Poland
 

c.1764/1791 - 7 Jan 1795 (de facto), 7 Feb 1831 - 5 Oct 1831 (in revolt)   9 Jul 1807 - 9 May 1815 Duchy of Warsaw   9 May 1815 - 5 Aug 1915 24 Dec 1815 - 12 Apr 1833 "Congress" Kingdom of Poland" (Palace standard of Tsar of Poland)   22 Jan 1863 - Oct 1864 (in revolt)     22 Jan 1863 - Apr 1865 (revolt alternate)     1918 - 1 Aug 1919 State Flag     From 5 Nov 1916, 1 Aug 1919 - 28 Sep 1939, Restored 15 Aug 1944/17 Jan 1945   27 Mar 1928 - 28 Sep 1939 State Flag   26 Oct 1939 - 17 Jan 1945 General-government 15 Aug 1944 - 19 Feb 1993 State Flag Re-adopted 19 Feb 1993 Map of Poland Hear National Anthem "Mazurek Dąbrowskiego" (Dabrowski's Mazurka) a.k.a "Jeszcze Polska nie zginęła" (Poland has not yet perished) Text of National Anthem Adopted 28 Feb 1927 (unofficial from 19 Jul 1795) Constitution (17 Oct 1997) -------------------------------------- Former Constitutions (1791, 1807, 1815, 1919, 1921, 1935, 1947, 1952, 1992)  Capital: Warsaw (Warszawa) (Lublin [de facto] 1944-1945; Lodsch/Łódź 3 Oct 1939 - 13 Nov 1939; Krakau/Kraków 13 Nov 1939-17 Jan 1945; Warsaw 1596-1795, 1807-1939; Kraków 1039-1079, 1320-1596; Various Cities 1138-1320; Płock 1079-1138; Gniezno & Poznań 90.-1039) Currency: New Złoty (PLN); 1950-1994 Heavy Złoty (PLZ); 1922-1939, 1945-1950 Polish Złoty (PLO); 1944-45 Polish Zloty Lublin (PLL); 1940-1945 Cracow Złoty (PLK); 1939-1945 German Reichsmark (DER); 1916-1924 Polish Marka (PLM); 1795-1918  Russian Ruble (RUES); 1794,1807-1865 Polish Złoty; 1614-1795 Poland Florin Złoty (PLF) National Holiday: 3 May (1791) Święto Konstytucji (Constitution Day) Population: 38,420,687 (2018) Gen.-govt.: 16,600,000 (1942), 2nd Rep.: 32,107,000 (1931), Duchy: 4,334,000 (1809), Kingdom: 12-14,000,000 (1771) GDP: $1.13 trillion (2017) Exports: $224.6 billion (2017) Imports: $223.8 billion (2017)  Ethnic groups: Polish 96.9%, Silesian 1.1%, German 0.2%, Ukrainian 0.1%, other and unspecified 1.7% (2011) Total Active Armed Forces: 105,000 (2018) U.S. Forces: 216 (2023) Merchant marine: 148 ships (2018) Religions: Catholic 85.9% (includes Roman Catholic 85.6% and Greek Catholic, Armenian Catholic, and Byzantine- Slavic Catholic 0.3%); Orthodox 1.3% (almost all are Polish  Autocephalous Orthodox); Protestant 0.4% (mainly Augsburg  Evangelical and Pentacostal); other 0.4% (includes Jehovah's  Witness, Buddhist, Hare Krishna, Gaudiya Vaishnavism, Muslim, Jewish, Mormon); unspecified 12.1% (2017) International Organizations/Treaties: AC (observer), AG, AIIB (nonregional), ANT (consultative), APM, BIS, BSEC (observer), BTWC, CBSS, CD, CE, CEI, CERN, CFE (suspended), CTBT, CWC, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, ENMOD, ESA, ESCR, EU, Euratom, Eutelsat, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, Intersputnik, IOC, IOM, IPU, IRENA, ISA, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MTCR, NATO, NAM (guest), NEA, NPT, NSG, NTBT, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF (observer), OPCW, OS, OSCE, OST, PCA, UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-KP, UNFCC-PA, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WA, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC Poland Index Chronology 4..                        Slavs first migrate into the area of modern Poland                              (ultimately called 'Polane' ["plains dwellers"]). 90.                        Reign of first assumed historical duke (Dux Polonię/                              Książę Polski), centralized rule under the Piast                              dynasty. 963                        Mieszko I acknowledged as Dux (Duke) of Poland                              by Holy Roman Emperor Otto I. 25 May 992 - 17 Jun 1025   Boesław I "Chrobry" temporarily extends the Polish                              realm over Lusatia, Bohemia, Moravia, Pomerania,                              and Slovakia. 7-15 Mar 1000              Poland recognized as a state by the Holy Roman                              Emperor at a meeting later called "Convention/Act                              of Gniezno" (Zjazd Gnieźnieński/Akt von Gnesen). 18? Apr 1025 - 17 Jun 1025 Kingdom of Poland (Krolestwo Polskie)(or Polish                              Kingdom (Polskie Krolestwo). 25 Dec 1025 - Nov 1031     Kingdom of Poland (Polish Kingdom)(s.a.)  7 Jul 1032                Division decreed by imperial diploma (possibly                              not effected). 1034 - 1039                Civil war leads the state to collapse into anarchy. 25 Dec 1076 - Jun 1079     Kingdom of Poland  4 Jun 1102 - 1106         Division of Greater Poland (Wielkopolska). 28 Oct 1138                Upon the death of Bolesław III, Poland is divided                              among his sons into Poland (proper; around                              Gniezno, Kalisz and Poznań; later [after                              reunification] called Polonia Maior/Wielkopolska                              [Greater Poland]); Kraków (Cracow)(later [after                              reunification] called Polonia Minor/Маłopolska                              [Lesser Poland]); Kuyavia (Kujawy [until 1233                              with Mazowsze]; Sieradz separated in 1288);                              Łęczyca (until 1233 with Mazovia), Mazovia                              (Mazowsze) and Silesia (Śląsk [for which see                              Czech Republic]), with further subdivisions and                              frequent shifts of territory in the following two                              hundred years. The ruler who possessed Kraków                              was considered, but not formally named, as the                              senior ruler. This period is later referred to as                              "the era of feudal divisions." 1182                       The first Sejm (Diet) meets in Łęczyca. 22 Sep 1234 - Jun? 1241    Greater Poland (Wielkopolska) ruled by dukes of                              Lesser Poland (Małopolska [Kraków]).    1240 - 1241                Mongol invasion of Poland (Kraków is sacked on                              22 Mar 1240, Sandomierz on 13 Feb 1240). 15 May 1253 -  4 Jun 1257  Division of Greater Poland (Wielkopolska)                              (by treaty). 1259 - 1260                Second Mongol invasion (Kraków is sacked on                              Feb 1260). Sep? 1273 - 13 Apr 1279    Division of Greater Poland (Wielkopolska). 1287 - 1288                Third Mongol invasion. Jun 1290 – 21 Jun 1305     Personal union with Bohemia. 26 Jun 1295 -  8 Feb 1296  Kingdom of Poland Aug 1300 -  4 Aug 1306     Kingdom of Poland Aug 1300 -  4 Aug 1306     Personal union with Bohemia. 20 Jan 1320                Kingship restored (by coronation). 24 Aug 1335                Polish claim on Silesia waived in exchange for                              Bohemia dropping claim on Poland. Poland also                              ends its claim to Mazovia by Treaty of Trentschin                              (Trenčín)(ratified by Poland 9 Feb 1339). Dec? 1338                  Sieradz re-incorporated.     8 Jul 1343                Claim on Pomerania (Pomorze) and Kulm (Chełmno)                              dropped in exchange for Kujawy and Dobrzyń                              (ziemia dobrzyńska) by Polish-Prussian peace                              treaty of Kalisz (Kalisch)(ratified 23 Jul 1343). 1351                       Łęczyca re-incorporated. 18 Sep 1351                Suzerainty over Mazovia (renewed 27 Dec 1355). 1363                       Remainder of Kujawy re-incorporated by treaty. 1366                       Volyn (Wołyń) acquired from Lithuania by treaty.     5 Nov 1370                On extinction of Piast dynasty main line the                              kingship of Poland becomes elective, but de facto                              the Diet chooses the kings in hereditary order                              until 1572.  5 Nov 1370 - 11 Sep 1382  Personal union with Hungary (according to 23 Feb                              1355 agreement).  4 Mar 1386                Personal union with Lithuania begins by Union of                              Krewo (Krewie) (of 14 Aug 1385). 29 Jun 1440 - 10 Nov 1444  Personal union with Hungary. 31 May 1505                Legislative powers given to Sejm by constitution. 25 Aug 1526                Mazovia (Mazowsze) inherited.  1 Jul 1569                Accord of Lublin, colloquially known as "Union of                              Lublin", joining Poland and Lithuania, as the                              Republic of Poland (Latin: Res Publica Poloniae,                              in Polish: Rzeczpospolita Polska; erroneously                              later referred to as the Rzeczpospolita Obojga                              Narodów [Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth] or the                              United Commonwealth of the Two Nations) or                              in short as Poland-Lithuania.   9 Mar 1589                Austrian claim to the Polish crown dropped by                               peace treaty. 27 Nov 1592 -  3 Aug 1599  Personal union with Sweden. 27 Aug 1610 -  6 Nov 1612  Russia in personal union with Poland (not generally                              recognized)(O.S. 17 Aug 1610 - 27 Oct 1612).  1 Oct 1610 -  6 Nov 1612  Polish occupation of Moscow. 14 Jun 1634                Claims on Russia (electus magnus dux Moschoviae)                              dropped by Polish-Russian peace treaty of                              Polanów (Polyanovka). 1655 – 1660                Sweden and Russia occupy most the nation during a                              war, later called "the Great Deluge" 27 Aug 1672 - 22 Sep 1699  Podolia (see Ukraine) occupied by Ottoman Empire. 27 Jul 1697 - 16 Feb 1704  Personal union with the Duchy of Saxony. 1702 - 1710                Swedish occupation of large parts of the nation.  8 Aug 1709 -  1 Feb 1733  Personal union with the Duchy of Saxony.  6 Jan 1734 -  5 Oct 1763  Personal union with the Duchy of Saxony. 29 Feb 1768 - 23 Oct 1772  Civil war led by the Bar Confederation (Konfederacja                              barska) against Russian influence and in                              opposition to the king. Dec 1770                   Austria annexes the county of Zips (Polish: Spisz,                              Hungarian: Szepes), which was settled by Germans,                              and already occupied by Austria since Feb 1769. 17 Feb 1772                First Partition of Poland agreed to by Russia,                              Prussia (by convention, dated 15 Jan 1772).  5 Aug 1772                First Partition of Poland by Russia, Prussia, and                              Austria. Royal Prussia together with Warmia and                              parts of (Greater Poland (Wielkopolska) to Prussia                              (as West Prussia); parts of Lesser Poland                              Małopolska) and and Red Ruthenia (Ruś Czerwona) to                              Austria; Polish Livonia (Inflanty Polskie),                              Lithuanian Vitebsk (Witebsk) and Polotsk (Połock)                              to Russia. 18 Sep 1773                Eastern Belorussia and Livonia are ceded to Russia                              (by treaty, ratified by Poland 30 Sep 1773). 18 Sep 1773                Galicia ceded to Austria (by Austro-Polish treaty,                              ratified by Poland 30 Sep 1773).  3 May 1791                Constitution gives formal sanction to the union                              with Lithuania and makes the state a hereditary                              monarchy under the Saxon dynasty. 18 May 1792                Russian intervention. 23 Jan 1793                Second Partition by Russia and Prussia: Greater                              Poland (Wielkopolska) with parts of Mazovia and                              Danzig to Prussia; Podolia Volhynia (Wołyń),                              Lithuanian Minsk and Brest-Litovsk to Russia. 18 Sep 1793                Belorussia and West Ukraine (excluding Galicia)                              ceded to Russia (by Russo-Polish treaty). 25 Sep 1793                Greater Poland (Wielkopolska) and Danzig ceded to                              Prussia (by Polish-Prussian treaty). 24 Mar 1794 - 16 Nov 1794  Polish "war of independence" uprising against                              Russia and the Prussia led by Kościuszko.  9 Nov 1794 - 30 Nov 1794  Russia occupies Warsaw.  2 Jan 1795                Third Partition agreed to by Russia and Prussia. 24 Oct 1795                Upon the Third Partition by Russia, Prussia, and                              Austria. The Polish state ceases to exist,                               Lithuania and Volhynia to Russia; Mazovia                              (as New East Prussia) and Warsaw to Prussia; and                               Cracow, Lesser Poland (Małopolska)[West Galicia]                              to Austria. 26 Jan 1797                Russian-Prussian convention (with Austrian                               approval) declares the "irrevocable abrogation                               of the Kingdom of Poland."  3 Nov 1806 - Feb 1807     Greater Poland uprising against Prussian rule. 28 Nov 1806 - 19 Jul 1807  Warsaw occupied by France. 14 Jan 1807                Government Commission (Komisja Rządząca) established                              by the French.  9 Jul 1807                Polish provinces of Prussia ceded to Saxony as the                              Duchy of Warsaw (Księstwo Warszawskie, French:                              Duché de Varsovie, German: Herzogtum Warschau),                              often erroneously referred to as the "Grand Duchy                              of Warsaw" (by French-Prussian treaty of Tilsit                              ratified 19 Jul 1807; effected by French hand-over                              by Intendant general of the Grande armée Pierre                              Daru (b. 1767 - d. 1829) to the plenipotentiary of                              the King of Saxony Ludwik Szymon Gutakowski (s.b.)                              in Berlin on 17 Sep 1807). Separately, the                              Białystok district is ceded to Russia (by Franco-                              Russian treaty of Tilsit signed on 7 Jun 1807,                              effective 9 Jul 1807). 17 Sep 1807 - 21 May 1815  Personal union with the Kingdom of Saxony. 14 Oct 1809                West Galicia and Cracow are ceded by Austria to                               the Duchy of Warsaw by the Treaty of Schönbrunn                              (ratified 20 Oct 1809). 28 Jun 1812                The Sejm constituted itself into the General                              Confederation of Poland (Konfederacji Generalnej                              Królestwa Polskiego) and declared the restoration                              of the Kingdom of Poland, it is then adjourned,                              transferring its authority to the General Council.                              (restoration declaration has no practical effect).  8 Feb 1813                Warsaw occupied by Russia.  9 May 1815                Duchy of Warsaw (minus Posen/Poznań and Kraków) are                              ceded to Russia, the Emperor taking style of "King                              of Poland"; Posen ceded to Prussia; Kraków is made                              a free city under protection of Austria, Prussia                              and Russia (by treaties of 3 May 1815). 15 May 1815                Grand Duchy of Posen (Grossherzogtum Posen/Wielkie                              Księstwo Poznańskie) annexed by Prussia (effected                              on 9 Jun 1815 by take-over). 18 May 1815                Loss of Poland recognized by Saxony (by Prussian-                              Saxon peace treaty, ratified 21 May 1815). 21 May 1815                Polish Kingdom (Królestwo Polskie/Tsarstvo                              Pol'skoye), in (nominally personal, actually                              subordinate) union with Russia (effective on                              20 Jun 1815 by proclamation).  9 Jun 1815                Re-organization of Poland confirmed by Congress of                              Vienna. Therefore, Poland in this era is often                              referred to as "Congress Poland." 27 Nov 1815                Autonomous (by constitution published 24 Dec 1815). 29 Nov 1830 -  5 Oct 1831  "First (November) Insurrection." On 25 Jan 1831                              the king declared dethroned. Warsaw is then                              re-occupied by Russia on 8 Sep 1831. 26 Feb 1832                Kingdom of Poland (restored), autonomous part of                              Russia. Actual autonomy is slowly disassembled                              and the Sejm is abolished. Poland is unofficially                              known as "Vistula Country" (Privislinskiy kray)                              from c.1888. 16 Nov 1846                Kraków free city annexed to Austria. 22 Jan 1863 - Oct 1864     "Second (January) Insurrection." 13 Jun 1871                Separate publication of laws in Polish ceases (the                              Polish gazette Dziennik Praw abolished 4 Apr                              1871). 22 Jan 1905 - 1907         Local rebellions in Poland as part of the Russian                              Revolution of 1905 (including Warsaw 14 Jan 1905 -                              Aug 1906, Łódź  21–25 June 1905, and Zagłębie                              Dąbrowskie Oct - Nov 1905, Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski                              Dec 1905 - Jan 1906).  6 Dec 1914                Łódz occupied by Germany. 31 Jul 1915                Lublin occupied by Austria-Hungary.  5 Aug 1915                Warsaw occupied by Germany.  5 Aug 1915 - 11 Nov 1918  Poland is occupied by Germany and Austria-Hungary.                               It is divided into Government General of Warsaw                              (Generalgouvernement Warschau)(under Germany) and                              Military Government General of Lublin (Kielce                              25 Aug - 1 Oct 1915)(Militärgeneralgouvernement                              Lublin)(under Austria-Hungary). 15 Jan 1917                Polish Kingdom (Królestwo Polskie)(proclaimed                              on 5 Nov 1916), under the protection of Germany                              and Austria-Hungary.  15 Aug 1917                Polish National Committee (Komitet Narodowy Polski)                              formed in exile and later recognized by the Allies                              as government of Poland.  3 Nov 1918                Lublin General Government taken over by Poland. 14 Nov 1918                Regency council self-dissolved, "responsibility to                              the Polish nation" placed into hands of commander                              -in-chief of the Polish army. 14 Nov 1918                Poland (Polish Republic [Republika Polska], Republic                              of Poland [Rzeczpospolita Polska] and Polish State                              [Państwo Polskie] are all used interchangeably                              until 18 Mar 1921), originating in dissidence                              from 7 Nov 1918. Mar 1919                   Polish units begin an offensive, crossing the Neman                              River, beginning Polish-Soviet (Russo-Polish) War 30 Jul 1920 - 22 Aug 1920  Provisional Revolutionary ("Communist") Committee                              of Poland (Tymczasowy Komitet Rewolucyjny Polski),                              established at Białystok in Soviet occupied                              territory to form a future "Polish Socialist                              Conciliar ("Soviet") Republic", it fails when                              Soviet forces are forced to withdraw. 18 Mar 1921                Treaty of Riga ends the Polish-Soviet War.  1 Jun 1921                Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska).  1 Sep 1939                German invasion from the west. 17 Sep 1939                Soviet invasion from the east. 28 Sep 1939                Polity disintegrates upon the occupation of the                              seat of government, Warsaw, by Germany.  6 Oct 1939                Last Polish troops capitulate. 26 Oct 1939                West Prussia and West Wielkopolska (Posen) annexed                              by Germany as Reichsgaue Westpreussen and Posen;                              the non-annexed territories are constituted as                              the Government General for the Occupied Polish                              Territories (Generalgouvernement für die                              besetzten polnischen Gebiete) and German is made                              the sole official language.  1 Nov 1939                Western Ukraine is annexed by Soviet Union.  2 Nov 1939                Western Byelorussia is annexed by Soviet Union. 31 Jul 1940                Renamed Government General (Generalgouvernement). 22 Jun 1941                Germany invades the Soviet-annexed areas; on 1 Aug                              1941 they are divided between the General                              Government, Reichskommissariate Ostland, and                              Ukraine, while the Bialystok district is                              attached/integrated (but formally not annexed) to                              Germany as Area of Chief of Civil Administration                              [CdZ-Gebiet] in Bialystok district. 22 Jul 1944                Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska)(restored)                             (by manifesto dated 22 Jul 1944 issued on behalf of                              the Polish Committee of National Liberation)                              (effective 15 Aug 1944). 17 Jan 1945                Soviet forces occupy Warsaw (and Kraków on 19 Jan                              1945). 19 Jan 1945                General Government disintegrates upon occupation of                              seat of administration (Kraków) by Soviet Union. 22 Jul 1952                Polish People's Republic (Polska Rzeczpospolita                              Ludowa) 31 Dec 1989                Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska).  1 May 2004                Part of European Union. Voivodships (since 1999) Voivodships (1919-1939) Republic in Exile (1939-1990) Districts of General- Government (1939-1945) Bialystok district (1941-1944) Cracow Republic (1815-1846) Danzig (1224-1793, 1807-1815, 1919-1939) West Galicia (1796-1809) Swedish Prussia (1629-1635, 1655-1660) Royal Prussia (1454-1772) Elbing (1237-1772) Ermland Bishopric (1243-1772) Lauenburg and Bütow (1466-1772) Thorn (1233-1793) Siewierz (1443-1791) Orthodox Church of Poland Historical Maps of Poland

First Secretaries of the Central Committee of the Polish Workers' (Communist) Party (PPR)
(from 21 Dec 1948, Polish United Workers' Party [PZPR])
23 Nov 1943 -  3 Sep 1948  Władysław Gomułka                  (b. 1905 - d. 1982)
 3 Sep 1948 - 22 Dec 1948  Bolesław Bierut                    (b. 1892 - d. 1956)
Chairman of the Central Committee of the Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR)
22 Dec 1948 - 18 Mar 1954  Bolesław Bierut                    (s.a.)
First Secretaries of the Central Committee of the Polish United Workers' Party
18 Mar 1954 - 12 Mar 1956  Bolesław Bierut                    (s.a.)
12 Mar 1956 - 20 Mar 1956  Secretaries
                           - Edward Ochab                     (b. 1906 - d. 1989)                            - Franciszek Mazur                 (b. 1895 - d. 1975)
                           - Jerzy Morawski                   (b. 1918 - d. 2012)
                           - Władysław Matwin                 (b. 1916 - d. 2012)
                           (acting)
20 Mar 1956 - 21 Oct 1956  Edward Ochab                       (s.a.)
21 Oct 1956 - 20 Dec 1970  Władysław Gomułka                  (s.a.)
20 Dec 1970 -  6 Sep 1980  Edward Gierek                      (b. 1913 - d. 2001)
 6 Sep 1980 - 18 Oct 1981  Stanisław Kania                    (b. 1927 - d. 2020) 
18 Oct 1981 - 29 Jul 1989  Wojciech Witold Jaruzelski         (b. 1923 - d. 2014)
29 Jul 1989 - 29 Jan 1990  Mieczysław Franciszek Rakowski     (b. 1926 - d. 2008)
                           ("leading role" of the party abolished 31 Dec 1989)

Commander-in-chief of the Polish Army and Minister of Military Affairs (de facto dictator)
16 May 1926 - 12 May 1935  Józef Klemens Piłsudski            (b. 1867 - d. 1935)  Mil

Dukes (title Duces Polonię/Ksiądzi Polski)
90. – 92.                  Ziemowit (Zěmowit)                 (b. 8.. - d. 92.)
92. – 94.                  Leszek (Lĭstek)                    (b. 8.. - d. 94.)
94. - 95.                  Ziemomysł (Zěmomysl)               (b. 91. - d. 95.)
95. – 25 May 992           Mieszko I (Měsco)                  (b. c.940 - d. 992)
25 May 992 – 18? Apr 1025  Bolesław I "Chrobry" (the Brave)   (b. c.966 - d. 1025)
King
18? Apr 1025 - 17 Jun 1025 Bolesław I "Chrobry"               (s.a.)
Duke
17 Jun 1025 - 25 Dec 1025  Mieszko II Lampert (Lambert)       (b. 990 - d. 1034)
King
25 Dec 1025 - Nov 1031     Mieszko II Lampert                 (s.a.)
Dukes (title Duces Polonię/Ksiądzi Polski)
Nov 1031 – Sep? 1032       Bezprym                            (b. 986? - d. 1032)
Sep? 1032 – 10 May 1034    Mieszko II Lampert                 (s.a.)
1032                       Dytryk (Dietrich) (pretender)      (b. af.992 - d. af.1033)
1032 - 1033                Otto "Bolesławowic" (pretender)    (b. c.1000 - d. 1033)
10 May 1039 – 28 Nov 1058  Kazimierz I "Odnowiciel" (Restorer)(b. 1016 - d. 1058)
10 May 1034 - 1039         .... (acting)   
28 Nov 1058 – 25 Dec 1076  Bolesław II "Śmiały", "Szczodry"   (b. 1039 - d. 1081)
                             (the Bold, the Wild)
King
25 Dec 1076 - Jun 1079     Bolesław II "Śmiały", "Szczodry"   (s.a.)
Dukes (title Duces Polonię/Ksiądzi Polski)
Jun 1079 -  4 Jun 1102     Władysław I Herman                 (b. 1040 - d. 1102)
 4 Jun 1102 - 1106         Zbygniew                           (b. c.1071 - d. 111.)
 4 Jun 1102 - 28 Oct 1138  Bolesław III "Krzywousty"          (b. 1086 - d. 1138)
                             (Wrymouth) (co-ruler to 1106)
28 Oct 1138 – 1179         Mieszko III "Stary" (the Old)      (b. 1127? - d. 1202)
                             (1st time) (co-ruler to 1106)
1179 - 1181                Odon (Odo) (1st time)              (b. c.1145 - d. 1194)
1181 - 13 Mar 1202         Mieszko III "Stary" (2nd time)     (s.a.)
1181 - 20 Apr 1194         Odon (2nd time)(co-ruler in Poznań)(s.a.)
1191 -  2 Aug 1193         Mieszko "Młodszy" (the Younger)    (b. 116. - d. 1193)
                             (co-ruler in Kalisz)
1194 - 1229                Władysław III "Laskonogi"          (b. 116. - d. 1231)
                             (co-ruler to 13 Mar 1202)
1207 - 1217                Władysław IV "Odonicz"             (b. c.1190 - d. 1239)
                             (co-ruler in Kalisz)  
1229 - 22 Sep 1234         Władysław IV "Odonicz"             (s.a.) 
                             (continues as pretender in Gniezno to 5 Jun 1239)
22 Sep 1234 – 19 Mar 1238  Henryk I "Brodaty" (the Bearded)   (b. 1160/65 - d. 1238)
19 Mar 1238 –  9 Apr 1241  Henryk II "Pobożny" (the Pious)    (b. 1196/1207 - d. 1241)
 9 Apr 1241 – Jun? 1241    Bolesław IV "Rogatka" (the Horned) (b. c.1217 - d. 1278)
Jun? 1241 -  4 Jun 1257    Przemysł I (Premisl I)             (b. 1220 - d. 1257)
Jun? 1241 - 19 May 1250    Bolesław V "Pobożny" (the Pius)    (b. 1221 - d. 1279)
                             (1st time) (co-ruler)
15 May 1253 - 13 Apr 1279  Bolesław V "Pobożny" (2nd time)    (s.a.)
                             (co-ruler to 4 Jun 1257)
Sep? 1273 - 26 Jun 1295    Przemysł I (Premisl II)            (b. 1257 - d. 1296)
                             (co-ruler in Poznań to 13 Apr 1279)
                             (also King of Bohemia Přemysl II Otakar "Vítĕzný")
Jan 1293 – 10 Jun 1294     Kazimierz (III) "Łęczycki"         (b. 1261/62 - d. 1294)
                             (pretender)
King¹
26 Jun 1295 -  8 Feb 1296  Przemysł                           (s.a.)
Duke¹
 8 Feb 1296 - Aug 1300     Władysław V "Łokietek" (the Short) (b. 1261 - d. 1333)
                             (pretender from 1289 and Aug 1300 - 4 Aug 1306)
                             (1st time)
Kings¹
Aug 1300 - 21 Jun 1305     Wacław I                           (b. 1271 – d. 1305)
                             (also King of Bohemia Václav II)
21 Jun 1305 –  4 Aug 1306  Wacław II                          (b. 1289 – d. 1306)
                             (also King of Bohemia Václav III)
Bohemian Royal Captains of Poland (Capitanei regni Polonię)
Aug 1300 - 2. Jan 1302     Mikuláš knyaz Opava                (b. c.1256 - d. 1318)
                             (Nikolaus Herzog zu Troppau)
2. Jan 1302 - 1305         Oldřich z Boskovic
                             (Udalric de Boskowicz)  
1305 - 1305                Friczek de Scassowo (acting)
1305 -  4 Aug 1306         Paul von Pauelstein   
Dukes (title Heredes regni Polonię)   
 4 Aug 1306 -  9 Dec 1309  Henryk III                         (b. 125. - d. 1309)
                             (pretender from 16 Aug 1301)
 9 Dec 1309 - Aug 1314     Henryk IV                          (b. 1292? - d. 1342)
Aug 1314 – 20 Jan 1320     Władysław V "Łokietek" (2nd time)  (s.a.)
22 Aug 1306 - Oct 1306     Henryk (IV) (1st time) (pretender) (b. c.1207 - d. 1335)
                             (Duke of Carinthia Heinrich VI, Count of Tyrol Heinrich II)
16 Oct 1306 -  3 Jul 1307  Rudolf (pretender)                 (b. 1281 - d. 1307)
                             (King of Bohemia Rudolf I, Archduke of Austria Rudolf III)
15 Aug 1307 - Aug 1310     Henryk (IV) (2nd time) (pretender) (s.a.)
 1 Sep 1310 - 24 Aug 1335  Jan (pretender)                    (b. 1296 - d. 1346)
Kings¹
20 Jan 1320 -  2 Mar 1333  Władysław I "Łokietek"             (s.a.)
 2 Mar 1333 –  5 Nov 1370  Kazimierz II "Wielki" (the Great)  (b. 1310 – d. 1370)
 5 Nov 1370 – 11 Sep 1382  Ludwik I                           (b. 1326 – d. 1382)
                             (also King of Hungary Lájos I)
 5 Nov 1370 – 29 Dec 1380  Elżbieta (f) -Regent               (b. 1305 – d. 1380)
20 Mar 1381 - 16 Oct 1384  Regents
                           - Zawisza z Kurozwęk, biskup       (b. 133. - d. 1382)
                               Krakówski (to 12 Jan 1382)
                           - Dobiesław z Kurozwęk             (b. 131. - d. 1397)   
                           - Jan Radlica z Radliczyc          (b. 133. - d. 1392)
                              (from 5 Feb 1382, biskup Krakówski)
                           - Sędziwój z Szubina               (b. 133. - d. 1405)
                           - Domarat z Pierzchna              (b. 13.. - d. 1399)
                              (to 8 Mar 1383)                        
                           - Peregryn z Węgleszyna            (b. 13.. - d. 1400)
                              (from 8 Mar 1383)
12 Jan 1382 - Oct? 1383    Zygmunt (pretender)                (b. 1368 – d. 1437)
                             (= Sigismund Markgraf zu Brandenburg)
11 Sep 1382 - 16 Oct 1384  Dobiesław z Kurozwęk -Regent       (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
28 Mar 1383 –  6 Oct 1384  Ziemowit (Siemowit) (pretender)    (b. c.1352 - d. 1426)
16 Oct 1384 – 17 Jul 1399  Jadwiga (f) -Queen                 (b. 1374 – d. 1399)
                             (co-ruler from 18 Feb 1386)
16 Oct 1344 - 18 Feb 1386  Elżbieta (f) -Regent               (b. c.1340 - c. 1386)
18 Feb 1386 –  1 Jun 1434  Władysław II (Jagiełło)            (b. c.1351 - d. 1434)
                             (also Jogaila Grand Prince of Lithuania) 
 1 Jul 1434 – 10 Nov 1444  Władysław III                      (b. 1424 – d. 1444)
                            (from 29 Jun 1440 also king of Hungary Ulászló I,  
                             left Poland 22 Apr 1440)
 1 Jun 1434 – 16 Dec 1438  Regents
                           - Zofia (Sonka) (f)                (b. c.1405 - d. 1461)
                           - Zbigniew z Oleśnicy, biskup      (b. 1389 - d. 1455)
                               Krakówski
22 Apr 1440 - 25 Jun 1447  Regents
                           - Jan z Czyżowa                    (b. 138. - d. 1458?)
                           - Wojciech z Małego                (b. 138. - d. 1454)
25 Jun 1447 -  7 Jun 1492  Kazimierz III                      (b. 1427 – d. 1492)
                             (also Grand Prince of Lithuania from 29 Jun 1440)
 7 Jun 1492 - 30 Sep 1492  Zbigniew z Oleśnicy, arcybiskup    (b. c.1430 - d. 1493)
                             Gnieźeński -Interrex
30 Sep 1492 – 17 Jun 1501  Jan I Olbracht (Joannes Albertus)  (b. 1459 – d. 1501)
17 Jun 1501 – 12 Dec 1501  Fryderyk Kardynał Jagiełłończyk,   (b. 1468 – d. 1503)
                             arcybiskup Gnieźeński -Interrex
                             (proclaimed himself as governor
                             of the kingdom "locum tenens regni")
12 Dec 1501 – 19 Aug 1506  Aleksander                         (b. 1461 – d. 1506)
                             (also Grand Prince of Lithuania from 20 Jul 1492)
19 Aug 1506 – 20 Jan 1507  Andrzej Róża Boryszewski,          (b. c.1436 - d. 1510)
                             arcybiskup Gnieźeński -Interrex
20 Jan 1507 –  1 Apr 1548  Zygmunt I "Stary" (the Old)        (b. 1467 – d. 1548)
                             (also Grand Prince of Lithuania from 20 Oct 1506)
20 Feb 1530 -  7 Jul 1572  Zygmunt II August                  (b. 1520 – d. 1572)
                             (co-ruler to 1 Apr 1548)
                             (also Grand Prince of Lithuania from 18 Oct 1529)
 7 Jul 1572 - 18 Feb 1574  Jakub Uchański z Służewa,          (b. 1502 - d. 1581)
                             arcybiskup Gnieźeński -Interrex                            
                             (1st time)
 7 Jul 1572 – Oct 1572     Janusz Firlej (Firleÿ) z           (b. c.1521 - d. 1574)
                             Dąbrowicy -Interrex  
                             (in dissidence)
18 Feb 1574 - 12 May 1575  Henryk                             (b. 1551 - d. 1589)
                             (from 30 May 1574 also King of France Henri III;
                             left Poland on 18 Jun 1574)
18 Jun 1574 - 16 Feb 1576  Jakub Uchański z Służewa,          (s.a.)
                             arcybiskup Gnieźeński -Interrex                            
                             (2nd time)
16 Feb 1576 - 12 Dec 1586  Stefan                             (b. 1533 - d. 1586)
                             (also István Báthory somlyói, Prince of Transylvania)
12 Dec 1586 -  7 Oct 1587  Stanisław Karnkowski, arcybiskup   (b. 1520 - d. 1603)
                             Gnieźeński -Interrex    
27 Sep 1587 -  9 Mar 1589  Maksymilian (pretender)            (b. 1558 – d. 1618)
                             (Archduke of Austria Maximilian III)
 7 Oct 1587 - 30 Apr 1632  Zygmunt III Waza                   (b. 1566 - d. 1632)
                             (also King of Sweden Sigismund 27 Nov 1592 - 3 Aug 1599, Tsar
                             of Russia Vladislav Zhigimontovich 27 Aug 1610 - 6 Nov 1612)
30 Apr 1632 - 13 Nov 1632  Jan Wężyk, arcybiskup              (b. 1575 - d. 1638)
                             Gnieźeński -Interrex 
13 Nov 1632 - 20 May 1648  Władysław IV                       (b. 1595 - d. 1648)
20 May 1648 - 17 Jan 1649  Maciéj Łubieński, arcybiskup       (b. 1572 - d. 1652)
                             Gnieźeński -Interrex 
17 Jan 1649 - 16 Sep 1668  Jan II Kazimierz                   (b. 1609 - d. 1672)
16 Sep 1668 -  7 Jul 1669  Mikołaj Jan Prażmowski,            (b. 1617 - d. 1673)
                             arcybiskup Gnieźeński -Interrex    
 7 Jul 1669 - 10 Nov 1673  Michał                             (b. 1640 - d. 1673)
                             (Michał Tomasz Wiśniowiecki Korybut)
10 Nov 1673 - 15 May 1674  Kazimierz Florian książę           (b. 1614 - d. 1674)
                             Czartoryski -Interrex
10 Nov 1673 –  5 Jun 1674  Andrzej Trzebicki, biskup          (b. 1607 – d. 1679)
                             Krakówski -Interrex
                             (acting interrex [for Czartoryski to 15 May 1674])
 5 Jun 1674 - 17 Jun 1696  Jan III                            (b. 1629 - d. 1696)
                             (Jan Sobieski) 
17 Jun 1696 - 27 Jul 1697  Michał Stefan Kardynał             (b. 1645 - d. 1705)
                             Radziejowski, arcybiskup
                             Gnieźeński -Interrex (1st time)  
27 Jul 1697 - 16 Feb 1704  August II (1st time)               (b. 1670 - d. 1733)
                             (also Elector of Saxony Friedrich August I)
                             (continues in opposition to 24 Sep 1706)
16 Feb 1704 -  4 Oct 1705  Michał Stefan Kardynał             (s.a.)
                             Radziejowski, arcybiskup
                             Gnieźeński -Interrex (2nd time)  
                             (removed as arcybiskup Gnieźeński by Pope)
1704 -  4 Oct 1705         Mikołaj Stanisław Święcicki,       (b. 1640 - d. 1707)
                             biskup Poznański
                             ("acting" for Radziejowski)
 4 Oct 1705 -  8 Aug 1709  Stanisław I (1st time)             (b. 1677 - d. 1766)
                             (Stanisław Bogusław Leszczyński) 
 8 Aug 1709 -  1 Feb 1733  August II (2nd time)               (s.a.)
 1 Feb 1733 -  6 Jan 1734  Teodor Andrzej Potocki, arcybiskup (b. 1664 - d. 1738)
                             Warmiński -Interrex
12 Sep 1733 - 28 Jun 1734  Stanisław I (2nd time)             (s.a.) 
                             (in dissidence; in Danzig 2 Oct 1733 -
                             28 Jun 1734, abdicated 26 Jan 1736)
 6 Jan 1734 -  5 Oct 1763  August III                         (b. 1696 - d. 1763)
                             (also Elector of Saxony Friedrich August II)
 5 Oct 1763 - 25 Nov 1764  Władysław Alexander Łubieński,     (b. 1703 - d. 1767) 
                             arcybiskup Gnieźeński -Interrex
25 Nov 1764 -  7 Jan 1795  Stanisław II August                (b. 1732 - d. 1798)
                             (Stanisław Antoni Poniatowski)
                             (abdicated 25 Nov 1795)
Supreme Leaders of the National Armed Forces
24 Mar 1794 - 12 Oct 1794  Andrzej Tadeusz Bonawentura        (b. 1746 - d. 1817) 
                             Kościuszko (in rebellion)
12 Oct 1794 - 16 Nov 1794  Tomasz Wawrzecki (in rebellion)    (b. 1759 - d. 1816) 
Commander of Russian Troops
 9 Nov 1794 - 30 Nov 1794  Aleksandr Vasilyevich Suvorov      (b. 1730 - d. 1800) 
                             Graf Rymnikskiy
Commander of French Army (3rd Corps) in Warsaw
28 Nov 1806 - 15 Jan 1807  Louis Nicolas Davout               (b. 1770 - d. 1823)
President of the Commission of Government 
15 Jan 1807 -  5 Oct 1807  Stanisław Bartłomiej Ludwik hrabia (b. 1736 - d. 1809)  Non-party
                             Małachowski herbu Nałęcz
                            (= Stanislas, comte Malachowski)
Duke of Warsaw¹
17 Sep 1807 -  9 May 1815  Fryderyk August                    (b. 1750 - d. 1827)
                            (also King of Saxony Friedrich August I) 
                            (Allied prisoner from 19 Oct 1813; from 26 Oct 1813
                             in Prussia [Feb 1815, Austria] exile to 7 Jun 1815)
Governor-general and (from 5 Apr 1813) President of the Provisional Supreme Council
for the Administration of the Duchy of Warsaw
31 Mar 1813 - 19 Jun 1815  Vasiliy Sergeyevich Lanskoy        (b. 1753 - d. 1831)  Non-party
President of the Provisional Government of the Kingdom of Poland
19 Jun 1815 - 27 Dec 1815  Vasiliy Sergeyevich Lanskoy        (s.a.)               Non-party
Kings
20 Jun 1815 - 25 Jan 1831  the emperors of Russia
26 Feb 1832 -  5 Aug 1915  the emperors of Russia
Governor (Namestnik/Namiestnik) in the Kingdom of Poland (often styled 'Viceroy')
27 Dec 1815 - 28 Jul 1826  Józef Zajączek (= Iosif Zayonchek) (b. 1752 - d. 1826)
                           (from 29 Apr 1818, Józef książę Zajączek)
                           (appointed 1 Dec 1825)
Presiding Member of the Administrative Board
28 Jul 1826 -  4 Dec 1830  Walenty Faustyn Sobolewski z       (b. 1765 - d. 1831)
                             Piętek
Chairman of the Provisional Government
 4 Dec 1830 - 21 Dec 1830  Adam Jerzy książę Czartoryski      (b. 1770 - d. 1861)  Con   
Dictator
 5 Dec 1830 - 18 Jan 1831  Józef Grzegorz Chłopicki           (b. 1771 - d. 1854)  Mil   
Chairman of the Supreme National Council
21 Dec 1830 - 30 Jan 1831  Adam Jerzy książę Czartoryski      (s.a.)               Con
Chairman of the National Government
30 Jan 1831 - 17 Aug 1831  Adam Jerzy książę Czartoryski      (s.a.)               Con  
President of the Council of Ministers
17 Aug 1831 -  7 Sep 1831  Jan Stefan hrabia Krukowiecki      (b. 1772 - d. 1850)  Mil   
Chairmen of the National Government
 7 Sep 1831 - 23 Sep 1831  Bonawentura Niemojowski            (b. 1787 - d. 1835)  Lib   
                             (from 8 Sep 1831 in Płock)
23 Sep 1831 -  5 Oct 1831  Jan Nepomucen Umiński (in Płock)   (b. 1778 - d. 1857)  Mil
Governors (Namestnik/Namiestnik) in the King of Poland (often styled 'Viceroy')
Dec 1830 - 10 Jun 1831     Ivan Ivanovich Dibich-Zabalkanskiy (b. 1785 - d. 1831)
                             (Hans Karl Friedrich Anton von Diebitsch)
                             (commander of Russian troops)
13 Jun 1831 -  1 Feb 1856  Graf Ivan Fyodorovich Paskevich-   (b. 1782 - d. 1856)
                             Yerivanskiy, Knyaz' Varshavskiy
                             (commander to 23 Mar 1832)
1849                       Ivan Ivanovich Den                 (b. 1786 - d. 1859)
                             (Johan Jakob von Daehn)
                             (acting for Paskevich)
1853 - 1855                Graf Fyodor Vasilyevich Ridiger    (b. 1783 - d. 1856)
                             (acting for Paskevich)
 1 Feb 1856 -  3 Apr 1856  Wincenty Krasiński (acting)        (b. 1782 - d. 1858)
                             (Vintsenty Krasinskiy)
 3 Apr 1856 - 30 May 1861  Mikhail Dmitriyevich Gorchakov     (b. 1793 - d. 1861)
30 May 1861 - 18 Aug 1861  Nikolay Onufriyevich Sukhozanet    (b. 1794 - d. 1871)
                             (1st time) (acting)
18 Aug 1861 -  3 May 1862  Graf Karl Karlovich Lambert        (b. 1815 - d. 1865)
10 Oct 1861 - 27 Oct 1861  Nikolay Onufriyevich Sukhozanet    (s.a.)
                             (2nd time) (acting for Lambert)
27 Oct 1861 -  8 Jun 1862  Aleksey Nikolayevich von Liders    (b. 1790 - d. 1874)
                             (Alexander von Lüders)
 8 Jun 1862 - 19 Oct 1863  Knyaz' Velikiy Konstatin           (b. 1827 - d. 1892)
                             Nikolayevich Romanov                        
 8 Sep 1863 -  6 Jan 1874  Graf Fyodor Fyodorovich fon Berg   (b. 1794 - d. 1874)
                            (Friedrich Graf von Berg)
                            (acting for Romanov to 19 Oct 1863)
Governors-general and Commanders of the Warsaw Military District
11 Jan 1874 - 18 May 1880  Pavel Yevstafyevich Kotsebu        (b. 1801 - d. 1884)
                             (from Jun 1874, Graf Pavel Yevstafyevich fon Kotsebu)
                             (Paul Demetrius Graf von Kotzebue)
18 May 1880 - 19 May 1883  Pyotr Pavlovich Albedinskiy        (b. 1826 - d. 1883)
 7 Jun 1883 -  6 Dec 1894  Iosif Vladimirovich Gurko (Gurke)  (b. 1828 - d. 1901)
13 Dec 1894 - 12 Dec 1896  Graf Pavel Andreyevich Shuvalov    (b. 1830 - d. 1908)
 1 Jan 1897 - 17 Nov 1900  Knyaz' Aleksandr Konstantinovich   (b. 1837 - d. 1900)
                             Bagration-Imeretinskiy 
17 Nov 1900 - 24 Mar 1901  Ivan Grigoryevich Podgorodnikov    (b. 1841 - d. 1910) 
                             (acting)
24 Mar 1901 - 17 Feb 1905  Mikhail Ivanovich Chertkov         (b. 1829 – d. 1905)
19 Feb 1905 - 15 Aug 1905  Konstantin Klavdiyevich Maksimovich(b. 1849 - d. af.1917)
15 Aug 1905 -  1 Feb 1914  Georgiy Antonovich Skalon          (b. 1847 - d. 1914)
 4 Mar 1914 -  3 Sep 1914  Yakov Grigoryevich Zhilinskiy      (b. 1853 - d. 1918)
 9 Sep 1914 - 23 Dec 1914  Antoniy Ottovich fon Essen (acting)(b. 1862 - d. 1919)
23 Dec 1914 -  5 Aug 1915  Knyaz' Pavel Nikolayevich          (b. 1864 - d. 1944)
                             Yengalychev (in exile to 4 Apr 1917)
German Governor-general of Warsaw
 4 Sep 1915 - 11 Nov 1918  Hans Hartwig von Beseler           (b. 1850 - d. 1921)
Austro-Hungarian Military Governors-general of (Kielce to 1 Oct 1915) Lublin
25 Aug 1915 - 20 Apr 1916  Erich Freiherr von Diller          (b. 1859 - d. 1926)
 1 May 1916 - 23 Apr 1917  Karl Kuk                           (b. 1853 - d. 1935)
Apr 1917 - 28 Feb 1918     Stanisław Graf Szeptycki           (b. 1867 - d. 1950)
Mar 1918 -  3 Nov 1918     Anton Lipošćak                     (b. 1863 - d. 1924)
Marshal of the Crown, Chairman of the Provisional Council of State
15 Jan 1917 - 28 Aug 1917  Wacław Józef Niemojowski           (b. 1864 - d. 1939)  Non-party
President of the Polish National Committee
15 Aug 1917 - 16 Jan 1919  Roman Stanisław Dmowski            (b. 1864 - d. 1939)  SND
                             (in Paris exile, recognized by the Allies) 
Chairman of the Interim Commission of the Provisional Council of State
28 Aug 1917 - 27 Oct 1917  Józef Karol Mateusz Mikułowski-    (b. 1868 - d. 1935)  Non-party
                             Pomorski
27 Oct 1917 - 14 Nov 1918  Council of Regency of the Kingdom of Poland
                           - Aleksander Kakowski,             (b. 1862 - d. 1938)  Non-party
                               arcybiskup Warszawski
                           - Zdzisław książę Lubomirski       (b. 1865 - d. 1943)  Non-party
                           - Józef August hrabia Ostrowski    (b. 1850 - d. 1923)  Non-party
Commander-in-Chief of the Polish Army (de facto acting head of state)
14 Nov 1918 - 22 Nov 1918  Józef Klemens Piłsudski            (s.a.)               Mil
Chief of State (Naczelnik Państwa)
22 Nov 1918 - 14 Dec 1922  Józef Klemens Piłsudski            (s.a.)               Mil
                             (provisional to 20 Feb 1919)
Chairman of the Provisional Revolutionary ("Communist") Committee of Poland ("Polrewkom")
30 Jul 1920 - 22 Aug 1920  Julian Baltazar Marchlewski        (b. 1866 - d. 1925)  KPRP
                             (in rebellion, in Soviet-occupied Białystok)
Presidents
14 Dec 1922 - 16 Dec 1922  Gabriel Józef Narutowicz           (b. 1865 - d. 1922)  Non-party
16 Dec 1922 - 20 Dec 1922  Maciej Rataj (1st time) (acting)   (b. 1884 - d. 1940)  PSL-P
20 Dec 1922 - 14 May 1926  Stanisław Wojciechowski            (b. 1869 - d. 1953)  PSL-P
15 May 1926 -  4 Jun 1926  Maciej Rataj (2nd time) (acting)   (s.a.)               PSL-P
 4 Jun 1926 - 28 Sep 1939  Ignacy Mościcki                    (b. 1867 - d. 1946)  Non-party
                             (in Romania exile from 18 Sep 1939, resigned 30 Sep 1939)
German Commanders-in-chief of Army Group North and South (Heeresgruppen Nord und Süd)
28 Sep 1939 -  2 Oct 1939  Fedor von Bock                     (b. 1880 - d. 1945)  Mil
                           + Karl Rudolf Gerd von Rundstedt   (b. 1875 - d. 1953)  Mil
German Commanders-in-chief East (Ober Ost) (in Lodsch (Łódź))
 3 Oct 1939 - 19 Oct 1939  Karl Rudolf Gerd von Rundstedt     (s.a.)               Mil   
20 Oct 1939 - 25 Oct 1939  Johannes Blaskowitz                (b. 1883 - d. 1948)  Mil    
Governor-general (to 31 Jul 1940, für die besetzten Polnischen Gebiete)
26 Oct 1939 - 19 Jan 1945  Hans Michael Frank                 (b. 1900 - d. 1946)  NSDAP
Chairman (from 31 Dec 1944, President) of the State National Council
 1 Jan 1944 -  4 Feb 1947  Bolesław Bierut                    (s.a.)               PPR
                             (in Lublin 15 Aug 1944 - 1 Feb 1945)
 4 Feb 1947                Franciszek Trąbalski (acting)      (b. 1870 - d. 1964)  PPS
                             (Marshal of the Constituent Sejm by age)
 4 Feb 1947 -  5 Feb 1947  Władysław Kowalski                 (b. 1894 - d. 1958)  SL
                             (Marshal of the Constituent Sejm)
President
 5 Feb 1947 - 20 Nov 1952  Bolesław Bierut                    (s.a.)             PPR;1948 PZPR
Chairmen of the Council of State
20 Nov 1952 -  7 Aug 1964  Aleksander Zawadzki                (b. 1899 - d. 1964)  PZPR 
 7 Aug 1964 - 12 Aug 1964  Edward Ochab                       (s.a.)               PZPR 
                           + Stanisław Leon Kulczyński        (b. 1895 - d. 1975)  SD
                           + Oskar Ryszard Lange              (b. 1904 - d. 1965)  PZPR 
                           + Bolesław Podedworny              (b. 1898 - d. 1972)  ZSL
                           (acting)
12 Aug 1964 - 11 Apr 1968  Edward Ochab                       (s.a.)               PZPR
11 Apr 1968 - 23 Dec 1970  Marian "Marek" Spychalski          (b. 1906 - d. 1980)  PZPR 
23 Dec 1970 - 28 Mar 1972  Józef Adam Zygmunt Cyrankiewicz    (s.a.)               PZPR 
28 Mar 1972 -  6 Nov 1985  Henryk Jabłoński                   (b. 1909 - d. 2003)  PZPR 
 6 Nov 1985 - 19 Jul 1989  Wojciech Witold Jaruzelski         (s.a.)               PZPR
Presidents
19 Jul 1989 - 22 Dec 1990  Wojciech Witold Jaruzelski         (s.a.)               Non-party
22 Dec 1990 - 22 Dec 1995  Lech Wałęsa                        (b. 1943)            Non-party
23 Dec 1995 - 23 Dec 2005  Aleksander Kwaśniewski             (b. 1954)            Non-party
23 Dec 2005 - 10 Apr 2010  Lech Aleksander Kaczyński          (b. 1949 - d. 2010)  PiS
10 Apr 2010 -  8 Jul 2010  Bronisław Maria Komorowski         (b. 1952)            PO
                             (1st time) (acting)
 8 Jul 2010                Bogdan Michał Borusewicz (acting)  (b. 1949)            Non-party
 8 Jul 2010 -  6 Aug 2010  Grzegorz Juliusz Schetyna (acting) (b. 1963)            PO
 6 Aug 2010 -  6 Aug 2015  Bronisław Maria Komorowski         (s.a.)               PO
                             (2nd time)
 6 Aug 2015 -              Andrzej Sebastian Duda             (b. 1972)            PiS

Marshals (chief ministers)
1375 - 1378                Przedbór z Brzezia (1st time)      (b. 13.. - d. 1387)
1378 - c.1380              Jan z Tarnowa                      (b. 134. - d. 1409)
c.1380 - 1387              Przedbór z Brzezia (2nd time)      (s.a.)
1387 - Sep? 1388           Mikołaj z Bogorii (Bogoria)        (b. 13.. - d. 1388)
1388 - 1399                Dymitr z Goraja                    (b. c.1340 - d. 1400)
1399 - Feb? 1425           Zbigniew Lanckoroński z Brzezia    (b. c.1360 - d. 1425)
Feb? 1425 - Sep? 1430      Wawrzyniec Zaremba z Kalinowej     (b. 13.. - d. 1453?)
                             (acting to Mar? 1426)
Sep? 1430 - Mar? 1440      Jan Głowacz z Oleśnicy             (b. c.1400 - d. 1460?)
Mar? 1440 - Mar 1462       Mikołaj Marszałkowicz Lanckoroński (b. 139. - d. 1462)
                             z Brzezia 
Apr? 1462 - 1. Oct 1477    Jan z Rytwian                      (b. 1422 - d. 1478)
1. Oct 1477 - 22 Dec 1493  Rafał Jakób z Jarosławski          (b. c.1436  d. -1493)
                             (Jarosławia)
22 Dec 1493 - 24 Mar 1494  Rafał Leszczyński (acting)         (b. 143. - d. 1501)
24 Mar 1494 - 16 Apr 1505  Piotr Kmita z Wiśnicza             (b. c.1442 - d. 1505)
16 Apr 1505 - Jun 1505     Jan Tęczyński z Rabsztyna (acting) (b. 145. - d. 1505)
15 Jul 1505 - Aug 1505     Stanisław Jarocki z Jaroczyna      (b. 14.. - d. 1515)
                             (acting)
Grand Marshals of the Crown (Marszałkowie Wielcy Koronni)(chief ministers)
Aug 1505 - 30 Apr 1529     Stanisław Chodecki z Chodcza       (b. 145. - d. 1529)   
30 Apr 1529 - 31 Oct 1553  Piotr Kmita (Sobieński) z Wiśnicza (b. c.1477 - d. 1553)
                             (acting to 21 May 1529)
31 Oct 1553 - 21 Jun 1555  Stanisław Maciejowski (1st time)   (b. 151. - d. 1563)
                             (acting)
21 Jun 1555 - 13 Mar 1561  Jan Mielecki                       (b. 1501 - d. 1561)
13 Mar 1561 - 1563         Stanisław Maciejowski (2nd time)   (s.a.)
                             (acting)
1563 - 22 Jul 1563         .... (acting)
22 Jul 1563 - Apr 1574     Janusz Firlej (Firleÿ) z Dąbrowicy (s.a.)  
Apr 1574 -  3 Mar 1593     Andrzej Opaliński z Bnina          (b. 1540 - d. 1593)
                             (acting to ... 1574)
 3 Mar 1593 - Sep? 1595    Stanisław Przyjemski               (b. 155. - d. 1595)
                             (acting to 30 Mar 1593)
Sep? 1595 -  9 Mar 1596    Prokop Sieniawski (acting)         (b. 156. - d. 1596)
 9 Mar 1596 - Nov 1601     Mikołaj Zebrzydowski               (b. 1553 - d. 1620)
Nov 1601 - 25 Jan 1603     Mikołaj Wolski z Podhajec (acting) (b. 1553 - d. 1630)
25 Jan 1603 -  5 Jul 1615  Zygmunt Gonzaga-Myszkowski,        (b. c.1562 - d. 1615)
                             margrabia na Mirowie
 5 Jul 1615 -  9 Mar 1630  Mikołaj Wolski z Podhajec          (b. 1553 - d. 1630)
                             (acting to 6 Jul 1616)
19 Mar 1630 - 19 Feb 1650  Łukasz Opaliński z Bnina           (b. 1581 - d. 1654)
                             (acting to 15 Apr 1630)
19 Feb 1650 - 22 Dec 1664  Jerzy Sebastian książę Lubomirski  (b. 1616 - d. 1667)
22 Dec 1664 - 17 Jan 1665  Jan Klemens Branicki (acting)      (b. c.1624 - d. 1673)
17 Jan 1665 -  5 Jun 1674  Jan Sobieski                       (s.a.)
 5 Jun 1674 - 17 Jan 1702  Stanisław Herakliusz książę        (b. 1642 - d. 1702) 
                             Lubomirski (acting to 19 Feb 1676)
17 Jan 1702 - 15 Dec 1702  Józef Karol książę Lubomirski      (b. 1638 - d. 1702)
                             (acting to 25 Feb 1702)
15 Dec 1702 - 24 Mar 1713  Kazimierz Ludwik Bieliński         (b. 166. - d. 1713)  
                             (acting to 20 Dec 1702)
24 Mar 1713 -  2 Apr 1713  Wojciech Andrzej Dąmbski z         (b. 1676 - d. 1725)
                             Lubrańca (acting)
 2 Apr 1713 – 20 May 1742  Józef Wandalin Mniszech            (b. 1670 – d. 1747) 
20 May 1742 -  8 Oct 1766  Franciszek Bieliński               (b. c.1683 – d. 1766)
                             (acting to 21 May 1742)
 8 Oct 1766 - 17 Oct 1766  Jerzy August Wandalin Mniszech     (b. 1715 - d. 1778)
                             (acting)
17 Oct 1766 - 12 Aug 1783  Stanisław książę Lubomirski        (b. 1719? - d. 1783) 
12 Aug 1783 - 23 Aug 1783  Franciszek Rzewuski (acting)       (b. c.1730 - d. 1800)
23 Aug 1783 -  8 Jul 1793  Michał Jerzy Wandalin Mniszech     (b. 1742 - d. 1806)
 8 Jul 1793 - 23 Aug 1793  Kazimiérz Jan Nepomucen Raczyński  (b. 1739 - d. 1824) 
                             (acting)
23 Aug 1793 -  7 Jan 1795  Fryderyk Józef Moszyński           (b. 1738 - d. 1817)  Mil
                             (nominal after 9 Nov 1794)
Russian Administrator
 9 Nov 1794 - 30 Nov 1794  Knyaz' Nikolay Vasilyevich Repnin  (b. 1734 - d. 1801)  Mil
Presidents of the Ministerial State Council (chief ministers)
 5 Oct 1807 - 16 Dec 1807  Stanisław Bartłomiej Ludwik hrabia (s.a.)               Non-party
                             Małachowski herbu Nałęcz
                             (= Stanislas, comte Malachowski)
16 Dec 1807 - 25 Mar 1809  Ludwik Szymon Gutakowski herbu     (b. 1738 - d. 1811)  Non-party
                             Gutag
                             (= Louis Gutakowski, comte Gutag)
25 Mar 1809 - 13 May 1813  Stanisław Kostka hrabia Potocki    (b. 1755 - d. 1821)  Non-party
                             z Podhajec herbu Pilawa (Srebrna)
                             (= Stanislas Kostka, comte Potocki)
                             (from 8 Feb 1813, in Kraków)
Chairman of the Provisional Administration
16 Sep 1831 -  7 Jan 1832  Theodor Engel                      (b. 1769 - d. 1837)  Non-party
                             (= Fyodor Ivanovich Engel)
Chief of the Civil Administration
14 Jun 1862 - 16 Jul 1863  Aleksander Ignacy hrabia           (b. 1803 - d. 1877)  Con
                             Wielopolski, margrabia Gonzaga
Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Provisional National Government (in rebellion)
22 Jan 1863 - 11 Mar 1863  Stefan Bobrowski                   (b. 1841 - d. 1863)  Rad
                           - together with -
                           Ludwik Adam Mierosławski           (b. 1814 - d. 1878)  Rad
                            (dictator and commander-in-chief of the Polish
                             Insurrection; entered Poland 17 Feb 1863)
Dictator (in rebellion)
11 Mar 1863 - 19 Mar 1863  Marjan Antoni Melchior Langiewicz  (b. 1827 - d. 1887)  Lib
19 Mar 1863 - 20 Mar 1863  Executive Dictatorial Commission
                           - Stefan Bobrowski                 (s.a.)               Rad
                           - Agaton Giller                    (b. 1831 - d. 1887)  Rad
                           - Józef Kajetan Janowski           (b. 1832 - d. 1914)  Rad
                           (acting)
Chairmen of the Provisional National government (in rebellion)
21 Mar 1863 - 12 Apr 1863  Stefan Bobrowski                   (s.a.)               Rad 
12 Apr 1863 - 10 May 1863  Agaton Giller                      (s.a.)               Rad
Chairmen of the National Government (in rebellion)
10 May 1863 - 23 May 1863  Agaton Giller                      (s.a.)               Rad
23 May 1863 -  9 Jun 1863  Franciszek Dobrowolski (1st time)  (b. 1830 - d. 1896)  Rad
 9 Jun 1863 - 14 Jun 1863  Piotr Kobylański                   (b. c.1823 - d. 1868)Rad
14 Jun 1863 - 17 Sep 1863  Karol Konstanty Majewski           (b. 1833 - d. 1897)  Lib
17 Sep 1863 - 17 Oct 1863  Franciszek Dobrowolski (2nd time)  (s.a.)               Rad
17 Oct 1863 - 11 Apr 1864  Romuald Traugutt                   (b. 1826 - d. 1864)  Mil
11 Apr 1864 - 12 Apr 1864  Józef Kajetan Janowski (acting)    (s.a.)               Rad
12 Apr 1864 - 20 Apr 1864  Józef Gałęzowski (acting)          (b. 1834 - d. 1916)  Mil
20 Apr 1864 - Oct 1864     Bronisław Brzeziński               (d. c.1865)          Rad
German Chiefs of Civil Administration for Russian Poland
(Chief of Civil Administration with the Commander-in-chief East to 25 Mar 1915?)
 5 Jan 1915 - Apr 1915     Hans von Brandenstein (in Posen)   (b. 1849 - d. 1943)  Non-party
17 Apr? 1915 -  4 Sep 1915 Wolfgang Moritz Ludwig von Kries   (b. 1868 - d. 1945)  Non-party
                             (in Posen to 5 May 1915, then in Kalisch [Kalisz])
German Chief Administrators with the Government General of Warsaw
 4 Sep 1915 - Aug 1917     Wolfgang Moritz Ludwig von Kries   (s.a.)               Non-party
Aug/Sep 1917 - Nov 1917    Carl Friedrich Wilhelm von Born-   (b. 1878 - d. 1934)  Non-party
                             Fallois (1st time) (acting)
Nov 1917 - 29 Jan 1918     Maximilian Karl von Sandt          (b. 1861 - d. 1918)  Non-party
29 Jan 1918 - 31 Mar 1918  Carl Friedrich Wilhelm von Born-   (s.a.)               Non-party
                             Fallois (2nd time) (acting)
31 Mar 1918 - 11 Nov 1918  Otto Adolf Ludwig von Steinmeister (b. 1860 - d. 1937)  Non-party
Austro-Hungarian Chiefs of the Civil State Commissariat
Sep 1915 - Jul 1916        Georg Kornel Graf Wodzicki von     (b. 1865 - d. 1952)  Non-party
                             Granow
                             (= Jerzy Kornel hrabia Wodzicki z Granówa)
Jul 1916 -  1 Mar 1918     Georg Viktor Ritter von Madeyski   (b. 1872 - d. 1939)  Non-party                              (= Jerzy Wiktor rycerz Madeyski) 
Marshal of the Crown, Chairman of the Provisional Council of State
15 Jan 1917 - 28 Aug 1917  Wacław Józef Niemojowski           (s.a.)               Non-party
Minister-Presidents (prime ministers)
26 Nov 1917 - 27 Feb 1918  Jan Kucharzewski (1st time)        (b. 1876 - d. 1952)  Non-party
27 Feb 1918 -  4 Apr 1918  Antoni Ponikowski (1st time)       (b. 1878 - d. 1949)  SND
                             (acting)
 4 Apr 1918 -  2 Oct 1918  Jan Kanty Steczkowski              (b. 1862 - d. 1929)  SPN
27 Jul 1918 - 30 Sep 1918  Stanisław Dzierzbicki              (b. 1854 - d. 1919)  Non-party
                             (acting for Steczkowski)
30 Sep 1918 -  2 Oct 1918  Bohdan Broniewski                  (b. 1855 - d. 1922)  Non-party
                             (acting for Steczkowski)
 2 Oct 1918 -  9 Oct 1918  Jan Kucharzewski (2nd time)        (s.a.)               Non-party
 9 Oct 1918 - 23 Oct 1918  Bohdan Broniewski (acting)         (s.a.)               Non-party
23 Oct 1918 -  4 Nov 1918  Józef Świeżyński                   (b. 1868 - d. 1948)  SND
 4 Nov 1918 - 14 Nov 1918  Władysław Wróblewski (acting)      (b. 1875 - d. 1951)  Non-party
Prime minister of the Provisional People's Government
 7 Nov 1918 - 17 Nov 1918  Ignacy Ewaryst Daszyński           (b. 1866 - d. 1936)  PPSD
                            (in dissidence, in Lublin to 14 Nov 1918)
Minister-Presidents (prime ministers)
17 Nov 1918 - 16 Jan 1919  Jędrzej Edward Moraczewski         (b. 1870 - d. 1944)  PPSD
16 Jan 1919 - 13 Dec 1919  Ignacy Jan Paderewski              (b. 1860 - d. 1941)  Non-party
13 Dec 1919 - 23 Jun 1920  Leopold Skulski                    (b. 1877 - d. 1940)  NZL
23 Jun 1920 - 24 Jul 1920  Władysław Dominik Grabski          (b. 1874 - d. 1938)  ZLN
                             (1st time)   
24 Jul 1920 - 19 Sep 1921  Wincenty Witos (1st time)          (b. 1874 - d. 1945)  PSL-P
19 Sep 1921 - 28 Jun 1922  Antoni Ponikowski (2nd time)       (s.a.)               PSCD
28 Jun 1922 - 31 Jul 1922  Artur Śliwiński                    (b. 1877 - d. 1953)  PPS
31 Jul 1922 - 14 Dec 1922  Julian Ignacy Nowak                (b. 1865 - d. 1946)  SPN
Prime ministers (chairmen of the council of ministers)
14 Dec 1922 - 16 Dec 1922  Julian Ignacy Nowak                (s.a.)               SPN
16 Dec 1922 - 28 May 1923  Władysław Eugeniusz Sikorski       (b. 1881 - d. 1943)  Mil
28 May 1923 - 19 Dec 1923  Wincenty Witos (2nd time)          (s.a.)               PSL-P
19 Dec 1923 - 20 Nov 1925  Władysław Dominik Grabski          (s.a.)               ZLN
                             (2nd time)
20 Nov 1925 - 10 May 1926  Aleksander Józef Skrzyński         (b. 1882 - d. 1931)  SPN
10 May 1926 - 15 May 1926  Wincenty Witos (3rd time)          (s.a.)               PSL-P
15 May 1926 -  2 Oct 1926  Kazimierz Władysław Bartel         (b. 1882 - d. 1941)  PP
                             (1st time)
 2 Oct 1926 - 27 Jun 1928  Józef Klemens Piłsudski (1st time) (s.a.)               Mil 
27 Jun 1928 - 14 Apr 1929  Kazimierz Władysław Bartel         (s.a.)              PP;1928 BBWR
                             (2nd time)
14 Apr 1929 - 29 Dec 1929  Kazimierz Stanisław Świtalski      (b. 1886 - d. 1962)  BBWR
29 Dec 1929 - 29 Mar 1930  Kazimierz Władysław Bartel         (s.a.)               BBWR
                             (3rd time)
29 Mar 1930 - 25 Aug 1930  Walery Jan Sławek (1st time)       (b. 1879 - d. 1939)  BBWR
25 Aug 1930 -  4 Dec 1930  Józef Klemens Piłsudski (2nd time) (s.a.)               Mil
 4 Dec 1930 - 27 May 1931  Walery Jan Sławek (2nd time)       (s.a.)               BBWR
27 May 1931 - 10 May 1933  Aleksander Błażej Prystor          (b. 1874 - d. 1941)  BBWR
10 May 1933 - 15 May 1934  Janusz Jędrzejewicz                (b. 1885 - d. 1951)  BBWR
15 May 1934 - 28 Mar 1935  Leon Tadeusz Kozłowski             (b. 1892 - d. 1944)  BBWR
28 Mar 1935 - 13 Oct 1935  Walery Jan Sławek (3rd time)       (s.a.)               BBWR
13 Oct 1935 - 15 May 1936  Marian Zyndram-Kościałkowski       (b. 1892 - d. 1946)  BBWR
15 May 1936 - 28 Sep 1939  Felicjan Sławoj-Składkowski        (b. 1885 - d. 1962)  BBWR
                             (in Romania exile from 17 Sep 1939, resigned 30 Sep 1939)
German Chief of the Civil Administration in the Army Group South
 1 Sep 1939 -  2 Oct 1939  Josef Wagner                       (b. 1899 - d. 1945)  NSDAP
German Supreme Chief of Administration (in Lodsch [Łódź])
 3 Oct 1939 - 25 Oct 1939  Hans Michael Frank                 (s.a.)               NSDAP 
Chairman of the Polish Committee for National Liberation
21 Jul 1944 - 31 Dec 1944  Edward Bolesław Osóbka-Morawski    (b. 1909 - d. 1997)  PPS
                             (in Lublin from 15 Aug 1944)
Prime ministers (chairmen of the council of ministers)
31 Dec 1944 -  6 Feb 1947  Edward Bolesław Osóbka-Morawski    (s.a.)               PPS
                             (in Lublin to 1 Feb 1945)
 6 Feb 1947 - 20 Nov 1952  Józef Adam Zygmund Cyrankiewicz    (s.a.)             PPS;1948 PZPR
                             (1st time)
20 Nov 1952 - 18 Mar 1954  Bolesław Bierut                    (s.a.)               PZPR
18 Mar 1954 - 23 Dec 1970  Józef Adam Zygmund Cyrankiewicz    (s.a.)               PZPR
                             (2nd time)
23 Dec 1970 - 18 Feb 1980  Piotr Jaroszewicz                  (b. 1909 - d. 1992)  PZPR
18 Feb 1980 - 24 Aug 1980  Edward Babiuch                     (b. 1927 - d. 2021)  PZPR
24 Aug 1980 - 11 Feb 1981  Józef Pińkowski                    (b. 1929 - d. 2000)  PZPR
                             (acting to 5 Sep 1980)
11 Feb 1981 -  6 Nov 1985  Wojciech Witold Jaruzelski         (s.a.)               PZPR
                            (also chairman of Military Council of National
                             Salvation² 13 Dec 1981 - 21 Jul 1983)
 6 Nov 1985 - 27 Sep 1988  Zbigniew Messner                   (b. 1929 - d. 2014)  PZPR
27 Sep 1988 -  2 Aug 1989  Mieczysław Franciszek Rakowski     (s.a.)               PZPR
 2 Aug 1989 - 24 Aug 1989  Czesław Kiszczak                   (b. 1925 - d. 2015)  PZPR 
24 Aug 1989 -  4 Jan 1991  Tadeusz Mazowiecki                 (b. 1927 - d. 2013)  Non-party
 4 Jan 1991 -  6 Dec 1991  Jan Krzysztof Bielecki             (b. 1951)            KLD
 6 Dec 1991 -  5 Jun 1992  Jan Ferdynand Olszewski            (b. 1930 - d. 2019)  PC
 5 Jun 1992 - 11 Jul 1992  Waldemar Pawlak (1st time)         (b. 1959)            PSL
11 Jul 1992 - 26 Oct 1993  Hanna Suchocka (f)                 (b. 1946)            UD
26 Oct 1993 -  6 Mar 1995  Waldemar Pawlak (2nd time)         (s.a.)               PSL
 6 Mar 1995 -  7 Feb 1996  Józef Oleksy                       (b. 1946 - d. 2015)  SLD + SdRP
 7 Feb 1996 - 31 Oct 1997  Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz            (b. 1950)            SLD + SdRP
31 Oct 1997 - 19 Oct 2001  Jerzy Karol Buzek                  (b. 1940)            AWS
19 Oct 2001 -  2 May 2004  Leszek Cezary Miller               (b. 1946)            SLD
 2 May 2004 - 31 Oct 2005  Marek Marian Belka                 (b. 1952)            SLD
31 Oct 2005 - 14 Jul 2006  Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz            (b. 1959)            PiS
14 Jul 2006 - 16 Nov 2007  Jarosław Aleksander Kaczyński      (b. 1949)            PiS
16 Nov 2007 - 22 Sep 2014  Donald Franciszek Tusk (1st time)  (b. 1957)            PO 
22 Sep 2014 - 13 Nov 2015  Ewa Bożena Kopacz (f)              (b. 1956)            PO
13 Nov 2015 - 11 Dec 2017  Beata Maria Szydło (f)             (b. 1963)            PiS
11 Dec 2017 - 11 Dec 2023  Mateusz Jakub Morawiecki           (b. 1968)            PiS
11 Dec 2023 -              Donald Franciszek Tusk (2nd time)  (s.a.)               PO

Polish Republic in exile³

Presidents
30 Sep 1939 -  6 Jun 1947  Władysław Raczkiewicz              (b. 1885 - d. 1947)  Non-party
 9 Jun 1947 -  7 Apr 1972  August Zaleski                     (b. 1883 - d. 1972)  Non-party
 3 Aug 1954 -  7 Apr 1972  Council of Three
                           - Edward Bernard Raczyński         (b. 1891 - d. 1993)  Non-party
                           - Władysław Anders                 (b. 1892 - d. 1970)Mil/Non-party
                               (to 12 May 1970)
                           - Tomasz Arciszewski               (b. 1877 - d. 1955)  PPS
                               (to 20 Nov 1955)
                           - Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski           (b. 1895 - d. 1966)Mil/Non-party
                               (1956 - 24 Aug 1966)
                           - Roman Władysław Odzierzyński     (b. 1892 - d. 1975)Mil/Non-party
                               (1966-1968) 
                           - Stanisław Mglej (1968-1969)      (b. 1900 - d. 1976)  SN
                           - Alfred Urbański (from 1969)      (b. 1899 - d. 1983)  PPS
                           - Stanisław Kopański (from 1970)   (b. 1895 - d. 1976)Mil/Non-party
                           (in opposition to Zaleski)
 9 Apr 1972 - 24 Mar 1979  Stanisław Ostrowski                (b. 1892 - d. 1982)  Non-party
 8 Apr 1979 -  8 Apr 1986  Edward Bernard Raczyński           (s.a.)               Non-party
 8 Apr 1986 - 19 Jul 1989  Kazimierz Aleksander Sabbat        (b. 1913 - d. 1989)  Non-party
19 Jul 1989 - 22 Dec 1990  Ryszard Kaczorowski                (b. 1919 - d. 2010)  Non-party

Prime ministers
30 Sep 1939 - 18 Jul 1940  Władysław Eugeniusz Sikorski       (s.a.)               Mil
                             (2nd time)
18 Jul 1940 - 20 Jul 1940  August Zaleski                     (s.a.)               Non-party
20 Jul 1940 -  4 Jul 1943  Władysław Eugeniusz Sikorski       (s.a.)               Mil
                             (3rd time)
 5 Jul 1943 - 29 Nov 1944  Stanisław Mikołajczyk              (b. 1901 - d. 1966)  SL
                             (acting to 14 Jul 1943)
29 Nov 1944 -  2 Jul 1947  Tomasz Arciszewski                 (s.a.)               PPS
 2 Jul 1947 -  7 Apr 1949  Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski             (s.a.)             Mil/Non-party
 7 Apr 1949 - 25 Sep 1950  Tadeusz Tomaszewski                (b. 1881 - d. 1950)  PPS
25 Sep 1950 - 18 Jan 1954  Roman Władysław Odzierzyński       (s.a.)             Mil/Non-party
18 Jan 1954 -  8 Jun 1954  Jerzy Hryniewski                   (b. 1895 - d. 1978)  LNP
 8 Jun 1954 -  8 Aug 1955  Stanisław Cat-Mackiewicz           (b. 1896 - d. 1966)  Non-party
 8 Aug 1955 - 11 Sep 1955  Hugon Hanke                        (b. 1904 - d. 1964)  SP
11 Sep 1955 - 25 Jun 1965  Antoni Pająk                       (b. 1893 - d. 1965)  PPS
25 Jun 1965 - 16 Jul 1970  Aleksander Zawisza                 (b. 1896 - d. 1977)  Non-party
16 Jul 1970 - 15 Jul 1972  Zygmunt Muchniewski                (b. 1896 - d. 1979)  SP
15 Jul 1972 -  2 Jul 1976  Alfred Urbański                    (s.a.)               PSS
 5 Aug 1976 -  7 Apr 1986  Kazimierz Aleksander Sabbat        (s.a.)               Non-party
 7 Apr 1986 - 22 Dec 1990  Edward Franciszek Szczepanik       (b. 1915 - d. 2005)  LNP
 

French Commissioners (Residents) in the Duchy of Warsaw
18 May 1807 - 30 Oct 1807  Louis-Étienne Vincent de Margnolas (b. 1781 - d. 1809)
                             (Marniola) (interim)
30 Oct 1807 - 19 Feb 1808  Jean-François de Bourgoing (acting)(b. 1748 - d. 1811)
19 Feb 1808 - 25 Dec 1810  Jean-Charles François Serra        (b. 1760 - d. 1813)
                             (from 16 Dec 1810, Jean Charles François, baron de Serra)
25 Dec 1810 - 27 May 1812  Louis-Pierre Édouard, baron Bignon (b. 1771 - d. 1841)
                             (1st time)
27 May 1812 - 28 Dec 1812  Dominique Georges Dufour de Pradt  (b. 1759 - d. 1837)
 8 Jan 1813 - 22 Mar 1813  Louis-Pierre Édouard, baron Bignon (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)

 ¹Under the elective kingship, a king assumed office upon his coronation at the Coronation Diet. The record also includes the date of proclamation of the election at the Election Diet. From 6 Jan 1573, during a vacancy in the elective kingship, the primate of Poland ex officio (occasionally another prelate, in emergency situations) headed the state with the style Interrex. Informally from 4 Jul 1569, constitutionally from 3 May 1791, Poland and Lithuania constituted the United Commonwealth of Two Nations; the Polish king also had the style of Grand Prince of Lithuania, and the two countries were governed together and were represented on the Diets. Although de jure the Polish Interrex only dealt with Poland during a vacancy in the kingship (the Lithuanian Council of State dealing with Lithuania), this is de facto a spurious distinction.
 (a) 26 Jun 1295 -  8 Feb 1296: (in Latin) Rex Polonię et dux Pomoranię ("King of Poland and Duke of Pomerania");
 (b) 8 Feb 1296 - Aug 1300: (in Latin) Dux regni Polonię ("Duke of Kingdom of Poland");
 (c) 20 Jan 1320 - 18 Feb 1386: (in Latin) Rex Polonię; (in Polish) Król Polski ("Kings of Poland");
 (d) 18 Feb 1385 - 25 Jun 1447: (in Latin) Rex Polonię, Lythuanię princeps supremus; (in Polish) Król Polski, Wieli xiążę Litewscy ("King of Poland, Grand Princes of Lithuania");
 (e) 25 Jun 1447 - 31 May 1505: (in Latin) Rex Polonię, magnus dux Lithwanię; (in Polish) Król Polski, Wieli xiążę Litewscy ("King of Poland, Grand Prince of Lithuania");
 (f) 31 May 1505 - 9 Nov 1794: (in Latin) Rex Poloniae, magnus dux Lithuaniae; (in Polish) Król Polski, Wieli xiążę Litewscy ("King of Poland, Grand Prince of Lithuania");
 (g) The full style of Polish kings (and Grand Princes of Lithuania) from 1573 was (in official Latin): Dei Gratiae Rex Poloniae, Magnus Dux Lituaniae, Russiae, Prussiae, Masoviae, Samogithiae, Kiioviae, Volhyniae, Podoliae, Podlachiae, Livoniae, Smolensciae, Severiae, Czernichoviaeque, etc., etc.; (in Polish): Z Bożej łaski, Król Polski, Wielki Książę Litewski, Ruski, Pruski, Mazowiecki, Żmudzki, Kijowski, Wołyński, Podolski, Podlaski, Inflancki, Smoleński, Siewierski i Czernihowski ("by the Grace of God, King of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania, Russia, Prussia, Mazovia, Samogithia, Kiev, Volhynia, Podolia, Podlachia, Livonia, Smolensk, Severia and Chernigov, etc., etc,");
 (h) 17 Sep 1807 - 9 May 1815 full style of the ruler: z Bożej łaski, Król Saski, Książę [Xiążę] Warszawski, etc. ("by the Grace of God, King of Saxony, Duke of Warsaw, etc.").

 ²A Military Council for National Salvation (Przewodniczący Wojskowej Rady Ocalenia Narodowego)(WRON), chaired by Wojciech Jaruzelski (s.a.) ruled in 13 Dec 1981 - 21 Jul 1983 while the martial law (declared 13 Dec 1982) was in force. Its members were: Wojciech Jaruzelski (s.a.), Józef Baryła (b. 1924 - d. 2016), Kazimierz Garbacik (b. 1927), Zbigniew Nowak (b. 1926 - d. 2020), Mirosław Hermaszewski (b. 1941), Tadeusz Hupałowski (b. 1922 - d. 1999), Ludwik Janczyszyn (b. 1923 - d. 1994), Michał Konrad Janiszewski (b. 1926 - d. 2016), Jerzy Bronisław Jarosz (b. 1931), Zygmunt Zieliński (b. 1925 - d. 2017), Czesław Jan Kiszczak (b. 1925 - d. 2015), Tadeusz Krepski (b. 1920 - d. 1988), Roman Józef Leś (b. 1924 - d. 1988), Longin Łozowicki (b. 1926 - d. 2013), Tadeusz Makarewicz (b. 1925), Eugeniusz Longin Molczyk (b. 1925 - d. 2007), Włodzimierz Józef Oliwa (b. 1924 - d. 1989), Czesław Wojciech Piotrowski (b. 1926 - d. 2005), Henryk Rapacewicz (b. 1926 - d. 1991), Florian Siwicki (b. 1925 - d. 2013), Tadeusz Leon Tuczapski (b. 1922 - d. 2009), Józef Janusz Użycki (b. 1932), and Jerzy Mieczysław Włosiński (b. 1943). 

 ³The Polish Government in exile lost the diplomatic recognition of the Western Allies on 5 Jul 1945, it continued in exile until the end of communist rule 22 Dec 1990.

Noble and Ecclesiastical Titles (Polish, German and Russian): Arcyksiążę/Arcyksiężna = Archduke/Archduchess; Arcybiskup = Archbishop; Baron/Baronesa = Baron/Baroness; Biskup = Bishop; Cesarz/Cesarzowa = Emperor/Empress; Diuk = Duke; Erzherzog = Archduke; Freiherr = Baron; Graf = Count; Herzog = Duke; Hrabia/Hrabina = Count/Countessa; Hrabia Palatyn = Count Palatine; Herzog = Duke; Kardynał = Cardinal; Knyaz' = Prince; Król/Królowa = King/Queen; Królewicz/Królewna = Prince/Princess Royal; Książę/Księżna = Prince/Princess (the style Kniaż/Kniahini or Kniagini title was also used is eastern parts of Poland for old families of tribal rulers, equal to Książę, but more distinguished); Margrabia/Markiz = Margrave; Naczelnik = Leader/Chief (not a noble title, but the style used by leaders of national insurrections in Poland); Ritter = Knight; Rycerz = Knight; Velikiy Knyaz' = Grand Duke; Wicehrabia = Viscount.

Territorial Disputes: As a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Poland has implemented the strict Schengen border rules to restrict illegal immigration and trade along its eastern borders with Belarus and Ukraine.

Party abbreviations: PiS = Prawo i Sprawiedliwość (Law and Justice, national conservative, populist, national clericalism, Eurosceptic, est.13 Jun 2001); PO = Platforma Obywatelska Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej (Civic Platform of the Republic, christian-democratic, centrist, est.1 Jul 2001); PSL = Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe (Polish People's Party, agrarian, christian-democratic, 1945-21 Dec 1948, merged into PZPR, re-est.5 May 1990); SD = Stronnictwo Demokratyczne (Alliance of Democrats, centrist, est.15 Apr 1939); SLD = Sojusz Lewicy Demokratycznej (Union of Left Democrats, social-democratic, former SdRP and PZPR, to 15 Jun 1999 parliamentary coalition incl. SdRP, est.9 Jul 1991); UP = Unia Pracy (Labour Union, social-democratic, est.7 Jun 1992); Mil = Military;
- Former Parties: AWS = Akcja Wyborcza Solidarność Prawicy (Solidarity Electoral Action of the Right, conservative, 8 Jun 1996-18 Oct 2001); BBWR = Bezpartyjny Blok Współpracy z Rządem (Non-Partisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government, populist, pro-government grouping, J. Piłsudski personalist, "Sanacja" [Sanation] movement, Nov 1927-30 Oct 1935); KLD = Kongres Liberalno-Demokratyczny (Liberal Democratic Congress, center-right, liberal, 29 Jun 1990-24 Apr 1994, then UW); KPRP = Komunistyczna Partia Robotnicza Polski (Polish Communist Party of Workers, Marxist-Lenininst communist, 16 Dec 1918 - 5 Feb 1925, merged into KPP); KPP = Komunistyczna Partia Polski (Polish Communist Party, communist, former KPRP, 5 Feb 1925-16 Aug 1938); Lib = Biali/Stronnictwo Białych (Whites/White Party, liberals, opposed Rad, c.1858); LNP = Liga Niepodległości Polski (Polish Independence League, est.1944); NSDAP = Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (National Socialist German Workers' Party, "Nazi" German fascist, 1920-1945, only legal party in General government Oct 1939-Jan 1945); NZL = Narodowe Zjednoczenie Ludowe (National Peoples' Union, split from ZLN, Oct 1919-1922, merged into Polskie Stronnictwo Katolicko-Ludowe); PP = Partia Pracy (Labour Party, split from PSL-W, 1925-Nov 1928, merged into BBWR); PPR = Polska Partia Robotnicza (Polish Workers' Party, communist, 5 Jan 1942-21 Dec 1948, merged into PZPR); PPS = Polska Partia Socjalistyczna (Polish Socialist Party, socialist, 23 Nov 1892-21 Dec 1948, merged into PZPR); PPSD = Polska Partia Socjalno-Demokratyczna Galicji i Śląska Cieszyńskiego (Polish Social Democratic Party of Galicia and Silesia, 1897-Apr 1919, merged into PPS); PSCD = Polskie Stronnictwo Chrześcijańskiej Demokracji (Polish Christian Democratic Party, christian democratic, center-right, 1919-10 Oct 1937, merged into SP); PSL = Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe (Polish People's [Peasant] Party, agrarian, Polish nationalist, 3 Feb 1903-1 Feb 1914, split into PSL-P and [from 6 Dec 1915] PSL-W); PSL-P = Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe - "Piast" (Polish Peasant Party "Piast", agrarian, christian-democratic, 1 Feb 1914-15 Mar 1931, merged into SL); PSL-W = Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe - "Wyzwolenie" (Polish Peasant Party "Liberation", agrarian socialist, 6 Dec 1915-15 Mar 1931, merged into SL); PZPR = Polska Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza (Polish United Workers' Party, communist, merger of PPR and PPS, 21 Dec 1948-29 Jan 1990); Rad = Czerwoni/Stronnictwo Czerwonych (Reds/Red Party, radical liberals, opposed Lib, c.1861); SdRP = Socjaldemokracja Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej (Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland, social democratic, former PZPR; 27 Jan 1990 - 15 Apr 1999, merged into SLD); SKL = Stronnictwo Konserwatywno-Ludowe (Conservative People's Party, christian-democratic, 12 Jan 1997-Dec 2003, as Stronnictwo Konserwatywno-Ludowe – Ruch Nowej Polski [Conservative People's Party-New Polish Movement (SKL-RNP)] 25 Sep 2007-1 Mar 2014); SL = Stronnictwo Ludowe (People's Party, agrarian, populist, merger of PSL-P, PSL-W & Stronnictwo Chłopskie, 15 Mar 1931-27 Nov 1949, merged into ZSL); SND = Stronnictwo Narodowo-Demokratyczne (National Democratic Party, 1897-Oct 1919, merged into ZLN); SP = Stronnictwo Pracy (Labour Party, christian-democratic, merger of NPR and PSCD, 10 Oct 1937-1950); SPN = Stronnictwo Prawicy Narodowej (Party of National Right, 1907-1927, merged into BBWR); SPR = Stronnictwo Polityki Realnej (Party of Real Politics, conservative liberal, 18 Oct 1905-Mar 1923); UD = Unia Demokratyczna (Democratic Union, christian-democratic, 2 Dec 1990-24 Apr 1994, merged into UW); UW = Unia Wolności (Union of Freedom, christian-democratic, centrist, merger of KLD and UD, 24 Apr 1994 - 7 May 2005, renamed Partia Demokratyczna); ZLN = Związek Ludowo-Narodowy (National-Populist Union, former ND, Oct 1919 - 7 Oct 1928, merged into SN); ZSL = Zjednoczone Stronnictwo Ludowe (United People's Party, agrarian, 27 Nov 1949-29 Nov 1989)

Chairman of the Plenipotentiary Commissioners (of the Protecting Powers)
18 Oct 1815 - 20 Nov 1815  Joseph Franz de Paula Graf von     (b. 1756 - d. 1822)
                             Sweerts-Spork (Austria)
Chairmen of the Governing Senate of the Free City of Cracow
20 Nov 1815 - 18 Jan 1831  Stanisław Karol hrabia Wodzicki    (b. 1764 - d. 1843)
18 Jan 1831 - 23 Mar 1833  No permanent chairman
                           [senators with no apparent sequence or term]
23 Mar 1833 - 30 May 1833  Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
                           Commissioners (of the Protecting Powers)
                           - Wilhelm Freiherr von Pflügl      (b. 1790 - d. 1869)
                               (Austria)
                           - August von Forckenbeck (Prussia) (b. 1792 - d. 1871)
                           - Ludwik Tęgoborski (Russia)       (b. 1793 - d. 1857)
                              (= Lyudvig Tengoborskiy)
23 Mar 1833 - 24 Feb 1836  Kasper Wielogłowski z Wielogłów    (b. c.1780 - d. 1847)
25 Feb 1836 - 26 Apr 1839  Józef Haller de Hallenburg         (b. 1783 - d. 1850)
                             (Joseph Haller von Hallenburg)
27 Apr 1839 - May 1839     Antoni Onufry książę Bystrzonowski (b. 1768 - d. 1848)
                             z Bystrzanowic (1st time)(acting)
May 1839 - Jul 1839        Jan Chrzciciel Michał Schindler    (b. 1802 - d. 1890)
                             (1st time) (acting) 
Jul 1839 - Sep 1839        Antoni Onufry książę Bystrzonowski (s.a.)
                             z Bystrzanowic (2nd time)(acting)
Sep 1839 - Jun 1840        Jan Chrzciciel Michał Schindler    (s.a.)
                             (2nd time) (acting) 
Jun 1840 - Jul 1840        Ludwik Łętowski z Łętowa (acting)  (b. 1786 - d. 1886)
Jul 1840 - Aug 1840        Ludwik Sobolewski (1st time)       (b. 1781 - d. 1858)
                             (acting)
Aug 1840 - Sep? 1840       Jacenty (Jacek) Księżarski (acting)(b. 1800 - d. 1862)
Sep 1840 - Oct 1840        Jan Chrzciciel Michał Schindler    (s.a.)
                             (3rd time) (acting) 
Oct 1840 - Nov 1840        Ludwik Sobolewski (2nd time)       (s.a.)
                             (acting) 
Dec 1840 - 22 Feb 1846     Jan Chrzciciel Michał Schindler    (s.a.)
                             (4th time) (acting to 5 Mar 1841) 
22 Feb 1846                Provisional Committee of Safety of
                           Citizens of the City of Cracow
                           [no chairman indicated]
                           - Józef Wincenty Dionizy hrabia    (b. 1775 - d. 1847)
                              Wodzicki (1st time)(senior member)
                           - Piotr Stanisław Moszyński        (b. 1800 - d. 1879)
                               (1st time)
                           - Józef Kossowski (1st time)       (b. 1793 - d. 1859)
                           - Leon Bochenek (1st time)         (b. 1801 - d. 1886)
                           - Antoni Zygmunt Helcel (Hölzel)   (b. 1808 - d. 1870)
                               (1st time)
22 Feb 1846 - 24 Feb 1846  National Government of the Republic of Poland
                           - Ludwik Jędrzej Gorzkowski        (b. 1811 - d. 1857?) TDP
                           - Jan Józef Tyssowski              (b. 1811 - d. 1857)
                           - Aleksander Grzegorzewski         (b. 1806 - d. 1855)
Dictator of the National Government of the Republic of Poland
24 Feb 1846 -  3 Mar 1846  Jan Józef Tyssowski                (s.a.)
 3 Mar 1846                Provisional Committee of Safety of
                           Citizens of the City of Cracow
                           [no chairman indicated]
                           - Józef Wincenty Dionizy hrabia    (s.a.)
                              Wodzicki (2nd time)(senior member)
                           - Piotr Stanisław Moszyński        (s.a.)
                               (2nd time)
                           - Józef Kossowski (2nd time)       (s.a.)
                           - Leon Bochenek (2nd time)         (s.a.)
                           - Antoni Zygmunt Helcel (Hölzel)   (s.a.)
                               (2nd time)
Presiding Member of the Provisional Civil Administration
 3 Mar 1846 - Apr 1846     Wiktor Adam Karol Kopff            (b. 1805 - d. 1889)
                             (= Victor Adam Carl Kopff)
Chief of the Military and Civil Administration
 7 Mar 1846 - 16 Nov 1846  Heinrich Graf von Castiglione      (b. 1790 - d. 1853)
                             (Austria)
Director of the Civil Administrative Council
Apr 1846 - 16 Nov 1846     Jacenty (Jacek) Księżarski         (b. 1800 - d. 1862)
Chairman of the National Committee
18 Mar 1848 - 26 Apr 1848  Józef Walenty Krzyżanowski         (b. 1799 - d. 1849)
                             (in rebellion)

Commanders of the Forces Occupying the Territory of the Free
State in the Name of the Three Protecting Powers (all from Austria)
17 Feb 1836 - 23 Jan 1838  Franz Kaufmann von Trauensteinburg (b. 1777 - d. 1838)  Mil
26 Feb 1838 - 20 Feb 1841  Joseph Ignaz Malter                (b. c.1785 - d. 1864)Mil

Residents of the Protecting Powers
- Austrian Residents and Consuls-general -
18 Oct 1815 - 30 Dec 1818  Joseph Franz de Paula Graf von     (s.a.)
                             Sweerts-Spork
                             (plenipotentiary commissioner)
30 Dec 1818 - 27 Mar 1827  Emanuel Anton Freiherr Lipowsky    (b. 1763 - d. 1827)
                             von Lipowicz
27 Mar 1827 - 1828         Joseph Freiherr von Oechsner
                             (Öchsner)(chargé d'affaires)
1828 -  5 Oct 1835         Franz von Lorenz (Lorentz)         (b. 17.. - d. 1864)
                             (acting to 6 Nov 1830)
 5 Oct 1835 - 16 Nov 1846  Ignaz Franz Mathias von Liehmann   (b. 1798? - d. 1876)
                             (from 1842, Ignaz Franz Mathias
                              Ritter Liehmann von Palmrode) 
                             (acting to 21 Nov 1837)
- Prussian Residents -
18 Oct 1815 -  6 Jun 1818  Ernst Carl Wilhelm Freiherr von    (b. 1766 - d. 1829)
                             Reibnitz
                             (plenipotentiary commissioner)
 6 Jun 1818 -  7 Jul 1830  Georg Ludwig Darrest (d'Arrest)    (b. 1768 - d. 1830)
 7 Jul 1830 - May 1831     Friedrich Dollega (acting)
May 1831 - 4 Dec 1832      Friedrich Wilhelm Constantin von   (b. 1792 - d. 1832)
                             Knobelsdorff
 4 Dec 1832 - 1833         August von Forckenbeck (acting)    (s.a.)
1833 - 14 Jul 1843         Otto Emil von Hartmann             (b. 1786 – d. 1854)
14 Jul 1843 - 16 Nov 1846  Ludwig Wilhelm von Engelhardt      (b. 17.. - d. 1853)
- Russian Residents and Consuls-general -
18 Oct 1815 -  6 Jun 1818  Ignacy hrabia Miączyński           (b. 1767 - d. 1840)
                             (= Graf Ignatiy Mionchinskiy)
                             (plenipotentiary commissioner)
 6 Jun 1818 - 22 Aug 1835  Stanisław Kostka Zarzecki          (b. 1765 - d. 1853)
                             (= Stanislav Zarzhetskiy)
22 Aug 1835 - 16 Nov 1846  Ernst Wilhelm Rembert Freiherr     (b. 1794 - d. 1879)
                             von Ungern-Sternberg
                            (= Baron Ernest Romanovich fon Ungern-Shternberg)

Party abbreviations: TDP = Towarzystwo Demokratyczne Polskie (Polish Democratic Society, radical constitutionalist, Mar 1832-1862); Mil = Military

 9th cent.                 First written mention about settlement.
997                        Visit of St. Adalbert (= St. Wojciech/Vojtěch).
1123                       Part of the Principality of Pomerania, which is a Polish 

                             fief and (from 1138) a division of Poland.

1178                       Pomerelia (also called East, Upper or Little Pomerania), having

                             been informal subdivision of Pomerania from 1137, has gradually
                             became a separate Polish division. Rulers of Pomerelia styled

                             Princes of Danzig (from 1234, the Princes of Pomerelia).

1224                       City rights granted.

1227                       Pomerelia independent.

25 Dec 1294                Pomerelia inherited by the prince of Greater Poland (Wielkopolska)

                             and restored to Poland.

1301 - 1302                Occupied by the Teutonic Order.

13 Nov 1308                Danzig (and Pomerelia) conquered by the Teutonic Order.

13 Sep 1309                Danzig (and Pomerelia)(Herzogtum der Pommerellen) incorporated 

                             into the territories of the Teutonic Order (recognized by

                             Poland 1343).

1342                       First mayors elected (Bürgermeister); four mayors were elected

                             by the Council until 1793. The first had the title of President 
                             (Präsident) or Presiding Mayor (Präsidierende Bürgermeister) and
                             had the highest executive authority, the second had the title
                             had the title of Vice-President (Vice-Präsident). The mayors
                             rotated their positions: after a year in the office, the

                             President gave power to the Vice-President and became the 

                             fourth mayor, etc.

1361                       Danzig a member of the Hanseatic League.

1410 - 1411                Occupied by Poland.

1440                       Accession of Danzig to the Prussian League (Preussischer Bund).

11 Feb 1454                Danzig-led alliance of cities rescinds homage to the Prussian

                             Teutonic Knights (by take-over of castle [subsequently razed]).

 6 Mar 1454                Royal (West) Prussia, including Danzig, incorporated into Poland.

16 Jun 1454                Constitution (by Privilegia Casimiriana).

1455                       Jungstadt and Altstadt incorporated into Rechte Stadt Danzig.

 9 Jul 1455                Right to raise taxes given (by royal privilege).

15 May 1457                Unification ratified; Danzig an immediate city within Poland

                             (by royal privilege).

19 Oct 1466                Polish sovereignty over Danzig and West Prussia recognized by 

                             the Teutonic Order by peace treaty.

 6 Nov 1520 - 10 Nov 1520  Under siege by the Teutonic Knights.

22 Jan 1525                Protestant uprising (effected 25 Jan 1525 by Artikelbrief).
26 Jan 1525                Council re-elected, mayor confirmed (effective 27 Jan 1526 by oath)
17 Apr 1526                Polish King himself in Danzig, to preside over a trial of the

                             revolt leaders (catholic service restored 22 Apr 1526).
18 Jun 1526                New council appointed, mayor again confirmed by oath.

20 Jul 1526                Constitution (by Statuta et Ordinationes per Sigismundum, regem

                             Poloniae, pro bono et pacato statu Gedanensis civitatis factae;

                             "Statuta Sigismundi").

13 Jun 1577 - 15 Jun 1577  Under siege by Stefan Batory, King of Poland.

 8 Aug 1577 -  3 Sep 1577  Under siege by Stefan Batory, King of Poland.

16 Dec 1577                City finally pays homage to the King of Poland.

1626 - 28 Nov 1627         Under blockade by Sweden.

Jul 1626 - 12 Sep 1635     Dantziger Hauptt (Danziger Haupt)(Głowa Gdańska) occupied by

                             Sweden.

Feb 1656 - 22 Dec 1659     Dantziger Hauptt re-occupied by Sweden.

 3 May 1660                Oliwa (Oliva) incorporated into Danzig.

 2 Oct 1733 - 30 Jun 1734  Russia lays siege to Danzig (where Stanisław Leszczyński had taken

                             refuge) on behalf of Friedrich August II Elector of Saxony. On 30

                             Jun 1734 it capitulates to Russian commander Graf Burkhard

                             Christoph von Münnich (Khristofor Antonovich Minikh)(b. 1683 -

                             d. 1767).

 5 Aug 1772                Danzig becomes an enclave separated from Poland, but under Polish

                             suzerainty, when West Prussia is annexed by Prussia in the First

                             Partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

23 Jan 1793                By Second Partition of Poland by Russia and Prussia: Greater

                             Poland and Danzig to be ceded to Prussia. 

24 Feb 1793                Prussia demands to militarily occupy Danzig.

 8 Mar 1793 -  4 Apr 1793  Under siege by Prussia.

11 Mar 1793                Voluntary submission to Prussia offered (formal homage 7 May 1793).

25 Mar 1793                Formally annexed, along with West Prussia, by Prussia by the

                             Besitznahmepatent (Possession Patent).

 2 Apr 1793                Danzig made part of West Prussia (by Cabinetts-Ordre).

 4 Apr 1793                Occupied by Prussia.

 7 May 1793                Incorporated into Prussia (by act of homage).

20 Mar 1807 - 27 May 1807  Under siege by French forces.

27 May 1807 - 21 Jul 1807  French occupation, Prussian forces withdrawn.

 7 Jul 1807                By Franco-Russian Treaty of Tilsit, sides agree to re-establishment

                             of Danzig, with a territory of two leagues radius from its

                             circumference, in its independence.

 9 Jul 1807                By Franco-Prussian Treaty of Tilsit, Prussia renounces Danzig and

                             agrees to restoration of an independent Danzig. On 24 Jul 1807,

                             Prussian king renounces possession of Danzig by proclamation

                             (Danzig-Prussian Boundaries Treaty signed at Elbing 6 Dec 1807). 

10 Jul 1807                Free City of Danzig (Freie Stadt Danzig/Ville libre de Dantzig)
                             (nominally under the joint protection of the Kings of Prussia
                             and King of Saxony-Duke of Warsaw, but is de facto a French
                             protectorate). Separate status of city restored by proclamation.

21 Jul 1807                Restoration of previous form of government (Danzig Senate).

21 Jan 1813                City blocked by Russian force.

18 Oct 1813 - 31 Dec 1813  Under siege by Russian forces.

 2 Jan 1814                French withdraw, Danzig occupied by Russia.

 2 Jan 1814 -  3 Feb 1814  Occupied by Russia.

 3 Feb 1814 - 19 Feb 1814  Prussian administration.

19 Feb 1814                Re-incorporated into Prussia (by seizure; formal homage 3 Aug

                             1815).

 9 Jun 1815                Danzig formally ceded to Prussia (from 1871, Germany) by the

                             Congress of Vienna.

10 Jan 1920                City of Danzig (Stadt Danzig), under the authority of the Principal

                             Allied and Associated Powers and separated from Germany.

15 Nov 1920                Free City of Danzig (Freie Stadt Danzig [Polish Wolne Miasto

                             Gdańsk])(constitutionally styled: Free and Hanseatic City of

                             Danzig [Freie und Hansestadt Danzig] 27 Nov 1920 - 14 Jun 1922),

                             under League of Nations auspices; in binding customs union with

                             Poland.

17 Apr 1924                League of Nations allows Poland to maintain a small military

                             transit depot garrison on the Westerplatte Peninsula (effective

                             Jan 1926).

 6 Mar 1933 - 16 Mar 1933  Poland occupies the port of Danzig in an effort to reassert

                             Polish prestige in the Free City.

 1 Sep 1939                Danzig incorporated into Germany (as Stadt Danzig).

 7 Sep 1939                Polish defenders of Westerplatte fort in Danzig harbor surrender.

26 Oct 1939                Merged with parts of occupied Poland as Reichsgau Westpreussen.

 2 Nov 1939                Renamed Reichsgau Danzig-Westpreussen.

30 Mar 1945                Occupied by Soviet forces.

 7 Apr 1945                Reichsgau Danzig-Westpreussen, including the city of Danzig/Gdańsk,

                             is annexed by Poland as the Voivodeship of Gdańsk (Województwo

                             Gdańskie) by decree of 30 Mar 1945.

1945 - 1947                Danzig Germans are expelled.

 2 Aug 1945                At the Potsdam Conference, the Allies decide on a provisional

                             Polish administration over Danzig pending a future peace

                             treaty (annexed 26 Dec 1945)(border recognized by East Germany

                             6 Jun 1950 [signed 6 Jul 1950] and West Germany 7 Dec 1970,

                             confirmed by Treaty of Warsaw 14 Nov 1990).

Presidents of the Senate (Präsident des Senats)
21 Jul 1807 - 14 Mar 1808  Karl Friedrich von Gralath         (b. 1741 - d. 1818)
14 Mar 1808 - 16 Mar 1809  Daniel Andreas Zernecke (1st time) (b. 1745 - d. 1821)
                             (acting to 17 Mar 1808)
16 Mar 1809-19/21 Mar 1810 Karl Renner                        (b. 1739 - d. 1819)
19/21 Mar 1810-18 Mar 1811 Jacob Ernst Schumann (1st time)    (b. 1749 - d. 1823)
18 Mar 1811 - 18 Mar 1812  Gottlieb Hufeland                  (b. 1760 - d. 1817)
18 Mar 1812 - 17 Mar 1813  Daniel Andreas Zernecke (2nd time) (s.a.)
17 Mar 1813 - 19 Feb 1814  Jacob Ernst Schumann (2nd time)    (s.a.)
Imperial and Prussian State Commissioner (Reichs- und Preussischer Staatskommissar)
 4 Dec 1919 - 10 Jan 1920  Lothar Foerster                    (b. 1865 - d. 1939)  Non-party
Lord Mayor (Oberbürgermeister)
10 Jan 1920 - 10 Mar 1920  Heinrich Friedrich Wilhelm Sahm    (b. 1877 - d. 1939)  Non-party
Chairman of the Council of State
10 Mar 1920 -  7 Dec 1920  Heinrich Friedrich Wilhelm Sahm    (s.a.)               Non-party
Presidents of the Senate
 7 Dec 1920 -  9 Jan 1931  Heinrich Friedrich Wilhelm Sahm    (s.a.)               Non-party
 9 Jan 1931 - 20 Jun 1933  Ernst Bruno Victor Ziehm           (b. 1867 - d. 1962)  DNVP
20 Jun 1933 - 23 Nov 1934  Hermann Adolf Reinhold Rauschning  (b. 1887 - d. 1982)  NSDAP
23 Nov 1934 - 23 Aug 1939  Arthur Karl Greiser                (b. 1897 - d. 1946)  NSDAP
                             (acting to 28 Nov 1934)
Gauleiter (designated as Head of State [Staatsoberhaupt])
23 Aug 1939 -  1 Sep 1939  Albert Maria Forster               (b. 1902 - d. 1952)  NSDAP
                             (NSDAP Gauleiter von Danzig 15 Oct 1930 - 4 May 1945)
Chief of Civil Administration
 1 Sep 1939 - 25 Oct 1939  Albert Maria Forster               (s.a.)               NSDAP
Reichsstatthalter in Danzig-Westpreussen
26 Oct 1939 - 30 Mar 1945  Albert Maria Forster               (s.a.)               NSDAP
Soviet Military Commander (of the 2nd Byelorussian Front)
30 Mar 1945 -  7 Apr 1945  Konstantin Konstantinovich         (b. 1896 - d. 1968)  Mil
                             Rokossovskiy

High Commissioners of the League of Nations
12 Nov 1919 -  7 Sep 1920  Sir Reginald Thomas Tower (U.K.)   (b. 1860 - d. 1939)
                             (acting to 13 Feb 1920)
15 Nov 1920 - 10 Dec 1920  Edward Lisle Strutt (U.K.)         (b. 1874 - d. 1948)
                             (acting)
10 Dec 1920 - 24 Jan 1921  Bernardo Attolico (Italy)          (b. 1880 - d. 1942)
24 Jan 1921 - Jan 1923     Sir Richard Cyril Byrne Haking     (b. 1862 - d. 1945)
                             (U.K.) 
 6 Mar 1923 - Nov 1925     Mervyn Sorley McDonnell (U.K.)     (b. 1880 - d. 1949)
13 Dec 1925 - 22 Jun 1929  Joost Adriaan van Hamel (Neth.)    (b. 1880 - d. 1964)
                             (assumes office 2 Feb 1926)
22 Jun 1929 - 19 Sep 1932  Manfredi, conte di Gravina dei     (b. 1883 - d. 1932)
                             principi di Ramacca (Italy)
16 Oct 1932 - 15 Jan 1934  Helmer Rostgaard Gommesen Rosting  (b. 1893 - d. 1945)
                             (Denmark) 
15 Jan 1934 - Jan 1937     Seán Lester (Ireland)              (b. 1888 - d. 1959)
13 Apr 1937 -  1 Sep 1939  Carl Jacob Burckhardt              (b. 1891 - d. 1974)
                             (Switzerland) 

Westerplatte

Polish Commanders of Westerplatte Military Transit Depot 
18 Jan 1926 - 21 Jun 1926  Ignacy Szaniawski                  (b. 1885 - d. 1948) 
21 Jun 1926 -  1 May 1927  Borys Mohuczy                      (b. 1893 - d. 1966) 
10 Jun 1927 - 21 Jan 1931  Józef Czechowicz                   (b. 1889 - d. 1944)
21 Jan 1931 -  3 Dec 1934  Jan Lityński 
16 Jul 1934 -  3 Dec 1938  Stefan Fabiszewski                 (b. 1896 - d. 1974)
 3 Dec 1938 -  2 Sep 1939  Henryk Sucharski                   (b. 1898 - d. 1946)
 2 Sep 1939 -  7 Sep 1939  Franciszek Dąbrowski (acting)      (b. 1904 - d. 1962)

Ports and Waterways Council

Presidents of the Ports and Waterways Council
Mar 1921 - Apr 1925        James de Reynier (Switzerland)     (b. 1870 - d. 1932)
Apr 1925 - Aug 1931        Hugues de Loës (Switzerland)       (b. 1863 - d. 1942)
Aug 1931 - Sep 1934        Carl Josef Benziger (Switzerland)  (b. 1877 - d. 1951)
Sep 1934 -  1 Sep 1939     Johan A. Nederbragt (Netherlands)  (b. 1880 - d. 1953)
 

Polish Royal Commissioners
1726 -  6 Feb 1734         Martin von Frensdorff              (b. 1669 - d. 1736)
                             (Polish resident)
21 Apr 1736 - 14 Feb 1750  Constantin Reichsgraf von Unruh    (b. 1689 - d. 1763)
                             (general commissioner)
Jan 1749 - 1752            Adam Stanisław Grabowski,          (b. 1698 - d. 1766)
                             biskup Warmiński
Jan 1749 - 1764            Anton von Leubnitz                 (b. 1717 - d. 1796)
                             (vice-general commissioner)
1764 - 25 Dec 1782         Aleksy Onufry Husarzewski          (b. 1714 - d. 1782)
                             (acting to 1770)
1782 - 1793                Friedrich Ernst Hennig-Henninski   (b. 1750 – d. 1810)
Prussian Residents
1771 - 1782                Johann Gottlieb Tietz              (b. 1749 - d. 1820)
1782 - 13 May 1793         Johann Christian von Lindenowski   (s.a.)
French Consuls-general
Jul 1807 - Feb 1808        Auguste Louis La Chevardière       (b. 1770 - d. 1828)
1807 - 1808                Emiland Marie Chopin               (b. 1776 - d. 1828)
1808 - Jan 1811            Nicolas Massias                    (b. 1764 - d. 1848)
1811 - 1812                Louis Charles Auguste de Jassaud   (b. 1782 - d. 1853)
                             (vice-consul)
15 Mar 1812 - 1813         Louis Toussaint de la Moussaye     (b. 1778 - d. 1854)
Prussian Residents
1807 - 1808                ....
1808 - 1810                Dagobert Roderich Achilles         (b. 1769 - d. 1850)
                             Freiherr von Vegesack
1810 - 1813                ....
Residents of Saxony (and the Duchy of Warsaw)
1807 - 1808                ....
1808 - 1810                Jakob Kabrun (consul)              (b. 1759 - d. 1814)
1809                       Adolf von Danckelmann (acting)     (b. 1779 - d. 1820)
1810 - 1813                Georg Adolf Wilhelm von Helbig     (b. 1757 - d. 1813)
Polish Delegate
28 Jan 1919 -  8 Feb 1920  Mieczysław Pieriejasławski-        (b. 1876 - d. 1962)
                             Jałowiecki
General Commissioners of the Polish Republic
 8 Feb 1920 -  5 Jul 1921  Maciej Biesiadecki                 (b. 1864 - d. 1935)
 5 Jul 1921 -  1 Oct 1923  Leon Bolesław Pluciński            (b. 1875 - d. 1935)
 1 Oct 1923 - 28 Feb 1924  Kajetan Dzierżykraj-Morawski       (b. 1892 - d. 1973)
                             (acting)
28 Feb 1924 -  1 Mar 1932  Henryk Leon Strasburger            (b. 1887 - d. 1951)
15 Mar 1932 - 30 Dec 1937  Kazimierz Papée                    (b. 1889 - d. 1979)
30 Dec 1937 -  1 Sep 1939  Marian Stanisław Chodacki          (b. 1898 - d. 1975)
German Consuls-general
1920 - 1923                Lothar Foerster                    (s.a.)
1923 - 1925                Eduard Willy Kurt Herbert von      (b. 1882 - d. 1955)
                             Dirksen
1925 - 1933                Wilhelm Emil Edmund Freiherr von   (b. 1884 - d. 1951)
                             Thermann
1933 - 1936                Otto von Radowitz                  (b. 1880 - d. 1941)  NSDAP
1936 - 1938                Erich Franz von Luckwald           (b. 1884 - d. 1969)  NSDAP
 6 Jun 1938 - 12 Dec 1938  Martin von Janson                  (b. 1887 - d. 1945)  NSDAP
12 Dec 1938 -  1 Sep 1939  Vacant

Party abbreviations: DNVP = Deutschnationale Volkspartei (German National People's Party, conservative, German nationalist, 1918-14 May 1937, merged into NSAP); NSDAP = Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (National Socialist German Worker's Party, Nazi fascist, German nationalist, 1920-1935, only legal party 1 Sep 1939-Apr 1945); SPD = Sozialdemokratische Partei der Freien Stadt Danzig (Social Democratic Party of the Free City of Danzig, social-democratic, split from German SPD, 1919-15 Oct 1936); Mil = Military

Royal Prussia

 6 Mar 1454                Royal Prussia (in German: Königlisches Preussen, in Polish:
                             Prusy Królewskie), formally Prussia - Royal Part (Preussen
                             Königlischen Anteils), made a principality in personal union with
                             the King of Poland, who takes the style of "Prince of Prussia"
                             (Prusy Książęce). Royal Prussia originates in the Prussian
                             Confederation (Preussischer Bund), established in 14 Mar 1440 by
                             the local estates (die Stände) - 19 cities and 53 vassals
                             (ritterschaft) who asked for protection of Poland on 4 Feb 1454.
10 Oct 1466                Ceded formally by the Teutonic Order to Poland, organized into 3
                             voivodships: Pomerelia (Pomorskie), Culmerland (Chełmińskie) and
                             Marienburg (Malborskie), and 5 special subdivisions (3 cities,
                             1 prince-bishopric, and 1 fiefdom).
16 Mar 1569                Full union with Poland by the Decree of Lublin, autonomy reduced.
1626 - 1629                Partially occupied by Sweden.
26 Sep 1629 - 12 Sep 1635  "Swedish Prussia" temporarily ceded by Poland to Sweden covering
                             the following port cities: Elbing (Elbląg), Braunsberg
                             (Braniewo [in Ermland]), Memel (Klaipėda), and Pillau (Baltiysk).
Nov 1629 – 12 Jun 1635     Marienburg under temporary administration by Brandenburg-
                             Prussia.
1655 – 1660                Partially occupied by Sweden (see under Swedish Prussia; in
                             Marienburg from Mar 1656).
1703 - 1709                Partially occupied by Sweden (in Marienburg to Sep 1705).
 5 Aug 1772                Royal Prussia annexed by Prussia (take over 13 Sep 1772) in the
                             First Partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (cities of
                             Danzig and Thorn in Apr 1793 in the Second Partition) as
                             West Prussia (Westpreussen) province (see Prussia Provinces).