Moldova
 

to 28 May 1812               28 May 1812 - 6 Feb 1918               23 Dec 1917 - 9 Apr 1918        23 Dec 1917 -  9 Apr 1918 State Flag              9 Apr 1918 - 28 Jun 1940;             17 Jul 1941 - 24 Aug 1944                      28 Jun 1940 - 17 Jul 1941;                       24 Aug 1944 - 25 Dec 1991                        Adopted 12 May 1990         Map of Moldova Hear National Anthem "Limba Noastra" (Our Tongue) Adopted 1994 Hear  Former Anthem "Desteaptate, Române"  (Wake up, Romanian) (1991-1994) Constitution (28 Jul 1994) Capital: Chisinau (Chişinau) Currency: Moldovan Leu (MDL)  National Holiday: 27 Aug (1991) Independence Day Population: 4,324,450 (2008) 1,936,392  (1897) GDP: $10.63 billion (2008) Exports: $1.79 billion (2008) Imports: $5 billion (2008) Ethnic groups: Moldovan (Romanian) 75.8%, Ukrainian 8.4%, Russian 5.9%, Gagauz 4.4%, Rom (Gypsy) 2.2%, Bulgarian 1.9%, other 1.4% (2004)  Total Active Armed Forces: 6,750 (2006) Russian Forces in Transdniester: 500 (2006) Merchant marine: 39 ships (2008) Religions: Moldovan Orthodox 31.8%, Bessarabian Orthodox 16.1%, Russian Orthodox 15.4%, Sunni Muslim 5.5%, Protestant 1.7%, Jewish 0.6%, nonreligious 19.9%, other 9% (2005) International Organizations/Treaties: APM, BSEC, CCM, CE, CEFTA, CEI, CFE, CIS, CTBT, CWC, DC, EAEC (observer), EAPC, EBRD, ESCR, FAO, GCTU, GUAM, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICSID, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, IRENA, ISA, ISO (correspondent), ITU, ITUC, KP, LU, MIGA, NPT, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SECP, SELEC, UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Moldova Index Chronology 14 Jul 1484                Ottoman Empire annexes Kila, and on 4 Aug 1484                              Akkerman. 1538                       Bessarabia (Moldova) part of the Ottoman Empire. Oct 1788                   Principality of Moldova and the southern part                              of the natural region of Transnistria,                               territory of the Jedisan horde, were occupied                               by Russia. Mar 1792                   By the Treaty of Jassy, Ottomans cede the region                              between the Nistru and the Bug rivers                              (Jedisan) to Russia. 28 May 1812                Bessarabia annexed by Russia; the term                               "Bessarabia" appeared for the first time, in                              order to designate the eastern half of Moldova. 29 Apr 1818                Establishment of the Bessarabian oblast: for                              the first time, the territory of Bessarabia                               is a separate political entity. 29 Feb 1828                Bessarabia became a province of Russian. 30 Mar 1856                Following the Russian defeat in the Crimean war                              the south-western corner of Bugeac (Ismail,                              Cahul and Bolgrad counties) were given back to                              the principality of Moldova. 13 Jul 1878                Counties of Ismail, Cahul and Bolgrad returned                              to Russia. 15 Dec 1917                Moldavian Democratic Republic declared                               (notionally in federation with Russia).  14 Jan 1918 - 17 Jan 1918  Bolshevik Front Committee of "Rumcherod"                               proclaims itself the supreme power in                               Bessarabia. 31 Jan 1918 - Feb 1918     Ukrainian People's Republic intervention in                              Transnistria and Bessarabia.  6 Feb 1918                Independence declared (Moldavian Democratic                              Republic). Mar 1918 - Oct 1918        Austrian military occupation of Khotin (the                               northernmost district of Bessarabia).  9 Apr 1918                Incorporation into Romania as Bessarabia;                              (autonomous until 10 Dec 1918; annexation                              internationally recognized from 20 Oct 1920). 11 Oct 1924                Moldavian A.S.S.R. established within the                               Ukrainian S.S.R. by Soviet Union. 28 Jun 1940                Bessarabia annexed by the Soviet Union (from                              2 Aug 1940 as Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic                              [see below)]. 16 Jul 1941 - 24 Aug 1944  Incorporation into Romania. 24 Aug 1944                Re-incorporation into the Soviet Union                              (de jure by peace with Romania 15 Sep 1947). 23 Jun 1990                Soviet Socialist Republic of Moldova, declaration                              of state sovereignty.  2 Sep 1990                Transdniester declares independence from Moldova                              (not recognized). 23 May 1991                Republic of Moldova 27 Aug 1991                Independence declared. 25 Dec 1991                Independence effective (dissolution of U.S.S.R.).  7 Mar 1994                Referendum rejects union with Romania. Moldavian Soviet Socialist  Republic (1940-1991) Transdniester (1924-1940,  from 1990) Gagauz-Yeri Orthodox Church of Moldova Bessarabian Orthodox Church Moldovan Ethnic Groups Map Historical Map of Moldova Map of Bessarabia in 1918

Presidents of the National Diet (also known as the Assembly of the Land)
 4 Dec 1917 - 12 Apr 1918  Ion Constantin Inculet             (b. 1884 - d. 1940)  SRP
                             (Ivan Konstantinovich Inculet)
12 Apr 1918 -  8 Dec 1918  Constantin Gheorghe Stere          (b. 1865 - d. 1936)  PNL
 8 Dec 1918 - 10 Dec 1918  Pantelimon Nicolae Halippa         (b. 1883 - d. 1979)  MNP
Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Workers, Soldiers and Sailors
Soviets of Romanian Front, Black Sea Fleet and Odessa Military District ("Rumcherod")
14 Jan 1918 - 17 Jan 1918  Vladimir Grigorevich Yudovsky      (b. 1879/80-d. 1949) RCP
                             (in opposition)
Romanian Commander
 5 Jul 1941 - 26 Jul 1941  Nicolea Ciuperche                  (b. 1882 - d. 1950) 
Military governor
1941                       Petre Vasilescu                    (d. 1959)
Governors-general
 1 Aug 1941 - Apr 1943     Constantin Voiculescu              (b. 1889 - d. 1955)
1943 - 22 Aug 1944         Olimpiu Stavrat                    (b. 1888 - d. 1968)
Presidents
 3 Sep 1990 - 15 Jan 1997  Mircea Ion Snegur                  (b. 1940)     PCM;1991 Non-party
15 Jan 1997 -  7 Apr 2001  Petru Chiril Lucinschi             (b. 1940)            Non-party
 7 Apr 2001 - 11 Sep 2009  Vladimir Nicolae Voronin           (b. 1941)            PCRM
11 Sep 2009 - 28 Dec 2010  Mihai Toader Ghimpu (acting)       (b. 1951)            PL
28 Dec 2010 - 30 Dec 2010  Vlad Vasile Filat (acting)         (b. 1969)            PLDM
30 Dec 2010 - 23 Mar 2012  Marian Ilie Lupu (acting)          (b. 1966)            PDM
23 Mar 2012 -              Nicolae Vasile Timofti             (b. 1948)            Non-party

Chairmen of the Council of General Directory
 4 Dec 1917 -  1 Feb 1918  Pantelimon Erhan                   (b. 1884 - d. 1971)  SRP
 1 Feb 1918 - 27 Nov 1918  Daniel Ciugureanu                  (b. 1885 - d. 1950)  MNP
Prime ministers
26 May 1990 - 28 May 1991  Mircea George Druc                 (b. 1941)            FPM
28 May 1991 -  1 Jul 1992  Valeriu Tudor Muravschi            (b. 1949)            FPM
 1 Jul 1992 - 24 Jan 1997  Andrei Sangheli                    (b. 1946)            PDAM
24 Jan 1997 - 12 Mar 1999  Ion Ciubuc                         (b. 1943)            ADR
12 Mar 1999 - 21 Dec 1999  Ion Sturza                         (b. 1960)            ADR
21 Dec 1999 - 19 Apr 2001  Dumitru Braghis                    (b. 1957)            Non-party
19 Apr 2001 - 31 Mar 2008  Vasile Petru Tarlev                (b. 1963)            PCRM
31 Mar 2008 - 14 Sep 2009  Zinaida Greceanii (f)              (b. 1956)            PCRM
14 Sep 2009 - 25 Sep 2009  Vitalie Pirlog (acting)            (b. 1974)            PCRM
25 Sep 2009 - 25 Apr 2013  Vlad Vasile Filat                  (s.a.)               PLDM
25 Apr 2013 -              Iurie Leanca (acting)              (b. 1963)            PLDM

Territorial Disputes: Moldova and Ukraine operate joint customs posts to monitor the transit of people and commodities through Moldova's break-away Transnistria region, which remains under OSCE supervision.

Party abbreviations: PCRM = Partidul Comunistilor din Republica Moldova (Party of the Communists of he Republic of Moldova, communist, former PCM, est.Sep 1993); PDM = Partidul Democrat din Moldova (Democratic Party of Moldova, center-left, est.1997); PFD = Partidul Fortelor Democratice (Party of Democratic Forces, centrist); PL = Partidul Liberal (Liberal Party, liberal-conservative, 1993-2005 named Party of Reform); PLDM = Partidul Liberal Democrat din Moldova (Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova, center-right, est.2007); PMDP = Pentru o Moldova Democrata si Prospera (Movement for a Democratic and Prosperous Moldova, social-democratic, center-left, est.1997); PRCM = Partidul Renasterii ci Concilierii din Moldova (Party of Revival and Conciliation of Moldova, center-right);
- Former parties: ADR = Alliance for Democracy and Reforms (non-communist coalition of Democratic Convention of Moldova, Movement for a Democratic and Prosperous Moldova, and Party of Democratic Forces, 1998-2001); FPM = Frontul Popular din Moldova (Popular Front of Moldova, Romanian nationalist, 1989-92, succeeded by Christian Democratic Popular Front); MNP = Partidul National Moldovenesc (Moldavian National Party, 1917-1918, replaced by the Bessarabian Peasants' Party in 1918); PCM = Partidul Comunist al Moldovei (Communist Party of Moldova, communist, est.1940, banned 1991-93); PDAM = Partidul Democrat Agrar din Moldova (Democratic Agrarian Party of Moldova, 1991-98); PNL = Partidul Nationale Liberal (National Liberal Party of Romania); RCP = Russian Communist Party; SRP = Socialist Revolutionary Party

17 Apr 1919 - 11 May 1919  Occupied by Soviet Russia.
 5 May 1919                Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government of
                             Bessarabia founded in exile at Odessa.
11 May 1919                Bessarabian Socialist Soviet Republic proclaimed at Tiraspol
                             as an autonomous part of the Russian S.F.S.R.
 8 Aug 1919 - 12 Feb 1920  Occupied by "White" Russian forces under Denikin.
12 Feb 1920                Incorporated into Ukraine.
11 Oct 1924                Moldavian A.S.S.R. established within the Ukrainian S.S.R.
 2 Aug 1940                Moldavian A.S.S.R. joined with Bessarabia (previously part
                             Romania) to form Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (see below)
18 Oct 1941 - 10 Apr 1944  Annexed by Romania, and along with Odessa and Ukrainian
                             territory to the Bug River organized as Transnistria. 
 5 May 1990                Tiraspol and Bender refuse to raise the new Moldovan flag.
 2 Sep 1990                Transnistrian Moldovian Soviet Socialist Republic declared
                             within the Soviet Union, but independent of Moldova S.S.R.
                             (not recognized). 
 8 Dec 1990                Declaration of sovereignty passed.
22 Dec 1990                Soviet government invalidates sovereignty declaration.
25 Aug 1991                Declaration of independence (not recognized). 
 5 Nov 1991                Transnistrian Moldovian Republic (not internationally recognized).
17 Sep 2006                Referendum supports independence from Moldova and association 
                             with Russia with 97.2% of vote.

Executive Secretaries of the Moldavian Regional Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine
15 Dec 1924 - 27 Dec 1928  Iosif Isaakovich Badeyev (Suslik)  (b. 1880 - d. 1937)
27 Dec 1928 - Mar 1930     Khaim Bentsionovich Bogopolsky     (b. 1891 - d. 1937)
Apr 1930 - Oct 1931        Ilya Moiseyevich Ilin (Broidman)   (b. 1893 - d. 1973)
Oct 1931 - Jul 1932        Ivan Semyonovich Plachinda         (b. 1894 - d. 1937)
                             (Sporosh)
First Secretaries of the Moldavian Regional Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine
Jul 1932 - Jun 1933        Ivan Nikolayevich Sirko            (b. 1900 - d. 1976)
Jun 1933 - 28 Aug 1935     Gurgen Osipovich Bulat
28 Aug 1935 - Apr 1937     Zinovy Osipovich Sidersky          (b. 1897 - d. 1938)
Apr 1937 - Aug 1937        Vladimir Zakharovich Todres        (b. 1898 - d. 1938)
Aug 1937 - 23 May 1938     Nikolay Ivanovich (Isayevich)      (b. 1905 - d. 1937)
                             Golab (acting)            
23 May 1938 - Feb 1939     Vladimir Nikolayevich Borisov      (b. 1901 - d. 1941)
Feb 1939 - Jun 1939        Aleksey Nikolayevich Melnikov      (b. 1900 - d. 1967)
Jun 1939 -  1 Aug 1940     Pyotr Grigoryevich Borodin         (b. 1905 - d. af.1952)

Chairman of the Provisional Government
 5 May 1919 - Aug 1919     Ivan Nikolayevich Krivorukov       (b. 1883 - d. 1943)  RCP
                             (to 11 May 1919 in Odessa exile)
Chairman of the Revolutionary Committee
12 Oct 1924 - 23 Apr 1925  Grigory Ivanovich Borisov (Stary)  (b. 1880 - d. 1937)  CPU
Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee
23 Apr 1925 - May 1926     Grigory Ivanovich Borisov (Stary)  (s.a.)               CPU
May 1926 - May 1937        Yefstafy Pavlovich Voronovich      (b. 1890 - d. 1937)  CPU
May 1937 - Jul 1938        Georgy Yermolayevich Streshny      (b. 1900 - d. 1940)  CPU
                             (acting)     
Chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
Jul 1938 - 28 Jun 1940     Tikhon Antonovich Konstantinov     (b. 1898 - d. 1957)  CPU
28 Jun 1940 -  1 Aug 1940  Sergey Danilovich Burlachenko      (b. 1899 - d. 1962)  CPU
Romanian Commanders
Jul 1941 - 13 Sep 1941     Nicolea Ciuperche                  (b. 1882 - d. 1950)  Mil 
14 Sep 1941 - 16 Oct 1941  Iosif Iacobici                     (b. 1882 - d. 1952)  Mil 
Governors of Transnistria (in Odessa)
18 Oct 1941 - 1944         Gheorghe Alexeanu                  (b. 1897 - d. 1946)  Mil 
1944 - 10 Apr 1944         Gheorghe Potopeanu                 (b. 1889 - d. 1966)  Mil 
Chairman of the Extraordinary Congress of Deputies of All Levels of Transnistria
 2 Sep 1990 -  3 Sep 1990  Igor Nikolayevich Smirnov          (b. 1941)            OSTK   
Chairman of the (to 29 Nov 1990, Provisional) Supreme Soviet
 3 Sep 1990 - 29 Nov 1990  Igor Nikolayevich Smirnov          (s.a.)               OSTK
Chairman of the Republic
29 Nov 1990 -  3 Dec 1991  Igor Nikolayevich Smirnov          (s.a.)               Non-party
                             (Moldovan prisoner 29 Aug 1991 - 1 Oct 1991)
29 Aug 1991 -  1 Oct 1991  Andrey Panteleyevich Manoylov
                             (First Deputy, acting for imprisoned Smirnov)
Presidents
 3 Dec 1991 - 30 Dec 2011  Igor Nikolayevich Smirnov          (s.a.)         Non-party;1997 RP
30 Dec 2011 -              Yevgeny Vasilyevich Shevchuk       (b. 1968)

Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars
23 Apr 1925 - May 1926     Aleksandr Ivanovich Stroyev        (b. 1886 - d. 1937)  CPU
May 1926 - 1928            Grigory Ivanovich Borisov (Stary)  (s.a.)               CPU
                             (1st time)
1928 -  7 Apr 1932         Sergey Vasilevich Dimitriu         (b. 1892 - d. 1937)  CPU
 7 Apr 1932 - 22 May 1937  Grigory Ivanovich Borisov (Stary)  (s.a.)               CPU
                             (2nd time)
22 May 1937 - Feb 1938     ....
Feb 1938 - May 1940        Georgy Yermolayevich Streshny      (s.a.)               CPU
1940 -  1 Aug 1940         Tikhon Antonovich Konstantinov     (s.a.)               CPU
Prime minister
18 Jan 2012 -              Pyotr Petrovich Stepanov           (b. 1959)

Party abbreviations: KPP = Communist Party of Pridnestrovie (communist); OB = Obnovleniye (Renewal, reformist, est.2000); PKP = Pridnestrovie Communist Party (communist, authoritarian, est.1993); RP = Respublica (Republic, nationalist, pro-Smirnov, est.1997); 
- Former Parties: CPU = Communist Party of Ukraine; OSTK = The United Work Collective Council; RCP = Russian Communist Party (pre-1920)

19 Aug 1990 - 1992	1992 - 1993	1993 - 31 Oct 1995
Adopted 31 Oct 1995

Map of Gagauz-Yeri	Hear Local Anthem "Gagauziya Milli Marsi"	Text of Anthem	Constitution ( 5 Jun 1998)
Capital: Comrat (Komrat)	Currency: Moldovan Leu (MDL)	Local Holiday: 19 Aug (1990) Independence Day	Population: 155,700 (2006)
GDP: $N/A	Exports: $N/A Imports: $N/A	Ethnic groups: Gagauz 82%, Moldovan 7.8%, Bulgarian 4.8%, Russian 2.4%, Ukrainian 2.3% (2004)
Total Armed Forces: N/A		Religions: Muslim, Eastern Orthodox

Chairman of the Supreme Soviet
31 Oct 1990 -  1 Dec 1991  Stepan Mikhaylovich Topal          (b. 1938)            PSM
President
 1 Dec 1991 - 19 Jun 1995  Stepan Mikhaylovich Topal          (s.a.)               PSM
Heads of State ("governors"; title Bashkan)
19 Jun 1995 - 24 Sep 1999  Gheorghe Dmitriyevich Tabunscic    (b. 1939)            PCRM
                             (1st time)
24 Sep 1999 - 10 Jul 2002  Dumitru Vasilyevich Croitor        (b. 1959)            PDM
10 Jul 2002 - 29 Jul 2002  Ivan Kristioglo                    (b. 1952)            LUPR
                             (acting chairman of the Executive Committee)
10 Jul 2002 - 29 Jul 2002  Valeri Ianioglo                    (b. 1957)            PDM
                             (acting; in opposition)
29 Jul 2002 -  9 Nov 2002  Gheorghe Mollo (interim)
 9 Nov 2002 - 29 Dec 2006  Gheorghe Dmitriyevich Tabunscic    (s.a.)               PCRM
                             (2nd time)
29 Dec 2006 -              Mihail Formuzal                    (b. 1959)         PPR + 2007 UGM
 

Party abbreviations: LUPR = Labor Union "Patria-Rodina" (est.1999); PCRM = Partidul Comunistilor din Republica Moldova (Party of the Communists of Moldova, communist, from 1991); PDM = Partidul Democrat din Moldova (Democratic Party of Moldova, social-democratic); PPR = Partidul Popular Republican (Republican Popular Party, 1999-2005 as Peasants' Christian Democratic Party of Moldova); UGM = United Gagauzia Movement (Gagauz regionalist, pro-autonomy, est.Dec. 2007);
- Former Parties: PSM = Partidul Social din Moldova (Socialist Party of Moldova)

2 Aug 1940 - 31 Jan 1952

11 Apr 1952 - 12 May 1990

 2 Aug 1940                Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic formed from
                             Moldavian A.S.S.R. and (formerly Romanian) Bessarabia.
23 Jun 1990                Soviet Socialist Republic of Moldova
16 Jul 1941 - 24 Aug 1944  Romanian occupation and annexation.

First Secretaries of the Moldavian Communist Party (PCM)
14 Aug 1940 - 11 Feb 1942  Pyotr Grigoryevich Borodin         (b. 1905 - d. 19..)
                             (in Russian S.F.S.R. exile from 1941)
13 Feb 1942 -  5 Jan 1946  Nikita Leontyevich Salogor (acting)(b. 1901 - d. 1981)
                             (in Russian S.F.S.R. exile to Aug 1944)
 5 Jan 1946 - Jul 1950     Nikolay Grigoryevich Koval         (b. 1904 - d. 1970)
26 Jul 1950 - 25 Oct 1952  Leonid Ilich Brezhnev              (b. 1906 - d. 1982)
25 Oct 1952 -  8 Feb 1954  Dmitry Spiridonovich Gladky        (b. 1911 - d. 1959)
 8 Feb 1954 - 29 May 1961  Zinovy Timofeyevich Serdyuk        (b. 1903 - d. 1982)
29 May 1961 - 22 Dec 1980  Ivan Ivanovich Bodyul              (b. 1918 - d. 2013)
22 Dec 1980 - 16 Nov 1989  Semyon Kuzmich Grossu              (b. 1934)
16 Nov 1989 -  5 Feb 1991  Pyotr Kirillovich Luchinsky        (b. 1940)
 5 Feb 1991 - Aug 1991     Grigory Isidorovich Yeremy         (b. 1938)

Chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
 2 Aug 1940 - 29 Mar 1951  Fyodor Grigoryevich Brovko         (b. 1904 - d. 1960)  PCM
                            (to Feb 1941, Chairman of Provisional Revolutionary Committee)
                            (in Russian S.F.S.R. exile Jun 1941 - Aug 1944)
29 Mar 1951 -  5 Apr 1963  Ivan Sergeyevich Koditsa           (b. 1899 - d. 19..)  PCM
 5 Apr 1963 - 10 Apr 1980  Kirill Fyodorovich Ilyashenko      (b. 1915 - d. 1980)  PCM
10 Apr 1980 - 24 Dec 1985  Ivan Petrovich Kalin               (b. 1935 - d. 2012)  PCM
24 Dec 1985 - 29 Jul 1989  Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Mokanu    (b. 1934)            PCM
29 Jul 1989 - 27 Apr 1990  Mircha Ivanovich Snegur            (b. 1940)            PCM
Chairman of the Supreme Soviet
27 Apr 1990 -  3 Sep 1990  Mircha Ivanovich Snegur            (s.a.)               PCM

Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars
 2 Aug 1940 - 17 Apr 1945  Tikhon Antonovich Konstantinov     (b. 1898 - d. 1957)  PCM
                             (in Russian S.F.S.R. exile Jun 1941 - Aug 1944)
17 Apr 1945 -  4 Apr 1946  Nikolay Grigoryevich Koval         (s.a.)               PCM
 5 Jan 1946 -  4 Apr 1946  Gerasim Yakovlevich Rud            (b. 1907 - d. 1982)  PCM
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers
 4 Apr 1946 - 23 Jan 1958  Gerasim Yakovlevich Rud            (s.a.)               PCM
23 Jan 1958 - 15 Apr 1970  Aleksandr Filipovich Diorditsa     (b. 1911 - d. 1996)  PCM
24 Apr 1970 -  1 Aug 1976  Pyotr Andreyevich Paskar (1st time)(b. 1929)            PCM
 1 Aug 1976 - 30 Dec 1980  Semyon Kuzmich Grossu              (s.a.)               PCM
30 Dec 1980 - 24 Dec 1985  Ivan Grigoryevich Ustiyan          (b. 1939)            PCM
24 Dec 1985 - 10 Jan 1990  Ivan Petrovich Kalin               (s.a.)               PCM
10 Jan 1990 - 26 May 1990  Pyotr Andreyevich Paskar (2nd time)(s.a.)               PCM

Party abbreviation: PCM = Partidul Comunist al Moldovei (Communist Party of Moldova, communist, 1940-1991)