Ipsilanti
(b. 1792 - d. 1828)
(Princely Lieutenant)
Sep 1821 - 22 Jul 1822 Stefan Vogoride
(b. 1774 - d. 1869)
(Princely Lieutenant)
21 Jun 1822 - 5 May 1828 Ioan Alexandru Sturza
(b. 1761 - d. 1842)
Russian Military Administrators
13 Feb 1828 - 18..
Minchiaki
18.. - Apr 1834
Mirkovich
Princes¹
Apr 1834 - Jun 1849 Mihai
Grigore Sturza
(b. 1795 - d. 1884)
14 Oct 1849 - 30 Oct 1853 Grigore IV Alexandru Ghica
(b. 1807 - d. 1857)
(1st time)
30 Oct 1853 - 16 Sep 1854 Russian Military Administration
19 Apr 1854 - Aug 1854 Ottoman Military
Administration
Aug 1854 - 25 Mar 1856 Austrian Military
Administration
14 Oct 1854 - 8 Jul 1856 Grigore IV Alexandru Ghica
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
15 Jul 1856 - 22 Jul 1856 Extraordinary Administrative
Council
23 Jul 1856 - 1 Mar 1857 Teodor Bals (Princely Lieutenant)
(b. 1790 - d. 1857)
1 Mar 1857 - Oct 1858 Nicolae Stefan
Conachi-Vogoride (b. 1820 - d. 1863)
(Princely Lieutenant)
18 Oct 1858 - 18 Jan 1859 Princely Lieutenancy
- Stefan Catargiu (to 1 Nov 1858)
- Ioan Alexandru Cantacuzino
(from 1 Nov 1858)
- Vasile Sturza
(b. 1810 - d. 1870)
- Anastasie Panu
(b. 1810 - d. 1867)
18 Jan 1859 - 23 Dec 1861 Alexandru (XVI) Ioan Cuza Voievod
(b. 1820 - d. 1873)
Prime ministers
29 Jan 1859 - 18 Mar 1859 Vasile Sturdza
(s.a.)
18 Mar 1859 - 9 May 1859 Prince Ion Ghica
(b. 1817 - d. 1897)
9 May 1859 - 12 May 1860 Manolake Kostake Epureanu
(b. 1824 - d. 1880)
12 May 1860 - 29 Jan 1861 Mihail Kogalniceanu
(b. 1817 - d. 1891)
29 Jan 1861 - 5 Oct 1861 Anastasie Panu
(b. 1810 - d. 1867)
5 Oct 1861 - 22 Jan 1862 Alexandru Constantin Moruzi
(b. 1805 - d. 1873)
¹Usual translation of the title Domn (Lord), in full Din Mila lui Dumnezeu, Voievod si Domn al Tarii Moldovei ("By the grace of God, Governor and Lord of the Moldavian Land").
Transylvania
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![[Austria-Hungary Flag of Siebenburgen]](ah-sie.gif)
![[Transylvania flag 1918-1919]](ro-tr18.gif)
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([Gyulafehérvár] 1541-1690, 1918; Sibiu [Hermannstadt] 1918-1919; Clausenburg [Cluj] 1690-1703, 1790-1848; Kronstadt [Brasov] 1848-1867) |
Jewish 3.4%, Szeklers, Gypsy, Serb, other 7% (1910) |
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896
The Magyars (Hungarians) invade the area; first dux
ultrasilvanus (Transylvanian prince) recorded.
1070 - 1170
Transylvania progressively attached to the Hungarian
kingdom
1176
First governor with the style vajvoda recorded; this style
becomes standard.
1176 - 1540
A political structure emerges in which the vajvoda, still
appointed by the Hungarian king, becomes progressively
autonomous and an increasingly powerful diet is formed in
which the "three nations" - Magyars, Széklers, and Saxons
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are represented; the Magyars (i.e., the descendants of the
Hungarian invaders) include most of the nobility; the
Széklers, although ethnically related to the Magyars,
are a
mystery regarding their origins; the Saxons are the descendants
of (peaceful) German settlers; the Romanian (mostly peasant)
majority population had no political participation.
1211 - Aug 1225
German Teutonic Order asked to colonize and Christianize the
area by the Hungarian kings, colony based in Kronstadt.
Apr 1241 - 1243
Mongol army invades, then withdraws.
24 Feb 1538 - 26 Jan 1699 Under suzerainty of Ottoman
Empire
Aug 1540
János Zsigmond Szapolyai (or Zápolya), king of Hungary (in
contention with Ferdinánd Habsburg), inherits his father's
claim to the crown of Hungary, and establishes his base in
Transylvania.
29 Dec 1541
Treaty of Gilau, János Zsigmond Szapolyai having relinquished his
claim to the Hungarian crown to the Habsburgs gets the title
of a prince of Transylvania instead.
31 Dec 1551
Ferdinánd Habsburg (later Holy Roman emperor Ferdinand I)
also lays claim to Transylvania.
16 Aug 1570
János Zsigmond Szapolyai, having relinquished his claim to
the crown of Hungary, adopts the style Erdélyi Fejedelem
(prince of Transylvania); Transylvania becomes an elective
principality.
2 Nov 1765
Mária Terézia, queen of Hungary, princess of Transylvania,
transforms Transylvania into a hereditary grand-principality
(Erdély Nagyhercegség, in German:
Grossfürstentum
Siebenbürgen).
29 May 1848
Diet decrees incorporation of Transylvania into the Hungarian
state (which had deposed the Habsburg dynasty in Apr 1848).
10 Jun 1849
Union with Hungary formally sanctioned by the Emperor.
7 Feb 1867
As part of the Austro-Hungarian Ausgleich, Transylvania is
formally incorporated into the Kingdom of Hungary,
the emperor-
king preserving the style of grand prince of Transylvania.
27 Aug 1916 - 13 Oct 1916 Rumanian
occupation of eastern Transylvania.
7 May 1918 - 10 Nov 1918 Passes
of the Carpathian Mountains annexed by Austria-Hungary.
13 Nov 1918
Kingdom of Hungary enters into dissolution.
1 Dec 1918
Transylvania declares independence from Hungary.
11 Jan 1919
Transylvania incorporated into Rumania.
30 Aug 1940
Under German pressure a major part of Transylvania is
retroceded to Hungary.
Sep 1944 - 9 Mar 1945 Soviet occupation
of northern Transylvanian.
24 Oct 1944 - Nov 1944 Rumanian occupation
of former Hungarian areas.
15 Sep 1947
Retroceded part of Transylvania is de jure returned to Rumania
(de facto since 11 Mar 1945).
24 Sep 1952
Mures Autonomous Hungarian Region (Regiunea Mures-Autonoma
Maghiara) created in Covasna, Harghita, and parts of
Mures counties; remained a purely administrative notion.
24 Dec 1960
Renamed Maros-Magyar Autonomous Region.
16 Feb 1968
Region dissolved.
Princes (title Erdélyi Fejedelem)
31 Dec 1551 - 1 Jan 1556 Ferdinánd Habsburg
(de facto)
16 Aug 1570 - 14 Mar 1571 János Zsigmond Szapolyai
(in opposition from Aug 1540)
25 May 1571 - 12 Dec 1586 István Báthory de
Somlyó
(b. 1533 - d. 1586)
(king of Poland/grand prince of Lithuania)
(acting to 28 Jan 1576)
1574 - 8 Jul 1575
Gáspár Békés de Kornyáta
(in dissidence)
12 Dec 1586 - 23 Mar 1598 Zsigmond Báthory de Somlyó
(acting to 8 Dec 1588)(1st time)
8 Apr 1598 - 14 Apr 1598 Rudolf Habsburg (1st time)
(b. 1552 - d. 1612)
18 Apr 1598 - 22 Aug 1598 Mária Kriztierna Habsburg
-Princess
22 Aug 1598 - 21 Mar 1599 Zsigmond Báthory de Somlyó
(2nd time)
21 Mar 1599 - 3 Nov 1599 András Báthory
de Somlyó
30 Nov 1599 - 18 Sep 1600 János Mihály Basarab
-Governor
Oct 1600 - Mar 1601 Rudolf
Habsburg (2nd time) (s.a.)
3 Apr 1601 - 3 Aug 1601 Zsigmond Báthory
de Somlyó
(3rd time)
Aug 1601 - 1601
Rudolf Habsburg (3rd time)
(s.a.)
1601 - 26 Jul 1602
Zsigmond Báthory de Somlyó
(4th time)
29 Jun 1602 - Mar 1603 Rudolf Habsburg
(4th time) (s.a.)
(in dissidence to 26 Jul 1602)
Mar 1603 - 17 Jul 1603 Mózes Székely
de Siménfalva
(governor to 8 May 1603)
Jul 1603 - 1605
Rudolf Habsburg (5th time)
(s.a.)
21 Feb 1605 - 29 Dec 1606 István Bocskal de Bocskó
et
Kismarja
(elected prince of Hungary 20 Apr 1605,
resigns 9 Feb 1606)
17 Dec 1606 - 1607
Bálint Drugeth de Homonna
(in dissidence)
22 Jan 1607 - 5 Mar 1608 Zsigmond Rákóczy
de Felsövadász
(governor to 11 Feb 1607)
7 Mar 1608 - 22 Oct 1613 Gábor Báthory
de Báthor
23 Oct 1613 - 15 Nov 1629 Gábor Bethlen de Iktár
(contender king of Hungary)
16 Nov 1629 - 21 Sep 1630 Katalin de Brandeburg -Princess
21 Sep 1630 - 26 Nov 1630 István Bethlen de Iktár
(governor to 28 Sep 1630)
1 Dec 1630 - 11 Oct 1648 György Rákóczy
de Felsövadász I
11 Oct 1648 - 2 Nov 1657 György Rákóczy
de Felsövadász II
(1st time)
2 Nov 1657 - 14 Jan 1658 Ferenc Rhédey de Krisréde
14 Jan 1658 - 7 Oct 1658 György Rákóczy
de Felsövadász II
(2nd time)
(continues in dissidence to 30 Mar 1659,
and 24 Sep 1659 - 7 Jun 1660)
7 Oct 1658 - 31 Dec 1660 Ákos Barcsay de Nagybarcsa
1 Jan 1661 - 22 Jan 1662 János Kemény
de Gyerö-monostor
22 Jan 1662 - 15 Apr 1690 Mihály Apafi de Apa-nagyfalva
I (b. 1632 - d. 1690)
(in dissidence from 14 Sep 1661)
15 Apr 1690 - 1 Jun 1696 Mihály Apafi de Apa-nagyfalva
II (b. 1676 - d. 1713)
8 Jun 1690 - 25 Oct 1690 Imre Thököly de
Késmárka
(b. 1657 - d. 1705)
(in opposition)
1 Jun 1696 - 8 Jul 1704 Lipót de Habsburg
(b. 1640 - d. 1705)
8 Jul 1704 - 14 Nov 1711 Ferenc Lipót Rákóczy
de (b.
1676 - d. 1735)
Felsövadász II
14 Nov 1711 - 20 Oct 1740 Károly József Ferenc
de Habsburg (b. 1685 - d. 1740)
Princess (title Erdélyi Fejedelemnö)
20 Oct 1740 - 2 Nov 1765 Mária Terézia
de Habsburg (b. 1717
- d. 1780)
Grand princes/princesses (title Erdélyi Nagyfejedelem/Nagyfejedelemnö)
2 Nov 1765 - 7 Feb 1867 the rulers of
Hungary
Governors
4 Dec 1690 - 15 Nov 1708 György gróf Bánffy
de Losoncz I (b. 1660? - d. 1708)
(acting to 7 Feb 1691)
15 Nov 1708 - 10 Aug 1709 .... (acting)
10 Aug 1709 - 2 May 1710 István gróf
Haller de Hallerkö (b. 16.. - d. 1710)
(president of the diet)
2 May 1710 - 31 Mar 1713 István báró
Wesselényi de Hadad (b. 1674 - d. 1734)
(1st time) (president of the diet)
31 Mar 1713 - 15 Dec 1731 Zsigmond gróf Kornis de
(b. 16.. - d. 1731)
Gönczruszka
15 Dec 1731 - Jul 1732 István báró
Wesselényi de Hadad (s.a.)
(2nd time) (president of the diet)
Jul 1732 - Jul 1734 Franz
Anton Paul Graf Wallis (b. 1677 - d.
1737)
(president of the government)
Jul 1734 - 2 Dec 1734 .... (acting)
2 Dec 1734 - 18 Oct 1755 János gróf Haller
de Hallerkö
18 Oct 1755 - Dec 1755 .... (acting)
Dec 1755 - 6 Jul 1758 Franz Wenzel
Graf Wallis
(b. 1696 - d. 1770)
(president of the government)
6 Jul 1758 - 7 May 1762 László
gróf Kemény de
(d. 1774)
Gyerö-monostor
(president of the government)
7 May 1762 - 18 May 1764 Adolf Nicolaus Baron Buccow
(d. 1764)
(president of the government)
18 May 1764 - 21 Jul 1764 .... (acting)
21 Jul 1764 - 20 Oct 1767 András gróf Hadik
de Futak (b. 1710 - d.
1790)
(president of the government)
20 Oct 1767 - 14 Dec 1767 .... (acting)
14 Dec 1767 - 28 Sep 1770 Carl O'Donnell Graf von Tyrconnel
(b. 1715 - d. 1771)
(president of the government)
28 Sep 1770 - 13 Jan 1771 .... (acting)
13 Jan 1771 - 6 Jul 1774 Maria Joseph Graf Auersperg
(b. 17.. - d. 1806)
6 Jul 1774 - 9 Jan 1787 Samuel Brekner, Baron
von (b. 1721 - d.
1803)
Brukenthal
(president of the government to 16 Jul 1777)
9 Jan 1787 - 5 Jul 1822 György gróf
Bánffy de Losoncz II (b. 1747 - d. 1822)
(president of the government)
11 Sep 1822 - 15 Oct 1834 János báró
Jósika de Branyicska (d. 1843)
(president of the government)
15 Oct 1834 - 6 Feb 1835 .... (acting)
6 Feb 1835 - 30 Apr 1837 Ferdinand Karl Joseph Erzherzog
(b. 1781 - d. 1850)
von Österreich-Este
(president of the government)
30 Apr 1837 - 5 Oct 1838 .... (acting)
5 Oct 1838 - 15 Aug 1840 János gróf Kornis
de Gönczruszka (d. 1840)
15 Aug 1840 - 8 Jan 1842 .... (acting)
8 Jan 1842 - 14 Nov 1848 József gróf
Teleki de Szék (b.
1790 - d. 1855)
14 Nov 1848 - 22 Dec 1848 Imre gróf Mikó de
Hidvég (1st time)(b. 1805 - d. 1876)
(president of the government)
Military and Civil Governors
22 Dec 1848 - 11 Jul 1849 Anton Freiherr von Puchner
(b. 1779 - d. 1852)
11 Jul 1849 - 24 Feb 1851 Ludwig Baron Wohlgemuth
(b. 1788 - d. 1851)
29 Apr 1851 - 25 Jun 1858 Karl Borromäus Fürst
zu (b.
1802 - d. 1858)
Schwarzenberg
25 Jun 1858 - 26 Jul 1858 von Lebzeltein (acting)
26 Jul 1858 - 23 Apr 1861 Friedrich Prinz von Liechtenstein
(b. 1807 - d. 1885)
Governors
10 Dec 1860 - 26 Nov 1861 Imre gróf Mikó de
Hidvég (2nd time)(s.a.)
(president of the government)
26 Nov 1861 - 2 Apr 1867 Ludwig Graf Folliot de Crenneville
(b. 1813 - d. 1876)
(president of the government)
2 Apr 1867 - 1 Dec 1918 direct rule by Hungary
Romanian Commanders in Eastern Transylvania
28 Aug 1916 - Sep 1916 Culcer
Sep 1916 - 3 Oct 1916 Ion Dragalina
(b. 1860 - d. 1916)
28 Aug 1916 - 8 Oct 1916 Alexandru Averescu
(b. 1859 - d. 1938)
28 Aug 1916 - 14 Oct 1916 Constantin Prezan
(b. 1861 - d. 1943)
President of the Central Romanian National Council (at Arad)
31 Oct 1918 - 1 Dec 1918 Stefan Cicio-Pop
(b. 1865 - d. 1934)
President of the National Government of the Romanian Nation
1 Dec 1918 - 2 Dec 1918 Gheorghe Pop de Basesti
(b. 1835 - d. 1919)
President of the Directing Council
2 Dec 1918 - 11 Jan 1919 Iuliu Maniu
(b. 1873 - d. 1953) PRT
(continued to 4 Apr 1920)
Commander of Romanian Troops in Transylvania
16 Apr 1919
- 4 Aug 1919 Gheorghe D. Mardarescu
(b. 1866 - d. 1938)
First Secretaries of the Romanian Communist Party (Romanian
Workers' Party) (PCR)
in Mures Autonoma (Mures Autonomous Hungarian Region)
19 Feb 1952 - 1953
....
1953 - Jan 1962 Ludovic
Csupor
(b. 1911) PCR
1962 - 1965
Iosif Banc
(b. 1921)
PCR
1965 - 16 Feb 1968
....
Party abbreviation: PRT = Pational Român din Transilvania (Romanian National Party of Transylvania, nationalist, pro-unification with Romania)
Romania
23 Dec 1861
United Rumanian Principalities
(in usage by Ottoman suzerain 23 Dec 1861 - 13
Jul 1878:
United Pricipalities of Moldavia and Romanian Lands).
12 Jul 1866
Rumania
26 Mar 1881
Kingdom of Rumania
6 Dec 1916 - 29 Nov 1918 Occupied by Austria-Hungary
and Germany.
30 Dec 1947
Rumanian People's Republic
21 Aug 1965
Socialist Republic of Rumania
Feb 1966
English spelling officially changed to Romania.
29 Dec 1989
Romania
General Secretaries of the Romanian Communist Party (PCR)(Feb 1948
- 19 Jul 1965,
Romanian Workers' Party [PMR])
Oct 1945 - 20 Apr 1954 Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
(1st time) (b. 1901 - d. 1965)
First Secretaries
20 Apr 1954 - 30 Sep 1955 Gheorghe Apostol
(b. 1913)
30 Sep 1955 - 19 Mar 1965 Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej (2nd time)
(s.a.)
22 Mar 1965 - 24 Jul 1965 Nicolae Andruta Ceausescu
(b. 1918 - d. 1989)
General Secretary
24 Jul 1965 - 22 Dec 1989 Nicolae Andruta Ceausescu
(s.a.)
Princes¹
23 Dec 1861 - 23 Feb 1866 Alexandru Ioan I
(b. 1820 - d. 1873)
23 Feb 1866 - 22 May 1866 Princely Lieutenancy
- Nicolae Constantin Golescu
(b. 1810 - d. 1878)
- Lascar Catargiu
(b. 1823 - d. 1899)
- Nicolae Haralambie
(b. 1835 - d. 1908)
22 May 1866 - 26 Mar 1881 Carol I
(b. 1839 - d. 1914)
Kings¹
26 Mar 1881 - 10 Oct 1914 Carol I
(s.a.)
10 Oct 1914 - 20 Jul 1927 Ferdinand I
(b. 1865 - d. 1927)
(in refuge at Jasy 3 Dec 1916 - 1 Dec 1918)
Military Governors
- for Germany -
18 Sep 1916 - 6 Dec 1916 Erich von Falkenhayn
(b. 1861 - d. 1922)
6 Dec 1916 - 29 Nov 1918 August von Mackensen
(b. 1849 - d. 1945)
- for Austria-Hungary -
2 Dec 1916 - 15 Jan 1918 Joseph August Erzherzog von
(b. 1872 - d. 1922)
Österreich
15 Jan 1918 - 5 Apr 1918 Hermann Freiherr von Kövess
von (b. 1854 - d. 1924)
Kövessháza
Kings¹
20 Jul 1927 - 8 Jun 1930 Mihai I (Michael I)(1st time)
(b. 1921)
20 Jul 1927 - 8 Jun 1930 Regency
- Prince Nicolae
(b. 1903 - d. 1978)
- Patriarch Miron Cristea
(b. 1868 - d. 1939)
- Gheorghe Buzdugan
(b. 1867 - d. 1929)
(to 7 Oct 1929)
- Constantin Sarateanu
(b. 1882 - d. 1935)
(from Oct 1929)
8 Jun 1930 - 6 Sep 1940 Carol II
(b. 1893 - d. 1953)
6 Sep 1940 - 30 Dec 1947 Mihai I (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Chairmen of the Presidium of the Romanian People's Republic
30 Dec 1947
Petru Groza (acting)
(b. 1884 - d. 1958) PCR
(president of the council of ministers)
30 Dec 1947 - 9 Jan 1948 Constantin Ion Parhon
(b. 1874 - d. 1969) PCR
+ Mihail Alexandru Sadoveanu
(b. 1880 - d. 1961) PCR
+ Stefan Voitec
(b. 1900 - d. 1984) PCR
+ Gheorghe C. Stere
(b. 1893 - d. 19..) PCR
+ Ion Niculi
(b. 1887 - d. 1979) PCR
(acting)
9 Jan 1948 - 13 Apr 1948 Constantin Ion Parhon
(s.a.) PCR;1948
PMR
Chairmen of the Presidium of the Grand National Assembly
13 Apr 1948 - 2 Jun 1952 Constantin Ion Parhon
(s.a.)
PMR
2 Jun 1952 - 7 Jan 1958 Petru Groza
(s.a.) PMR
7 Jan 1958 - 11 Jan 1958 Mihail Alexandru Sadoveanu
(s.a.) PMR
+ Anton Moisescu
(b. 1913)
PMR
(acting)
11 Jan 1958 - 21 Mar 1961 Ion Gheorghe Maurer
(b. 1902 - d. 2000) PMR
Presidents of the State Council
21 Mar 1961 - 19 Mar 1965 Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
(s.a.)
PMR
19 Mar 1965 - 24 Mar 1965 Ion Gheorghe Maurer
(s.a.)
PMR
+ Stefan Voitec
(s.a.) PMR
+ Avram Bunaciu
(b. 1909 - d. 1983) PMR
(acting)
24 Mar 1965 - 9 Dec 1967 Chivu Stoica
(b. 1908 - d. 1975) PMR;1965 PCR
9 Dec 1967 - 28 Mar 1974 Nicolae Andruta Ceausescu
(s.a.)
PCR
Presidents
28 Mar 1974 - 22 Dec 1989 Nicolae Andruta Ceausescu
(s.a.)
PCR
22 Dec 1989 - 26 Dec 1989 Council of the National Salvation
Front²
26 Dec 1989 - 29 Nov 1996 Ion Iliescu (1st time)
(b. 1930) FSN/FSDN/PDSR
(president of the Council of the National Salvation Front
to 13 Feb 1990; president of the Provisional National
Unity Council 13 Feb - 20 Jun 1990)
29 Nov 1996 - 20 Dec 2000 Emil Ion Constantinescu
(b. 1939)
PNT-CD
20 Dec 2000 - 20 Dec 2004 Ion Iliescu (2nd time)
(s.a.)
PDSR;2001 PSD
20 Dec 2004 -
Traian Dumitru Basescu
(b. 1951)
PD
(suspended 20 Apr - 23 May 2007)
20 Apr 2007 - 23 May 2007 Nicolae Vacaroiu
(b. 1943) PSD
(acting for suspended Basescu)
Prime ministers
23 Dec 1861 - 15 Feb 1862 Alexandru Constantin Moruzi (b. 1805 - d. 1873)
15 Feb 1862 - 8 Jun 1862 Barbu Catargiu
(b. 1808 - d. 1862) Con
8 Jun 1862 - 24 Jun 1862 Apostol Arsache
(b. 1789 - d. 1869) Con
24 Jun 1862 - 24 Oct 1863 Nicolae Cretulescu (1st time)
(b. 1812 - d. 1900) Mod
24 Oct 1863 - 6 Feb 1865 Mihail Kogalniceanu
(b. 1817 - d. 1891) Lib
6 Feb 1865 - 24 May 1866 Nicolae Cretulescu (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Mod
24 May 1866 - 15 Jul 1866 Lascar Catargiu (1st time)
(s.a.)
Con
15 Jul 1866 - 16 Jul 1866 Constantin A. Rosetti (acting)
(b. 1816 - d. 1885)
16 Jul 1866 - 13 Mar 1867 Prince Ion Ghica (1st time)
(b. 1817 - d. 1898) Mod
13 Mar 1867 - 26 Nov 1867 Nicolae Cretulescu (3rd time)
(s.a.)
Mod
26 Nov 1867 - 12 May 1868 Stefan Golescu
(b. 1809 - d. 1874) Lib
12 May 1868 - Jul 1868 Nicolae Constantin
Golescu (s.a.)
Lib
Jul 1868 - 28 Nov 1868 Ion Constantin Bratianu
(1st time) (b. 1821 - d. 1891) Lib
28 Nov 1868 - 14 Feb 1870 Prince Dimitrie Ghica
(b. 1816 - d. 1897) Mod
14 Feb 1870 - 1 May 1870 Alexandru G. Golescu&nb