Ukraine   1697 - 22 Jan 1918   20 Nov 1917 - 27 Jan 1918 Non-Communist Ukraine   27 Jan 1918 - 22 Nov 1920 Non-Communist Ukraine   26 Dec 1917 - 14 Mar 1919 Communist Ukraine   14 Mar 1919 - 30 Jan 1937 Communist Ukraine   30 Dec 1922 - 25 Dec 1991   24 Aug 1991 - 28 Jan 1992   Adopted 18 Sep 1991 (co-National flag to 28 Jan 1992)   Map of Ukraine Hear National Anthem "Shche ne vmerla Ukrayina" (Ukraine has not Perished)  Text of National Anthem (1917-1920 unofficial non-communist) Adopted 5 Dec 1991 (Lyrics 6 Mar 2003) Constitution   (28 Jun 1996) Capital: Kiev (Kyyiv) Currency: Hryvnya (UAH); 1992-96 Karbovanets' (UAK); 1918-23 and 1991-92 Russian Ruble (RUR); 1918-19 Hryvnya (UAH) 1918 & 1919-20 Karbovanets' National Holiday: 24 Aug (1991) Denʹ nezalezhnosty Ukrayiny (Independence Day of Ukraine) Population: 43,306,477 (2023) 25,000,000 (Ukrainian State 1918 est.) GDP: $379.8 billion (2022) Exports: $56.9 billion (2022) Imports: $83.8 billion (2022) Ethnic groups: Ukrainian 77.8%, Russian 17.3%, Belarusian 0.6%, Moldovan 0.5%, Crimean Tatar 0.5%, Bulgarian 0.4%, Hungarian 0.3%, Romanian 0.3%, Polish 0.3%, Jewish 0.2%, other 1.8% (2001)  Total Active Armed Forces: 209,000 (2021) 60,000 (Nov. 1918) Former Nuclear Power: 5,000 weapons (1991-1996) Merchant marine: 410 ships (2022) Religions: Ukrainian Orthodox - Kyiv Patriarchate 50.4%, Ukrainian Orthodox - Moscow Patriarchate 26.1%, Ukrainian Greek Catholic 8%, Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox 7.2%, Roman Catholic 2.2%, Protestant 2.2%, Jewish 0.6%, none and other 3.2% (2006) International Organizations/Treaties from 1991: ACS (observer), AG, ANT (consultative), APM, AU (observer), BSEC, BTWC, CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CEI, CERN (associate), CFE, CICA (observer), CTBT, CWC, DC, EAPC, EBRD, EITI, ENMOD, ESA (cooperating state), ESCR, EU (candidate), Euratom (associate), Eutelsat, FAO, GUAM, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IEA (association), IFAD (applicant), IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, Intersputnik, IOC, IOM, IPU, IRENA, ISA, ISO, ITU, ITUC, LAIA (observer), MIGA, MTCR, NAM (observer), NATO (applicant), NSG, NPT, NTBT, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OS, OSCE, OST, PAM (partner), PCA, PFP, SELEC (observer), UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-KP, UNFCC-PA, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WA, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC Ukraine Index Chronology                 c.862                      Grand Principality of Rus' (later referred to as                              Kievan Rus' [Kiyevskaya Rus'] by historians),                              ruled by the Ryurikovich (Rurikid) dynasty. The                              dynasty follows agnatic seniority, and                              established first at Novgorod, then from 882 at                              Kiev (see below). 988                        Grand Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich converts to                              (Orthodox) Christianity. 12 Mar 1169                Kiev sacked by the forces of Andrey Yuryevich                              "Bogolyubskiy" of Vladimir-Suzdal'                              (b. c.1111 - d. 1174)(see under Russia).  8 Sep 1173                Kiev sacked by the forces of Svyatoslav                              Vsevolodovich (III) of Chernigov. 1201                       Kiev captured by Roman Mstislavich (I) of                              Galich-Vladimir.  2 Jan 1203                Kiev captured and sacked by Ryurik Rostislavich                              and his Cuman-Kipchak (Kypchak) allies. Dec 1237/Feb 1241          The Mongols invade most of the regional                              principalities of Rus' (Kiev itself being                              sacked and destroyed on 6 Dec 1240). 1243                       The Mongols granted the title (non-hereditary                              until 1389) of Grand Prince ("senior of all                              Princes of Rus'") to the prince of Vladimir,                              the seat of the Grand Prince is moved from Kiev                              to Vladimir (1246-1249 title not granted, 1249-                              1252 this arrangement interrupted)(see Russia). 1243 - 1362                Under the Mongol (from 1259, the Golden Horde) and                              increasingly nominally under the Grand Prince of                              Vladimir suzerainty. 1254 - 1340                Galicia and Volhynia made an independent Kingdom                              of Rus' (see under Galicia). 1299                       Metropolitan Maksim (d. 1305) moves the seat of                              the Orthodox Metropolitanate of Rus' from Kiev                              to Vladimir (in modern day Russia). 1324 - 1331                Principality of Kiev briefly under the Lithuanian                              suzerainty (in 1331 returned to Golden Horde). 1340/1362                  Northern Ukraine becomes subject to Lithuania                             (from 1340 Volhynia [see Galicia]; Chernigov                              in 1357 [principality abolished in 1401];                              Novgorod-Severskiy 1362 [principality continued                              until cession to Moscow in 1503]; Kiev in 1362). 1471                       Kiev voivodeship created within Lithuania which                              formally ends Kiev's local autonomy, the                              principality of Kiev abolished.  1 Jul 1569                By the Union of Lublin, joining Poland and                              Lithuania, Ukrainian lands are transferred                              from Lithuania to Poland.  2 May 1648                Hetmanate rebellion against Poland begins. 17 Aug 1649                In the Treaty of Zboriv (Zborów) recognized by                              Poland as an autonomous Hetmanate (see below),                              later retrospectively referred to by historians                              as the "Ukrainian Cossack Republic."  6 Apr 1654                Hetmanate under Russian sovereignty by the                              Treaty of Pereyaslav (signed 8/18 Jan 1654).  6 Sep 1658                Under Polish sovereignty by the Treaty of                               Hadiach (Hadyach/Gadyach). 17 Jun 1663                Split in the pro-Russian Left-Bank Hetmanate                               (east of the Dnieper River) and the pro-Polish                              Right-Bank Hetmanate (west of the Dnieper).  9 Feb 1667                In Treaty of Andrusovo, Hetmanate provisionally                               partitioned between Poland and Russia. Russia                               obtains Left-Bank Ukraine (including Kiev and                               Zaporozhia Sich), in Russian official usage                              always the Little Russia, Poland retains the                              Right-Bank (partition is confirmed by the                              'Eternal' Peace of 6 May 1686). 27 Aug 1672 - 22 Sep 1699  Podolia, Bratslav, and part of Kiev provinces                              occupied (and eventually annexed) by the                              Ottoman Empire. Jun 1699                   Right-Bank Hetmanate abolished by Poland. 17 Nov 1764                Hetmanate fully incorporated into Russia. 18 Sep 1793/24 Oct 1795    Polish parts of Ukraine are annexed by Russia                              in the Second and Third Partitions of the                               Poland-Lithuania. 24 Jan 1905 - May 1906     Local rebellions part of Russian Revolution of                              1905, the Soviets (Councils) of Workers'                              Deputies were elected and rebellions attempted                              late 1905 - early 1906 in Aleksandrovsk (modern                              Zaporizhzhya), Gorlovka, Kharkov, Kiev,                              Yekaterinoslav (modern Dnipro), Yuzovka (modern                              Donets'k). 20 Nov 1917                Ukrainian People's Republic (Ukrayins'ka Narodnya                              Respublika)(non-Communist) is proclaimed, as                              part of a federal Russian republic. 23 Dec 1917                Soviet Russian occupation of Khar'kov (Kharkiv). 25 Dec 1917                Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets                              established in Khar'kov (Kharkiv) as a                              (Communist) counter-government, part of a                              federal Soviet Russian republic. 22 Jan 1918                Ukrainian People's Republic (non-Communist)                               declares independence from Russia.  9 Feb 1918 -  1 Mar 1918  Soviet Russian occupation of Kiev (Kyyiv)(the                              non-Communist government moves to Zhitomir                              (Zhytomyr], the Soviet troops occupy Poltava                              on 19 Jan 1918, Kamenets-Podol'skiy                              [Kam'yanets'-Podil's'kyy] on 21 Jan 1918,                              Chernigov [Chernihiv] on 1 Feb 1918, and                              Zhitomir on 12 Feb 1918).  1 Mar 1918 - 16 Dec 1918  German and Austro-Hungarian occupation (by                              agreement of 9 Feb 1918); Germans in Zhitomir                              (24 Feb), Kiev (1 Mar), Chernigov                              (12 Mar), Poltava (30 Mar), Khar'kov (8 Apr),                              in Crimea (22 Apr); Austrians in Kamenets-                              Podol'skiy (28 Feb), and Odessa (13 Mar),                              Yekaterinoslav ((modern Dnipro)(4 Apr 1918).                              Germany occupies the former Kiev Military                              District (and Crimea), while Austria-Hungary                              occupies former Odessa Military District                              (minus Crimea) .  3 Mar 1918                Independence of Ukraine recognized by Russian                              S.F.S.R. in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk                              (annulled by Soviet Russia 13 Nov 1918). 19 Mar 1918                Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets (Communist)                              declares independence as Ukrainian Soviet                              Republic, subordinated to Russian S.F.S.R. 18 Apr 1918 - 28 Nov 1918  Communist authorities dissolved and exiled                              following the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and                              the fall of Lugansk (Luhans'k) to the Germans. 29 Apr 1918                Ukrainian State (Ukrayins'ka Derzhava)(under joint                              German and Austro-Hungarian occupation),                              replacing the People's Republic. 28 Nov 1918                (Communist) Provisional Workers' and Peasants'                              Government of Ukraine established (in Soviet                              Russia exile). 14 Dec 1918                Ukrainian People's Republic (non-communist)                              restored in Kiev, in rebellion against the                              Ukrainian State from 16 Nov 1918 in Belaya                              Tserkov' (Bila Tserkva). 18 Dec 1918 -  8 Apr 1919  Allied (France) Powers occupation of Odessa.  5 Jan 1919                Soviet Russian intervention (from 3 Jan 1919                              in Khar'kov [Kharkiv], 12 Jan 1919 Chernigov                              [Chernihiv], 18 Jan 1919 Poltava and 27 Jan                              1919 in Yekaterinoslav [Katerynoslav]).  5 Feb 1919                Soviet Russian forces occupy Kiev (followed by                              occupation of Zhitomir on 12 Apr 1919). 10 Mar 1919                Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic (name adopted                              already 6 Jan 1919), sovereignty and (nominal)                              independence declared. 21 Apr 1919 -  3 Jun 1919  Soviet Russia occupies Kamenets-Podolskiy                              (Kam'yanets'-Podil's'kyy), regained by the                              Ukrainian People's Republic (seat of government                              from 6 Jun 1919).  2 Sep 1919 - 16 Dec 1919  "White" Russian Armed Forces in the South of                              Russia under Anton Denikin occupies Kiev (Kiev                              oblast created) and most of Ukraine (in                              Odessa 24 Aug 1919 - 7 Feb 1920). 17 Nov 1919                Poland occupied Kamenets-Podol'skiy, the                              government of the Ukrainian People's Republic                              allowed to remain there, but without                              independent territory. 12 Dec 1919                Soviet Russia occupies Khar'kov (Kharkiv); Kiev                             (Kyyiv) 16 Dec 1919, Odessa (Odesa) 7 Feb 1920.  7 May 1920 - 13 Jul 1920  Poland and (non-communist) Ukrainian forces                              occupy Kiev (Polish troops also occupied                              Zhitomir 26 Apr 1920 – 7 Jul 1920). 12 Jul 1920 – 19 Sep 1920  Soviet troops occupied Kamenets-Podol'skiy                              (again from 16 Nov 1920). 22 Nov 1920                Ukrainian People's Republic, which is                              intermittently absent from the national                              territory from 16 Jul 1920, holds its last                              last session on Ukrainian soil. 30 Dec 1922                Founding component of the Soviet Union.  5 Dec 1936                Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic 17-22 Sep 1939             Western regions occupied and, from 1 Nov 1939,                              annexed by Soviet Union (part of Ukrainian                              S.S.R.)(previously part of Poland 1920-1939). 22 Jun 1941                German invasion begins (Rivne occupied on 28 Jun                              1941, L'viv 30 Jun 1941, Kiev on 19 Sep 1941                              Kharkiv 24 Oct 1941, Voroshilovgrad [Luhans'k]                              on 17 Jul 1942).  5 Jul 1941 - 12 Jul 1941  Ukrainian State declared restored at L'viv;                              terminated by German occupation forces.  1 Aug 1941                Eastern Galicia made the district of Galicia                              in the General Government.  3 Aug 1941 - 10 Apr 1944  Ukraine between the Dniester and Bug Rivers,                              including Odessa, occupied but not annexed to                              Romania (see Transnitria).  1 Sep 1941 - 25 Feb 1944  German occupied Ukraine organized as the                              Reichskommissariat Ukraine. Eastern Ukraine                              and Crimea remain under German military rule. Jan 1943 - 28 Oct 1944     Soviet re-occupation of Ukraine (Voroshilovgrad                             [Luhans'k] 14 Feb 1943, Kharkiv liberated 23                              Aug 1943, Stalino [Donets'k] on 8 Sep 1943,                              Kiev 6 Nov 1943, Rivne 2 Feb 1944, Kherson 13                              Mar 1944, Odessa 10 Apr 1944, L'viv 26 Jul                              1944, and Uzhgorod 28 Oct 1944). 19 Feb 1954                Crimea transferred from Russian S.F.S.R. to                              Ukrainian S.S.R 26 Apr 1986                Chernobyl' (Chornobyl') nuclear plant disaster. 16 Jul 1990                Declaration of state sovereignty. 24 Aug 1991                Declaration of independence (Ukraine [Ukrayina])                              (ratified by referendum on 1 Dec 1991). 26 Dec 1991                Independence effective (dissolution of the                               Soviet Union). 21 Mar 2014                Russia annexes Crimea (not recognized by Ukraine). 12 May 2014                Donetsk and Lugansk proclaim independence                              (not recognized by Ukraine). 23 Feb 2022 -              Russian invasion (taking Chornobyl' 24 Feb -                              31 Mar, Zmiyinyy 24 Feb - 30 Jun, Konotop 25                              Feb - 3 Apr, Berdyansk 27 Feb, Borodyanka 28                              Feb - 1 Apr, Melitopol' 1 Mar, Kherson 2 Mar -                              11 Nov, Enerhodar 4 Mar 2022, Mariupol 16 May                              Sievierodonetsk 25 Jun, Lysychansk 3 Jul 2022). 24 Feb 2022                Ukrainian government declares martial law.  5 Oct 2022                Russia annexes Donets'k, Luhans'k, Kherson, and                              Zaporizhzhya (not recognized by Ukraine). Ukraine (since 1991) Ukraine Admin. Divisions Crimea Rus' (c.862-1169) Hetmanate (1648-1775) Kiev and Podolia governorates (1782-1914,1919) Non-Communist Ukraine (1917-1920) Communist Ukraine and Ukrainian S.S.R. (1917-1991) Ukraine in Exile (1920-1992) Makhnovist Forces (1919-1921) Odessa Region (1783-1920) Kharkov and Donetsk Regions (1780-1918, 1919) Central Powers Occupation (1918) Reichskommissariat Ukraine (1941-1944) Transnistria (1941-1944) Galicia (1199-1439, 1772-1920) Western Ukraine (1918-1919) Komancha (1918-1919) Galician Soviet Republic (1920) Lemko-Rusyn (1918-1920) Podolia (Podole) (1672-1699) Bukovina (1774-1918, 1941-1944) Subcarpathia (Transcarpathia) (1918-1946) Hutsul (1918-1919) Genoese Caffa and Gazaria (1266-1475) Ukrainian Republic of the Far East (1918-1922) Donetsk People's Republic (2014-) Lugansk People's Republic (2014-) Orthodox Church of Ukraine Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church Map of Administrative Divisions Historical Maps of Ukraine

c.1489                     Southern border areas of the province (voivodship) of Kiev

                             conquered by Lithuania, organized as a military district called
                             the 'Zaporozhian Sich ("Transrapid Fortification" (Zaporoz'ka
                             Sich) comprised of  Cossacks.

1572                       Cossacks are divided into two entities- the Zaporozhian Host

                             (Urban)(Viys'ko Zaporoz'ke Horodove) of Registered Cossacks, led

                             by a Polish appointed Senior (Starshyy), and the largely

                             independent Zaporozhian Host (Lower) (Viys'ko Zaporoz'ke Nyzove),

                             led by a self-elected Kish Ataman (Koshovyy Otaman), based at

                             Sich, the title Hetman is used occasionally by leaders of both

                             Hosts.

 2 May 1648                Rebellion against Poland-Lithuania begun (Kiev occupied by

                             Cossacks from Jan 1649). 

17 Aug 1649                In the Treaty of Zboriv, recognized by Poland as an autonomous 

                             Hetmanate, retrospectively referred by historians as the

                             "Ukrainian Cossack Republic" (covering Kiev, Bratslav [Bracław]

                             and Chernihiv [Czernihów] voivodships), the Zaporozhian Host

                             (Lower) at Sich included in the Hetmanate.

28 Sep 1651                Bratslav and Chernihiv voivodships restored to Polish

                             administration.

 6 Apr 1654                Under Russian sovereignty by the Treaty of Pereyaslav (signed

                             8/18 Jan 1654).

 6 Sep 1658 - Oct 1659     Under Polish sovereignty by the Treaty of Hadiach (Hadyach/

                             Gadyach), styled the Grand Principality of Ruthenia (the Kings

                             of Poland being the Grand Princes), this move was not recognized

                             by the Zaporozhian Host (Lower) (see below), which effectively

                             separated from Hetmanate.
17 Jun 1663                Hetmanate of Zaporozhian Host is split between the pro-Russian

                             Hetmanate on the Left-Bank (east of the Dnieper River) and the

                             pro-Polish Hetmanate on the Right-Bank (west of the Dnieper

                             River).

31 Jan 1667                In the Treaty of Andrusovo provisionally partitioned between 

                             Poland and Russia. Russia obtained Left-Bank (including Kiev and 

                             Zaporozhia Sich), in Russian official usage always the Little

                             Russia, Poland retained Right-Bank (partition confirmed by the

                             'Eternal' Peace of 6 May 1686).

Mar 1669 - 1698            Right-Bank split into rival pro-Ottoman and pro-Polish camps.
Oct 1670                   Autonomy of Right-Bank Hetmanate ended by Poland.

Jun 1699                   Right-Bank Hetmanate/Host abolished by Poland.
Jun 1704 – Jul 1708        Former Right Bank areas (part of Poland) occupied by Left-Bank

                             Hetmanate.

1708 - 1709                Brief attempt to assert separation from Russia supporting Sweden.

Nov 1708                   Kiev Governorate established by Russia (the governors were charged

                             mostly with military affairs).

Jul 1722 - Sep 1727        Direct Russian administration, in 1722 ceased to be treated by

                             Russia through the Collegium of Foreign Affairs.

Jan 1734 - Jun 1750        Direct Russian administration.

17 Nov 1764                Incorporated into Russia, abolition of Hetman title. Creation

                             of the Little Russia Governorate (Malorosiys'ka [Malorossiyskaya]

                             guberniya) from former Kiev Governorate.

Nov 1781                   Liquidation of the remaining structure of the Hetmanate - Little

                             Russia Cossack regiments abolished, the Governorate-general of

                             Kiev, Chernigov and Novgorod-Severskiy created (effective Jan

                             1782)(see below).

Note: Names are listed in Ukrainian with Russian in parentheses (Russian administrators only in Russian, names under Zaporozhia Sich only in Ukrainian). Ukrainian and Russian BGN/PCGN romanization system.

Note: Names are listed in Ukrainian with Russian in parentheses. Ukrainian and Russian BGN/PCGN romanization system.

20 Nov 1917                Ukrainian People's Republic (Ukrayins'ka Narodnya Respublika),
                             as part of federal Russian republic.
22 Jan 1918                Independence from Russia declared.
 9 Feb 1918 -  1 Mar 1918  Soviet Russian occupation of Kiev (Kyyiv), the non-Communist
                             government moves to Zhitomir (Zhytomyr), 12 Feb 1918 – 24 Feb
                             1918 to Sarny.
29 Apr 1918                First constitution ("Articles on State Organization, Rights and
                             Freedoms") adopted, not implemented.
29 Apr 1918                Ukrainian State (Ukrayins'ka Derzhava)(under German and Austro-
                             Hungarian occupation), on 30 Apr 1918 the second constitution
                             ("Statutes on Temporary State Organization") adopted.
14 Dec 1918                Ukrainian People's Republic (restored) in Kiev, in rebellion
                             against the Ukrainian State from 16 Nov 1918 in Belaya Tserkov'
                             (Bila Tserkva).
22 Jan 1919                Western Ukrainian People's Republic merged into the Ukrainian
                             People's Republic, not fully effected.
 5 Feb 1919                Soviet Russian forces occupy Kiev, the non-Communist government on
                             28 Jan 1919 moved to Vinnitsa (Vinnytsya), on 24 Apr 1919 to
                             Rovno (Rivne), on 25 May 1919 to Ternopol' (Ternopil'), on 6 Jun
                             1919 to Kamenets-Podol'skiy (Kam'yanets'-Podil's'kyy).
17 Nov 1919                Poland occupies Kamenets-Podol'skiy, the government of the
                             Ukrainian People's Republic is allowed to remain there, but
                             without independent territory.
 7 May 1920 - 13 Jul 1920  Poland and (non-communist) Ukrainian forces occupy Kiev, the
                             Ukrainian government returned to Kiev for a while.
12 Jul 1920 - 19 Sep 1920  Soviet Russian troops occupied Kamenets-Podol'skiy (again from 16
                             Nov 1920), the Ukrainian government moved on 9 Jul 1920 to
                             Stanislavov (modern Ivano-Frankivs'k), on 16 Jul 1920 in exile to
                             Tarnow, Poland, 30 Sep 1920 - 14 Nov 1920 returned to Kamenets
                             Podol'skiy.
12 Nov 1920                Third constitution ("Statute on Temporary Supreme Governance and
                             Laws") adopted.
22 Nov 1920                Government, which is intermittently absent from the national
                             territory from 16 Jul 1920, holds its last last session on
                             Ukrainian soil.
30 Jun 1941 - 12 Jul 1941  Ukrainian State (Ukrayins'ka Derzhava) declared restored at L'viv
                             (terminated by German occupation forces).

Chairmen of the Ukrainian Central Rada (Council)
20 Mar 1917 - 27 Mar 1917  Fedir Ivanovych Kryzhanivs'kyy     (b. 1878 - d. 1938)  Non-party
                             (Fyodor Ivanovich Krizhanіvskiy)
                             (acting)
27 Mar 1917 - 29 Apr 1918  Mykhaylo Serhiyovych Hrushevs'kyy  (b. 1866 - d. 1934)  TUP
                             (Mikhaylo Sergeyevich Grushevskіy)
                             (elected 20 Mar 1917, arrived 27 Mar 1917)
Hetman of All Ukraine
29 Apr 1918 - 14 Dec 1918  Pavlo Petrovych Skoropads'kyy      (b. 1873 - d. 1945)  Mil
                             (Pavel Petrovich Skoropadskiy)
Chairmen of the Directory
13 Nov 1918 -  5 Feb 1919  Volodymyr Kyrylovych Vynnychenko   (b. 1880 - d. 1951)  USDRP
                             (Vladimir Kirillovich Vinnichenko)
                             (in opposition to the Hetman to 14 Dec 1918)
 5 Feb 1919 -  9 May 1919  Directors
                           (meetings chaired in random order)
                           - Symon Vasylyovych Petlyura       (b. 1879 - d. 1926)  USDRP
                             (Simon Vasilyevich Petlyura)
                           - Fedir Petrovych Shvets'          (b. 1882 - d. 1940)  UPSR
                             (Fyodor Petrovich Shvets)
                           - Andriy Havrylovych Makarenko     (b. 1886 - d. 1963)  Non-party
                             (Andrey Gavrilovich Makarenko)
                           - Opanas Mykhaylovych Andriyevs'kyy(b. 1878 - d. 1955)  UPSS
                             (Afanasiy Mikhaylovich Andriyevskiy)
                           - Yevhen Omelyanovych Petrushevych (b. 1863 - d. 1940)  USDP
                             (Yevgeniy Yemelyanovich Petrushevich)
                             (from 12 Mar 1919; was never chair)
 9 May 1919 - 22 Nov 1920  Symon Vasylyovych Petlyura         (s.a.)               USRP
Chairman of the National Assembly
30 Jun 1941 - 12 Jul 1941  Yaroslav Semenovych Stets'ko       (b. 1912 - d. 1986)  OUNR
                             (Yaroslav Semyonovich Stets'ko)
                             (in dissidence, in L'viv; German
                              prisoner from 9/10 Jul 1941)

Chairman of the General Secretariat
15 Jun 1917 -  9 Jan 1918  Volodymyr Kyrylovych Vynnychenko   (s.a.)               USDRP
                             (Vladimir Kirillovich Vinnichenko)
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers (prime ministers)
 9 Jan 1918 - 30 Jan 1918  Volodymyr Kyrylovych Vynnychenko   (s.a.)               USDRP
30 Jan 1918 - 29 Apr 1918  Vsevolod Oleksandrovych Holubovych (b. 1885 - d. 1939)  UPSR
                             (Vsevolod Aleksandrovich Golubovich)
29 Apr 1918 - 30 Apr 1918  Mykola Mykolayovych Sakhno-        (b. 1863 - d. 1918)  UPSF
                             Ustymovych (Nikolay Nikolayevich
                             Sakhno-Ustimovich)
30 Apr 1918 -  3 May 1918  Mykola Prokopovych Vasylenko       (b. 1866 - d. 1935)  KDP
                             (Nikolay Prokopovich Vasilenko)
                             (acting)
 3 May 1918 - 14 Nov 1918  Fedir Andriyovych Lyzohub          (b. 1851 - d. 1928)  Okt
                             (Fyodor Andreyevich Lizogub)
14 Nov 1918 - 14 Dec 1918  Serhiy Mykolayovych Gerbel'        (b. 1856 - d. 1936)  Non-party
                             (Sergey Nikolayevich Gerbel')
Chairman of the Council of Commissioners
14 Dec 1918 - 24 Dec 1918  Volodymyr Musiyovych Chekhivs'kyy  (b. 1876 - d. 1937)  USDRP
                             (Vladimir Moiseyevich Chekhovskiy)
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers (prime ministers)
(from 13 Feb 1919, in opposition to Communist rule)
24 Dec 1918 - 13 Feb 1919  Volodymyr Musiyovych Chekhivs'kyy  (s.a.)               USDRP
13 Feb 1919 -  9 Apr 1919  Serhiy Stepanovych Ostapenko       (b. 1881 - d. 1937)  Non-party
                             (Sergey Stepanovich Ostapenko)
 9 Apr 1919 - 29 Aug 1919  Borys Mykolayovych Martos          (b. 1879 - d. 1977)  USDRP
                             (Boris Nikolayevich Martos)
29 Aug 1919 - 28 May 1920  Isaak Prokhorovych Mazepa          (b. 1884 - d. 1952)  USDRP
                             (Isaak Prokhorovich Mazepa)
28 May 1920 - 18 Oct 1920  Vyacheslav Kostyantynovych         (b. 1881 - d. 1942)  UPSF
                             Prokopovych
                             (Vyacheslav Konstantinovich Prokopovich)
18 Oct 1920 - 14 Nov 1920  Andriy Mykolayovych Livyts'kyy     (b. 1879 - d. 1954)  USDRP
                             (Andrey Nikolayevich Lіvitskiy)

Central Powers Occupation

German Military Commanders-in-chief (in Kiev Military District)
(of Heeresgruppe Linsingen to 31 Mar 1918; Heeresgruppe Eichhorn-Kiew 31 Mar - 2 Apr 1918;
Heeresgruppe Eichhorn 3 Apr - 13 Aug 1918, then Heeresgruppe Kiew)
 3 Mar 1918 - 31 Mar 1918  Alexander Adolf August Karl von    (b. 1850 - d. 1935)  Mil
                             Linsingen
31 Mar 1918 -  8 Aug 1918  Hermann Gottfried Emil von         (b. 1848 - d. 1918)  Mil
                             Eichhorn 
 8 Aug 1918 - 21 Jan 1919  Günther Emanuel Graf von Kirchbach (b. 1850 - d. 1925)  Mil
Austro-Hungarian Military Commanders (in Odessa Military District)
13 Mar 1918 - 16 May 1918  Eduard Freiherr von Böhm-Ermolli   (b. 1856 - d. 1941)  Mil
                            (Oberkommandierender der Ukraine)
16 May 1918 - 16 Dec 1918  Alfred Krauss                      (b. 1862 - d. 1938)  Mil
                            (Kommandant der Ostarmee in der Ukraine)

Ukrainian People's Republic in Exile

Chairmen of the Directory
22 Nov 1920 - 25 May 1926  Symon Vasylyovych Petlyura         (s.a.)               USDRP
                             (Simon Vasilyevich Petlyura)
                             (in Poland to 1923, in 1923-1934
                             Austria, later Hungary and Switzerland;
                             from Oct 1924 in Paris, France exile)
25 May 1926 - 16 Jul 1948  Andriy Mykolayovych Livyts'kyy     (s.a.)               USDRP
                             (Andrey Nikolayevich Lіvitskiy)
                             (in Poland, from 1945 Germany exile)
Presidents
16 Jul 1948 - 17 Jan 1954  Andriy Mykolayovych Livyts'kyy     (s.a.)               USDRP
                             (in Münich, West Germany exile)
17 Jan 1954 - 19 Oct 1965  Stepan Porfyrovych Vytvyts'kyy     (b. 1884 - d. 1965)  UNDP+UNDO
                             (Stepan Porfiryovich Vitvitskiy)
                             (acting to 6 Mar 1954)
                             (in New York exile)
19 Oct 1965 -  8 Dec 1989  Mykola Andriyovych Livyts'kyy      (b. 1907 - d. 1989)  UNDS
                             (Nikolay Andreyevich Lіvitskiy)
                             (acting to 22 Mar 1967)
                             (in Philadelphia exile)
 8 Dec 1989 - 22 Aug 1992  Mykola Vasylyovych Plav'yuk        (b. 1925 - d. 2012)  OUN
                             (Nikolay Vasilyevich Plavyuk)
                             (in Canada exile)

Chairmen of the Council of Ministers (prime ministers)
(in Poland exile, then Prague, later Germany, then noted)
14 Nov 1920 - 24 Mar 1921  Andriy Mykolayovych Livyts'kyy     (s.a.)               USDRP
                             (1st time)
24 May 1921 -  5 Aug 1921  Vyacheslav Kostyantynovych         (s.a.)               UPSF
                             Prokopovych (1st time) (acting)
                             (Vyacheslav Konstantinovich Prokopovich)
 5 Aug 1921 - 14 Jan 1922  Pylyp Kalenykovych Pylypchuk       (b. 1869 - d. 1940)  Non-party
                             (Pilip Kalenikovich Pilipchuk)
14 Jan 1922 - 25 May 1926  Andriy Mykolayovych Livyts'kyy     (s.a.)               USDRP
                             (2nd time)
25 May 1926 - Oct 1939     Vyacheslav Kostyantynovych         (s.a.)               Non-party
                             Prokopovych (2nd time) 
Oct 1939 - May 1940        Oleksander Yakovych Shul'hyn       (b. 1889 - d. 1960)  Non-party
                             (Aleksander Yakovlevich Shul'gin)
                             (in Paris exile, German prisoner from ... 1940)
1940 - 1944                Vacant
1944 - 1945                Andriy Ivanovych Yakovliv          (b. 1872 - d. 1955)  Non-party
                             (Andrey Ivanovich Yakovlev)
                             (in Prague exile) (acting)
1945 - 1948                Kost' Kostyantynovych Pan'kivs'kyy (b. 1897 - d. 1973)  UNDS
                             (Konstantin Konstantinovich Pankovskiy)
                             (in [West] Germany exile)
19 Jun 1948 - Jan 1952     Isaak Prokhorovych Mazepa          (s.a.)               USDRP;1950
                             (Isaak Prokhorovich Mazepa)                           USP
                             (in Austria, then West Germany exile)
Jan 1952 -  4 Jun 1953     Stepan Ivanovych Baran             (b. 1879 - d. 1953)  UNDP+UNDO
                             (Stepan Ivanovich Baran) 
                             (in West Germany exile)
1953 - 1954                Stepan Porfyrovych Vytvyts'kyy     (s.a.)               UNDO
                             (in New York exile)
1954                       Spyrydon Mykytovych Dovhal'        (b. 1896 - d. 1975)  USP
                             (Spiridon Nikitovich Dovgal')
                             (in West Germany exile)(1st time)
1954 - 1957                Symon Vasylyovych Sozontiv         (b. 1898 - d. 1980)  Non-party
                             (Simon Vasilyevich Sozontov [Sozontyev])
                             (in Paris exile)
1957 - 1967                Mykola Andriyovych Livyts'kyy      (s.a.)               UNDS
                             (in New York exile)
22 Mar 1967 - 1969         Atanas Ivanovych Figol'            (b. 1908 - d. 1993)  Non-party
                             (Atanas Ivanovich Figol') 
                             (in West Germany exile)
1969 - 1972                Spyrydon Mykytovych Dovhal'        (s.a.)               USP
                             (in Münich, West Germany exile)
                             (2nd time)
1972 - 1974                Vasyl' Lukynovych Fedoronchuk      (b. 1915 - d. 1984?) OUN+UNDO
                             (Vasiliy Lukyanovich Fedoronchuk)
                             (in Rome, Italy exile)
1974 - 1980                Teofil' Leontiy (Teofil Leontiy)                        Non-party
1980 - 1989                Yaroslav-Bohdan Antonovych         (b. 1910 - d. 1995)  Non-party
                             Rudnyts'kyy (Yaroslav-Bogdan
                             Antonovich Rudnitskiy)
                             (in Canada exile)
1989 - 22 Aug 1992         Ivan Matviyovych Samiylenko        (b. 1912 - d. 2006)  UNDS
                             (Ivan Matveyevich Samoylenko)
                             (in New York exile)

German Recognized Ukrainian National Committee in Exile

Chairman of the Ukrainian National Committee (and from
28 Mar 1945, Commander of the Ukrainian National Army) 
17 Mar 1945 -  8 May 1945  Pavlo Feofanovych Shandruk         (b. 1889 - d. 1979)  Mil
                             (Pavel Feofanovich Shandruk)
                             (in Graz, Austria exile)

Resistance to German and Soviet Occupation 1942 - 1954

Note: Ukrainian resistance groups against German occupation united as the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UIA) on 14 Oct 1942, which formed its political body in 1944. Resistance continued against Soviet re-occupation until 1954 when the UIA was finally suppressed by Soviet forces.

Chairmen of the General Secretariat of the Ukrainian Supreme Liberation
Council and Commanders of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army
14 Oct 1942 - 15 Jul 1944  Dmytro Semenovych Klyachkivs'kyy   (b. 1911 - d. 1945)  OUNR
                             (Dmitriy Semyonovich Klyachkivskiy)
15 Jul 1944 -  5 Mar 1950  Roman Osypovych Shukhevych         (b. 1907 - d. 1950)  OUNR
                             (Roman Osipovich Shukhevich)
1950 - 23 May 1954         Vasyl' Stepanovych Kuk             (b. 1913 - d. 2007)  OUNR
                             (Vasiliy Stepanovich Kuk)

Party abbreviations: KDP = Konstitutsionno-Demokraticheskaya Partiya/Konstytutsiyno-Demokratychna Partiya (Constitutional Democratic Party, "Kadets", Russian liberal, 12 Oct 1905-1920, banned by Bolsheviks from 12 Dec 1917); Okt = Soyuz 17 Oktyabrya/Spilka 17 Zhovtnya (Union of October 17, "Octobrists", conservative, Russian moderate constitutionalist, Nov 1905-1918); OUN = Orhanizatsiya Ukrayins'kykh Natsionalistiv (Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists, nationalist, right-wing, anti-communist, from 1940 sometimes called OUN-Melnyk, est.3 Feb 1929); OUNR = Organizatsiya Ukrayins'kykh Natsionalistiv Revolyutsiyna (Revolutionary Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists, sometimes called OUN-Bandera, nationalist, Stepan Bandera personalist, anti-communist, right-wing, split from OUN, Feb 1940-1959); TUP = Tovarystvo Ukrayins'kykh Postupovtsiv (Society of Ukrainian Progressives, liberal nationalist, split from Ukrainian Democratic Radical Party, 1908-7 Apr 1917, merged into UPSF); UNDO = Ukrayins'ke Natsional'no-Demokratychne Ob'yednannya (Ukrainian National Democratic Alliance, nationalist, right-wing, 11 Jul 1925-1939, exile re-est.1947); UNDP = Ukrayins'ka Natsional'na Demokratychna Partiya (Ukrainian National Democratic Party, centrist, Galicia regionalist, 26 Dec 1896-28 Mar 1919, renamed Ukrainian People's Labor Party); UNDS = Ukrayins'kyy Natsional'no-Derzhavnyy Soyuz (Ukrainian National State Union, coordination center Ukrainian centrist and right parties, incl USDRP, UPSR, UPSF & USP, Aug 1918-1991); UPSF = Ukrayins'ka Partiya Sotsialistiv-Federalistiv (Ukrainian Party of Socialist Federalists, 7 Apr 1917-1923, renamed 1923-1939 as Ukrainian Radical Democratic Party); USDP = Ukrayins'ka Sotsial-Demokratychna Partiya (Ukrainian Social-Democratic Party, democratic socialist, Galicia regionalist, 17 Sep 1899-Sep 1939, banned by Poland 30 Jun 1924, merged into USP); USP = Ukrayins'ka Sotsialistychna Partiya (Ukrainian Socialist Party, socialist, merger of USDP, USDRP & UPSR members, est.24 Mar 1950); UPSR = Ukrayins'ka Partiya Sotsialistiv-Revolyutsioneriv/Ukrainskaya Partiya Sotsialistov-Revolyutsionerov (Ukrainian Party of Socialist-Revolutionaries, democratic socialist, agrarian socialist, 17 Apr 1917-1918, left wing faction merged into KPU-B, right wing in exile to 1950 then merged into USP); UPSS = Ukrayins'ka Partiya Sotsialistiv-Samostiynykiv (Ukrainian Party of Socialist Independents, socialist, 30 Dec 1917-1922, renamed Ukrainian People's Party); USDRP = Ukrayins'ka Sotsial-Demokratychna Robitnycha Partiya/Ukrainskaya Sotsial-Demokraticheskaya Rabochaya Partiya (Ukrainian Social Democratic Workers' Party, democratic socialist, Jan 1919 split into right and left wing factions, 1920 exiled, Dec 1905-26 Mar 1950, merged into USP); Mil = Military

Note: Names are listed in Russian with Ukrainian in parentheses. Ukrainian and Russian BGN/PCGN romanization system.

25 Dec 1917                Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets (Ukrainskaya Narodnaya
                             Respublika Sovetov) established in Khar'kov (Kharkiv) as a
                             Communist counter-government, as part of a federal Soviet Russian
                             republic.
 9 Feb 1918 -  1 Mar 1918  Soviet Russian occupation of Kiev (Kyyiv), which became the capital
                             of Soviet Ukraine (Soviet government moved to Poltava on 27
                             Feb 1918, to Yekaterinoslav [modern Dnipro] on 10 Mar 1918, into
                             exile to Taganrog on 4 Apr 1918).
19 Mar 1918                Ukrainian Soviet Republic (Ukrainskaya Sovetskaya Respublika),
                             subordinated to the Russian S.F.S.R.
28 Apr 1918                Authorities exiled to Moscow (from 12 Jul 1918, Kursk), Soviet
                             Russia, following the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and the fall of
                             Lugansk (Luhans'k).
28 Nov 1918                (Communist) Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government of
                             Ukraine (Vremennoye raboche-krest'yanskoye pravitel'stvo Ukrainy)
                             established (in Kursk, from 24 Dec 1918 Belgorod Soviet Russia
                             exile).
 5 Feb 1919                Soviet Russian forces occupy Kiev, which became capital of
                             Soviet Ukraine (Khar'kov was seat of government from 6 Jan 1919).
10 Mar 1919                Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic (Ukrayins'ka Sotsialistychna
                             Radyans'ka Respublika/Ukrainskaya Sotsialisticheskaya
                             Sovetskaya Respublika)(name adopted already 6 Jan 1919),
                             constitution adopted, sovereignty and (nominal) independence
                             declared.
 4 Jun 1919                Military and political union with the Russian S.F.S.R. (confirmed
                             by the Union Treaty of 28 Dec 1920).
30 Sep 1919 - 11 Dec 1919  Departure of the government to Gomel', Soviet Russia exile,
                             following "White" Russian occupation of Kiev.
30 Dec 1922                Founding component of the Soviet Union (see under Russia).
 5 Dec 1936                Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (Ukrayins'ka Radyans'ka
                             Sotsialistychna Respublika/Ukrainskaya Sovetskaya
                             Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika).
25 Jun 1941 -  2 Feb 1944  Occupied by Germany (Reichskommissariat Ukraine established
                             on 1 Sep 1941 [see below]).
 1 Jan 1990                Ukrainian is made the state language.
16 Jul 1990                Declaration of state sovereignty.
24 Aug 1991                Declaration of independence (Ukraine)(confirmed 1 Dec 1991). 

Secretaries of the Central Committee the Communist Party of Ukraine
12 Jul 1918 -  9 Sep 1918  Georgіy Leonidovich Pyatakov       (b. 1890 - d. 1937) 
                             (Heorhiy Leonidovych P'yatakov)
                             (1st time)
 9 Sep 1918 - 23 Oct 1918  Serafima Ilyinichna Gopner (f)     (b. 1880 - d. 1966)
                             (Serafyma Illivna Hopner)
23 Oct 1918 -  6 Mar 1919  Emmanuil Ionovich Kviring          (b. 1888 - d. 1937)
                             (Emmanuyil Ionovych Kviring)
 6 Mar 1919 - 30 May 1919  Georgіy Leonidovich Pyatakov       (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
30 May 1919 - 10 Dec 1919  Stanislav Vikentyevich Kosior      (b. 1889 - d. 1939)
                             (Stanislav Vikentiyovych Kosior)
                             (1st time)
10 Dec 1919 - Jan 1920     Vacant?
Jan 1920 - 23 Mar 1920     Rafail Borisovich Farbman (acting) (b. 1893 - d. 1966)
                             (Rafayil Borysovych Farbman)
23 Mar 1920 - 25 Mar 1920  Nikolay Ilyich Nikolayev           (b. 1895 - d. 1937)
                             (Beschetvertnoy)
                             (Mykola Illich Nikolayev [Bezchetvertnyy])
25 Mar 1920 - 23 Nov 1920  Stanislav Vikentyevich Kosior      (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
First Secretary of the Central Committee the Communist Party of Ukraine
23 Nov 1920 - 22 Mar 1921  Vyacheslav Mikhaylovich Molotov    (b. 1890 - d. 1986)
                             (Vyacheslav Mykhaylovych Molotov)
Executive Secretary of the Central Committee the Communist Party of Ukraine
22 Mar 1921 - 15 Dec 1921  Feliks Yakovlevich Kon             (b. 1864 - d. 1941)
                             (Felyks Yakovlevych Kon)
First Secretaries of the Central Committee the Communist Party of Ukraine
15 Dec 1921 - 10 Apr 1923  Dmitriy Zakharovich Manuilskiy     (b. 1883 - d. 1959)
                             (Dmytro Zakharovych Manuyil's'kyy)
10 Apr 1923 - 20 Mar 1925  Emmanuil Ionovich Kviring          (s.a.)
General Secretaries of the Central Committee the Communist Party of Ukraine
20 Mar 1925 -  7 Apr 1925  Emmanuil Ionovich Kviring          (s.a.)
 7 Apr 1925 - 14 Jul 1928  Lazar' Moiseyevich Kaganovich      (b. 1893 - d. 1991)
                             (Lazar' Moyseyovych Kahanovych [Kaganovych])
14 Jul 1928 - 23 Jan 1934  Stanislav Vikentyevich Kosior      (s.a.)
First Secretaries of the Central Committee the Communist Party of Ukraine
23 Jan 1934 - 27 Jan 1938  Stanislav Vikentyevich Kosior      (s.a.)
27 Jan 1938 -  3 Mar 1947  Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev      (b. 1894 - d. 1971)
                             (Khrushchyov)(1st time)
                             (Mykyta Serhiyovych Khrushchov [Khrushchyov])
                             (acting to 18 Jun 1938)
                             (in Russian SFSR exile 1941-1944)
 3 Mar 1947 - 26 Dec 1947  Lazar' Moiseyevich Kaganovich      (s.a.)
26 Dec 1947 - 28 Dec 1949  Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev      (s.a.)
                             (2nd time) 
28 Dec 1949 -  4 Jun 1953  Leonid Georgiyevich Mel'nikov      (b. 1906 - d. 1981)
                             (Leonid Heorhiyovych Mel'nykov)
 4 Jun 1953 - 26 Dec 1957  Aleksey Illarіonovich Kirichenko   (b. 1908 - d. 1975)
                             (Oleksiy Ilarionovych Kyrychenko)
26 Dec 1957 -  2 Jul 1963  Nikolay Viktorovich Podgornyy      (b. 1903 - d. 1983)
                             (Mykola Viktorovych Pidhornyy)
 2 Jul 1963 - 25 May 1972  Pyotr Yefimovich Shelest           (b. 1908 - d. 1996)
                             (Petro Yukhymovych Shelest)
25 May 1972 - 28 Sep 1989  Vladimir Vasilyevich Shcherbitskiy (b. 1918 - d. 1990)
                             (Volodymyr Vasylyovych Shcherbyts'kyy)
28 Sep 1989 - 23 Jun 1990  Vladimir Antonovich Ivashko        (b. 1932 - d. 1994)
                             (Volodymyr Antonovych Ivashko)
23 Jun 1990 - 26 Aug 1991  Stanislav Ivanovich Gurenko        (b. 1936 - d. 2013)
                             (Stanislav Ivanovych Hurenko)

Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee (in rebellion)
26 Dec 1917 - 30 Dec 1917  Presidium of the Central Executive
                           Committee (acting)
                           - Vladimir Khristiyanovich Aussem  (b. 1882 - d. 1937?) RSDRP-B
                             (Volodymyr Khrystyyanovych Aussem)
                           - Issak Leybovich Erlikherman      (b. 1892 - d. 1938)  RSDRP-B
                             (Isaak Leybovych Erlikherman)
                           - Yevgeniya Bogdanovna Bosh (Bosch)(b. 1879 - d. 1925)  RSDRP-B
                             (Yevheniya Bohdanivna Bosh)(f)
                           - Sergey Sergeyevich Bakinskiy     (b. 1886 - d. 1939)  RSDRP-B
                             (Serhiy Serhiyovych Bakyns'kyy)
                           - Vasiliy Matveyevich Shakhray     (b. 1888 - d. 1919)  RSDRP-B
                             (Vasyl' Matviyovych Shakhray)
30 Dec 1917 - 19 Mar 1918  Yukhym Grigoryevich Medvyedyev     (b. 1886 - d. 1938)  USDRP
                             (Yukhym Hryhorovych Medvyedyev)
19 Mar 1918 - 25 Mar 1918  Presidium of the Central Executive
                           Committee (acting)
                           - Vladimir Petrovich Zatonskiy     (b. 1888 - d. 1938)  RKP
                             (Volodymyr Petrovych Zatons'kyy)
                           - Yan Borisovich Gamarnik          (b. 1894 - d. 1937)  RKP
                             (Yan Borysovych Hamarnyk)
                           - Georgiy Fyodorovich Lapchinskiy  (b. 1887 - d. 1938)  RKP
                             (Heorhiy Fedorovych Lapchyns'kyy)
                           - Leonid Dmitriyevich Korobchuk    (b. 1898 - d. 19..)  USDRP
                             (Karabchuk)(Leonid Dmytrovych Korobchuk [Karabchuk])
                           - Afanasiy Semyonovich (Severov)   (b. 1884 - d. 1938)  UPSR
                               Odoyevskiy
                             (Opanas Semenovych [Sivero] Odoyevs'kyy)
                           - Pavel Fyodorovich Boychenko                           UPSR
                             (Pavlo Fedorovych Boychenko)
                           - Yevgeniy Petrovich Terletskiy    (b. 1892 - d. 1938)  UPSR
                             (Yevhen Petrovych Terlets'kyy)
                           - Viktor Grigoryevich Grish                             UPSR
                             (Viktor Hryhorovych Hrysh)
25 Mar 1918 - 28 Apr 1918  Vladimir Petrovich Zatonskiy       (s.a.)               RKP 
28 Apr 1918 - 12 Jul 1918  All-Ukrainian Bureau For Directing the Partisan 
                           Resistance Against the German Occupiers
                           (in Soviet Russia exile)
                           - Andrey Sergeyevich Bubnov        (b. 1884 - d. 1938)  KPU-B
                             (Andriy Serhiyovych Bubnov)
                           - Nikolay Alekseyevich Skrypnik    (b. 1872 - d. 1933)  KPU-B 
                             (Mykola Oleksiyovych Skrypnyk)
                               (chairman)
                           - Vladimir Petrovich Zatonskiy     (s.a.)               KPU-B 
                           - Georgіy Leonidovich Pyatakov     (s.a.)               KPU-B
                           - Yevgeniy Petrovich Terletskiy    (s.a.)               UPSR
                           - Afanasiy Semyonovich Severo-     (s.a.)               UPSR
                               Odoyevskiy
                           - Sergey Dmitriyevich Mstislavskiy (b. 1876 - d. 1943)  KPU-B
                             (Serhiy Dmytrovych Mstyslavs'kyy) 
                           - Nikolay Yevtikhiyevich           (b. 1897 - d. 1918)  KPU-B                                Vrublevskiy
                             (Mykola Yevtykhiyovych Vrublevs'kyy)
                           - Stanislav Vikentyevich Kosior    (s.a.)               KPU-B
                           [list not necessarily complete]
Chairmen of the All-Ukrainian Central Military Revolutionary Committee
(in Soviet Russia exile to 6 Jan 1919)
12 Jul 1918 - 18 Sep 1918  Andrey Sergeyevich Bubnov          (s.a.)               KPU-B
                             (Andriy Serhiyovych Bubnov)
18 Sep 1918 - 28 Nov 1918  Fyodor Andreyevich Sergeyev        (b. 1883 - d. 1921)  KPU-B
                             "Artem" ("Artyom") (1st time)
                             (Fedir Andriyovych Serhyeyev "Artem")
28 Nov 1918 -  6 Jan 1919  Grigoriy Ivanovich Petrovskіy      (b. 1878 - d. 1958)  KPU-B
                             (Hryhoriy Ivanovych Petrovs'kyy)
 6 Jan 1919 - 10 Mar 1919  Fyodor Andreyevich Sergeyev        (s.a.)               KPU-B
                             "Artem" ("Artyom") (2nd time) 
Chairman of the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee
10 Mar 1919 - 11 Dec 1919  Grigoriy Ivanovich Petrovskіy      (b. 1878 - d. 1958)  KPU-B
                             (Hryhoriy Ivanovych Petrovs'kyy)
                             (1st time)
Chairman of the All-Ukrainian Revolutionary Committee
11 Dec 1919 - 19 Feb 1920  Grigoriy Ivanovich Petrovskiy      (s.a.)               KPU-B
                             (Hryhoriy Ivanovych Petrovs'kyy)
Chairman of the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee
19 Feb 1920 - 25 Jul 1938  Grigoriy Ivanovich Petrovskіy      (s.a.)               KPU-B
                             (2nd time)
Chairman of the Supreme Council
25 Jul 1938 - 27 Jul 1938  Mikhail Alekseyevich Burmistenko   (b. 1902 - d. 1941)  KPU-B
                             (Mykhaylo Oleksiyovych Burmystenko)
Chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
27 Jul 1938 - 28 Jul 1939  Leonid Romanovich Korniyets        (b. 1901 - d. 1969)  KPU-B
                             (Korniets)(Leonid Romanovych Korniyets' [Kornyets])
28 Jul 1939 - 15 Jan 1954  Mikhail Sergeyevich Grechukha      (b. 1902 - d. 1976)  KPU-B;1952
                             (Mykhaylo Serhiyovych Hrechukha)                      KPU
                             (in Russian SFSR exile 1941-1944)
15 Jan 1954 -  7 Apr 1969  Dem'yan Sergeyevich Korotchenko    (b. 1894 - d. 1969)  KPU
                             (Dem'yan Serhiyovych Korotchenko)
 7 Apr 1969 - 20 Jun 1969  Stepan Yemelyanovich Stetsenko     (b. 1903 - d. 1989)  KPU
                             (Stepan Omelyanovych Stetsenko)
                             (1st time) (acting)
20 Jun 1969 -  9 Jun 1972  Aleksandr Pavlovich Lyashko        (b. 1915 - d. 2002)  KPU
                             (Oleksandr Pavlovych Lyashko)
 9 Jun 1972 - 28 Jul 1972  Stepan Yemelyanovich Stetsenko     (s.a.)               KPU
                             (2nd time) (acting)
28 Jul 1972 - 25 Jun 1976  Ivan Samіylovich Grushetskiy       (b. 1904 - d. 1982)  KPU
                             (Ivan Samiylovych Grushets'kyy)
25 Jun 1976 - 22 Nov 1984  Aleksey Fedoseyevich Vatchenko     (b. 1914 - d. 1984)  KPU
                             (Oleksiy Fedosiyovych Vatchenko)
22 Nov 1984 -  4 Jun 1990  Valentina Semyonovna Shevchenko (f)(b. 1935 - d. 2020)  KPU
                             (Valentyna Semyenovna Shevchenko)
                             (acting to 27 Mar 1985)
Chairmen of the Supreme Soviet
 4 Jun 1990 - 18 Jul 1990  Vladimir Antonovich Ivashko        (s.a.)               KPU
                             (Volodymyr Antonovych Ivashko)
 9 Jul 1990 - 23 Jul 1990  Ivan Stepanovich Plyushch          (b. 1941 - d. 2014)  KPU
                             (Ivan Stepanovych Plyushch)
                             (acting [for Ivashko to 18 Jul 1990])
23 Jul 1990 - 24 Aug 1991  Leonid Makarovich Kravchuk         (b. 1934 - d. 2022)  KPU
                             (Leonid Makarovych Kravchuk)

Chairmen of the People's Secretariat
17 Dec 1917 -  4 Mar 1918  Yevgeniya Bogdanovna Bosh (Bosch)  (s.a.)               RSDRP-B                               (Yevheniya Bohdanivna Bosh)(f)
                             (acting)
 4 Mar 1918 - 28 Apr 1918  Nikolay Alekseyevich Skrypnik      (s.a.)               RKP
                             (Mykola Oleksiyovych Skrypnyk)
28 Apr 1918 - 28 Nov 1918  post abolished   
Chairmen of the Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government
28 Nov 1918 - 16 Jan 1919  Georgіy Leonidovich Pyatakov       (s.a.)               KPU-B
                             (Heorhiy Leonidovych P'yatakov)
                             (continued in dissidence 16 - 24 Jan 1919)
16 Jan 1919 - 24 Jan 1919  Fyodor Andreyevich Sergeyev        (s.a.)               KPU-B
                             "Artem" ("Artyom")
                             (Fedir Andriyovych Serhyeyev "Artem")
                             (acting from 19 Jan 1919)
24 Jan 1919 – 29 Jan 1919  Khristiyan Georgiyevich Rakovskiy  (b. 1873 - d. 1941)  KPU-B
                             (Khrystyyan Heorhiyovych Rakovs'kyy
                             [= Krăstyo Georgiev Stanchev])
Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars
29 Jan 1919 - 11 Dec 1919  Khristiyan Georgiyevich Rakovskiy  (s.a.)               KPU-B
                             (Khrystyyan Heorhiyovych Rakovs'kyy)
                             (1st time)
11 Dec 1919 - 19 Feb 1920  post abolished
19 Feb 1920 - 15 Jul 1923  Khristiyan Georgiyevich Rakovskiy  (s.a.)               KPU-B
                             (2nd time)
15 Jul 1923 - 28 Apr 1934  Vlas Yakovich (Yakovlevich) Chubar (b. 1891 - d. 1939)  KPU-B
                             (Vlas Yakovych [Yakovlevych] Chubar)
28 Apr 1934 - 30 Aug 1937  Panas Petrovich Lyubchenko         (b. 1897 - d. 1937)  KPU-B
                             (Panas Petrovych Lyubchenko)
30 Aug 1937 - 29 Oct 1937  Mikhaylo Ilyich Bondarenko         (b. 1903 - d. 1938)  KPU-B
                             (Mykhaylo Illich Bondarenko)
13 Oct 1937 - 21 Feb 1938  Nikolay Makarovich Marchak         (b. 1903 - d. 1938)  KPU-B
                             (Mykola Makarovych Marchak)
                             (acting [for Bondarenko to 29 Oct 1937])
21 Feb 1938 - 28 Jul 1939  Dem'yan Sergeyevich Korotchenko    (s.a.)               KPU-B
                             (Dem'yan Serhiyovych Korotchenko)
                             (1st time)
28 Jul 1939 -  5 Feb 1944  Leonid Romanovich Korniyets        (s.a.)               KPU-B
                             (Korniets)(Leonid Romanovych Korniyets' [Kornyets])
                             (in Russian SFSR exile 1941-1944)
 5 Feb 1944 - 25 Mar 1946  Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev      (s.a.)               KPU-B
                             (Khrushchyov)
                             (Mykyta Serhiyovych Khrushchov [Khrushchyov])
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers
25 Mar 1946 - 26 Dec 1947  Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev      (s.a.)               KPU-B
26 Dec 1947 - 15 Jan 1954  Dem'yan Sergeyevich Korotchenko    (s.a.)               KPU-B;1952
                             (2nd time)                                            KPU
15 Jan 1954 - 28 Feb 1961  Nikifor Timofeyevich Kal'chenko    (b. 1906 - d. 1989)  KPU
                             (Nykyfor Tymofiyovych Kal'chenko)
28 Feb 1961 - 28 Jun 1963  Vladimir Vasilyevich Shcherbitskiy (s.a.)               KPU
                             (Volodymyr Vasylyovych Shcherbyts'kyy)
                             (1st time) 
28 Jun 1963 - 15 Oct 1965  Ivan Pavlovich Kazanets'           (b. 1918 - d. 2013)  KPU
                             (Ivan Pavlovych Kazanets')
15 Oct 1965 -  9 Jun 1972  Vladimir Vasilyevich Shcherbitskiy (s.a.)               KPU
                             (2nd time) 
 9 Jun 1972 - 10 Jul 1987  Aleksandr Pavlovich Lyashko        (s.a.)               KPU
                             (Oleksandr Pavlovych Lyashko)
10 Jul 1987 - 23 Oct 1990  Vitaliy Andreyevich Masol          (b. 1928 - d. 2018)  KPU
                             (Vitaliy Andriyovych Masol)
23 Oct 1990 - 18 Apr 1991  Vitol'd Pavlovich Fokin            (b. 1932)            KPU
                             (Vitol'd Pavlovych Fokin [Fokyn])
                             (acting to 14 Nov 1990)

Pro-Soviet Resistance to German Occupation 1941-1944

Chief of Staff of Ukrainian Partisan Units (also in charge of Moldavia)
20 Jun 1942 – 1944         Timofey Amvrosiyevich Strokach     (b. 1903 - d. 1963)  Mil/KPU-B

Party abbreviations: KPU = Komunistychna Partiya Ukrayiny/Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Ukrainy (Communist Party of Ukraine, communist, former KPU-B, 13 Oct 1952-26 Aug 1991); KPU-B = Komunistychna Partiya (Bil'shovykiv) Ukrayiny/Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov) Ukrainy (Communist Party [Bolsheviks] of Ukraine, communist, separated 1 Mar 1919 from RKP, 12 Jul 1918-13 Oct 1952, renamed KPU); RKP = Rossiyskaya Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)(Russian Communist Party [Bolsheviks], Marxist-Leninist communist, former RSDRP-B, state party, 8 Mar 1918 - 31 Dec 1925, renamed Vsesoyuznaya Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)[All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)]); RSDRP-B = Rossiyskaya Sotsial-Demokraticheskaya Rabochaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)(Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party [Bolsheviks], Russian revolutionary socialist, Marxist communist, 1 Mar 1898-8 Mar 1918, renamed RKP); UPSR = Ukrayins'ka Partiya Sotsialistiv-Revolyutsioneriv/Ukrainskaya Partiya Sotsialistov-Revolyutsionerov (Ukrainian Party of Socialists-Revolutionaries, democratic socialist, agrarian socialist, 17 Apr 1917-1918, left wing faction merged into KPU-B, right wing in exile to 1950 then merged into USP); USDRP = Ukrayins'ka Sotsial-Demokratychna Robitnycha Partiya/Ukrainskaya Sotsial-Demokraticheskaya Rabochaya Partiya (Ukrainian Social Democratic Workers' Party, democratic socialist, Jan 1919 split into right and left wing factions, 1920 exiled, Dec 1905-26 Mar 1950, merged into USP)

1526                       Ottoman Empire annexes Ochakov (Ochakiv), the rest of area is
                             retained by khanate of Crimea under Ottoman suzerainty.
1774                       Under the Ottoman rule upon independence of Crimea (part of Eyalet
                             of Silistra).
1788                       Russian occupation of the area.
1791                       Ceded to Russia by the Ottoman Empire, to 1796 included in the
                             governorate-general of Yekaterinoslav, Taurida and Voznesensk
                             (area of the governorate-general referred to as Novorossiya).
1794                       Odessa city founded.
1802 - 1822                Military Governorate of Nikolayev (from 1803, Kherson), covering
                             governorates of Yekaterinoslav (to 1814), Nikolayev (from 1803,
                             Kherson) and Taurida.
1822 - 1874                Governorate-general of Novorossiya (governorates of Kherson,
                             Taurida and [to 1830] Yekaterinoslav) and Bessarabia.
1879 - 1890                Temporary governorate-general of Odessa, covering the four
                             governorates of the former governorate-general of Novorossiya.
1905 - 1911                Temporary governorate-general of Odessa, covering only the Kherson
                             governorate.
1914 - 1917                Governorate-general of Odessa, covering the governorates of
                             Kherson, Bessarabia and Taurida.
20 Nov 1917                (First) "Rumcherod", founded in 23 May 1917, recognized authority
                             of the Ukrainian People's Republic.
23 Dec 1917                (Second) Central Executive Committee of Soviets of Soldiers',
                             Sailors', Workers' and Peasants' Deputies of the Romanian Front,
                             the Black Sea Fleet and Odessa oblast ("Rumcherod") organized.
14 Jan 1918 - 26 Jan 1918  Bolshevik units of "Rumcherod" occupy Bessarabia (see Moldova).
27 Jan 1918                "Rumcherod" declared itself the "supreme Soviet authority" in
                             rebellion against the Ukrainian People's Republic, on 30 Jan 1918
                             occupied Kherson, on 31 Jan 1918 completed occupation of Odessa
                             (Odesa).
31 Jan 1918                Odessa Soviet Republic (Odesskaya Sovetskaya Respublika) proclaimed
                             by "Rumcherod" (claiming Kherson and Bessarabia governorates); as
                             a part of Russia.
13 Mar 1918 - 16 Dec 1918  Odessa occupied by Austria-Hungary, part of the Ukrainian People's
                             Republic (Ukrainian State 29 Apr 1918-11 Dec 1918), Kherson
                             occupied from 19 Mar 1918.
16 Dec 1918 -  8 Apr 1919  Odessa occupied by the Allied and Associated Powers and on 18 Dec
                             1918 declared an Allied protectorate (French and Greek troops
                             present from 7 Dec 1918), Ukrainian authorities withdrew.
30 Jan 1919                Allied-occupied area enlarged (to also include Kherson), but the
                             civil administration of the Ukrainian People's Republic remained.
 8 Apr 1919                Soviet troops occupied Odessa (on 10 Mar 1919 Kherson occupied),
                             part of the Ukrainian S.S.R.
24 Aug 1919 -  7 Feb 1920  "White" Russian forces (Armed Forces in the South of Russia) occupy
                             Odessa (Kherson occupied from 13 Aug 1919).
 7 Feb 1920                Soviet troops re-occupy Odessa (on 4 Feb 1920 Kherson occupied),
                             part of the Ukrainian S.S.R.

Governors-general of Yekaterinoslav, (from 1784) Taurida and (from 1795) Voznesensk
"Novorossiya" (with title Namestnik; in Kremenchug, from 1789 Yekaterinoslav [modern Dnipro])
1783 - 1791                Knyaz' Grigoriy Aleksandrovich      (b. 1739 - d. 1791)
                             Potyomkin-Tavricheskiy
1791 - 1793                Vacant
1793 - 1796                Graf Platon Aleksandrovich Zubov    (b. 1767 - d. 1822)
1796 - 1797                Nikolay Mikhaylovich Berdyayev      (b. 1745 - d. 1823)
28 Mar 1797 - 1800         Ivan Yakovlevich Seletskiy          (b. c.1743 - d. 1810)
13 Jun 1800 -  2 May 1801  Yuriy Alekseyevich Nikolev          (b. 1749 - d. 1819)
 2 May 1801 -  8 Oct 1802  Mikhail Pavlovich Miklashevskiy     (b. 1756 - d. 1847)
Military governors of Nikolayev (from 1803, Kherson) and chief administrators of civil affairs for Yekaterinoslav (to 1814), Nikolayev (from 1803, Kherson) and Taurida Governorates (with rights of governor-general; in Yekaterinoslav, 1803-1805 in Kherson, from 1805 in Odessa)
Dec 1802 - Feb 1803        Ivan Ivanovich Mikhel'son           (b. 1740 - d. 1807)
                             (Johann von Michelsohnen)
Feb 1803 - Oct 1803        Sergey Andreyevich Bekleshov        (b. 1752 - d. 1803)
Oct 1803 - Mar 1805        Andrey Grigoryevich Rozenberg       (b. 1739 - d. 1813)
                             (Diederich Arend von Rosenberg)
Mar 1805 - Sep 1814        Armand Emmanuel du Plessis,         (b. 1766 - d. 1822)
                             duc de Richelieu
                             (= Gertsog Emmanuil Osipovich de Rishel'yo)
Sep 1814 - Dec 1815        Aleksandr Yakovlevich Rudzevich     (b. 1775 - d. 1829) 
Dec 1815 - Jul 1822        Alexandre Louis Andrault, comte     (b. 1763 - d. 1831)
                             de Langeron                       
                            (= Graf Aleksandr Fyodorovich Lanzheron)
Governors-general of Novorossiya and Bessarabia (in Odessa)
17 Jul 1822 -  7 May 1823  Ivan Nikitich Inzov                 (b. 1768 - d. 1845)
19 May 1823 -  5 Nov 1854  Graf Mikhail Semyonovich Vorontsov  (b. 1782 - d. 1856)
                             (from 1845, Knyaz' Mikhail Semyonovich Vorontsov)
                             (absent 1826-1828, 1830-1832, from 1846)
29 May 1826 -  1 Jan 1828  Graf Fyodor Petrovich Palen         (b. 1780 - d. 1863)
                             (Friedrich Alexander Graf von der Pahlen)
                             (1st time)(acting for Vorontsov)
1830 - 1831                Afanasiy Ivanovich Krasovskiy       (b. 1781 - d. 1843)
                             (acting for Vorontsov)
15 Feb 1831 - Oct 1832     Graf Fyodor Petrovich Palen         (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)(acting for Vorontsov)
1846 - Nov 1854            Pavel Ivanovich Fyodorov            (b. 1789 - d. 1855)
                             (acting for Vorontsov)
Nov 1854 - 17 Apr 1855     Nikolay Nikolayevich Annenkov       (b. 1799 - d. 1865)
17 Apr 1855 - 29 Jun 1862  Graf Aleksandr Grigoryevich         (b. 1795 - d. 1891)
                             Stroganov
 2 Dec 1862 - Jan 1874     Pavel Yevstafyevich Kotsebu         (b. 1801 - d. 1884)
                             (Paul Demetrius von Kotzebue)
Temporary governors-general (from 1914, governor-general) of Odessa
1879 - 1880                Graf Eduard Ivanovich Totleben      (b. 1818 - d. 1884)
                             (Franz Eduard Graf von Totleben)
1880 - 1881                Aleksandr Romanovich Drentel'n      (b. 1820 - d. 1888)
                             (Alexander von Drenteln)
1881 - 1882                Knyaz' Aleksandr Mikhailovich       (b. 1820 - d. 1893)
                             Dondukov-Korsakov
1882 - 1883                Iosif Vladimirovich Gurko           (b. 1828 - d. 1901)
1883 - 1890                Khristofor Khristoforovich Roop     (b. 1831 - d. 1917)
                             (Christoph von Roop)
1890 - 1905                Post abolished
1905 - 1906                Konstantin Adamovich Karangozov     (b. 1852 - d. 1907)
1906 - 1907                Pavel Fyodorovich Glagolev          (b. 1849 - d. af.1910)
1907 - 1911                Ivan Nikolayevich Tolmachev         (b. 1861 - d. 1932)
1911 - 1914                Post abolished
1914 - 1917                Mikhail Isayevich Ebelov            (b. 1855 - d. 1919)
Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of Soviets of Soldiers', Sailors', Workers' and Peasants' Deputies of the Romanian Front, the Black Sea Fleet and Odessa Oblast ("Rumcherod")
23 Dec 1917 - 13 Mar 1918  Vladimir Grigoryevich Yudovskiy     (b. 1880 - d. 1949)  RSDRP-B
                             (with no executive role from 31 Jan 1918)

Chairman of the Executive Committee of Soviets of Odessa Oblast
20 Feb 1918 - 13 Mar 1918  Pyotr Ivanovich Starostin           (b. 1883 - d. 1918)  RSDRP-B
                             (Petro Ivanovych Starostin)
Allied and Associated Powers Military Commanders in Odessa (all from France)
16 Dec 1918 - 15 Jan 1919  Albert Charles Jules Borius         (b. 1865 - d. 1937)  Mil
15 Jan 1919 -  8 Apr 1919  Philippe Henri Joseph d'Anselme     (b. 1864 - d. 1936)  Mil
Chief administrator of Novorossiya Oblast (with rights of governor-general)
(in charge of Kherson and Taurida governorates)
25 Aug 1919 -  7 Feb 1920  Nikolay Nikolayevich Shilling       (b. 1870 - d. 1946)  Mil

Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Odessa Soviet Republic
31 Jan 1918 - 13 Mar 1918  Vladimir Grigoryevich Yudovskiy     (s.a.)               RSDRP-B
Governors of Odessa Rayon and Heads of the Consultation (from 21 Mar 1919, Directory)
(chiefs of the French-appointed 'Odessa government')
18 Dec 1918 - 15 Mar 1919  Aleksey Nikolayevich Grishin-       (b. 1880 - d. 1919)  Mil
                             Almazov
21 Mar 1919 -  8 Apr 1919  Aleksey Vladimirovich Shvarts       (b. 1874 - d. 1853)  Mil

1780 - 1796                Governorate-general of Khar'kov and (except 1787-1791) Voronezh.
1802 - 1835                Military Governorate of Malorossiya, covering governorates of
                             Poltava and Chernigov.
1835 - 1856                Governorate-general of Khar'kov, Poltava and Chernigov.
1879 - 1882                Temporary governorate-general of Khar'kov, covering governorates of
                             Khar'kov, Poltava, Chernigov, Kursk, Oryol and Voronezh.
1905 - 1906                Temporary governorate-general of Khar'kov.
20 Nov 1917                (First) Executive Committee of Soviets of Donetsk-Krivoy Rog
                             Basins, founded in May 1917 in Khar'kov (Kharkiv), recognized
                             authority of the Ukrainian People's Republic (in Lugansk
                             [Luhans'k] Bolshevik rule was established).
20 Dec 1917                (Second) Executive Committee declared that Donetsk-Krivoy Rog
                             Oblast, covering Khar'kov and Yekaterinoslav governorates, parts
                             of Kherson governorate (area of Krivoy Rog) and Taurida
                             governorate (area of Melitopol'), and the newly Bolshevik-created
                             Donetsk governorate, belongs to Soviet Russia.
23 Dec 1917                Soviet Russian troops occupy Khar'kov (Yekaterinoslav [modern
                             Dnipro] is occupied 11 Jan 1918).
25 Dec 1917                Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets established in Khar'kov,
                             part of a federal Soviet Russian republic.
12 Feb 1918                Soviet Republic of the Donetsk-Krivoy Rog Basins (Donets'k-Kryvyy
                             Rih), with a capital in Khar'kov, is proclaimed in Khar'kov,
                             Yekaterinoslav, Donetsk, and parts of Kherson and Taurian
                             governorates provinces, part of Russian S.F.S.R.; separation from
                             Ukraine declared.
19 Mar 1918                Accepted merger into the Ukrainian Soviet Republic (largely
                             nominally).
 8 Apr 1918 - 19 Nov 1918  German occupation of Khar'kov, part of the Ukrainian People's
                             Republic (29 Apr 1918-18 Nov 1918 the Ukrainian State),
                             Yekaterinoslav occupied by Austrians from 4 Apr 1918, Lugansk
                             occupied by Austrians and Germans on 28 Apr 1918.
19 Nov 1918 - 21 Jan 1919  Lugansk occupied by the Don Cossacks, originally by agreement with
                             the Ukrainian People's Republic.
 3 Jan 1919                Soviet occupation of Khar'kov (in Lugansk from 21 Jan 1919, in
                             Yekaterinoslav from 27 Jan 1919), part of the Ukrainian S.S.R.
25 Jun 1919 - 12 Dec 1919  "White" Russian forces (Armed Forces in the South of Russia) occupy
                             Khar'kov (in Lugansk from 27 May 1919, in Yekaterinoslav from
                             29 Jun 1919, in Poltava from 16 Jul 1919).
28 Oct 1919 -  8 Dec 1919  Makhnovist Forces occupy Yekaterinoslav.
12 Dec 1919                Soviet occupation of Khar'kov (in Poltava from 13 Dec 1919, in
                             Lugansk from 24 Dec 1919, in Yekaterinoslav from 30 Dec 1919),
                             part of the Ukrainian S.S.R.

Governors-general of Khar'kov and (except 1787-1791) Voronezh
(with title Namestnik)(in Khar'kov)
1780 - 1782                Yevdokim Alekseyevich Shcherbinin  (b. 1728 - d. 1783)
1782 - 1787                Vasiliy Alekseyevich Chertkov      (b. 1726 - d. 1793)
1787 - 1791                Knyaz' Grigoriy Aleksandrovich     (b. 1739 - d. 1791)
                             Potyomkin-Tavricheskiy
1791 - 1796                Vacant
1796                       Andrey Yakovlevich Levanidov       (b. 1747 - d. 1802)
Military governors of Malorossiya and Chief administrators of Civil affairs for
Poltava and Chernigov Governorates (in Poltava; with rights of governor-general)
1802 - 1807                Knyaz' Aleksey Borisovich Kurakin  (b. 1759 - d. 1829)
1808 - 1816                Knyaz' Yakov Ivanovich Lobanov-    (b. 1760 - d. 1831)
                             Rostovskiy
1816 - 1834                Knyaz' Nikolay Grigoryevich Repnin (b. 1778 - d. 1845)
                             -Volkonskiy
1834 - 1835                Graf Aleksandr Dmitriyevich Guryev (b. 1785 - d. 1865)
Governors-general of Khar'kov, Poltava and Chernigov (in Poltava, from 1837 in Khar'kov)
1835 - 1836                Graf Vasiliy Vasilyevich Levashov  (b. 1783 - d. 1848)
1836 - 1839                Graf Aleksandr Grigoryevich        (b. 1796 - d. 1891)
                             Stroganov
1840 - 1847                Knyaz' Nikolay Andreyevich         (b. 1792 - d. 1847)
                             Dolgorukov
1847 - 1856                Sergey Aleksandrovich Kokoshkin    (b. 1796 - d. 1861)
Temporary governors-general of Khar'kov
1879 - 1880                Graf Mikhail Tarielovich Loris-    (b. 1825 - d. 1888)
                             Melikov
1880 - 1881                Knyaz' Aleksandr Mikhaylovich      (b. 1820 - d. 1893)
                             Dondukov-Korsakov
1881 - 1882                Knyaz' Dmitriy Ivanovich           (b. 1825 - d. 1889)
                             Svyatopolk-Mirskiy
1882 - 1905                Post abolished
1905 - 1906                Konstantin Sokratovich Starynkevich(b. 1858 - d. 1906)
1906                       Nikolay Nikolayevich Peshkov       (b. 1857 - d. af.1917)
Chairman of the Executive Committee of Soviets of Donetsk-Krivoy Rog Oblast
20 Dec 1917 - 28 Apr 1918  Semyon Filippovich Vasil'chenko    (b. 1884 - d. 1937)  RSDRP-B
                             (with no executive rule from 14 Feb 1918)
Chairman of the Oblast Council of People's Commissars of the Donetsk-Krivoy Rog Basins
14 Feb 1918 - May 1918     Fyodor Andreyevich Sergeyev        (b. 1883 - d. 1921)  RSDRP-B/RKP
                             "Artem" ("Artyom")
                             (Fedir Andriyovych Serhyeyev "Artem")
 9 Apr 1918 – May 1918     Yuriy Khrisanfovich Lutovinov      (b. 1887 - d. 1924)  RKP
                             (Yuriy Khrysanfovych Lotovinov)
                             (acting for Sergeyev)
                             (in Lugansk to 28 Apr 1918, then in
                              exile in Tsaritsyn [modern Volgograd])
Chief administrators of Khar'kov Oblast (with rights of governor-general)
(in charge of Khar'kov, Poltava and Yekaterinoslav governorates
and the White-occupied Russian areas towards Moscow)
25 Jun 1919 - 10 Dec 1919  Vladimir Zenonovich May-Mayevskiy  (b. 1867 - d. 1920)  Mil
10 Dec 1919 - 12 Dec 1919  Baron Pyotr Nikolayevich Vrangel'  (b. 1878 - d. 1928)  Mil

Note: Names are listed in Ukrainian, romanization system BGN/PCGN.

24 Aug 1991                Declaration of independence (Ukraine [Ukrayina])
                             (ratified by referendum on 1 Dec 1991).
26 Dec 1991                Independence effective (dissolution of the
                             Soviet Union).

Chairman of the Supreme Council
24 Aug 1991 -  5 Dec 1991  Leonid Makarovych Kravchuk         (b. 1934 - d. 2022)  Non-party
Presidents
 5 Dec 1991 - 19 Jul 1994  Leonid Makarovych Kravchuk         (s.a.)               Non-party
19 Jul 1994 - 23 Jan 2005  Leonid Danylovych Kuchma           (b. 1938)            Non-party
23 Jan 2005 - 25 Feb 2010  Viktor Andriyovych Yushchenko      (b. 1954)            NU
25 Feb 2010 - 22 Feb 2014  Viktor Fedorovych Yanukovych       (b. 1950)            Non-party
23 Feb 2014 -  7 Jun 2014  Oleksandr Valentynovych Turchynov  (b. 1964)            VOB;2014 NF
                             (acting)
 7 Jun 2014 - 20 May 2019  Petro Oleksiyovych Poroshenko      (b. 1965)           BP/Non-party
20 May 2019 -              Volodymyr Oleksandrovych Zelens'kyy(b. 1978)            SN

Prime ministers 
18 Apr 1991 -  2 Oct 1992  Vitol'd Pavlovych Fokin            (b. 1932)           KPU;1991 Ind
 2 Oct 1992 - 13 Oct 1992  Valentyn Kostyantynovych Symonenko (b. 1940)            Non-party
                             (acting) 
13 Oct 1992 - 22 Sep 1993  Leonid Danylovych Kuchma           (s.a.)               Non-party
22 Sep 1993 - 16 Jun 1994  Yukhym Leonidovych Zvyahil's'kyy   (b. 1933 - d. 2021)  Non-party
                             (acting) 
16 Jun 1994 -  6 Mar 1995  Vitaliy Andriyovych Masol          (b. 1928 - d. 2018)  KPU
 6 Mar 1995 - 27 May 1996  Yevhen Kyrylovych Marchuk          (b. 1941 - d. 2021)  SDP
                             (acting to 8 Jun 1995)
28 May 1996 -  2 Jul 1997  Pavlo Ivanovych Lazarenko          (b. 1953)            Hromada
19 Jun 1997 - 16 Jul 1997  Vasyl' Vasylyovych Durdynets'      (b. 1937)            Non-party
                             (acting [for Lazarenko to 2 Jul 1997])
16 Jul 1997 - 22 Dec 1999  Valeriy Pavlovych Pustovoytenko    (b. 1947)            NDP
22 Dec 1999 - 29 May 2001  Viktor Andriyovych Yushchenko      (s.a.)               Non-party
29 May 2001 - 21 Nov 2002  Anatoliy Kyrylovych Kinakh         (b. 1954)            PPP
21 Nov 2002 -  5 Jan 2005  Viktor Fedorovych Yanukovych       (s.a.)               PR
                             (1st time)
 7 Dec 2004 - 28 Dec 2004  Mykola Yanovych Azarov (1st time)  (b. 1947)            PR
                             (acting for Yanukovych)
 5 Jan 2005 - 24 Jan 2005  Mykola Yanovych Azarov (2nd time)  (s.a.)               PR
                             (acting)      
24 Jan 2005 -  8 Sep 2005  Yuliya Volodymyrivna Tymoshenko (f)(b. 1960)            VOB
                             (1st time) (acting to 4 Feb 2005)
 8 Sep 2005 -  4 Aug 2006  Yuriy Ivanovych Yekhanurov         (b. 1948)            NU
                             (Ekhanurov)(acting to 22 Sep 2005)
 4 Aug 2006 - 18 Dec 2007  Viktor Fedorovych Yanukovych       (s.a.)               PR
                             (2nd time)
18 Dec 2007 - 11 Mar 2010  Yuliya Volodymyrivna Tymoshenko (f)(s.a.)               VOB
                             (2nd time)
 4 Mar 2010 -  9 Mar 2010  Oleksandr Valentynovych Turchynov  (s.a.)               VOB
                             (1st time)([de facto] acting for Tymoshenko)
11 Mar 2010 - 28 Jan 2014  Mykola Yanovych Azarov (3rd time)  (s.a.)               PR
28 Jan 2014 - 22 Feb 2014  Serhiy Gennadiyovych Arbuzov       (b. 1976)            PR
                             (acting)
22 Feb 2014 - 27 Feb 2014  Oleksandr Valentynovych Turchynov  (s.a.)               VOB
                             (2nd time)(acting)
27 Feb 2014 - 14 Apr 2016  Arseniy Petrovych Yatsenyuk        (b. 1974)            NF
24 Jul 2014 -  1 Aug 2014  Volodymyr Borysovych Groysman      (b. 1978)            Non-party
                             (Hroysman)(acting for Yatsenyuk)
14 Apr 2016 - 29 Aug 2019  Volodymyr Borysovych Groysman      (s.a.)               Non-party
29 Aug 2019 -  4 Mar 2020  Oleksiy Valeriyovych Honcharuk     (b. 1984)            SN
 4 Mar 2020 -              Denys Anatoliyovych Shmyhal        (b. 1975)            Non-party

Territorial Disputes: in 1997, Ukraine and Belarus signed a boundary delimitation treaty; the instruments of ratification were exchanged in 2013; a joint commission should be established to enable the actual demarcation to begin; hundreds of thousands of Ukrainian refugees are crossing the border to Hungary to escape the Russian invasion in their country; hundreds of thousands of Ukrainian refugees are crossing the border to Moldova to escape the Russian invasion in their country; Ukraine and Moldova signed an agreement officially delimiting their border in 1999, but the border has not been demarcated due to Moldova's difficulties with the break-away region of Transnistria; Moldova and Ukraine operate joint customs posts to monitor transit of people and commodities through Moldova's Transnistria Region, which remains under the auspices of an Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe-mandated peacekeeping mission comprised of Moldovan, Transnistrian, Russian, and Ukrainian troops; hundreds of thousands of Ukrainian refugees are crossing the border to Poland to escape the Russian invasion in their country; hundreds of thousands of Ukrainian refugees are crossing the border to Romania to escape the Russian invasion in their country, the ICJ in 2009 ruled largely in favor of Romania in its dispute submitted in 2004 over Ukrainian-administered Zmiyinyy/Șerpilor (Snake) Island and Black Sea maritime boundary delimitation; Romania opposes Ukraine's reopening of a navigation canal from the Danube border through Ukraine to the Black Sea; the dispute over the boundary between Russia and Ukraine through the Kerch Strait and Sea of Azov is suspended due to the occupation of Crimea by Russia; tens of thousands of Ukrainian refugees are crossing the border to Slovakia to escape the Russian invasion of their country.

Party abbreviations: BP = Blok Petra Poroshenka (Petro Poroshenko Bloc, center-right, liberal conservative, civic nationalist, pro-European, Petro Poroshenko personalist, 24 May 2019 renamed Yevropeys'ka Solidarnistʹ [European Solidarity], est.27 Aug 2014); Hromada = Vseukrayins'ke Ob'yednannya "Hromada" (All-Ukrainian Association "Community", social democratic, center-left, populist, est.12 Dec 1993); Ind = Independent; NDP = Narodno-Demokratychna Partiya (People's Democratic Party, centrist, social democratic, est.24 Feb 1996); NF = Narodnyy Front (People's Front, Ukrainian nationalist, conservative, pro-European, est.31 Mar 2014); NRU = Narodnyy Rukh Ukrayiny (People's Movement of Ukraine, "Rukh", center-right, liberal conservative, Ukrainian nationalist, pro-European, est.9 Feb 1990); NU = Narodnyy Soyuz "Nasha Ukraina" (People's Union "Our Ukraine", center-right, liberal conservative, pro-European, Viktor Yushchenko personalist, from Jul 2009 renamed Our Ukraine, est.5 Mar 2005); PPP = Partiya Promyslovtsiv i Pidpryyemtsiv Ukrayiny (Party of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs of Ukraine, centrist, est.9 Feb 2000); PR = Partiya Regioniv/Partiya Regionov (Party of Regions, regionalist, centrist, pro-Russia, Eurosceptic, 2001-05 pro-Kuchma, 2010-14 pro-Yanukovych, 1997-2001 named Partiya Regional'noho Vidrodzhennya Ukrayiny/Partiya Regional'nogo Vozrozhdeniya Ukrainy [Party Regional Revival of Ukraine], est.3 Mar 2001); SN = Sluha Narodu (Servant of the People, centrist, populist, anti-corruption, pro-European, est.2 Dec 2017); VOB = Vseukrayins'ke Ob'yednannya "Bat'kivshchyna" (All-Ukrainian Association "Fatherland", center-right, Ukrainian nationalist, liberal conservative, populist, pro-European, Yuliya Tymoshenko personalist, split from Hromada, est.9 Jul 1999);
- Former parties: KPU = Komunistychna Partiya Ukrayiny/Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Ukrainy (Communist Party of Ukraine, Marxist-Leninist communist, Eurosceptic, former KPU-B, 13 Oct 1952-26 Aug 1991, re-est.19 Jun 1993, banned by Ukraine 16 Dec 2015)

 

Map of Ukraine 1941-1944	Capital: Rowno (Rivne)	Currency: 1942-1944 Reichskommissariat Ukraine Karbowanez	Population: 16,910,008 (1943 est.)
General Districts (Generalbezirke)