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Russia 
 
[Russia
                                    flag]
1697 - 8 Nov 1917 Merchant Flag,
28 Apr 1883 - 8 Nov 1917 State Flag
[Russia
                                    State flag 1858-1883, national flag
                                    1887-1896]
11 Jun 1858 - 28 Apr 1883 State Flag,
28 Feb 1887 - 11 May 1896 National Flag
 
[Russian national flag
                                    1914-1917]
12 Aug 1914 - 15 Mar 1917
"National Flag"
 
[Russian
                                  Revolution red flag 1917-1918 de
                                  facto]
8 Nov 1917 - 13 Apr 1918 (de facto)
 
[Flag of Russian SFSR Apr-Jun
                                  1918]
13 Apr 1918 - 17 Jun 1918

[Flag of
                                  Russian SFSR, 1918-1923]
17 Jun 1918 - 6 Jul 1923

[Flag
                                    of USSR Jul-Nov 1923]
6 Jul 1923 - 12 Nov 1923
[Flag of USSR,
                                1923-1936]
12 Nov 1923 - 5 Dec 1936
[Flag of USSR,
                                1936-1955]
5 Dec 1936 - 19 Aug 1955
[Flag of USSR,
                                1955-1991]
19 Aug 1955 - 25 Dec 1991
   

[Russian
                                  Federation flag]
Re-adopted 25 Dec 1991

 
Map of Russia
--------------------------------
Map of Administrative
Divisions
Hear National Anthem
"Gosudarstvenny Gimn
Rossiyskoy Federatsii"
(National Anthem of the
 Russian Federation)
Adopted 25 Dec 2000
Hear Former Anthem
"Patrioticheskaya Pesnya"
(Patriotic Song)
(23 Nov 1990-25 Dec 2000)
Constitution
 (12 Dec 1993)
Capital: Moscow
(Moskva)
Currency: Russian Ruble
(Rubl') (RUR)
National Holiday:
12 June (1990)

Den Rossii (Russia Day)
(named Day of Adoption
of Declaration of State
Sovereignty of the Russian
Federation 1992-2002)
Population: 145,478,000 (2022)
GDP: $4.02 trillion (2017)
Exports: $353 billion (2017)
Imports: $238 billion (2017) 
Ethnic groups: Russian 80.9%, Tatar 3.87%, Ukrainian 1.40%,
Bashkir 1.15%, Chuvash 1.05%, Chechen 1.04%, Armenian 0.86%, Avar 0.66%, Mordvin 0.54%, Kazakh 0.45%, Azerbaijani 0.44%, Dargin 0.43%, Udmurt 0.40%, Mari 0.40%, Ossetian 0.39%, Belarusian 0.38%, Kabardian 0.38%, Buryat 0.37%, Kumyk 0.37, Lezgin 0.35%, Ingush 0.32%, German 0.29%, Uzbek 0.21%, Komi 0.17%, Roma (Gypsy) 0.15%, Tajik 0.15%, others 2.88% (2010) 
Total Active Armed Forces: 1,040,000 (2010)
Declared Nuclear Power (1949): est. 6,257 weapons (2021)
Merchant marine: 2,625 ships (2018)
Religions: Christian 48.2% (of which Russian Orthodox 44.6%,
Pentecostal 1.5%, Protestant 1.1%, 
Roman Catholic 0.5%,
other Christian 0.5%
), Muslim 10.6%, traditional beliefs 1.4%,
Buddhist 0.5%, other religionist 0.1%, not religious
and atheist 8.2%, unspecified 33% (2015)
note: estimates are of practicing worshipers; Russia has large
populations of non-practicing believers and non-believers.
International Organizations/Treaties: AC (suspended), ACS (observer), AIIB, ANT (consultative), APA, APEC, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIS (suspended), BRICS, BSEC, BTWC, CD (suspended), CERN (observer)(suspended), CICA, CIS, CSTO, CTBT, CWC, DC (suspended), EAEU, EAPC (suspended), EAS, EBRD (suspended), ENMOD, ESA (cooperation)(suspended), ESCR, Eutelsat (suspended), FAO, FATF (suspended), G-20, GCTU, IAEA, IBEC, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, ICSID (signatory), IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, IIB, ILO (suspended), IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, Intersputnik, IOC (suspended), IOM, IPU, IRENA, ISA, ISESCO (observer), ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (suspended), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MTCR, NAM (observer), NDB, NEA (suspended), NPT, NSG, NTBT, OAS (observer)(suspended), OIC (observer), OPCW, OPEC (cooperation), OSCE, OST, Paris Club, PCA, PFP (suspended), SCO, SICA (observer), SUBR, UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-KP, UNFCC-PA, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNSC (permanent), UPU, WA, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Russia Index
Chronology
c.862                      Grand Principality of Rus' (later referred to as
                             Kievan Rus' [Kiyevskaya Rus'] by historians),
                             ruled by the Ryurikovich (Rurikid) dynasty
                             The dynasty follows agnatic seniority, and is

                             established first at Novgorod, then from 882 at
                             Kiev (see under Ukraine).
10th cent.                 "Russia" is first mentioned in Greek writing as
                            
Rosía. The term was used by the Eastern Roman
                             (Byzantine) Emperor Konstantínos VII in his works
                             "On Rituals" and "On the Administration of the
                             Empire" as the Greek name for Russia.

1157                       Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal' ("Suzdalia")
                            
(within the Grand Principality of Rus').
Dec 1237/Feb 1241          The Mongols invade most of the regional
                             principalities of Rus'
.
1243                       The Mongols granted the title (non-hereditary until
                             1389) of Grand Prince to the prince of Vladimir
                             ("senior of all Princes of Rus’"), the seat of the
                             Grand Prince is moved from Kiev to Vladimir (1246-
                             1249 title not granted, this arrangement is
                             interrupted 1249-1252).
1243 - 11 Nov 1480         Rus' under Mongol (from 1259, Golden Horde)
                             suzerainty (except Smolensk until 1274 and
                             Polotsk, Pskov and Vyatka), from 1434 the
                             suzerainty limited to payment of tribute.
13 Nov 1263                Principality of Moscow established as an appanage
                             of Vladimir
.
1299                       Metropolitan Maksim (d. 1305) moves the seat of
                             the Orthodox Metropolitanate of Rus' from Kiev
                             to Vladimir.

1325                       Metropolitan Pyotr (d. 1326)
moves the seat of the
                             Orthodox Metropolitanate of Rus'
from
Vladimir
                             to Moscow.
1341/1382                  The Golden Horde creates additional grand
                             princes (1341 Suzdal', 1342 Ryazan', 1382 Tver').
1364                       Kostroma annexed to Vladimir, at that point under
                             prince of Moscow (Moscow began annexing the other
                             Russian principalities).

19 May 1389                Grand Principality of Moscow and Vladimir (referred
                            
to by Western Europeans either as "Moscovia" or
                            
"Muscovy"; in extended style of the Grand Prince
                             and in the contemporary references to the polity it
                             was always "Vladimir and Moscow"), Vladimir annexed
                             to Moscow, seat of Grand Prince moved to Moscow.
1392                       Suzdal' and Nizhniy Novgorod annexed to Moscow.
1397                       Vologda annexed to Moscow from Velikiy Novgorod.
May 1463                   Yaroslavl' annexed to Moscow.
1474                       Rostov Velikiy ceded to Moscow.
15 Jan 1478                Velikiy Novgorod annexed to Moscow.
11 Nov 1480                End of the Golden Horde suzerainty in Rus' (since
                             1434 the suzerainty was limited to payment of
                             tribute).
12 Sep 1485                Tver' annexed by Moscow.
Aug 1489                   Khlynov (later Vyatka, modern Kirov) annexed to
                             Moscow.
24 Jan 1510                Pskov annexed by Moscow.
 1 Aug 1514                Smolensk annexed to Moscow from Lithuania.
af.Jul 1521                Ryazan' annexed to Moscow (Moscow completes
                             annexation of other Russian principalities).
16 Jan 1547                Russian Tsardom (Rossiyskoye Tsarstvo).
13 Oct 1552                Kazan' Khanate annexed by Russia.
 2 Jun 1556                Astrakhan' Khanate annexed.
26 Oct 1582                Sibir' (Siber) Khanate occupied (conquest finally
                             completed 20 Aug 1598).
17 Aug 1610 - 27 Oct 1612  Russia in personal union with Poland (not generally
                             recognized)(N.S. dates 27 Aug 1610 - 6 Nov 1612).
21 Sep 1610 - 27 Oct 1612  Polish-Lithuanian occupation of Moscow (N.S.
                             dates 1 Oct 1610 - 6 Nov 1612).
27 Mar 1654                Ukraine under Russian sovereignty by Treaty of
                             Pereyaslav (N.S. date 6 Apr 1654).
 2 Nov 1721                Russian Empire (All-Russian Empire or Russian
                             State also in use)(O.S. 22 Oct 1721)
28 Sep 1773 - 19 Sep 1774  Pugachev's uprising from the Volga River to Urals.
 
6 Jan 1809 -  9 Nov 1917  Finland in (nominally) personal union with Russia
                             (formally from 13 Oct 1809).
14 Sep 1812 - 23 Oct 1812  French forces under Napoléon occupy Moscow (parts
                             of Russia occupied Jun 1812 - Dec 1812 and
                             divided into Government-General of Moscow,
                             Government-General of Smolensk [see below]).
 9 Jun 1815 -  5 Nov 1916  Poland in (nominally) personal union with Russia.
14 Nov 1860                China cedes all the land north of the Amur and east
                             of the Ussuri River (Amur and Primorskiy areas)
                             to Russia (ratified 26 Dec 1860).
 3 Mar 1861                Serfdom abolished in Russia (by the Emancipation
                             Manifesto [O.S. date 19 Feb 1861]).
 7 May 1875                Sakhalin and the Northern Kuril Islands annexed.
22 Jan 1905 - 16 Jun 1907  Russian Revolution of 1905 throughout the empire;
                             (several 'republics' emerge see below).
 5 Sep 1905 - 25 Aug 1945  South Sakhalin and Kuril Islands annexed by Japan.
 8-15 Mar 1917             Russian "February" Revolution (O.S. 23 Feb - 2 Mar)

15 Mar 1917                Russia (abdication of Nikolay II; imperial style
                             avoided), no official polity style adopted.
14 Sep 1917                Russian republic declared (polity style not
                             formally fixed)(O.S. date 1 Sep 1917).
 6-7 Nov 1917              Bolshevik "October" Revolution (O.S. 25-26 Oct).
 
8 Nov 1917 - 25 Oct 1922  Russian civil war (O.S. start date 26 Oct 1917).
 8 Nov 1917                Russian Soviet Republic (polity style not

                             formally fixed)(O.S. date 26 Oct 1917).
31 Jan 1918                Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
                             (O.S. date 18 Jan 1918).
30 Dec 1922                Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet
                             Union) including Russia, Ukraine, Byelorussia,
                             and Transcaucasia.
13 May 1925                Accession of Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.
 5 Dec 1929                Accession of Tadzhikistan (formally 18 Mar 1931).
 5 Dec 1936                Accession of Kazakhstan and Kirgiziya.
31 Mar 1940 - 16 Jul 1956  Accession of Karelo-Finnish S.S.R.
 2 Aug 1940                Accession of Moldavia.
 3 Aug 1940                Accession of Lithuania.
 5 Aug 1940                Accession of Latvia.
 6 Aug 1940                Accession of Estonia.
Jun 1941 – May 1945        German occupation of western parts of Soviet Union.
11 Oct 1944                Incorporation of Tannu Tuva.
 6 Sep 1991                Recognition of Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian
                             independence.
 1 Nov 1991 -  6 Feb 2000  Attempted secession by Chechnya (not recognized).
26 Dec 1991                Final dissolution of the U.S.S.R.; Russian S.F.S.R.
                             becomes Russian Federation.
26 Jan 2000                Member of the Union State of Russia and Belarus
21 Mar 2014                Russia annexes Crimea from Ukraine.
30 Sep 2022                Russia annexes Donetsk, Lugansk, Kherson, and
                             Zaporozhye (not recognized by Ukraine).
Russia
(since 1991)

Administrative
Divisions
(from 1991)

Soviet Union
(1922-1991)

Russian SFSR
(1917-1991)
Russian SFSR
Divisions
(1918-1991)

Rus' of Vladimir
(1157-1389)

Muscovy
and Russia

(1389-1917)
Grand
Principalities
and Republics

(1127-1616)
1905-1906
Revolutionary 'republics'
Civil War
Polities
(1917-1921)
French
Occupation

(1812)

Alternative
"White"

Governments
(1918-1920)

German
Occupation

(1941-1944)
Far Eastern
Republic
(1920-1922)
Karafuto
(1905-1946)
Tannu Tuva
(1911-1944)
Swedish Ingria
(1581-1703)

Tatar Khanates
(1438-1631)

Kalmyk Khans
(1672-1803)

Avars
(1699-1864)
Caucasus
Imamate

(1829-1859)
Chechnya
(1695-1877)
Circassia
(1735-1864)
Derbent
(1730-1830)
Kabarda
(1695-1828)
Tarki
(1667-1867)
Don Cossacks
(1695-1723)
Wrangel Island
(1921-1924)
Russian Orthodox
Church
Map of Soviet
Nationalities
(1982)
 
Note: Names are listed in Russian (with notes) using a modified BGN/PCGN romanization system. Numbering of princes and tsars was not known until 1721 and they were named only by first name and patronymic. Dates before 22 Oct (2 Nov) 1721 are recorded in Old Style (Julian) calendar. The New Style (Gregorian) calendar was introduced in Russia effective (1) 14 Feb 1918.

Rus' (of Vladimir)

c.862                      Grand Principality of Rus' (later referred to as Kievan Rus'
                             [Kiyevskaya Rus'] by historians), ruled by the Ryurikovich
                             (Rurikid) dynasty. The dynasty follows agnatic seniority, and
                             established
first at Novgorod, then from 882 at Kiev (see under
                             Ukraine).

1097                       Council of Lyubech amends the succession rule and divides Kievan
                             Rus' into several regional autonomous principalities that had
                             equal rights to obtain suzerain throne of grand prince in Kiev.
1157                       Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal' (formerly Rostov-Suzdal'),
                             within the Grand Principality of Rus', with its capital
                             at Vladimir (also known as Vladimir-na-Klyaz'me, to distinguish
                             from other cities with the same name).

12 Mar 1169                Kiev sacked by the forces of Andrey Yuryevich "Bogolyubskiy" of
                             of Vladimir-Suzdal'.
Princes of Vladimir-Suzdal' begin to claim
                             "seniority" among other princes, but not the title and seat of
                             Grand Prince, which remained in Kiev (in 1186 on an occasion the
                             Prince of Vladimir-Suzdal' forced the Grand Prince of Kiev to
                             recognize him as the "brother").

Dec 1237/Feb 1241          The Mongols invade most of the regional principalities of Rus'
                             (Vladimir itself being sacked and destroyed on 3 Feb 1238).

1243                       Under Mongol (from 1259, Golden Horde) suzerainty.
1243                       The Mongols granted the title (non-hereditary until 1389) of Grand
                             Prince ("senior of all Princes of Rus’") to the Prince of
                             Vladimir, the seat of the Grand Prince is moved from Kiev to
                             Vladimir (title not granted 1246-1249, this arrangement is
                             interrupted 1249-1252).
13 Nov 1263                Principality of Moscow established as an appanage
of Vladimir.
1299                       Metropolitan Maksim (d. 1305) moves the seat of the Orthodox
                             Metropolitanate of Rus' from Kiev to Vladimir.
19 May 1389               
Vladimir is annexed by Moscow, seat of Grand Prince moved to Moscow.

Princes of Vladimir-Suzdal' (from 1216, Vladimir)
(title Knyaz')
(until the 14th century titles in Rus' usually lacked formal territorial reference)
1157 - 1174                Andrey Yuryevich "Bogolyubskiy"    (b. c.1111 - d. 1174)
                             ("the Pious")
1174 - 1175                Yaropolk Rostislavich              (d. af.1196)
1175 - 1176                Mikhail Yuryevich                  (b. c.1145 - d. 1176)
1176 - 1212                Vsevolod Yuryevich "Bol'shoye      (b. 1154 - d. 1212)
                             Gnezdo" ("the Big Nest")
1212 - 1216                Yuriy Vsevolodovich (1st time)     (b. 1188 - d. 1238)
1216 - 1218                Konstantin Vsevolodovich           (b. 1186 - d. 1218)
1218 - 1238                Yuriy Vsevolodovich (2nd time)     (s.a.)
1238 - 30 Sep 1246         Yaroslav Vsevolodovich             (b. 1191 - d. 1246)
                             (also grand prince of Kiev 1236-1238, 1243-1246)

1246 - 1248                Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich           (b. 1196 - d. 1252)
1248                       Mikhail Yaroslavich "Khorobrit"    (b. 1229 - d. 1248)
                             ("the Brave")
1248 - 1252                Andrey Yaroslavich                 (b. c.1222 - d. 1264)
Grand Princes of Vladimir (title Velikiy knyaz')
(from 1305, styled
Grand Princes of all Rus' [Veliky knyaz' vseya Rusi])
1252 - 14 Nov 1263         Aleksandr Yaroslavich "Nevskiy"    (b. 1221 - d. 1263)
                            
(also prince of Novgorod 1236-1259,
                             grand prince of Kiev 1249-1252)
1264 - 16 Sep 1272         Yaroslav Yaroslavich               (b. 1230 - d. 1272)
                             (also prince of Tver' 1247-1272)
1272 - Jan 1276            Vasiliy
Yaroslavich                (b. c.1236 - d. 1276)
                             (also prince of Kostroma 1247-1276)
1276 - 1281                Dmitriy
Aleksandrovich (1st time)  (b. 1250 - d. 1294)
                             (also prince of Pereyaslav-Zalesskiy 1263-1294)
Dec
1281 - 1283            Andrey
Aleksandrovich "Gorodetskiy"(b. c.1255 - d. 1304)
                             (1st time)(also prince of Kostroma 1276-1304)
Dec 1283 - 1294
            Dmitriy Aleksandrovich (2nd time)  (s.a.)
1294 - 27 Jul 1304
         Andrey Aleksandrovich "Gorodetskiy"(s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
1304 – 22 Nov 1318         Mikhail
Yaroslavich                (b. 1271/72 - d. 1318)
                             (also prince of Tver' 1282-1318)   
1319 - 1322                Yuriy Danilovich                   (b. 1281 - d. 1325)
                             (also prince of Moscow 1303-1325)
1322 - 15 Sep 1326         Dmitriy Mikhaylovich "Groznye Ochi"
(b. 1298 - d. 1326)
                             ("the Fearsome Eyes")   
                             (also prince of Tver' 1318-1326)

15 Sep 1326 - 1327         Aleksandr M
ikhaylovich             (b. 1301 - d. 1339)
                             (also prince of Tver' 1326-1339)
1328 - 1331                Aleksandr Vasilyevich             
(b. 130. - d. 1331)
                             (also prince of Suzdal' 1309-1331)
1331 - 31 Mar 1340         Ivan I Danilovich "Kalita"         (b. c.1283 - d. 1340)
                             ("the Moneybag")(also prince of Moscow 1325-1340)
 1 Oct 1340 - 26 Apr 1353  Semyon Ivanovich "Gordyy"          (b. 1317 - d. 1353)
                             ("the Proud")(also prince of Moscow 1340-1353)
25 Mar 1354 - 13 Nov 1359  Ivan II Ivanovich "Krasnyy"        (b. 1326 - d. 1359)

                             ("the Fair")(also prince of Moscow 1353-1359)
22 Jun 1360 - Dec 1362     Dmitriy Konstantinovich "Odnook"   (b. 1322 - d. 1383)

                             ("the One-Eyed")(also prince of Suzdal' 1355-1365;
                             grand prince of Suzdal'-Nizhniy Novgorod 1365-1383)
Jan 1363 - 19 May 1389     Dmitriy Ivanovich "Donskoy"        (b. 1350 - d. 1389)
                             (also prince of Moscow 1359-1389)


Russia (and "Muscovy" [Moscow and Vladimir] 1389-1547)
 
[Russia flag]
1697 - 8 Nov 1917 Merchant Flag,
28 Apr 1883 - 8 Nov 1917 State Flag
[Russia State
                            flag 1858-1883, national flag 1887-1896]
11 Jun 1858 - 28 Apr 1883 State Flag,
28 Feb 1887 - 11 May 1896 National Flag

[Russian national flag
                          1914-1917]
12 Aug 1914 - 15 Mar 1917
"National Flag"
Map of Russian Empire Hear National Anthem
"Bozhe, tsarya khrani"
(God, Save the Tsar)
(31 Dec 1833-15 Mar 1917)
------------------------------------
Unofficial Anthems
"Kol' slaven nash Gospod'
 v Sione" (How Glorious
  is our Lord in Zion) or
"Rabochaya Marsel'yeza"
(Worker's Marseillaise)
(17 Mar 1917-23 Jan 1918)
Former National Anthem
"Molitva Russkikh"
(Prayer of the Russians)
(1816-31 Dec 1833)
-----------------------------------
Unofficial Anthem
"Grom pobedy, razdavaysya!"
(Thunder of Victory,
Resound!)
(1791-1816)

Fundamental Law
 (23 Apr 1906-23 Mar 1917)
Capital: Saint Petersburg
(Petrograd 1 Sep 1914 -
12 Mar 1918;

Saint Petersburg 1713-1728,
 1732 - 1 Sep 1914;
Moscow 1389-1713, 1728-1732)

Currency: 1755-1922
Russian Ruble (Rubl')
 (RUFS)

National Holiday:
1894-1917: 18 (6) May (1868)

Birthday of Tsar Nicholas II
Population: 156,500,000 (c.1914)
125,640,021 (1897)

(excluding Finland)

GNP: 12.8 billion Rubles
(1913)

Exports: $348.9 million (1914)
Imports: $365.7 million (1914)
Ethno-Linguistic groups: Russian 44.3%, Little Russian (Ukrainian) 17.81%, Turkic,Tatar 10.64%, Polish 6.31%,
White Russia (Belorussian) 4.68%, Jewish (Yiddish) 4.02%,
Finnish, Estonian, Karelian and Livonian 2.78%,
 German 1.42%, Latvian 1.14%, Georgian, Mingrelian and
 Svan 1.07%, Lithuanian 0.96%,
Armenian 0.93%,
Moldavian and Romanian 0.89%,
Dagestani, Chechen,
Ingush and Avar 0.86%, Samogitian (
Zhmud) 0.35%,
Tajik 0.27%,
Greek 0.14%,
Bulgarian 0.13%, and
Ossetian 0.13% (1897) (excluding Finland)

Total Armed Forces: 1,300,000 (1914)
Merchant marine: 906 (1908)

Religions: Pravoslavs (Eastern Orthodox, incl. Russian
Orthodox, Greek Orthodox and Georgian Orthodox) 69.34%, Muslim 11.07%, Roman Catholic 9.13%, Jews 4.15%,
Lutheran 2.84%, Old Believers and others split from
Pravoslavs 1.75%, Armenian Gregorians & Armenian
Catholics 0.97%, Buddhists, Lamaists 0.34%, other
Protestants 0.15%, and Karaites 0.01% (1897)
(excluding Finland)

International Organizations/Treaties to 1917: CED, ICRM, IOC, IMO, IPU, ITU, PCA, UIBPIP, UPU


Grand Princes of All-Rus' (title Velikiy knyaz' vseya Rusi)
19 May 1389 - 27 Feb 1425  Vasiliy Dmitriyevich I             (b. 1371 - d. 1425)
27 Feb 1425 - 25 Apr 1433  Vasiliy Vasilyevich II "Tyomnyy"   (b. 1415 - d. 1462)
                             ("the Blind") (1st time)
27 Feb 1425 - 1432       
  Velikaya Knyaginya Sofiya          (b. 1371 - d. 1453)
                            
Vitovtovna (f) -Regent
                            
(= Zofia Witoldówna)
25 Apr 1433 - 28 Sep? 1433 Yuriy Dmitriyevich (1st time)      (b. 1374 - d. 1434)
28 Sep? 1433 - 31 Mar 1434 Vasiliy Vasilyevich II "Tyomnyy"   (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
31 Mar 1434 -  5 Jun 1434  Yuriy Dmitriyevich (2nd time)      (s.a.)
 5 Jun 1434 - Jul 1434     Vasiliy Yuryevich "Kosoy"          (b. c.1403 - d. 1448)
                             ("the Squint")
Jul 1434 -  7 Jul 1445     Vasiliy Vasilyevich II "Tyomnyy"   (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)(prisoner of Kazan khan 7 Jul - 1 Oct 1445)
 7 Jul 1445 - 26 Oct 1445  Dmitriy Yuryevich "Shemyaka"       (b. c.1405 - d. 1453)
                             (1st time)
26 Oct 1445 - 12 Feb 1446
  Vasiliy Vasilyevich II "Tyomnyy"   (s.a.)
                             (4th time)
12 Feb 1446 - 17 Feb 1447  Dmitriy Yuryevich "Shemyaka"       (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
17 Feb 1447 - 27 Mar 1462  Vasiliy Vasilyevich II "Tyomnyy"   (s.a.)
                             (5th time)
28 Mar 1462 - 27 Oct 1505  Ivan Vasilyevich III "Velikiy"     (b. 1440 - d. 1505)
                             ("the Great")
Jun 1471 -  7 Mar 1490     Ivan Ivanovich "Molodoy"           (b. 1458 - d. 1490)
                             ("the Young") (co-ruler)
 
4 Feb 1498 - 14 Apr 1502  Dmitriy Ivanovich "Vnuk"           (b. 1483 - d. 1509)
                             ("the Grandson") (co-ruler)
14 Apr 1502 -  3 Dec 1533  Vasiliy Ivanovich III              (b. 1479 - d. 1533)
                             (co-ruler to 27 Oct 1505)
 3 Dec 1533 - 16 Jan 1547  Ivan Vasilyevich IV "Groznyy"      (b. 1530 - d. 1584)
                             ("the Terrible")

 
3 Dec 1533 -  4 Apr 1538  Velikaya Knyaginya Yelena          (b. c.1508 - d. 1538)
                            
Vasilyevna Glinskaya (f) -Regent
Senior Boyars of the Boyar Duma
(chiefs of administration during minority of grand prince and in absence of a formal regent)
Apr 1538 - Nov 1538        Knyaz' Vasiliy Vasilyevich Shuyskiy(b. c.1478 - d. 1538)
                             "Nemoy" ("the Mute")
Nov 1538 - Jul 1540        Knyaz' Ivan Vasilyevich Shuyskiy   (d. 1542)
                             (1st time)
Jul 1540 - 25 Dec 1541     Knyaz' Ivan Fyodorovich Bel'skiy   (d. 1542)
Jan 1542 - 14 May 1542     Knyaz' Ivan Vasilyevich Shuyskiy   (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
May 1542 - 30 Dec 1543     Knyaz' Andrey Mikhaylovich Shuyskiy(d. 1543)
                             "Chestokol"
Dec 1543 - Mar 1546        Knyaz' Dmitriy Fyodorovich Bel'skiy(b. 1499 -  d. 1551)
T
sarsą
16 Jan 1547 - 29 Sep 1575  Ivan Vasilyevich IV "Groznyy"      (s.a.)
                             (Ivan "the Terrible")
                             (co-ruler with style of Prince of Moscow,
                              Pskov and Rostov 29 Sep 1575 - Sep 1576)
                             (1st time)
29 Sep 1575 - Sep 1576     Semyon Be
kbulatovich (Sayin Bulat) (b. 153. - d. 1616)
                             (style the Grand Prince of All Russia)
Sep 1576 - 18 Mar 1584    
Ivan Vasilyevich IV "Groznyy"      (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
 
18 Mar 1584 -  7 Jan 1598  Fyodor Ivanovich I                 (b. 1557 - d. 1598)

18 Mar 1584 -  7 Jan 1598  Close Duma (a council of guardians)
                           (members chosen by Boris Godunov from 1586 on are omitted)
                           -
Knyaz' Ivan Fyodorovich          (b. c.1529 - d. 1593)
                               Mstislavskiy (to Jul 1585)
                           -
Knyaz' Ivan Petrovich Shuyskiy   (b. 15.. - d. 1588)
                               (to Oct 1586)   
                           - Knyaz' Bogdan Yakovlevich       
(b. 15.. - d. 1611)
                               Bel'skiy (to Apr 1584)  
                           - Nikita Romanovich Zakharyin-     (b. c.1522 - d. 1586)
                               Yur'yev (to Aug 1584)
                           - Boris Fyodorovich Godunov        (b. 1552 - d. 1605)
                              
(from May 1584)(by 1587 referred to as
                              the chief [Nachal'nyy] of Close Duma)
 7 Jan 1598 - 17 Feb 1598  Tsaritsa i Velikaya Knyaginya      (b. c.1557 - d. 1603)
                             Irina Fyodorovna Godunova (f) -Regent
                             (from 15 Jan 1598, monastic name 'Aleksandra')   

17 Feb 1598 - 13 Apr 1605  Boris
Fyodorovich                  (s.a.)
                            
(= Boris Fyodorovich Godunov)
13 Apr 1605 -  1 Jun 1605  Fyodor Borisovich II               (b. 1589 - d. 1605)

13 Apr 1605 -  1 Jun 1605  Tsaritsa i Velikaya Knyaginya      (b. 156. - d. 1605)
                             Mariya Grigoryevna Skuratova-
                             Bel'skaya (f) -
Regent
Senior Boyar of the Boyar Duma
(chief of administration during interregnum and in absence a formal regent)
 1 Jun 1605 - 20 Jun 1605  Knyaz' Fyodor Ivanovich (1st time) (b. c.1550 - d. 1622)
                             Mstislavskiy (in office 1585-1622)
Tsar

20
Jun 1605 - 17 May 1606  Dmitriy Ivanovich "Lzhedmitriy I"  (b. 1581 - d. 1606)
                            
(= Yuriy Bogdanovich Otrepyev?)
                             ("First False Dmitriy")(usurper)
Senior Boyar of the Boyar Duma
17 May 1606 - 19 May 1606  Knyaz' Fyodor Ivanovich (2nd time) (s.a.)
                             Mstislavskiy
T
sarsą
19 May 1606 - 17 Jul 1610  Vasiliy Ivanovich IV               (b. 1552 - d. 1612)

                            
(= Knyaz' Vasiliy Ivanovich Shuyskiy)
11 Jun 1607 - 21 Dec 1610  Dmitriy Ivanovich
"Lzhedmitriy II" (b. 15.. - d. 1610)
                             (= Matvey Verevkin?)
                             ("Second False Dmitriy
", claimed to be "First False Dmitriy")
                             (in rebellion; to Jun 1608 in Orel, Jun 1608 - Jan 1610 in
                              Tushino [a suburb of Moscow], from Jan 1610 in Kaluga)

Senior Boyar of the Seven Boyars [a regency council]
17 Jul 1610 - 24 Oct 1612 
Knyaz' Fyodor Ivanovich            (s.a.)
                             Mstislavskiy
                           (from 17 Aug 1610, for Vladislav Zhigimontovich)
Tsarą
17 Aug 1610 -
27 Oct 1612  Vladislav Zhigimontovich           (b. 1595 - d. 1648)
                             (= Władysław IV of Poland)
                             (
remained in Poland)

Polish-Lithuanian Commanders in Moscow
21 Sep 1610 - 20 Oct 1610  Stanisław Żółkiewski               (b. 1547 - d. 1620) 
20 Oct 1610 - 27 Oct 1612  Aleksander Gosiewski               (b. 1575? - d. 1639)
27 Jun 1612 - 27 Oct 1612  Mikołaj Struś                      (b. 1580 - d. 1627)
                            (acting for absent Gosiewski)
                           
(in the Kremlin only from 3 Sep 1612)
Commissioners of the ("First") Council of All the Land (no specific style)
(in opposition to Polish rule; in the Simonov Monastery [a suburb of Moscow])
30 Jun
1611 - 27 Oct 1612  Knyaz' Dmitriy Timofeyevich        (b. 157. - d. 1625)
                               Trubetskoy

                           + Prokopiy Petrovich Lyapunov      (b. 155. - d. 1611)

                              (to 22 Jul 1611)
                           + Ataman Ivan Martynovich Zarutskiy(b. 156. - d. 1614)
                              (to 28 Jul 1612)

Commissioners of the ("Second") Council of All the Land
(no specific style)
(in opposition to Polish rule; in Yaroslavl')

 
7 Apr 1612 - 27 Oct 1612  Knyaz' Dmitriy Mikhaylovich        (b. 1578 - d. 1641)
                             Pozharskiy
                           +
Kuz'ma Minich Zakharyev          (b. 157. - d. 1616)
                             
"Sukhorukiy"
Commissioners of the ("United") Council of All the Land (no specific style)[regents]
27 Oct 1612 - 25 Feb 1613 
Knyaz' Dmitriy Timofeyevich        (s.a.)
                             Trubetskoy
                           + Knyaz' Dmitriy Mikhaylovich      (s.a.)
                               Pozharskiy

Senior Boyar of the Boyar Duma
25 Feb 1613 - 27 Mar 1613  Knyaz' Fyodor Ivanovich (3rd time) (s.a.)
                             Mstislavskiy
Tsars
ą
27 Mar
1613 - 13 Jul 1645  Mikhail Fyodorovich                (b. 1596 - d. 1645)
                             (elected 21 Feb 1613 in absence)
27 Mar 1613 - 14 Jun 1619 
Kseniya (Xenia) Ivanovna           (b. 157. - d. 1631)
                             Shestova (f) -Regent
                             (used her monastic name 'Marfa')
14 Jun 1619 -  1 Oct 1633  Filaret Nikitich, Patriarkh        (b. 1554 - d. 1633)
                             Moskovskiy i vseya Rusi
                             (co-ruler, with style of Great Sovereign)
13 Jul 1645 - 30 Jan 1676  Aleksey Mikhaylovich               (b. 1629 - d. 1676)
13 Jul 1645 - 18 Aug 1645  Tsaritsa i Velikaya Knyaginya      (b. c.1608 - d. 1645)
                             Yevdokiya Lukyanovna
                             Streshneva (f)
-Regent
30 Jan
1676 - 27 Apr 1682  Fyodor Alekseyevich III            (b. 1661 - d. 1682)
27 Apr 1682 - 22 Oct 1721  Pyotr Alekseyevich I "Velikiy"     (b. 1672 - d. 1725)
              /2 Nov 1721    (
co-ruler 26 May 1682 - 29 Jan 1696)
27 Apr 1682 - 29 May 1682 
Tsaritsa i Velikaya Knyaginya      (b. 1651 - d. 1694)
                             Natal'ya Kirillovna
                             Naryshkina (f) -
Regent
26 May 1682 - 29 Jan 1696  Ivan
Alekseyevich V                (b. 1666 - d. 1696)
29 May
1682 -  7 Sep 1689  Tsarevna i Velikaya Knyazhna Sof'ya(b. 1657 - d. 1704)
                             Alekseyevna Romanova (f) -Regent
10 Mar 1697 - 24 Aug 1698 
Knyaz' Fyodor Yuryevich            (b. 1640 - d. 1717)
                             Romodanovskiy -Regent
Emperors
ą (also Grand Princes of Finland 1809-1917 and Kings of Poland 1815-1917)˛
 2 Nov 1721 -  8 Feb 1725  Pyotr I "Velikiy"                  (s.a.)
                             (Peter I "the Great")
 8 Feb 1725 - 17 May 1727  Yekaterina I (Catherine I)-Empress (b. 1684 - d. 1727)
                            
(= Marta Helena Skowrońska)
18 May 1727 - 30 Jan 1730  Pyotr II (Peter II)                (b. 1715 - d. 1730)

30 Jan 1730 - 15 Feb 1730  Supreme Privy Council
                           - Graf Gavriil Ivanovich Golovkin  (b. 1660 - d. 1734)
                           - Knyaz' Dmitriy Mikhaylovich      (b. 1665 - d. 1737)

                               Golitsyn 
                           - Baron Andrey Ivanovich Ostermann (b. 1686 - d. 1747)
                             (= Heinrich Johann Friedrich Baron Ostermann)

                           - Knyaz' Vasiliy Lukich Dolgorukiy (b. 1672 - d. 1739)

                           - Knyaz' Aleksey Grigoryevich      (b. 167. - d. 1734)

                               Dolgorukiy (Dolgorukov)
                           - Knyaz' Mikhail Mikhaylovich      (b. 1675 - d. 1730)  Mil 
                               Golitsyn 
                           - Knyaz' Vasiliy Vladimirovich     (b. 1667 - d. 1746)  Mil
                               Dolgorukiy
15 Feb 1730 - 28 Oct 1740  Anna -
Empress                      (b. 1693 - d. 1740)
28 Oct 1740 -  6 Dec 1741  Ivan III                           (b. 1740 - d. 1764)
             
               (name Ivan VI used by historians)
28 Oct 1740 - 20 Nov 1740  Ernst Johann von Biron, Herzog zu  (b. 1690 - d. 1772)
                             
Kurland und Semgallen -Regent
20 Nov 1740 -  6 Dec 1741  Anna Leopol'dovna (f) -
Regent      (b. 1718 - d. 1746)
                            
(= Elisabeth Katharina Christine von Mecklenburg-Schwerin)
 6 Dec 1741 -  5 Jan 1762  Yelizaveta
I (Elizabeth I)-Empress (b. 1709 - d. 1762)
 5 Jan 1762 -  9 Jul 1762  Pyotr III (Peter III)              (b. 1728 - d. 1762)
                            
(= Karl Peter Ulrich Herzog von Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp)
 9 Jul 1762 - 17 Nov 1796  Yekaterina II "Velikaya" -
Empress  (b. 1729 - d. 1796)
                            
(= Sophie Auguste Friederike von Anhalt-Zerbst)
                             (Catherine II "the Great")
28 Sep 1773 - 19 Sep 1774  Yemel'yan Ivanovich Pugachev       (b. c.1742 - d. 1775)

                             (Pugachyov)(in rebellion claiming to be Pyotr III) 
17 Nov 1796-23/24 Mar 1801 Pavel I (Paul I)                   (b. 1754 - d. 1801)
24 Mar 1801 -  1 Dec 1825  Aleksandr I "Blagoslovennyy"       (b. 1777 - d. 1825)
                             (Alexander I "the Blessed")
 
1 Dec 1825 - 24 Dec 1825  Konstantin I (Constantine I)       (b. 1779 - d. 1831)
                             (proclaimed, but did not accept)
24 Dec 1825 -  2 Mar 1855  Nikolay I (Nicholas I)             (b. 1796 - d. 1855)
                            
(enthronement retroactive to 1 Dec 1825)
 2 Mar 1855 - 13 Mar 1881  Aleksandr II "Osvoboditel'"        (b. 1818 - d. 1881)

                             (Alexander II "the Liberator")
13 Mar 1881 -  1 Nov 1894  Aleksandr III "Mirotvorets"        (b. 1845 - d. 1894)
                             (Alexander III "the Peacemaker")
 1 Nov 1894 - 15 Mar 1917  Nikolay II (Nicholas II)ł          (b. 1868 - d. 1918)
Acting Heads of state
15 Mar 1917 -  8 Nov 1917  the heads of government


Chancellor (first state officer, in charge of foreign affairs)4
16 Jul 1709 - 31 Jan 1734  Graf Gavriil Ivanovich Golovkin    (s.a.)
Procurator-General of the Governing Senate (chief state officer in charge of justice)4
29 Jan 1722 - 17 Apr 1736  Pavel Ivanovich Yaguzhinskiy       (b. 1683 - d. 1736)  Mil
                             (from 30 Jan 1731, Graf Pavel Ivanovich Yaguzhinskiy)
                             (removed 14 Aug 1726-13 Oct 1730 and position made vacant)
First Cabinet Ministers

21 Nov 1731 - 31 Jan 1734  Graf Gavriil Ivanovich Golovkin    (s.a.)
31 Jan 1734 - 19 Nov 1740  Graf Andrey Ivanovich Osterman     (s.a.)
                             (1st time)
(also vice-chancellor 1725-1741)
19 Nov 1740 - 14 Mar 1741  Graf Khristofor Antonovich Minikh  (b. 1683 - d. 1767)  Mil
                             (= Burkhard Christoph Graf von Münnich)
14 Mar 1741 - 23 Dec 1741  Graf Andrey Ivanovich Osterman     (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
Chancellors
(chief state officers, in charge of foreign affairs
)4
21 Nov 1740 - 26 Nov 1742  Knyaz' Aleksey Mikhaylovich        (b. 1680 - d. 1742)

                             Cherkasskiy
26 Nov 1742 - 26 Feb 1758  Graf Aleksey Petrovich Bestuzhev-  (b. 1693 - d. 1766)
                             Ryumin
                             (vice-chancellor to 26 Jul 1744, in office from 1741)
26 Feb 1758 -  2 Apr 1765 
Graf Mikhail Illarionovich         (b. 1714 - d. 1767)
                             Vorontsov
                             (vice-chancellor to 4 Dec 1758, in office from 1744)

 
2 Apr 1765 -  2 May 1773  Knyaz' Aleksandr Mikhaylovich      (b. 1723 - d. 1807)
                             Golitsyn (vice-chancellor, in office 1762-1775)
 
2 May 1773 - 11 Apr 1783  Graf Nikita Ivanovich Panin        (b. 1718 - d. 1783)  Mil
                             (acting)
13 Apr 1775 -  2 May 1797  Graf Ivan Andreyevich Osterman     (b. 1725 - d. 1811)
                             (vice-chancellor to 20 Nov 1796, in office from 1775)

 2 May 1797 - 17 Apr 1799  Knyaz' Aleksandr Andreyevich       (b. 1747 - d. 1799)
                             Bezborodko
17 Apr 1799
-  6 Oct 1799  Graf Viktor Pavlovich Kochubey     (b. 1768 - d. 1834)
                             (vice-chancellor, in office from 1798
)
 6 Oct 17994 Mar 1801  Graf Nikita Petrovich Panin        (b. 1770 - d. 1837)
                             (vice-chancellor)
 4 Mar 1801 - 27 Sep 1801  Knyaz' Aleksandr Borisovich        (b. 1752 - d. 1818)
                             Kurakin (vice-chancellor, in office to 1802)
27 Sep 1801 - 20 Sep 1802  Graf Aleksandr Romanovich          (b. 1741 - d. 1805)
                             Vorontsov (acting)
Procurator-Generals of the Governing Senate (chief state officers in charge of justice)4
 9 May 1740 - 26 Aug 1760  Knyaz' Nikita Yuryevich Trubetskoy (b. 1700 - d. 1767)  Mil   
26 Aug 1760 -  5 Jan 1762  Knyaz' Yakov Petrovich Shakhovskoy (b. 1705 - d. 1777)   
 5 Jan 1762 - 14 Feb 1764  Aleksandr Ivanovich Glebov         (b. 1722 - d. 1790)  Mil   
14 Feb 1764 - 28 Sep 1792 
Knyaz' Aleksandr Alekseyevich      (b. 1727 - d. 1793)
                            
Vyazemskiy
29 Sep 1792 - 15 Dec 1796  Aleksandr Nikolayevch Samoylov     (b. 1744 - d. 1814)  Mil   
                             (from 12 Jan 1793,
Graf Aleksandr Nikolayevch Samoylov)
15 Dec 1796 - 19 Aug 1798 
Knyaz' Aleksey Borisovich Kurakin  (b. 1759 - d. 1829)   
19 Aug 1798 - 18 Jul 1799  Pyotr Vasilyevich Lopukhin         (b. 1753 - d. 1827)  Mil  
                             (from 30 Jan 1799,
Knyaz' Pyotr Vasilyevich Lopukhin)
18 Jul 1799 - 20 Feb 1800  Aleksandr Andreyevich Bekleshov    (b. 1745 - d. 1808)  Mil
                             (1st time)   
20 Feb 1800 - 28 Mar 1801  Pyotr Khrisanfovich Obol'yaninov   (b. 1752 - d. 1841)  Mil   
28 Mar 1801 - 20 Sep 1802 
Aleksandr Andreyevich Bekleshov    (s.a.)               Mil
                             (2nd time)

Chairman of the Permanent Council

13 Apr 1801 - 20 Sep 1802  Graf Nikolay Ivanovich Saltykov    (b. 1736 - d. 1816)  Mil
Leading ministers in the Committee of Ministers (informal)
(formally the chairmanship alternated among ministers after each 4 meetings)
20 Sep 1802 - 28 Jan 1804  Graf Aleksandr Romanovich
          (s.a.)
                             Vorontsov
                             (minister of foreign affairs, chancellor 1802-1805)
28 Jan 1804 -  6 Dec 1807  Graf Viktor Pavlovich Kochubey     (s.a.)
                             (minister of internal affairs 1802-1807, vice-chancellor 1802-1834) 
 6 Dec 1807 - 12 Jun 1810  Graf Nikolay Petrovich Rumyantsev  (b. 1751 - d. 1826)
                             (minister of foreign affairs 1807-1814, chancellor 1809-1826)
Chairmen of the State Council and Chairmen of the Committee of Ministers

12 Jun 1810 -  1 Apr 1812 
Graf Nikolay Petrovich Rumyantsev  (s.a.)
 1 Apr 1812 - 28 May 1816 
Graf Nikolay Ivanovich Saltykov    (s.a.)               Mil
                             (from 11 Sep 1814, Knyaz' Nikolay Ivanovich Saltykov)
                             (acting to 10 Apr 1812) 

28 May 1816 - 18 Apr 1827  Knyaz' Pyotr Vasilyevich Lopukhin  (s.a.)               Mil
                            
(acting to 6 Jun 1816)
18 Apr 1827 - 11 May 1827  .... (acting)
11 May 1827 - 15 Jun 1834 
Graf Viktor Pavlovich Kochubey     (s.a.)
                            
(from 18 Dec 1831, Knyaz' Viktor Pavlovich Kochubey)
15 Jun 1834 - 20 Jul 1834  .... (acting)
20 Jul 1834 - 20 Apr 1838 
Graf Nikolay Nikolayevich          (b. 1761 - d. 1838)
                             Novosil'tsev
21 Apr 1838 - 13 Mar 1847  Graf Illarion Vasilyevich          (b. 1777 - d. 1847)  Mil 
                             Vasil'chikov
                             (from 13 Jan 1839, Knyaz' Illarion
Vasilyevich Vasil'chikov)
13
Mar 1847 -  5 Oct 1848  Graf Vasiliy Vasilyevich Levashov  (b. 1783 - d. 1848)  Mil
                            
(acting to 12 Jan 1848)
 
5 Oct 1848 - 13 Nov 1848  .... (acting)
13 Nov 1848 - 17 Apr 1856 
Knyaz' Aleksandr Ivanovich         (b. 1785 - d. 1857)  Mil
                             Chernyshyov (Chernyshov)
17 Apr 1856 - 20 Jan 1861  Graf Aleksey Fyodorovich Orlov     (b. 1786 - d. 1861) 
Mil
                             (from 7 Sep 1856, Knyaz' Aleksey Fyodorovich Orlov)
20 Jan 1861 -  2 Mar 1864  Graf Dmitriy Nikolayevich Bludov   (b. 1785 - d. 1864)
 
2 Mar 1864 - 13 Jan 1865  Knyaz' Pavel Pavlovich Gagarin     (b. 1789 - d. 1872)
                             (acting to 7 Mar 1864)
Chairmen of the Committee of Ministers

13 Jan 1865 -  4 Mar 1872  Knyaz' Pavel Pavlovich Gagarin     (s.a.)
 
4 Mar 1872 - 10 Mar 1872  .... (acting)
10 Mar 1872 -  1 Jan 1880  Pavel Nikolayevich Ignatyev        (b. 1797 - d. 1880)  Mil

                             (from 24 Dec 1877, Graf Pavel Nikolayevich Ignatyev) 
 
1 Jan 1880 -  6 Jan 1880  .... (acting)
 6 Jan 1880 - 16 Oct 1881  Pyotr Aleksandrovich Valuyev       (b. 1815 - d. 1890)

                             (from 2 Mar 1880, Graf Pyotr Aleksandrovich Valuyev) 
16 Oct 1881 - 11 Jan 1887  Mikhail Khristoforovich Reytern    (b. 1820 - d. 1890)
                             (= Michael von Reutern)
13 Jan 1885 - May 1885     Graf Konstantin Ivanovich fon der  (b. 1830 - d. 1912)
                             Palen (= Magnus Constantin Graf von der Pahlen)
                            (acting for Reytern)
11 Jan 1887 - 13 Jan 1887  .... (acting)
13 Jan 1887 - 15 Jun 1895 
Nikolay Khristianovich fon Bunge   (b. 1823 - d. 1895)  Non-party
                            
(= Nikolai Karl Paul von Bunge)
15 Jun 1895 - 27 Oct 1895  .... (acting)
27 Oct 1895 - 11 Jun 1903  Ivan Nikolayevich Durnovo          (b. 1834 - d. 1903)  Non-party

11 Jun 1903 - 29 Aug 1903  .... (acting)
29 Aug 1903 -  6 Nov 1905  Sergey Yulyevich Vitte (Witte)     (b. 1849 - d. 1915)  Non-party

                             (from 1 Oct 1905, Graf Sergey Yulyevich Vitte [Witte])
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers (Prime ministers)
 6 Nov 1905 -  5 May 1906  Graf Sergey Yulyevich Witte        (s.a.)               Non-party
 5 May 1906 - 21 Jul 1906  Ivan Logginovich Goremykin         (b. 1839 - d. 1917)  GPr
                             (1st time) 
21 Jul 1906 - 18 Sep 1911  Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin         (b. 1862 - d. 1911)  Non-party
15 Sep 1911 - 12 Feb 1914  Vladimir Nikolayevich Kokovtsov    (b. 1853 - d. 1943)  GPr
                             (acting to 22 Sep 1911 [for Stolypin to 18 Sep 1911])
12 Feb 1914 -  2 Feb 1916  Ivan Logginovich Goremykin         (s.a.)               GPr
                             (2nd time)
 
2 Feb 1916 - 23 Nov 1916  Boris Vladimirovich Shtyurmer      (b. 1848 - d. 1917)  GPr/RS
                             (Stürmer)

23 Nov 1916 -  9 Jan 1917  Aleksandr Fyodorovich Trepov       (b. 1862 - d. 1928)  GPr
/RS
 9 Jan 1917 - 12 Mar 1917  Knyaz' Nikolay Dmitriyevich        (b. 1850 - d. 1925)  GPr
                             Golitsyn
Chairman of the Provisional Committee of the State Duma
12 Mar 1917 - 15 Mar 1917 
Mikhail Vladimirovich Rodzyanko    (b. 1859 - d. 1924)  Okt
Minister-presidents (prime ministers) of the Provisional Government

15 Mar 1917 - 20 Jul 1917  Knyaz' Georgiy Yevgenyevich L'vov  (b. 1861 - d. 1925)  KDP
20 Jul 1917 -  8 Nov 1917  Aleksandr Fyodorovich Kerenskiy    (b. 1881 - d. 1970)  PSR
                             (continues in opposition in Gatchina to 14 Nov 1917)
 
7 Nov 1917 -  8 Nov 1917  Nikolay Mikhaylovich Kishkin       (b. 1864 - d. 1930)  KDP
                             (acting for Kerenskiy)
18 Nov 1917 -  2 Dec 1917  Sergey Nikolayevich Prokopovich    (b. 1871 - d. 1955)  Non-party

                             (acting [notionally for Kerenskiy], in opposition; in Petrograd)

Alternative "White" (anti-Bolshevik) Central Governments 1918-1920

[Russian flag]

Chairman of the Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly ("Komuch")(in Samara)
 8 Jun 1918 - 23 Sep 1918  Vladimir Kazimirovich Vol'skiy     (b. 1877 - d. 1937)  PSR
Chairmen of the All-Russian Provisional Government ("Ufa Directory")
24 Sep 1918 - 18 Nov 1918  Nikolay Dmitriyevich Avksentyev    (b. 1878 - d. 1943)  PSR
                             (in Ufa to 8 Oct 1918, then in Omsk)
 7 Nov 1918 - 12 Nov 1918  Vasiliy Georgiyevich Boldyrev      (b. 1875 - d. 1933)  Mil
                             (acting for Avksentyev; in Omsk)
Supreme Rulers (Verkhovnyy Pravitel')
18 Nov 1918                Pyotr Vasilyevich Vologodskiy      (b. 1863 - d. 1928)  PSR
                             (acting)(chairman of council of ministers; in Omsk)
18 Nov 1918 - 15 Jan 1920  Aleksandr Vasilyevich Kolchak      (b. 1874 - d. 1920)  Mil
                             (in Omsk to 12 Nov 1919, in Novo-Nikolayevsk from 20 Nov
                             1919 to 4 Dec 1919, then by Dec 25 1919 in Nizhneudinsk)
15 Jan 1920 - 11 Apr 1920  Supreme "White" central authority lapsed
Ruler (Pravitel')  and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces in the South of Russia
11 Apr 1920 - 19 Aug 1920  Baron Pyotr Nikolayevich Vrangel'  (b. 1878 - d. 1928)  Mil
                             (Wrangel)(in Sevastopol')
Ruler (Pravitel') and Commander-in-Chief of
the Russian Army
19 Aug 1920 - 16 Nov 1920  Baron Pyotr Nikolayevich Vrangel'  (s.a.)               Mil
                             (in Sevastopol')
Chairman of the Russian Council
 5 Apr 1921 - Oct 1922     Baron Pyotr Nikolayevich Vrangel'  (s.a.)               Mil
                             (in Istanbul exile; from Sep 1922 in
                             Sremski Karlovci, Yugoslavia)

Chairman of the Council of Managers (in Samara)
16 Aug 1918 - 23 Sep 1918  Yevgeniy Frantsevich Rogovskiy     (b. 1888 - d. 1950)  PSR 
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers
(in Irkutsk)
 
4 Nov 1918 - 22 Nov 1919  Pyotr Vasilyevich Vologodskiy      (s.a.)          PSR;Dec 1918 KDP
22 Nov 1919 - 15 Jan 1920  Viktor Nikolayevich Pepelyayev     (b. 1885 - d. 1920)  KDP
                             (left seat of government Irkutsk 26 Dec 1919,
                             to join Kolchak in Nizhneudinsk)
28 Dec 1919 -  5 Jan 1920  Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Cherven-  (b. 1872 - d. 1920)  KDP
                             Vodali
                             (acting for Pepelyayev; in Irkutsk)

Chairman of the Council of Managers with the Commander-in-chief
11 Apr 1920 - 19 Aug 1920  Aleksandr Vasilyevich Krivoshein   (b. 1857 - d. 1921)  Non-party
                             (acting to 2 Jun 1920)(in Sevastopol')
11 Apr 1920 -  2 Jun 1920  Pavel Nikolayevich Shatilov        (b. 1881 - d. 1962)  Mil
                             (acting for absent Krivoshein)
Chairman of the Council of Managers of Government in the South of Russia

19 Aug 1920 - 11 Nov 1920  Aleksandr Vasilyevich Krivoshein   (s.a.)               Non-party
                             (in Sevastopol')

French Occupation in Russia

[Flag of France]

14 Sep 1812 - 23 Oct 1812  French forces under Napoléon occupy Moscow (parts of the
                             Russian Empire occupied Jun 1812 - Dec 1812 and divided into
                             Government-General of Moscow (Gouvernement général de Moscou),
                             Government-General of Smolensk (Gouvernement général de Smolensk),
                             Grand Principality of Lithuania (Lithuanie)(see Lithuania),
                             and Duchy of Courland (Courlande)(see Latvia).

Commanders-in-chief of the Grande Armée
Jun 1812 - Dec 1812        Napoléon I, Emperor of the French  (b. 1769 - d. 1821)  Mil
 5 Dec 1812 - Dec 1812     Joachim Napoléon Murat, King of    (b. 1767 - d. 1815)  Mil
                             Naples (acting for absent Napoléon)
Intendants-General of the Grande Armée
(for civil affairs)
Jun 1812 - Dec 1812        Guillaume-Mathieu, comte Dumas     (b. 1753 - d. 1837)  Mil
Nov 1812 - Dec 1812        Pierre Antoine Noël Bruno, comte   (b. 1767 - d. 1829)  Mil
                             Daru (acting for absent Dumas)

Governor-general of Moscow Province
14 Sep 1812 - 23 Oct 1812  Adolphe Édouard Casimir Joseph     (b. 1768 - d. 1835)  Mil
                             Mortier, duc de Trévise
Intendant of Moscow Province (for civil affairs; subordinated to Intendant-General)
14 Sep 1812 - 23 Oct 1812  Jean-Baptiste Barthélemy de Lesseps(b. 1766 - d. 1834)  Non-party

Governors-General of Smolensk and Provinces from Dnieper to Moscow
16 Aug 1812 - 27 Aug 1812  Henri Fran
çois Delaborde (interim) (b. 1764 - d. 1833)  Mil
27 Aug 1812 - Oct 1812     Louis, comte Baraguey d'Hilliers   (b. 1764 - d. 1813)  Mil
Oct 1812 - 17 Nov 1812     Henri François, comte Charpentier  (b. 1769 - d. 1831)  Mil
Intendant of Smolensk Province (for civil affairs; subordinated to Intendant-General)
16 Aug 1812 - 17 Nov 1812  Armand Levasseur de Villeblanche   (b. 1785 - d. 1812)  Non-party

 ąThe style of the ruler was:
(a) 16 Jan 1547 - 19 Jan 1589: Tsar' i Velikiy Knyaz' vseya Rossi ("Tsar and Grand Prince of All-Russia");
(b) 19 Jan 1589 - 27 Mar 1654: Tsar' i Velikiy Knyaz' vseya Samoderzhets' Rossi ("Tsar and Grand Prince of All-Russia Autocrat");
(c) 27 Mar 1654 - 3 Sep 1655: Tsar' i Velikiy Knyaz', vseya Velikiya i Malyya Rossi Samoderzhets' ("Tsar and Grand Prince, of
All Great and Little Russia Autocrat");
(d) 3 Sep 1655 - 22 Nov 1721:
Bozhiyeyu Milostiyu Velikiy/Velikaya Gosudar'/Gosudarynya Tsar'/Tsaritsa vseya Velikiya i Malyya i Belyya Rossii Samodyerzhets ("By the Grace of God, Great Sovereign King/Queen of All Great and Little and White Russia Autocrat");
(e) long style after 22 Nov 1721: Bozhiyeyu milostiyu, N.N., Imperator/Imperatritsa i Samodyerzhets/Samodyerzhitsa Vserossiyskiy/Vserossiyskaya, Moskovskiy, Kiyevskiy, Vladimirskiy, Novgorodskiy; Tsar'Tsar'/Tsaritsa Kazanskiy, Tsar'/Tsaritsa Astrakhanskiy, Tsar'/Tsaritsa Sibirskiy, Gosudar'/Gosudarynya Pskovskiy i Velikiy/Velikaya Knyaz'/Knyaginya Smolenskiy; Knyaz'/Knyaginya Estlyandskiy, Liflyandskiy, Koryel'skiy, Tverskiy, Yugorskiy, Permskiy, Vyatskiy, Bolgarskiy i inykh; Gosudar'/Gosudarynya i Velikiy/Velikaya Knyaz'/Knyaginya Novagoroda nizovskiya zemli, Chernigorskiy, Ryazanskiy, Rostovskiy, Yaroslavskiy, Byelozerskiy, Udorskiy, Obdorskiy, Kondiyskiy i vseya severnyya strany Povelitel'; i Gosudar'/Gosudarynya Iverskiya zemli i Kartalinskikh i Gruzinskikh Tsarey/Tsarina; i Kabardinskiya zemli, Cherkasskikh i Gorskikh Knyazey/Knyaginya i inykh Naslednyy Gosudar'/Gosudarynya i Obladatel' ("by the grace of God, N.N., All-Russian Emperor/Empress and Autocrat of Moscow, of Kiev, Vladimir, Novgorod; King/Queen of Kazan, King/Queen of Astrakhan, King/Queen of Siberia; Lord/Lady of Pskov; Grand Prince/Princess of Smolensk; Prince/Princess of Estonia, Livonia, Courland, Tver, Yougoria, Perm, Vyatka, [Volga] Bulgaria, and of other lands; Lord/Lady and Grand Prince/Princess of Novgorod of Low Country, Chernigov, Ryazan, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Byelozersk, Oudoria [Udorskiy], Obdoria [Obdorskiy], Kondia [Kondiyskiy], and Commander of all the Northern lands; Sovereign Lord/Lady of Imeretia, Kartli, Kabardian lands; Lord/Lady of the Cherkasskiy and Mountain Princes, and Lord of many other countries");
(f) 6 May 1906 - 15 Mar 1917: Bozhiyeyu pospeshestvuyushcheyu milostiyu, N.N., Imperator i Samodyerzhets Vserossiyskiy, Moskovskiy, Kiyevskiy, Vladimirskiy, Novgorodskiy; Tsar'  Kazanskiy, Tsar' Astrakhanskiy, Tsar' Pol'skiy, Tsar' Sibirskiy, Tsar' Khersonisa Tavricheskogo, Tsar' Gruzinskiy; Gosudar' Pskovskiy i Velikiy Knyaz' Smolenskiy, Litovskiy, Volynskiy, Podol'skiy i Finlyandskiy; Knyaz' Estlyandskiy, Liflyandskiy, Kurlyandskiy i Semigal'skiy, Samogitskiy, Byelostokskiy, Koryel'skiy, Tverskiy, Yugorskiy, Permskiy, Vyatskiy, Bolgarskiy i inykh; Gosudar' i Velikiy Knyaz' Novagoroda Nizovskiya zemli, Chernigorskiy, Ryazanskiy, Polotskiy, Rostovskiy, Yaroslavskiy, Byelozerskiy, Udorskiy, Obdorskiy, Kondiyskiy, Vitebskiy, Mstislavskiy i vseya severnyya strany Povelitel'; i Gosudar' Iverskiya, Kartalinskiya i Kabardinskiya zemli i oblasti Armenskiya; Cherkasskikh i Gorskikh Knyazey i inykh Naslednyy Gosudar' i Obladatel'; Gosudar' Turkestanskiy; Naslednik Norvezhskiy, Gertsog Shlesvig-Golstinskiy, Stormarnskiy, Ditmarsenskiy i Oldenburgskiy i prochaya, i prochaya, i prochaya ("by the grace of God, N.N., All-Russian Emperor and Autocrat of Moscow, Kiev, Vladimir, Novgorod; King of Kazan, King of Astrakhan, King of the Polish, King of Siberia, King of Taurian Chersonese, and King of Georgia; Lord of Pskov; Grand Prince of Smolensk, Lithuania, Volhynia, Podolia, and Finland; Prince of Estonia, Livonia, Courland and Semigallia, Samogitia, Byelostok [Bialystok], Karelia, Tver, Yougoria, Perm, Vyatka, [Volga] Bulgaria, and of other lands; Lord and Grand Prince of Novgorod of the Low Country, Chernigov, Ryazan, Polotsk, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Byelozersk, Oudoria [Udorskiy], Obdoria [Obdorskiy], Kondia [Kondiyskiy], Vitebsk, Mstislav, and Commander of all the Northern lands; Sovereign of Imeretia, Kartli, Kabardian lands and the province of Armenia; Lord of the Cherkasskiy and Mountain Princes; Sovereign of Turkestan; Heir of Norway; Duke of Schleswig-Holstein, Stormarn, Ditmarschen and Oldenburg, et cetera, et cetera, et cetera");
- The shortened style was: Bozhiyeyu pospeshestvuyushcheyu milostiyu, N.N., Imperator i Samodyerzhets Vserossiyskiy, Tsar' Pol'skiy, Velikiy Knyaz' Finlyandskiy, i prochaya, i prochaya, i prochaya ("by the grace of God, N.N., All-Russian Emperor/Empress 
and Autocrat, King of the Polish, Grand Prince of Finland, et cetera, et cetera, et cetera").

  ˛The colloquial use of the term "tsar" (or less often "czar") for the emperor is strictly incorrect. Since 2 Nov 1721 the correct style was Bozhiyeyu milostiyu, N.N., Imperator/Imperatritsa i Samodyerzhets/Samodyerzhitsa Vserossiyskiy/Vserossiyskaya ("By the Grace of God, N.N., Emperor/Empress and Autocrat of all Russia"); the term tsar was used in the full style for subsidiary (and partially imaginary) polities; in particular, it was used to mean "king" with regard to Poland.

 łon 15 Mar 1917 Emperor Nikolay II (s.a.) abdicated for himself, and Tsarevich Aleksey Nikolayevich (b. 1904 - d. 1918), in favor of his brother Grand Duke Mikhail Aleksandrovich Romanov (b. 1878 - d. 1918), who was proclaimed Emperor Mikhail II. In his manifesto on 17 Mar 1917 he deferred to the will of the people and acknowledged the Provisional Government, but neither abdicated nor refused to accept the throne. On 13 Jun 1918, Mikhail was murdered in Perm.

 4During the period 1722-1802 there were essentially two chief state civil officers, the Chancellor having rank of the first civil officer and dealing with foreign affairs, and the Procurator-General ranking below and dealing with justice and having general oversight of other interior affairs. Several times during this period a collective body resembling cabinet of ministers was created (the Supreme Privy Council 1726-1730, Cabinet of Ministers 1731-1741, Conference of Ministers 1756-1762, Council at the Highest Court 1761-1801, Permanent Council 1801-1802), but only twice (1731-1741, 1801-1802) there was a position of the chief minister. Neither the chief minister, nor the chief state civil officers were heads of government, the Emperor headed the government.

Noble and Ecclesiastical Titles: Baron = Baron; Graf = Count; Knyaz'/Knyaginya = Prince/Princess; Patriarkh = Patriarch; Velikiy/Velikaya Knyaz'/Knyaginya/Knyazhna = Grand Prince/Princess; Tsarevna = Daughter of a Tsar; Tsaritsa = Wife of a Tsar. 

Party abbreviations: GPr = Gruppa Pravykh (Group of Right-wing, parliamentary group, 1906-1917); KDP = Konstitutsionno-Demokraticheskaya Partiya (Constitutional Democratic Party, "Kadets", Russian liberal, 12 Oct 1905-1920, banned by Bolsheviks from 12 Dec 1917); Okt = Soyuz 17 Oktyabrya (Union of October 17, "Octobrists", conservative, moderate constitutionalist, Nov 1905-1918); PSR = Partiya Sotsialistov-Revolyutsionerov (Party of Socialists-Revolutionaries, "SRs", democratic socialist, agrarian socialist, split Aug 1917 into Left [became PLSR] and Right wings, 1902-1922); RKP = Rossiyskaya Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)(Russian Communist Party [Bolsheviks]Marxist-Leninist communist, state party, former RSDRP-B, 8 Mar 1918 - 31 Dec 1925, renamed Vsesoyuznaya Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)[All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)]); RS = Russkoye Sobraniye (Russian Assembly, monarchist, Russian nationalist, 1906-1917); RSDRP-B = Rossiyskaya Sotsial-Demokraticheskaya Rabochaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)(Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party [Bolsheviks], Russian revolutionary socialist, Marxist communist, from 8 Nov 1917 state party, split from RSDRP est.1898, 1 Jan 1912-8 Mar 1918, renamed RKP); RSDRP-M = Rossiyskaya Sotsial-Demokraticheskaya Rabochaya Partiya (Men'shevikov)(Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party [Mensheviks], split from RSDRP-B, democratic socialist, Orthodox Marxist, 1 Jan 1912-1922); Mil = Military


1905-1906 Russian revolutionary "republics"

Note: On some occasions the Bolshevik-led rebels succeed in taking over several large cities, they were popularly referred to as the "republics." Rebel Soviets (Councils) of Workers' Deputies also attempted unsuccessful uprisings in Moscow, Rostov-na-Donu, and Perm in Dec 1905 - Jan 1906. Prominent Soviets were elected also in Ivanovo-Voznesensk (modern Ivanovo; the first Soviet, founded 28 May 1905) and Saint Petersburg (26 Oct 1905).
 
[Russian
                        revolutionary "republics" red flag
                        1905-1906]

Chita "republic"

Chairman of the Soviet of Soldiers' and Cossacks' Deputies
 5 Dec 1905 -  4 Feb 1906  Anton Antonovich Kostyushko-       (b. 1876 - d. 1906)  RSDRP
                             Valyuzhanich

Krasnoyarsk "republic"

Chairman of the United Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies
22 Dec 1905 -  9 Jan 1906  Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Melnikov  (b. 1880 - d.af.1917)RSDRP

Novorossiysk "republic"

Chairman of the Soviet of Workers' Deputies
25 Dec 1905 -  8 Jan 1906  Bernshteyn "Nikolayev"                                  RSDRP

Sochi "republic"

Chairman of the Revolutionary Committee
10 Jan 1906 - 18 Jan 1906  Nikifor Prokofyevich Poyarkov      (b. 1870 - d. 1922)  RSDRP


Party abbreviation: RSDRP = Rossiyskaya Sotsial-Demokraticheskaya Rabochaya Partiya (Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party, 1898 - 1912, in Jan 1912 [formally Aug 1917] split into RSDRP-B and RSDRP-M)


Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
 
[Flag of USSR, 1923]
6 Jul 1923 - 12 Nov 1923
[Flag of USSR,
                        1923-1936]
12 Nov 1923 - 5 Dec 1936
[Flag of USSR,
                          1936-1955]
5 Dec 1936 - 19 Aug 1955
[Flag of USSR
                          1955-1991]
19 Aug 1955 - 25 Dec 1991


Map of the U.S.S.R
Hear National Anthem
"Gosudarstvennyy Gimn
Soyuz Sovetskikh
Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik"
(State Anthem of the
Union of Socialist Republics)

(no lyrics 7 Dec 1955 -
27 May 1977)

Adopted 15 Mar 1944
Hear Former Anthem
 "Internatsional"
(The Internationale)
(30 Dec 1922-15 Mar 1944)
Constitution
 (7 Oct 1977),
(5 Dec 1936),
(7 Jul 1923)

Capital: Moscow
(temporary: Kuybyshev
 16 Oct 1941 - 31 Jul 1943)
Currency: 1922-1991
 Soviet Ruble
(Rubl')
(SUR)

National Holiday (1928-1991):
7-8 Nov (1917)

Godovshchina Velikoy Oktyabr'skoy Sotsialisticheskoy Revolyutsii
(Anniversary of the Great
 October Socialist Revolution)
(named Godovshchina Oktyabr'skoy Revolyutsii [Anniversary of the
October Revolution] 1928-1965)
---------------------------------
(1922-1928): 7 Nov (1917)
Den' Proletarskoy Revolyutsii
(Day of Proletarian Revolution)
Population: 293,047,571 (1991)
GNP: $2,660 billion (1990)
Exports: $109.3 billion (1989)
Imports: $114.7 billion (1989)
Ethnic groups: Russian 50.78%, Ukrainian 15.45%,
Uzbek 5.84%, Belorussian (Byelorussian) 3.51%,
Kazakh 2.85%, Azeri 2.38%, Armenian 1.62%,
Tajik 1.48%, Georgian 1.39%, Moldovan 1.17%,
Lithuanian 1.07%, Turkmen 0.95%, Kirghiz 0.89%,
Latvian 0.51%, Estonian 0.36%, other 9.75%
Total Armed Forces: 3,750,000 (1989)
Declared Nuclear Power (1949): 28,595 weapons (1991)
Merchant marine: 1,565 ships (1990)
Religions: atheist 60%, Russian Orthodox 20%,
Muslim 10%, Protestant, Georgian Orthodox,
Armenian Orthodox, and Roman Catholic 7%,
Jewish less than 1%  Note: State was officially atheist 
International Organizations/Treaties: ANT (consultative), BTWC, CCC, CFE (signatory), Comecon, CSCE, DC, EBRD, ENMOD, ESCR, GATT (observer), IAEA, IBEC, ICAO, ICFTU, IHO, IIB, ILO, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interkosmos, Interpol, Intersputnik, IOC, IPU, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NPT, NSG, NTBT, OPNAL, OST, PCA, UIBPIP, UN, UNCLOS (signatory), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNSC (permanent), UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WP, WToO, ZC
Soviet Republics

30 Dec 1922                Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union) including 
                             Russian S.F.S.R, Ukraine, Byelorussia, and Transcaucasia
                             (T.S.F.S.R.)

13 May 1925                Accession of Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.
 5 Dec 1929                Accession of Tadzhikistan (formally 18 Mar 1931).
 5 Dec 1936                Accession of Kazakhstan and Kirgiziya; T.S.F.S.R. dissolved - 
                             Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaidzhan become full union republics.
31 Mar 1940 - 16 Jul 1956  Accession of Karelo-Finnish S.S.R.
 2 Aug 1940                Accession of Moldavia

 3 Aug 1940                Accession of Lithuania.
 5 Aug 1940                Accession of Latvia.
 6 Aug 1940                Accession of Estonia.
 6 Sep 1991                Recognition of Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian independence.
25 Dec 1991                President of U.S.S.R. announces resignation followed by takeover
                             procedures ceding state power to authorities of Russian
                             Federation.
26 Dec 1991                Final dissolution of the U.S.S.R.; R.S.F.S.R. independent

                             as Russia.

General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
(from 31 Dec 1925, All-Union Communist Party [Bolsheviks])
 
3 Apr 1922 - 13 Oct 1952  Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin        (b. 1878 - d. 1953)
                            (= Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili
                             [Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili])
                            (from 21 Dec 1929, personal style Vozhd [Leader])
General Secretaries of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
13 Oct 1952 -  5 Mar 1953 
Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin        (s.s.)
 5 Mar 1953 - 14 Mar 1953 
Secretaries
                           - Georgiy Maksimilianovich Malenkov(b. 1902 - d. 1988)
                               (to 14 Mar 1953)(senior member)
                           -
Mikhail Andreyevich Suslov       (b. 1902 - d. 1982)
                           - Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev    (b. 1894 - d. 1971)

                             (Khrushchyov)
                           - Semyon Denisovich Ignatyev       (b. 1904 - d. 1983)
                           - Pyotr Nikolayevich Pospelov      (b. 1898 - d. 1979)
                           - Nikolay Nikolayevich Shatalin    (b. 1904 - d. 1984)
                         
(acting)
First Secretaries of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
14 Mar 1953 - 14 Oct 1964  Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev      (s.a.)

                            (Khrushchyov)(secretariat chairperson to 7 Sep 1953)
14 Oct 1964 -  8 Apr 1966  Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev             (b. 1906 - d. 1982)
General Secretaries of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
 8 Apr 1966 - 10 Nov 1982  Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev             (s.a.)

12 Nov 1982 -  9 Feb 1984  Yuriy Vladimirovich Andropov       (b. 1914 - d. 1984)
 9 Feb 1984 - 10 Mar 1985  Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko    (b. 1911 - d. 1985)
11 Mar 1985 - 24 Aug 1991  Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev      (b. 1931 - d. 2022)
                            
(Gorbachyov)
24 Aug 1991 - 29 Aug 1991  Vladimir Antonovich Ivashko
       (b. 1932 - d. 1994)
                             (Volodymyr Antonovych Ivashko)
                             (acting)

                          ("leading role" of party abolished 13 Mar 1990)

Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee (serving jointly)ą
30 Dec 1922 - 12 Jan 1938  Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin          (b. 1875 - d. 1946)RKP;1925 VKP
                             (Russian RSFSR)
30 Dec 1922 - 12 Jan 1938  Grigoriy Ivanovich Petrovskiy      (b. 1878 - d. 1958)  VKP
                             (Hryhoriy Ivanovych Petrovsʹkyy)
                             (Ukrainian SSR) 

30 Dec 1922 - 16 Jun 1937  Aleksandr Grigoryevich Chervyakov  (b. 1892 - d. 1937)  VKP
                             (Alyaksandr Ryhoravich Charvyakow)
                             (Byelorussian SSR) 

30 Dec 1922 - 19 Mar 1925  Nariman Kerbalay Nadzhaf-ogly      (b. 1870 - d. 1925)  VKP
                             Narimanov (Transcaucasian SFSR)
                             (Nariman Karbalayi Nacaf oğlu Narimanov)

21 May 1925 - Jun 1937     Gazanfar Makhmud-ogly Musabekov    (b. 1888 - d. 1938)  VKP
                             (Qazanfar Mahmud oğlu Musabayov)
                             (T
ranscaucasian SFSR) 
21 May 1925 - 21 Jul 1937  Nedirbay Aytakov (Turkmen SSR)     (b. 1894 - d. 1938)  VKP
                            
(Nadirbay Aytaç)
21 May 1925 - 17 Jun 1937  Fayzulla Gubaydullayevich          (b. 1896 - d. 1938)  VKP

                             Khodzhayev (Uzbek SSR)
                            
(Fayzullo Ubaydulloyevich Xojayev)
18 Mar 1931 -  4 Jan 1934  Nusratullo Makhsum (Lutfulayev)    (b. 1881 - d. 1937)  VKP
                             (Nusratullo Maxsum)(Tadzhik SSR)
 4 Jan 1934 - Sep 1937     Abdullo Rakhimbayevich Rakhimbayev (b. 1896 - d. 1938)  VKP
                             (Abdullo Raximboyevich Raximboyev)
                             (Tadzhik SSR)

Chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
12 Jan 1938 - 17 Jan 1938  Andrey Andreyevich Andreyev        (b. 1895 - d. 1971)  VKP
                           + Nikolay Mikhaylovich Shvernik    (b. 1888 - d. 1970)  VKP
                           (acting)
17 Jan 1938 - 19 Mar 1946  Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin          (s.a.)               VKP
19 Mar 1946 - 15 Mar 1953  Nikolay Mikhaylovich Shvernik      (s.a.)             VKP;1952 KPSS
15 Mar 1953 -  7 May 1960  Kliment Yefremovich Voroshilov     (b. 1881 - d. 1969)  KPSS
                             (Klyment Okhrimovych Voroshylov)
 7 May 1960 - 15 Jul 1964  Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev (1st time)  (s.a.)               KPSS
15 Jul 1964 -  9 Dec 1965  Anastas Ivanovich Mikoyan          (b. 1895 - d. 1978)  KPSS
                             (Anastas Hovhannesi Mikoyan)
 9 Dec 1965 - 16 Jun 1977  Nikolay Viktorovich Podgornyy      (b. 1903 - d. 1983)  KPSS
                             (Mykola Viktorovych Pidhornyy)
16 Jun 1977 - 10 Nov 1982  Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev (2nd time)  (s.a.)               KPSS
10 Nov 1982 - 16 Jun 1983  Vasiliy Vasilyevich Kuznetsov      (b. 1901 - d. 1990)  KPSS
                             (1st time) (acting)
16 Jun 1983 -  9 Feb 1984  Yuriy Vladimirovich Andropov       (s.a.)               KPSS
 9 Feb 1984 - 11 Apr 1984  Vasiliy Vasilyevich Kuznetsov      (s.a.)               KPSS
                             (2nd time) (acting)
11 Apr 1984 - 10 Mar 1985  Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko    (s.a.)               KPSS
10 Mar 1985 -  2 Jul 1985  Vasiliy Vasilyevich Kuznetsov      (s.a.)               KPSS
                             (3rd time) (acting)
 2 Jul 1985 -  1 Oct 1988  Andrey Andreyevich Gromyko         (b. 1909 - d. 1989)  KPSS
                             (Andrey Andreyevich Hramyka)
 1 Oct 1988 - 25 May 1989  Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev      (s.a.)               KPSS
Chairman of the Supreme Soviet
25 May 1989 - 15 Mar 1990  Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev      (s.a.)               KPSS
President
15 Mar 1990 - 25 Dec 1991  Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev      (s.a.)               KPSS;
                             (suspended by
Yanayev 19-21 Aug 1991)      24 Aug 1991: Non-party
19 Aug 1991 - 21 Aug 1991˛ Gennadiy Ivanovich Yanayev         (b. 1937 - d. 2010)  KPSS
                             (acting; in dissidence)

Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars ("Sovnarkom")
 
6 Jul 1923 - 21 Jan 1924  Vladimir Ilyich Ul'yanov (Lenin)   (b. 1870 - d. 1924)  RKP
 6 Jul 1923 -  2 Feb 1924  Lev Borisovich Kamenev             (b. 1883 - d. 1936)  RKP
                             (Rozenfel'd)
                           +
Aleksey Ivanovich Rykov          (b. 1881 - d. 1938)  RKP
                           + Aleksandr Dmitriyevich Tsyurupa  (b. 1870 - d. 1928)  RKP
                          
+ Khristiyan Georgiyevich Rakovskiy(b. 1873 - d. 1941)  KPU-B
                             (Khrystyyan Heorhiyovych Rakovs'kyy)
                             (to 15 Jul 1923)
                           + Vlas Yakovlevich Chubar'         (b. 1891 - d. 1939)
  KPU-B
                             (Vlas Yakovych Chubar)
                             (from 15 Jul 1923)
                           +
Ivan (Mamia) Dmitriyevich        (b. 1881 - d. 1937)  KPS-B
                              Orakhelashvili
                             (Mamia Dimitris dze Orakhelashvili)
                           (acting [for Lenin to 21 Jan 1924])

 
2 Feb 1924 - 19 Dec 1930  Aleksey Ivanovich Rykov            (s.a.)              RKP;1925 VKP
19 Dec 1930 -  6 May 1941  Vyacheslav Mikhaylovich Molotov    (b. 1890 - d. 1986)  VKP
                             (Skryabin)
 6 May 1941 - 15 Mar 1946 
Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin        (s.a.)               VKP
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers
15 Mar 1946 -  5 Mar 1953  Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin        (s.a.)             VKP;1952 KPSS
 6 Mar 1953 -  8 Feb 1955  Georgiy Maksimilianovich Malenkov  (s.a.)               KPSS
 8 Feb 1955 - 27 Mar 1958  Nikolay Aleksandrovich Bulganin    (b. 1895 - d. 1975)  KPSS
27 Mar 1958 - 15 Oct 1964  Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev      (s.a.)               KPSS
                             (Khrushchyov)
15 Oct 1964 - 23 Oct 1980  Aleksey Nikolayevich Kosygin       (b. 1904 - d. 1980)  KPSS

23 Oct 1980 - 27 Sep 1985  Nikolay Aleksandrovich Tikhonov    (b. 1905 - d. 1997)  KPSS
27 Sep 1985 - 14 Jan 1991  Nikolay Ivanovich Ryzhkov          (b. 1929)            KPSS
Prime ministers
14 Jan 1991 - 22 Aug 1991  Valentin Sergeyevich Pavlov        (b. 1937 - d. 2003)  KPSS
19 Aug 1991 - 28 Aug 1991  Vitaliy Khusseynovich Doguzhiyev   (b. 1935 - d. 2016)  KPSS
                             (acting [to 22 Aug 1991 for Pavlov])

Chairman of the Committee on Operational Management of the National Economy (from 20 Sep

1991, also Chairman of the Inter-republican Economic Committee; from 14 Nov 1991, Chairman
of the Interstate Economic Committee - Prime Minister of the Economic Community)
28 Aug 1991 - 25 Dec 1991  Ivan Stepanovich Silayev           (b. 1930 - d. 2023)  Non-party

 ąchairmen of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union was a collective body comprised by several chairmen, in principle one of each constituent soviet republic, although Kalinin (from Russian S.F.S.R.) was often viewed as the single chairman.

 ˛The State Council for the State of Emergency took the power on 19 August 1991, the failed coup and was disbanded two days after. The paramount Soviet leaders comprised it: Vice President Gennadiy Ivanovich Yanayev (s.a.); Prime minister Valentin Sergeyevich Pavlov (s.a.); KGB chairman Vladimir Aleksandrovich Kryuchkov (b. 1924 - d. 2007); Defense minister Dmitriy Timofeyevich Yazov (b. 1924 - d. 2020); Interior minister Boris Karlovich Pugo (b. 1937 - d. 1991); First deputy chairman of the Defense Council Oleg Dmitriyevich Baklanov (b. 1932 - d. 2021); chairman of the Peasants' Union Vasiliy Alexandrovich Starodubtsev (b. 1931 - d. 2011); and chairman of the Association of State Enterprises Aleksandr Ivanovich Tizyakov (b. 1926 - d. 2019).

Territorial Disputes (1945-1991): Bilateral negotiations are under way to resolve disputed sections of the boundary with China; U.S. Government has not recognized the incorporation of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania into the Soviet Union; Etorofu, Kunashiri, and Shikotan Islands and the Habomai island group occupied by Soviet Union since 1945, claimed by Japan; maritime dispute with Norway over portion of Barents Sea; has made no territorial claim in Antarctica (but has reserved the right to do so) and does not recognize the claims of any other nation; Kurdish question among Iran, Iraq, Syria, Turkey, and the U.S.S.R.

Party abbreviations: KPSS = Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Sovetskogo Soyuza (Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Marxist-Leninist communist, USSR state party to 13 Mar 1990, former VKP, 13 Oct 1952 - 29 Aug 1991);
- Former parties: KPU-B = Komunistychna Partiya (Bil'shovykiv) Ukrayiny/Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov) Ukrainy (Communist Party [Bolsheviks] of Ukraine, communist, separated 1 Mar 1919 from RKP, 12 Jul 1918-13 Oct 1952, renamed Komunistychna Partiya Ukrayiny/ Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Ukrainy [Communist Party of Ukraine]); RKP = Rossiyskaya Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)(Russian Communist Party [Bolsheviks], Marxist-Leninist communist, state party, former RSDRP-B, 8 Mar 1918-31 Dec 1925, renamed VKP); KPS-B = Komunisturi Partiis (Bolshevikebis) Sak'art'velos/Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov) Gruzii (Communist Party [Bolsheviks] of Georgia, communist, May 1920-13 Oct 1952, renamed Communist Party of Georgia); VKP = Vsesoyuznaya Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)(All-Union Communist Party [Bolsheviks], Marxist-Leninist communist, USSR state party, former RKP, 31 Dec 1925-13 Oct 1952, renamed KPSS)


Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
 
[Russian
                          Revolution red flag 1917-1918 de facto]
8 Nov 1917 - 13 Apr 1918 (de facto)
[Flag of
                          Russian SFSR in 1918]
13 Apr 1918 - 17 Jun 1918
[Flag of Russian
                          SFSR in 1918-1937]
17 Jun 1918 - 21 Jan 1937
[Flag of Russian
                          SFSR 1937-1954]
21 Jan 1937 - 2 Jun 1954
[Flag of Russian
                          SFSR, 1954-1991]
2 Jun 1954 - 21 Aug 1991
[Flag of Russian SFSR
                          1991]
22 Aug 1991 - 25 Dec 1991

Map of Russian S.F.S.R. 1918-1921
Hear Provisional Anthems
"Internatsional"
 (The Internationale)
(23 Jan 1918-30 Dec 1922)
Hear Local Anthem
(None; de facto 1922-1990
 same as Soviet Union)
Constitution
(10 Jul 1918)
(11 May 1925, 21 Jan 1937,
12 Apr 1978)
Capital: Moscow
(Petrograd to 12 Mar 1918)

Currency: Russian Ruble
(RUFS)
(to 1923)
National Holiday:
Dec 1918-1922: 7 Nov (1917)

Den' Proletarskoy Revolyutsii
(Day of Proletarian Revolution)
----------------------------------
Nov 1917 - Dec 1918:
12 Mar
(27 Feb) (1917)
Sverzheniye Samoderzhaviya
(Overthrow of Autocracy)

Population: 137,551,000 (1980)
100,001,000 (1923)

GNP: 6.4 billion Rubles (1922, in prices of 1913;
all Soviet Republics, share of RSFSR 66%)

Exports
: 75 million Rubles (1922, all Soviet Republics)

Imports: 262 million Rubles (1922, all Soviet Republics)
Total Armed Forces: 600,000 Worker-Peasant
Red Army (1922)

Merchant marine: 270 steamers, 830 sailing ships
(1921, all Soviet Republics)
International Organizations/Treaties 1917-1922: CED, ICRM, IOC, IMO, IPU, ITU, PCA, UIBPIP, UPU
R.S.F.S.R.
Admin. Divisions

 8 Nov 1917                Russian Soviet Republic (polity style not formally adopted).
 
8 Nov 1917 - 25 Oct 1922  Russian civil war.
31 Jan 1918                Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic

30 Dec 1922                Part of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union).
 5 Dec 1936                Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
Jul 1941 – Jul 1944        German occupation of the western parts of the Russian S.F.S.R.
12 Jun 1990                Declaration of state sovereignty adopted.

12 Dec 1991                Russian S.F.S.R. Supreme Council passes a resoltuion
                             denouncing the Union Treaty of 1922.
26 Dec 1991                U.S.S.R. dissolved, Russian S.F.S.R. independent as
Russia.

Bureau of the Central Committee of the Russian Social Democratic Workers'
Party (Bolsheviks)(from 8 Mar 1918, Russian Communist Party [Bolsheviks])
 9 Nov 1917 - 25 Mar 1919  Vladimir Ilyich Ul'yanov (Lenin)   (b. 1870 - d. 1924)
                           + Yakov Mikhaylovich Sverdlov      (b. 1885 - d. 1919)
                              (to 16 Mar 1919)
                           + Lev Davidovich Trotskiy          (b. 1879 - d. 1940)
                              (Bronshteyn)
                           + Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin      (b. 1878 - d. 1953)
                              (= Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili
                              [Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili])

                           + Grigoriy Yakovlevich Sokolnikov  (b. 1888 - d. 1939)
                              (= Hirsh Yankelevich Brilliant)
                              (8 Mar - 29 Jul 1918, 11-18 Mar 1919)
                           + Yelena Dmitriyevna Stasova (f)   (b. 1873 - d. 1966)
                              (from 8 Mar 1918)
Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
25 Mar 1919 -  3 Apr 1922  Vladimir Ilyich Ul'yanov (Lenin)   (s.a.)
                           + Lev Davidovich Trotskiy          (s.a.)
                           + Lev Borisovich Kamenev           (b. 1883 - d. 1936)
                               (
Rozenfel'd)
                           + Nikolay Nikolayevich Krestinskiy (b. 1883 - d. 1938)

                               (to 16 Mar 1921)
                           + Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin      (s.a.)
                           + Nikolay Ivanovich Bukharin       (b. 1888 - d. 1938)
                           + Grigoriy Yevseyevich Zinovyev    (b. 1883 - d. 1936)
                             (= Hersh Aronovich Radomysl'skiy)
                           +
Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin        (b. 1875 - d. 1946)
                           + Yelena Dmitriyevna Stasova (f)   (s.a.)
                              (Jul - 26 Sep 1919)
                           + Vyacheslav Mikhaylovich Molotov  (b. 1890 - d. 1966)
                              (Skryabin)(from 16 Mar 1921)
 3 Apr 1922 - 19 Jun 1990  part of the Communist Party of the
                           Soviet Union
(and predecessors)
Chairman of the Bureau of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist
Party (Bolsheviks) for Affairs of the Russian S.F.S.R.

19 Jul 1936 - Apr? 1937    Nikolay Ivanovich Yezhov           (b. 1895 - d. 1940)
Apr? 1937  
               Post abolished
Chairmen of the Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the
Soviet Union for the Russian S.F.S.R.

27 Feb 1956 - 16 Nov 1964  Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev      (b. 1894 - d. 1971)
                             (Khrushchyov)
16 Nov 1964 -  8 Apr 1966  Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev             (b. 1906 - d. 1982)
 8 Apr 1966                Post abolished
Chairman of the Russian Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party
of the Soviet Union

 9 Dec 1989 - 19 Jun 1990  Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev      (b. 1931 - d. 2022)
                             (Gorbachyov)
First Secretaries of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Russian S.F.S.R.

22 Jun 1990 -  6 Aug 1991  Ivan Kuz'mich Polozkov             (b. 1935)            KPR
 6 Aug 1991 - 25 Aug 1991  Valentin Aleksandrovich Kuptsov    (b. 1937)            KPR
                         (activities of the party suspended 23 Aug 1991)


Chairman of the Military-Revolutionary Committee of the Petrograd
Soviet of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies

 7 Nov 1917 -  8 Nov 1917  Pavel Yevgenyevich Lazimir         (b. 1891 - d. 1920)  PLSR
 7 Nov 1917 -  8 Nov 1917  Nikolay Ilyich Podvoyskiy          (b. 1880 - d. 1948)  RSDRP-B
                             (acting for Lazimir)
Chairman of the Congress of Soviets of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies
 8 Nov 1917 -  9 Nov 1917
  Lev Borisovich Kamenev             (s.a.)               RSDRP-B
                             (Rozenfel'd)
Chairmen of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee

 9
Nov 1917 - 21 Nov 1917  Lev Borisovich Kamenev             (s.a.)               RSDRP-B/RKP
21 Nov 1917 - 16 Mar 1919  Yakov Mikhaylovich Sverdlov        (s.a.)               RKP

16 Mar 1919 - 30 Mar 1919  Mikhail Fyodorovich V
ladimirskiy   (b. 1874 - d. 1951)  RKP
                             (acting)
30 Mar 1919 - 15 Jul 1938  Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin          (s.a.)              RKP;1925 VKP
Chairman of the Supreme Soviet
15 Jul 1938 - 19 Jul 1938  Andrey Aleksandrovich Zhdanov      (b. 1896 - d. 1948)  VKP
Chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
19 Jul 1938 -  4 Mar 1944  Aleksey Yegorovich Badayev         (b. 1883 - d. 1951)  VKP
 9 Apr 1943 -  4 Mar 1944  Ivan Alekseyevich Vlasov           (b. 1903 - d. 1969)  VKP
                             (acting for Badayev)
 4 Mar 1944 - 25 Jun 1946  Nikolay Mikhaylovich Shvernik      (b. 1888 - d. 1970)  VKP
25 Jun 1946 -  7 Jul 1950  Ivan Alekseyevich Vlasov           (s.a.)               VKP
 7 Jul 1950 - 16 Apr 1959  Mikhail Petrovich Tarasov          (b. 1899 - d. 1970)VKP;1952 KPSS
16 Apr 1959 - 26 Nov 1959  Nikolay Grigoryevich Ignatov       (b. 1901 - d. 1966)  KPSS
                             (1st time) 
26 Nov 1959 - 20 Dec 1962  Nikolay Nikolayevich Organov       (b. 1901 - d. 1982)  KPSS
20 Dec 1962 - 14 Nov 1966  Nikolay Grigoryevich Ignatov       (s.a.)               KPSS
                             (2nd time)
14 Nov 1966 - 23 Dec 1966  Timofey Arkadyevich Akhazov        (b. 1907 - d. 1979)  KPSS
                           + Pyotr Petrovich Sysoyev          (b. 1912 - d. 1986)  KPSS
                           (acting)
23 Dec 1966 - 26 Mar 1985  Mikhail Alekseyevich Yasnov        (b. 1906 - d. 1991)  KPSS
26 Mar 1985 -  3 Oct 1988  Vladimir Pavlovich Orlov           (b. 1921 - d. 1999)  KPSS
 3 Oct 1988 - 29 May 1990  Vitaliy Ivanovich Vorotnikov       (b. 1926 - d. 2012)  KPSS
Chairman of the Supreme Soviet

29 May 1990 - 10 Jul 1991  Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin         (b. 1931 - d. 2007)  KPSS:12 Jul
                                                                                1990 Non-party

Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars ("Sovnarkom")
 9 Nov 1917 - 21 Jan 1924  Vladimir Ilyich Ul'yanov (Lenin)   (s.a.)              RSDRP-B/RKP
23 May 1922 -  2 Oct 1922  Aleksey Ivanovich Rykov            (b. 1881 - d. 1938)  RKP
                           + A
leksandr Dmitriyevich Tsyurupa  (b. 1870 - d. 1928)  RKP
                           + Lev Borisovich Kamenev           (s.a.)               RKP
                              (from 14 Sep 1922)
                           (acting for Lenin)
13 Dec 1922 -  2 Feb 1924 
Aleksey Ivanovich Rykov            (s.a.)               RKP
                           + Aleksandr Dmitriyevich Tsyurupa  (s.a.)               RKP
                           + Lev Borisovich Kamenev           (s.a.)               RKP
                           (acting [for Lenin to
21 Jan 1924])
 2 Feb 1924 - 18 May 1929  Aleksey Ivanovich Rykov            (s.a.)              RKP;1925 VKP
18 May 1929 -  3 Nov 1930  Sergey Ivanovich Syrtsov           (b. 1893 - d. 1937)  VKP
 3 Nov 1930 - 22 Jul 1937  Daniil Yegorovich Sulimov          (b. 1890 - d. 1937)  VKP
22 Jul 1937 - 17 Sep 1938  Nikolay Aleksandrovich Bulganin    (b. 1895 - d. 1975)  VKP
17 Sep 1938 -  2 Jun 1940  Vasiliy Vasilyevich Vakhrushev     (b. 1902 - d. 1947)  VKP
                             (acting to 29 Jul 1939)
 2 Jun 1940 - 23 Jun 1943  Ivan Sergeyevich Khokhlov          (b. 1895 - d. 1973)  VKP
 5 May 1942 -  2 May 1943  Konstantin Dmitriyevich Pamfilov   (b. 1901 - d. 1943)  VKP
                             (acting for Khokhlov) 
 2 May 1943 - 23 Jun 1943  Aleksey Nikolayevich Sukhov        (b. 1903 - d. 1974)  VKP
                             (acting for Khokhlov) 
23 Jun 1943 - 23 Mar 1946  Aleksey Nikolayevich Kosygin       (b. 1904 - d. 1980)  VKP
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers (prime ministers)
23 Mar 1946                Aleksey Nikolayevich Kosygin       (s.a.)               VKP
23 Mar 1946 -  9 Mar 1949  Mikhail Nikolayevich Rodionov      (b. 1907 - d. 1950)  VKP
 9 Mar 1949 - 20 Oct 1952  Boris Nikolayevich Chernousov      (b. 1908 - d. 1978)  VKP
20 Oct 1952 - 24 Jan 1956  Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Puzanov     (b. 1906 - d. 1998)  KPSS
24 Jan 1956 - 19 Dec 1957  Mikhail Alekseyevich Yasnov        (s.a.)               KPSS
19 Dec 1957 - 31 Mar 1958  Frol Romanovich Kozlov             (b. 1908 - d. 1965)  KPSS
31 Mar 1958 - 23 Nov 1962  Dmitriy Stepanovich Polyanskiy     (b. 1917 - d. 2001)  KPSS
23 Nov 1962 - 23 Jul 1971  Gennadiy Ivanovich Voronov         (b. 1910 - d. 1994)  KPSS
23 Jul 1971 - 28 Jul 1971  Aleksey Mikhaylovich Shkol'nikov   (b. 1914 - d. 2003)  KPSS
                           + Nikolay Fyodorovich Vasilyev     (b. 1916 - d. 2011)  KPSS
                           (acting)
28 Jul 1971 - 24 Jun 1983  Mikhail Sergeyevich Solomentsev    (b. 1913 - d. 2008)  KPSS
24 Jun 1983 -  3 Oct 1988  Vitaliy Ivanovich Vorotnikov       (s.a.)               KPSS
 3 Oct 1988 - 15 Jun 1990  Aleksandr Vladimirovich Vlasov     (b. 1932 - d. 2002)  KPSS
15 Jun 1990 - 26 Sep 1991  Ivan Stepanovich Silayev           (b. 1930 - d. 2023)  Non-party
26 Sep 1991 -  6 Nov 1991  Oleg Ivanovich Lobov (acting)      (b. 1937 - d. 2018)  Non-party

Party abbreviation: KPSS = Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Sovetskogo Soyuza (Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Marxist-Leninist communist, USSR state party to 13 Mar 1990, former VKP, 13 Oct 1952 - 29 Aug 1991); KPR = Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Rossiyskoy SFSR (Communist Party of the Russian S.F.S.R., created within KPSS, 19 Jun 1990 - 6 Nov 1991; from 14 Feb 1993 Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Rossiyskoy Federatsii);
- Former parties: PLSR = Partiya Levykh Sotsialistov-Revolyutsionerov (Party of Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, democratic socialist, Aug 1917–1923, split from PSR, allied with RSDRP-B/RKP); RKP = Rossiyskaya Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)(Russian Communist Party [Bolsheviks], Marxist-Leninist communist, state party, former RSDRP-B, 8 Mar 1918-31 Dec 1925, renamed VKP); RSDRP-B = Rossiyskaya Sotsial-Demokraticheskaya Rabochaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)(Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party [Bolsheviks], Marxist communist, from 8 Nov 1917 state party, 1 Jan 1912-8 Mar 1918, renamed RKP); VKP = Vsesoyuznaya Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)(All-Union Communist Party [Bolsheviks], Marxist-Leninist communist, USSR state party, former RKP, 31 Dec 1925-13 Oct 1952, renamed KPSS)


Republics of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Note: Although the U.S.S.R. was "Soviet Socialist" from its founding, all the republics began as "Socialist Soviet" and did not change to the other order until various dates in 1937. In addition, in the national languages of several republics the word "Council/Conciliar" in the respective language was only quite late changed to an adaptation of the Russian "Soviet" - and never in others, e.g., Ukraine.

For the individual Soviet Socialist Republics of the Soviet Union see individual listings:

Armenian S.S.R.
Azerbaidzhan S.S.R.
Byelorussian S.S.R.
Estonian S.S.R.
Georgian S.S.R.
Karelo-Finnish S.S.R.
(1940-1956)
Kazakh S.S.R.
Kirghiz S.S.R.
Latvian S.S.R.
Lithuanian S.S.R.
Moldavian S.S.R.
Russian S.F.S.R.
Tadzikh S.S.R.
Transcaucasian S.F.S.R.
(1922-1936)
Turkmen S.S.R.
Ukrainian S.S.R.
Uzbek S.S.R.



Russian Federation
    

[Russian Federation flag]
Adopted 21 Aug 1991

12 Jun 1991                Russian S.F.S.R. adopts a declaration of state sovereignty.
12 Dec 1991                Russian S.F.S.R. Supreme Council passes a resolution denouncing
                             the Union Treaty of 1922.

26 Dec 1991                Russian S.F.S.R. independent as Russia Federation (Russia)
                             (style not endorsed constitutionally until 21 Apr 1992).

Presidents
10 Jul 1991 - 31 Dec 1999  Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin         (b. 1931 - d. 2007)  Non-party
21 Sep 1993 -  4 Oct 1993  Aleksandr Vladimirovich Rutskoy    (b. 1947)            Non-party
                             (acting; in dissidence)
 5 Nov 1996 -  6 Nov 1996  Viktor Stepanovich Chernomyrdin    (b. 1938 - d. 2010)  NDR
                             (acting for Yeltsin) 
31 Dec 1999 -  7 May 2008  Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin       (b. 1952)            Non-party;
                             (1st time)(acting to 7 May 2000)                      2008: YR
 7 May 2008 -  7 May 2012  Dmitriy Anatolyevich Medvedev      (b. 1965)            YR
 7 May 2012 -              Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin       (s.a.)               YR
                             (2nd time)  

Prime ministers (chairman of the government 6 Nov 1991 - 14 Dec 1992 and
from 23 Dec 1993,
chairman of the council of ministers 14 Dec 1992 - 23 Dec 1993)
26 Sep 1991 -  6 Nov 1991  Oleg Ivanovich Lobov (acting)      (b. 1937 - d. 2018)  Non-party
                             (deputy chairman of council of ministers)
 6 Nov 1991 - 14 Apr 1992  Gennadiy Eduardovich Burbulis      (b. 1945 - d. 2022)  Non-party

                             (first deputy chairman of the government)
                             (acting) 
14 Apr
1992 - 14 Dec 1992  Yegor Timurovich Gaydar (Gaidar)   (b. 1956 - d. 2009) 
Non-party
                            
(first deputy chairman of the government to
                             15 Jun 1992, then acting
chairman of government)
                             (acting)
14 Dec 1992 - 23 Mar 1998  Viktor Stepanovich C
hernomyrdin    (s.a.)               NDR
                             (1st time)
23 Mar 1998                Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin         (s.a.)               Non-party
                             (acting)
23 Mar 1998 - 23 Aug 1998  Sergey Vladilenovich K
iriyenko     (b. 1962)            Non-party
                             (acting to 24 Apr 1998) 
23 Aug 1998 - 11 Sep 1998  Viktor Stepanovich Chernomyrdin    (s.a.)               NDR
                             (2nd time) (acting)
11 Sep 1998 - 12 May 1999  Yevgeniy Maksimovich Primakov      (b. 1929 - d. 2015)  Non-party
12 May 1999 -  9 Aug 1999  Sergey Vadimovich Stepashin        (b. 1952)            Non-party
                             (acting to 19 May 1999)
 9 Aug 1999 -  7 May 2000  Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin       (s.a.)               Non-party
                             (1st time)(acting to 16 Aug 1999)
 7 May 2000 - 24 Feb 2004  Mikhail Mikhaylovich Kasyanov      (b. 1957)            Non-party
                             (acting to 17 May 2000)
24 Feb 2004 -  5 Mar 2004  Viktor Borisovich Khristenko       (b. 1957)            Non-party
                             (acting)
 5 Mar 2004 - 14 Sep 2007  Mikhail Yefimovich Fradkov         (b. 1950)            Non-party
                             (acting 7-12 May 2004 and from 12 Sep 2007)
14 Sep 2007 -  8 May 2008  Viktor Alekseyevich Zubkov         (b. 1941)            Non-party
                             (1st time)(acting from 7 May 2008)
 8 May 2008 -  7 May 2012  Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin       (s.a.)               YR
                             (2nd time)
 
7 May 2012 -  8 May 2012  Viktor Alekseyevich Zubkov         (s.a.)               Non-party
                             (2nd time) (acting)
 8 May 2012 -
16 Jan 2020  Dmitriy Anatolyevich Medvedev      (s.a.)               YR
                             (acting 7-8 May 2018)
16 Jan 2020 -              Mikhail
Vladimirovich Mishustin    (b. 1966)            Non-party
30 Apr 2020 - 19 May 2020  Andrey Removich Belousov           (b. 1959)            Non-party
                             (acting for
Mishustin)

Territorial Disputes: Russia remains concerned about the smuggling of poppy derivatives from Afghanistan through Central Asian countries; China and Russia have demarcated the once disputed islands at the Amur and Ussuri confluence and in the Argun River in accordance with the 2004 Agreement, ending their centuries-long border disputes; the sovereignty dispute over the islands of Etorofu, Kunashiri, Shikotan, and the Habomai group, known in Japan as the "Northern Territories" and in Russia as the "Southern Kurils," occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now administered by Russia, and claimed by Japan, remains the primary sticking point to signing a peace treaty formally ending World War II hostilities; Russia's military support and subsequent recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia independence in 2008 continue to sour relations with Georgia; Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Russia ratified Caspian seabed delimitation treaties based on equidistance, while Iran continues to insist on a one-fifth slice of the sea; Norway and Russia signed a comprehensive maritime boundary agreement in 2010; various groups in Finland advocate restoration of Karelia (Kareliya) and other areas ceded to the Soviet Union following World War II but the Finnish Government asserts no territorial demands; Russia and Estonia signed a technical border agreement in May 2005, but Russia recalled its signature in Jun 2005 after the Estonian parliament added to its domestic ratification act a historical preamble referencing the Soviet occupation and Estonia's pre-war borders under the 1920 Treaty of Tartu; Russia contends that the preamble allows Estonia to make territorial claims on Russia in the future, while Estonian officials deny that the preamble has any legal impact on the treaty text; Russia demands better treatment of the Russian-speaking population in Estonia and Latvia; Russia remains involved in the conflict in eastern Ukraine while also occupying Ukraine's territory of Crimea; Lithuania and Russia committed to demarcating their boundary in 2006 in accordance with the land and maritime treaty ratified by Russia in May 2003 and by Lithuania in 1999; Lithuania operates a simplified transit regime for Russian nationals traveling from the Kaliningrad coastal exclave into Russia, while still conforming, as an EU member state with an EU external border, where strict Schengen border rules apply; preparations for the demarcation delimitation of land boundary with Ukraine have commenced; the dispute over the boundary between Russia and Ukraine through the Kerch Strait and Sea of Azov is suspended due to the occupation of Crimea by Russia; Kazakhstan and Russia boundary delimitation was ratified on Nov 2005 and field demarcation should commence in 2007; Russian Duma has not yet ratified 1990 Bering Sea Maritime Boundary Agreement with the U.S.; Denmark (Greenland) and Norway have made submissions to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental shelf (CLCS) and Russia is collecting additional data to augment its 2001 CLCS submission; Ukraine, U.S. and most other nations do not recognize Russia's 21 Mar 2014 annexation of Ukraine's Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the municipality of Sevastopol, nor their re-designation as the Republic of Crimea and the Federal City of Sevastopol.

Party abbreviations: YR = Yedinaya Rossiya (United Russia, Russian nationalist, conservative, V. Putin personalist, government party, Eurosceptic, est.1 Dec 2001);
- Former parties: NDR = Vserossiyskoye Obshchestvenno-Politicheskoye Dvizheniye "Nash Dom - Rossiya" (All-Russian Political Movement "Our Home - Russia", centrist, government party, 12 May 1995-12 May 2006)


German Occupation in the Soviet Union

[German (Third) Reich War
                    flag used in occupied Russia 1941-1944]

22 Jun 1941                German invasion of the Soviet Union begins, by Army Group North,
                             Army Group Centre and Army Group South (on 5 Jul 1941, the rear
                             area commanders assume "political and administrative" authority
                             in the rear of army groups).
25 Jul 1941                Militarily administered area ("Operation Area East") begins to
                             diminish as civil administrators (Reichskommissare) of Ostland
                             (see under
Latvia) and (from 1 Sep 1941) of Ukraine (see under
                             Ukraine) assume authority in parts of the former military area.
Nov 1942                   Maximum extent of German advance (Novgorod, Demyansk,
Rzhev,
                            
Smolensk,
Orel, Voronezh, Stalingrad, Novorossik, Maikop,
                             Elista, and Nal'chik are all occupied and with Leningrad under
                             siege).
Oct 1943/Mar 1944          Rear areas of the army groups cease to exist in course of the
                             Soviet counter attack.
Jan/Jul 1944               Germans lose last military administered areas (Army Group South:
                             Kirovograd
8 Jan 1944; Army Group A [31 Mar 1944 renamed South
                             Ukraine]: Sevastopol' 9 May 1944; Army Group Middle: Mogilev

                             28 Jun 1944
; Army Group North: Pskov
23 Jul 1944).
14 Nov 1944 – 12 May 1945  Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia founded in
                             Prague by Andrey Andreyevich Vlasov (b. 1901 - d. 1946) commander
                             of the anti-Communist Russian Liberation Army. Its first seat
                             is in Berlin, later in Karlsbad (Karlovy Vary).

Commanders-in-chief of Army Group North (Heeresgruppe Nord)
(first in the Baltic States, then in north-eastern part of Russian S.F.S.R.)
22 Jun 1941 – 16 Jan 1942  Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb            (b. 1876 - d. 1956)
17 Jan 1942 – 29 Jan 1944  Georg von Küchler                  (b. 1881 - d. 1968)
31 Jan 1944 – 30 Mar 1944  Walter Model                       (b. 1891 - d. 1945)
31 Mar 1944 –  3 Jul 1944  Georg Lindemann                    (b. 1884 - d. 1963)
 4 Jul 1944 – 23 Jul 1944  Johannes Friessner                 (b. 1892 - d. 1971)
Commanders of (to 15 Mar 1942, Rear) Army Area North (Heeresgebiet Nord)
 5 Jul 1941 – 31 Mar 1943  Franz von Roques                   (b. 1877 - d. 1967)
 1 Apr 1943 – 26 Mar 1944  Kuno-Hans von Both                 (b. 1884 - d. 1955)
26 Mar 1944                Post abolished


Commanders-in-chief of Army Group Centre (Heeresgruppe Mitte)
(first in Belarus, then in western part of Russian S.F.S.R. and eastern part of Belarus)
22 Jun 1941 – 18 Dec 1941  Fedor von Bock                     (b. 1880 - d. 1945)
19 Dec 1941 – 12 Oct 1943  Günther von Kluge                  (b. 1882 - d. 1944)
12 Oct 1943 – 27 Jun 1944  Ernst Busch                        (b. 1885 - d. 1945) 
Commanders of (to 15 Mar 1942, Rear) Army Area Centre (Heeresgebiet Mitte)
 5 Jul 1941 –  6 Jul 1943  Max von Schenckendorff             (b. 1875 - d. 1943)
22 Jul 1943 – 30 Sep 1943  Ludwig Kübler                      (b. 1889 - d. 1947)
 1 Oct 1943 – 21 Oct 1943  Edwin Graf von Rothkirch und Trach (b. 1888 – d. 1980)
21 Oct 1943                Post abolished


Commanders-in-chief of Army Group South
(Heeresgruppe Sud)
(
9 Jul 1942 - 12 Feb 1943, renamed Army Group B [Heeresgruppe B])
(first in Ukraine, then in north-eastern part of Ukraine and Upper Don River area
of Russian S.F.S.R., finally in northern part of Ukraine)
22 Jun 1941 –  1 Dec 1941  Gerd von Rundstedt                 (b. 1875 - d. 1953)
 1 Dec 1941 – 15 Jan 1942  Walter von Reichenau               (b. 1884 - d. 1942)
18 Jan 1942 – 15 Jul 1942  Fedor von Bock                     (s.a.)
15 Jul 1942 –  9 Feb 1943  Maximilian Freiherr von Weichs     (b. 1881 - d. 1954)
12 Feb 1943 – 31 Mar 1944  Erich von Manstein                 (b. 1887 - d. 1973)
Commanders of (to 15 Mar 1942, Rear) Army Area South (Heeresgebiet Sud)
(9 Jul 1942 – 14 Feb 1943, renamed B [
Heeresgebiet B])
 5 Jul 1941 – 27 Oct 1941  Karl von Roques (1st time)         (b. 1880 - d. 1949)
27 Oct 1941 – 10 Jan 1942  Erich Friderici (1st time)         (b. 1885 - d. 1964)
10 Jan 1942 –  9 Jul 1942  Karl von Roques (2nd time)         (s.a.)
 9 Jul 1942 – 14 Feb 1943  Erich Friderici (2nd time)         (s.a.)
14 Feb 1943 –  1 Oct 1943  Joachim Witthöft                   (b. 1887 - d. 1966)
 1 Oct 1943                Post abolished

Commanders-in-chief of Army Group A (Heeresgruppe A)(split from Army Group South)
(first in south-eastern part of Ukraine and Crimea, then in North Caucasus
area of Russian S.F.S.R. and Crimea, finally in southern part of Ukraine and Crimea)
10 Jul 1942 – 10 Sep 1942  Wilhelm List                       (b. 1880 - d. 1971)
10 Sep 1942 – 22 Nov 1942  Adolf Hitler (nominally)           (b. 1889 - d. 1945)
10 Sep 1942 – 22 Nov 1942  Hans von Greiffenberg              (b. 1893 - d. 1951)
                            (chief of general staff of the army group)
                            (de facto acting for Hitler) 
22 Nov 1942 – 30 Mar 1944  Ewald von Kleist                   (b. 1881 - d. 1954)
Commanders of Army Area A (Heeresgebiet A)
13 Jul 1942 – 20 Jul 1942  Friedrich-Wilhelm von Rothkirch    (b. 1884 - d. 1953)
                             und Panthen                    
20 Jul 1942 – 31 Dec 1942  Karl von Roques                    (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1943 – 17 Sep 1943  Otto Hartmann                      (b. 1884 - d. 1952)
17 Sep 1943 –  8 Dec 1943  Helge Auleb                        (b. 1887 - d. 1964)
 8 Dec 1943                Post abolished

Commander-in-chief of Army Group Don (Heeresgruppe Don)(split from Army Group A)
(in Lower Don River area of Russian S.F.S.R. and south-eastern part of Ukraine)
21 Nov 1942 – 12 Feb 1943  Erich von Manstein                 (s.a.)
Commanders of Army Area Don (Heeresgebiet Don)
21 Nov 1942 – 31 Dec 1942  Friedrich Mieth (1st time)         (b. 1888 - d. 1944)
31 Dec 1942 – 12 Jan 1943  Karl Spang                         (b. 1886 - d. 1979)
13 Jan 1943 – 12 Feb 1943  Friedrich Mieth (2nd time)         (s.a.)



Far Eastern Republic

[Far Eastern
                          Republic 1920-1922 (Russia)]
12 Nov 1920 - 15 Nov 1922

Map of Far Eastern Republic
Hear National Anthem
"Internatsional
"
(The Internationale)
Text of National Anthem
(1920-1922) (de facto)
Basic Law (Constitution)
(27 Apr 1921-15 Nov 1922)
Capital: Chita
(Verkhneudinsk [Ulan-Ude]
7 Mar - 22 Oct 1920)
Currency: 1920-1922
Far Eastern
Republic Ruble
(Rubl')(DBRR)

National Holiday:
12 Feb (1921)

Sozyv Uchreditel'nogo
Sobraniya
(Convocation of the
Constituent Assembly)

Population: 1,853,000
(1920 est.)
GDP: N/A
Exports: 10 million Russian
Rubles (1921/22 est.)
(excluding trade with RSFSR)

Imports: 32 million Russian
Rubles (1921/22 est.)
(excluding trade with RSFSR)

Ethnic groups: Russian 65%, Ukrainian 19%, Buryat 6%,
Korean 4%, Chinese 3%, other 3% (1920 est.)

Total Armed Forces: 40,800 (Nov 1920)
(People's Revolutionary Army)

Merchant marine: 50 ships (1917 est.)
Religions: Russian Orthodox (incl. Old Believers) 70%,
other Christian 3%, Buddhist 21%, traditional
 beliefs (Shamanist) 5% (1915)
International Organizations/Treaties: None
Far Eastern Rep.
Oblasti

Jun 1884 - Mar 1917        Office of the Russian Governor-general of Priamurye kray
                             (as of 1917, covered oblasti of Amur, Kamchatka, Primorye,
                             and Sakhalin, with headquarters at Khabarovsk).
 6 Apr 1920               
Far Eastern Republic (Dal'nevostochnaya Respublika) declares
                            
independence (claiming Amur, Transbaikal, Kamchatka, Primorskiy,
                             and Sakhalin
oblasti; but initially ruling only part of
                             Transbaikal oblast).

22 Apr 1920 - 25 May 1925  Northern Sakhalin occupied by Japan (see under Russia civil war).
14 May 1920                Recognized by 
Russian S.F.S.R.
15 Jul 1920                Recognized informally by Japan (also by China Feb 1921).
 5 Aug 1920                Amur oblast joins the Far Eastern Republic.
22 Oct 1920                Remainder of Transbaikal oblast annexed.
12 Dec 1920                Maritime (including Khabarovsk) and Kamchatka (including Chukotka)

                             join the Far Eastern Republic.
17 Feb 1921                Union treaty with the Russian S.F.S.R.
22 Mar 1921                Kamchatka
(including Chukotka) ceded the Russian S.F.S.R.
                             (as agreed on 15 Dec 1920).
26 May 1921 - 25 Oct 1922  Primorye (Maritime) oblast in secession under "White" Russian
                             administration (see under Russia civil war).
15 Nov 1922                Incorporated into the Russian S.F.S.R. (see Far Eastern oblast
                             under
Russian S.F.S.R. divisions).

Governors-general of Priamurye kray
26 Jul 1884 - 18 Feb 1893  Baron Andrey Nikolayevich Korf        (b. 1831 - d. 1893)
21 Mar 1893 -  9 Apr 1898  Sergey Mikhaylovich Dukhovskoy        (b. 1838 - d. 1901)
 9 Apr 1898 - 12 Sep 1902  Nikolay Ivanovich Grodekov            (b. 1843 - d. 1913)
14 Nov 1902 - 12 Aug 1903  Dean Ivanovich Subbotich              (b. 1852 - d. 1920)
12 Aug 1903 - 15 Dec 1904  Yevgeniy Ivanovich Alekseyev          (b. 1843 - d. 1917)
                           (also 12 Aug 1903 – 21 Jun 1905 viceroy [Namestnik] of the Far East)
1903 - 1904                Nikolay Petrovich Linevich            (b. 1839 - d. 1908)
                             (acting for mostly absent Alekseyev)
15 Dec 1904 -  1 Dec 1905  Rostislav Aleksandrovich              (b. 1841 - d. 1906)
                             Khreshchatitskiy
 1 Dec 1905 - 19 Dec 1910  Pavel Fyodorovich Unterberger         (b. 1842 - d. 1921)
12 Feb 1911 - 18 Mar 1917  Nikolay L'vovich Gondatti             (b. 1860 - d. 1946)
Commissar of the Provisional Government in the Far East
25 Mar 1917 - 24 Dec 1917  Aleksandr Nikolayevich Rusanov        (b. 1881 - d. 1936)  PSR

Presiding member of the Presidium of the People's Revolutionary Authority
of the Far Eastern Republic

 6 Apr 1920 - 10 Nov 1920  Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Krasnoshchekov (b. 1880 - d. 1937)  RKP
                             (chairman of interim managing board from 30 Oct 1920)
Chairmen of the Government of the Far Eastern Republic
10 Nov 1920 - 15 Sep 1921  Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Krasnoshchekov (s.a.)               RKP
15 Sep 1921 - 14 Nov 1922  Nikolay Mikhaylovich Matveyev         (b. 1876 - d. 1951)  RKP

Chairmen of the Council of Ministers (Prime Ministers)
Jul 1920 - 30 Oct 1920     Boris Zakharovich Shumyatskiy         (b. 1886 - d. 1938)  RKP
30 Oct 1920 - 26 Apr 1921  Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Krasnoshchekov (s.a.)               RKP
26 Apr 1921 -  2 Oct 1922  Pyotr Mikhaylovich Nikiforov          (b. 1882 - d. 1974)  RKP
 
2 Oct 1922 - 14 Nov 1922  Pyotr Alekseyevich Kobozev            (b. 1878 - d. 1941)  RKP

Party abbreviations: PSR = Partiya Sotsialistov-Revolyutsionerov (Party of Socialists-Revolutionaries, "SRs", democratic socialist, agrarian socialist, split Aug 1917 into Left [became PLSR] and Right wings, 1902-1922); RKP = Rossiyskaya Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)(Russian Communist Party [Bolsheviks], Russian Marxist communist, former RSDRP-B, 8 Mar 1918 - 31 Dec 1925, renamed All-Union Communist Party [Bolsheviks])



Swedish Ingria (Ingermanland)
[Flag of Sweden]
1583 - 1590, 1617 - 1703

1581 - 1590                Sweden occupies Narva (in Estonia), Ivangorod, Yama (now Kingisepp)
                             and Koporye (Kaprio)(in 1590, retaken by Russia, except Narva).
10 Aug 1583                By Truce of Plussa (Plyussa)
Sweden kept the annexed Russian towns
                             of Ivangorod, Yama, Koporye, and Korela (Kexholm [modern
                             Priozyorsk]) holding control over Ingria; the king of Sweden
                             styled "Duke of Karelia and Ingria."

18 May 1595                Russia receives back all of Ingria (with the towns of Ivangorod,
                             Yama, Koporye and Korela) by Treaty of Teusina (Tyavzin).
1609/1613                  Gradually occupied by Sweden (Ivangorod in 1610).
27 Feb 1617                Ingria ceded to Sweden
by Russia in Treaty of Stolbovo (including
                             the province of Ingria, south-west Karelia and province of
                             Kexholm (part of Finland to 1642), and
fortress of Nöteborg [now
                             Shlisselburg]). The kings of
Sweden adopt the style "Dukes of
                             Karelians and Lords over Ingria."

1642 - 1656                Nyen (in present St. Petersburg) made capital of Ingria (in 1656
                             the capital reverts to Narva because of Russian occupation of
                             Nyen 1656 - 1658).
12 May 1703                Occupied and annexed by Russia; city of St. Petersburg founded on
                             27 May 1703 (Ivangorod occupied by Russia in 1704).

10 Sep 1721                Formally ceded to Russia by Sweden in Treaty of Nystad.


Stadholders in Narva (subject to governors of Estonia)
1581 - 1582                Carl Henriksson Horn af Kanckas       (b. c.1550 - d. 1601)
                             (1st time)
1582 - 1583                Hermann Pederson Fleming zu           (b. c.1520 - d. 1583)
                             Lechtis
1583 - 1584                Carl Henriksson Horn af Kanckas       (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
1584 - 1585                Krister Gabrielsson friherre          (b. 1545 - d. 1592)
                             Oxenstierna
1585 - 1588                ....
1588 - 1590                Carl Henriksson Horn af Kanckas       (s.
a.)
                             (3rd time)
1590 - 1609                Restored to Russia
1607 - 1613                Philip von Scheiding                  (b. 1578 - d. 1646) 
                             (not in Ingria until 1609)
1613 - 1615                Evert Karlsson Horn af Kanckas
       (b. 1585 - d. 1615) 
1615 - 1617                Anders Eriksson Hästehufvud           (b. 1577 - d. 1657) 
Governors (Landshövding) over Ingermanland and Stadholders in Narva
(subject to the governors of Estonia)
1617 - 1620                Carl Carlsson friherre Gyllenhielm    (b. 1574 - d. 1650) 

1620 - 1622                Henrik Klasson Fleming                (b. 1584 - d. 1650) 
Governors over Ingermanland and Stadholders-General in Narva
(subject to the governors-general of Livonia)
1622 - 1626                Anders Eriksson Hästehufvud
           (s.a.)
1626 - 1629                Nils Assersson Mannersköld (1st time) (b. 1586 - d. 1655)
1629                       Heinrich Matthias greve von Thurn     (b. 1567 - d. 1640)
1629 - 1642                Nils Assersson Mannersköld (2nd time) (a.a.)
1633 - 1634                Arvid Göransson Horn                  (b. 1590 - d. 1653)
                             (acting for absent Mannersköld)

Governors-general over Ingermanland and County of Kexholm
1642 - 1645                Erik Karlsson Gyllenstierna           (b. 1602 - d. 1657)
1645 - 1651                Carl Mörner                           (b. 1605 - d. 1665)
1651 - 1654                Erik Gustavsson greve Stenbock        (b. 1612 - d. 1659)
                            
till Bogesund, friherre till
                             Kronobäck och Öresten
1654 - 1657                Gustaf Evertsson friherre Horn        (b. 1614 - d. 1666)

                             af Marienborg
1657 - 1659                Krister Klasson friherre Horn af      (b. 1622 - d. 1692)
                             Ĺminne
1659 - 1664                Simon Grundel-Helmfelt (1st time)     (b. 1617 - d. 1677)
1664 - 1668                Jacob Johan Justusson friherre        (b. 1624 - d. 1695)
                             von Taube af Kudding (1st time)
1668 - 1673                Simon Grundel-Helmfelt (2nd time)     (s.a.)
1673 - 1678                Jacob Johan Justusson friherre        (s.a.)
                             von Taube af Kudding (2nd time)
1678                       Gustaf Adam greve Banér               (b. 1624 - d. 1681)
1678 - 1681                Jacob Johan Justusson friherre        (s.a.)
                             von Taube af Kudding (3rd time)
Governors over Ingermanland and County of Kexholm
28 Apr 1681 - 1682         Martin friherre Schultz von           (b. 1617 - d. 1682)
                            
Ascheraden
1682 - 1683                Hans friherre Fersen, d.ä.            (b. 1625 - d. 1683)
1683 - 1687                Göran greve Sperling                  (b. 1630 - d. 1691)
Governors-general over Ingermanland and County of Kexholm
1687 - 1691                Göran greve Sperling                  (s.a.)
1691 - 1698                Otto Wilhelm friherre von Fersen      (b. 1623 - d. 1703)
 4 Jul 1698 - 1704         Otto greve von Wellingk               (b. 1649 - d. 1708)
1702 - 1704                Henrik Piper                          (b. c.1645 - d. 1704)
                             (acting for absent Wellingk)

Swedish Noble titles: greve = count; friherre = baron.

Kalmyk Khanate

[Kalmyk khanate flag to
                  1803]

c.1632                     The Torghut branch (called by others as the Kalmyks) of the
                             Mongolian Oirats settle along the lower Volga River (in modern
                             Russia and Kazakhstan), calling themselves the Oirat Horde.
16 Feb 1655                Russian suzerainty recognized, allowed to roam the east bank of
                             Volga up to Samara and west bank up to Tsaritsyn (modern
                             Volgograd).
1690                       Becomes a khanate (title not recognized by Russia until 1697).
1715                       Russian resident placed at the Kalmyk court (from 4 Dec 1717,
                             Kalmyk areas included in the Astrakhan governorate of Russia).
16 Jan 1771                Ubashi and a majority (3/4) of the Kalmyks begun return to 
                             Dzungaria.
31 Oct 1771                Khanate abolished (announced 18 Dec 1771), direct rule by the
                             governor of Astrakhan (the Kalmyk affairs remain subject to
                             the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs to 23 Mar 1825). 
27 Oct 1800 –  8 Nov 1803  Khanate briefly restored (approximately in boundaries of the
                             modern Kalmyk Republic).

Khans
1672 –  1 Mar 1724         Ayushi (Ayuka)(1st time)           (b. c.1642 - d. 1724)
                             (principal ruler to 1690)
1714 –  2 Mar 1722         Chakdor Jab -Co-ruler              (d. 1722)
1724                       Zargo (8-member council)
                             (acting)
 2 Oct 1724 – 26 Nov 1735  Tseren Dondog (Donduk)             (d. 1737)
                             (regent to 1 Mar 1731)
26 Nov 1735 –  2 Apr 1741  Dondog Ombo (Donduk Ombu)          (d. 1741)
                             (regent to 15 Mar 1737)
1741                       Zargo (8-member council)
                             (acting)
16 Sep 1741 –  2 Feb 1761  Dondog (Donduk) Dashi              (b. c.1690 - d. 1761)
                             (regent to 2 Apr 1757)
 2 Feb 1761 - 16 Jan 1771  Ubashi -Regent                     (b. 1744 – d. 1774)
25 May 1771 – 31 Oct 1771  Knyaz' Aleksey Fyodorovich         (b. 1734 – d. 1781)
                             Dondukov (Kalmyk: Dodbi) -Head
                             (interim)

31 Oct 1771 – 26 Oct 1800  Khanate abolished
27 Oct 1800 –  5 Jun 1803  Chuchey (Chugey) Tundutov -Regent  (b. 17.. - d. 1803)
Chief Bailiff
 5 Jun 1803 –  8 Nov 1803  Nikolay Ivanovich Strakhov         (b. 1768 – d. 1811?)

                             (deputy chairman of the Zargo; in office 1802-04)



Karafuto

[Japan]
8 Jul 1905 - 25 Aug 1945

[Karafuto emblem, 1911-1945 (Japan)]
Emblem 1911 - 1945

Map of Karafuto
Capital: Toyohara
(Ōtomari 1905-Oct 1908;
Aleksandrovsk
Jul-Nov 1905
)
Currency: Japanese Yen
(JPY) (1905-1945)
Population: 391,825
(1944 est.)
Japanese Armed Forces:
 19,000  (1945 est.)

1264 - c.1368              Vassal of China (under Yuan dynasty), named Kuyi.
1635                       First Japanese expedition to Sakhalin, under Murakami Kamon,
                             subsequently it is described/claimed as part of Matsumae domain
                             (Hokkaidō), from 1815 named Kita Ezo (North Hokkaidō).
1679                       The Matsumae establish a settlement at Ōtomari (Korsakov).
 6 Sep 1689                Treaty of Nerchinsk does not mention Sakhalin, but it does
                             affirm that the Sino-Russian border is the Stanovoy Mountains
                             and that the area south of them (nominally including Sakhalin)
                             is under Chinese sovereignty.
1710                       China (Manchus) sends an expedition to Sahaliyan (Sakhalin). Then
                             c.1750 troops land on Sakhalin (Sahaliyan ula angga hada), the
                             island's population becomes dependent on China (Jilin province).
20 Oct 1806                Lieutenant Nikolay Alexandrovich Khvostov (b. 1776 - d. 1809)
                             claims Sakhalin for Russia.
1845                       Japan proclaims its sovereignty over Sakhalin.
 3 Oct 1853                Sakhalin claimed for Russia by Capt. Gennadiy Ivanovich Nevelskoy
                             (b. 1813 - d. 1876). Post named Muravyevskiy established near
                             the Japanese trading post as military base (under Nikolay
                             Busse), it is withdrawn on 11 Jun 1854 (burned down 3 Jul 1855).
 7 Feb 1855                Treaty of Shimoda signed between Russia and Japan declares that
                             both nationals could inhabit the island, Russians in the North
                             and Japanese in the South (ratified 7 Dec 1856, confirmed on
                             30 Mar 1867 by temporary regulations).
 2 Sep 1855 - Apr 1856     Urup Island is occupied by a joint Franco-British naval detachment,
                             and renamed "l'Isle de l'Alliance" as part of the operations
                             during the Crimean War.
A local named Alcausti Artemi (Aleousti
                            
Artemi) is named provisional governor.
28 Jul 1856                Russian
Lieutenant-Commander Nikolay Matveyevich Chikhachev
                             (b. 1830 - d. 1917) founds Due (Duė), the first permanent Russian
                             settlement.
14 Nov 1860                China cedes all the land north of the Amur and east of the Ussuri
                             River (nominally including Sakhalin) to Russia by Convention
                             of Peking (ratified 26 Dec 1860).
20 Sep 1869                Japanese rename Kita Ezo as Karafuto.
 
4 Sep 1875                Sakhalin incorporated into Russia, in exchange for Japan obtaining
                             all of the Kuril Islands (on 15 Sep 1875) by Treaty of Saint
                             Petersburg (signed 4 May 1875, ratified 22 Aug 1875).
1884                       Sakhalin special department (within Amur kray).
 
7 Jul 1905                Japan invades Sakhalin (Korsakov occupied 8 Jul 1905 and
                             Alexandrovsk on 24 Jul 1905. Russian forces surrender in the
                             South on 16 Jul 1905 and in North on 31 Jul 1905).
 5 Sep 1905                Karafuto (Southern Sakhalin Island) annexed to Japan and
                             Northern Sakhalin is restored to Russia (on 13 Nov 1905) by
                             the Treaty of Portsmouth (ratified 25 Nov 1905).
 1 Apr 1907                Karafuto Agency replaces Karafuto Department of Civil Affairs
                             (by edict dated 14 Mar 1907; under Ministry of Colonial Affairs
                             from 10 Jun 1929). 
22 Apr 1920 - 25 May 1925  Northern Sakhalin occupied by Japan (see under Russia civil war).
 1 Nov 1942                Karafuto Agency is transferred from the Ministry of Colonial
                             Affairs to the Ministry of Home Affairs.
 1 Apr 1943                Karafuto (Karafuto-chō) incorporated into Japan proper as a
                             prefecture
(by imperial edict of 26 Mar 1943).
11 Aug 1945                Soviet invasion of Southern Sakhalin (Esutoru occupied 16 Aug 1945,
                             Maoka 20 Aug 1945, Toyohara and Ōtomari on 25 Aug 1945, with 
                             Japanese resistance ending on 2 Sep 1945).
 2 Jan 1946                Karafuto government abolished (formally by Japan on 1 Jun 1949).
 2 Feb 1946                Incorporation into Soviet Union as Yuzhnyy-Sakhalin (Southern
                             Sahkalin) oblast (see under Russian SFSR Admin.).
 8 Sep 1951                Japan formally renounces sovereignty over Southern Sakhalin
                             by the Treaty of San Francisco (ratified 28 Apr 1952).

Japanese Sakhalin Military Commanders (of 13th Army Division)
 7 Jul 1905 -  6 Jul 1906  Kensai Haraguchi                   (b. 1847 - d. 1919)  Mil
 6 Jul 1906 - 31 Mar 1907  Seizō Okazaki                      (b. 1851 - d. 1910)  Mil
Director of the Department of Civil Affairs

28 Jul 1905 - 31 Mar 1907  Kiichirō Kumagai                   (b. 1866 - d. 1949)
Directors
of the Karafuto Agency (governors)
 1 Apr 1907 - 24 Apr 1908  Sachihiko Kusunose                 (b. 1858 - d. 1927) 
24 Apr 1908 - 12 Jun 1908  Takejirō Tokonami                  (b. 1867 - d. 1935)
12 Jun 1908 -  5 Jun 1914  Sadatarō Hiraoka                   (b. 1863 - d. 1942)
 5 Jun 1914 -  9 Oct 1916  Bunji Okada                        (b. 1874 - d. 1943)
13 Oct 1916 - 17 Apr 1919  Akira Sakaya (1st time)            (b. 1870 - d. 1946)
17 Apr 1919 - 11 Jun 1924  Kinjirō Nagai                      (b. 1874 - d. 1927)
11 Jun 1924 -  5 Aug 1926  Akira Sakaya (2nd time)            (s.a.)
 5 Aug 1926 - 27 Jul 1927  Katsuzō Toyoda                     (b. 1882 - d. 1939)
27 Jul 1927 -  9 Jul 1929  Kōji Kita                          (b. 1878 - d. 1934)
 9 Jul 1929 - 17 Dec 1931  Shinobu Agata                      (b. 1881 - d. 1942)
17 Dec 1931 -  5 Jul 1932  Masao Kishimoto                    (b. 1881 - d. 1963)
 5 Jul 1932 -  7 May 1938  Takeshi Imamura                    (b. 1880 - d. 1960)
 7 May 1938 -  9 Apr 1940  Shun'ichi Munesue                  (b. 1893 - d. 1954)
 9 Apr 1940 -  1 Jul 1943  Masanori Ogawa                     (b. 1894 - d. 1977)
 1 Jul 1943 - 30 Dec 1945  Toshio Ōtsu                        (b. 1893 - d. 1958)
Soviet
Military Commander (of 16th Army)
11 Aug 1945 - 27 Aug 1945  Leontiy Georgiyevich Cheremisov    (b. 1893 - d. 1967)  Mil
Heads of the Soviet Military Administration of Karafuto
27 Aug 1945 - 30 Sep 1945  Mikhail Vasilyevich Alimov         (b. 1899 - d. 1978)  Mil
                             (deputy commander of 56th Rifle Corps)
 1 Oct 1945 -  2 Feb 1946  Maksim Alekseyevich Purkayev       (b. 1894 - d. 1953)  Mil
                             (commander of Far Eastern Military District)

Chief of the Civil Administration of Southern Sakhalin
23 Sep 1945 -  2 Feb 1946  Dmitriy Nikolayevich Kryukov       (b. 1899 - d. 1985)  VKP

Party abbreviations: VKP = Vsesoyuznaya Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)(All-Union Communist Party [Bolsheviks], Marxist-Leninist communist, USSR state party, former RKP, 31 Dec 1925-13 Oct 1952, renamed KPSS); Mil = Military



Tannu Tuva
 
[Flag of
                          People's Republic of Tannu Tuva
                          (reconstruction) 1922-1925]
1922 - 1925 (reconstruction)
[Flag of
                          Tuvinian People's Republic, 1925-1930 (Tannu
                          Tuva)]
1925 - 1930
[Flag of
                          Tuvinian People's Republic, Oct. 1930-1935
                          (Tannu Tuva)]
18 Oct 1930 - 2 Jul 1935
[Flag of
                          Tuvinian People's Republic, 1935-1941 (Tannu
                          Tuva)]
2 Jul 1935 - 25 Jun 1941
[Flag of
                          Tuvinian People's Republic, 1941-1943 (Tannu
                          Tuva)]
25 Jun 1941 - 8 Sep 1943
[Flag of Tuvinian People's
                          Republic, 1943-1944 (Tannu Tuva)]
8 Sep 1943 - 11 Oct 1944

[Possible Flag Variant of Tuvinian
                          People's Republic, 1943-1944 (Tannu Tuva)]
8 Sep 1943 - 11 Oct 1944 Possible Variant

Map of Tannu Tuva
Hear National Anthem
"Tyva Internatsional"
(
Tuva Internationale)
Text of National Anthem
(1926?- 1944)
Constitutions
(23 Sep 1921-1924, 1924,
1926, 1930, 25 Jun 1941-1944)
Capital: Kyzyl
(Khem-Beldyr 1918-1926,

Belotsarsk 1914-1918)
Currency: 1935-1944 Aksha
(TVAA); Russian/Soviet
Ruble (RUFS) 1921-1935
(1 Aksha = 1.31 Soviet
 Rubles [1944])

National Holiday
(1930's - 1944):
14 Aug (1921)
Anniversary of National-
Liberation Revolution
---------------------------------
(1920's-1930's):
14 Aug (1921)
Anniversary of the
Proclamation of the Republic

Population: 95,400 (1944)
60,000 (1918)
GNP: 25.8 million TVAA (1943)
Exports: 740,000 RUFS (1926)
Imports: 810,000 TVAA (1941)
1,565,000 RUFS (1926)
Ethnic groups: Tuvan 85%, Russian 14.4%,
other 0.6%% (1944)
Total Armed Forces: 1,500 (1932)
Merchant marine: None
Religions: Tibetan Buddhist, Tengrist (Shamanist),
 Russian Orthodox Christian, Orthodox Old Believers
International Organizations/Treaties 1921-1944: None

Note: Names in are given using modern (post-1945) Tuvan and (from 1921) with Russian in parentheses using the BGN/PCGN romanization system.

1207                       Mongol rule.
end 16th-early 17th cent.  Most of the Tuvinian tribes under the dominion of Sholoy
                             Ubashi the first Altyn-Khan ("Golden Khan").
1616                       Nomadic Tuvans in the Khemchik valley (western Tuva) swear an
                             oath of allegiance to Russia before Vasiliy of Tyumen envoy of
                             the Czar.
1688 - 1756                Under the
Dörben Oyirad (Dzungaria)(see under China).
21 Oct
1727                Chinese sovereignty recognized by Russia under Treaty of Kyakhta
                             which established the northern border of Mongolia (then
                             including Tuva)(ratified 28 Jun 1728).

Mar 1756                   Formally annexed to China (as Tangnu Wulianghai).
1759                       Tangnu Wulianghai (Mongolian: Tangnuu Uriyangkhay) organized into
                             an administrative system similar to Mongolia with four,
later
                             five,
Banners (
khoshuns)(Oyun, Tannu, Kemchik, Salchak, and
                             later
Tozhu). Each Banner was governed by a chief. In 1762 a
                             paramount chief (Bügüde-darga [Amban Noyan]) is appointed to
                             administer the area. From 1786, the chiefs of the Oyun Banner
                             are made the paramount chiefs.
1839/56                    Russian settlement of the region begins.
 7 Oct 1864                Treaty of Tarbagatai (Tacheng) border protocol between China
                             and Russia that defines most of the western extent of their
                             border in central Asia, between Outer Mongolia and Kokand.
16/29 Dec 1911            
Mongolia declares independence from China, nominally including
                            
Tagna Uriankhay (Russia supported Outer Mongolian autonomy,
                             but rejects
Outer Mongolia's claim on Tuva [then spelled Touva]).
Jan 1912                   A meeting of Tuvan banner chiefs declares the territory of several

                             banners "independent" and "under Russian protectorate", but
                             this does not lead to the emergence of a polity or a Tuvan
                             central authority.
15 Feb 1912                Ak-Mongush Buyan-Badyrgy requests Russian protection for his
                            
banner, which is never given an official reply, however Russian
                            
troops are sent in to protect Russian settlers.
30 Jul 1914                Russian protectorate declared over the area of modern Tuva
                             as the
Uryankhay Territory (Uryankhayskiy kray)(Old Style date
                             17 Jul 1914)(by proclamation of 17 Apr [O.S.
4 Apr] 1914).
1916                       Buyan Badarkhüü, chief of the Khemchik banner (the largest in
                             Tuva) calls on China to accept the submission of his banner.
13 Jun 1917                Congress of Russian colonists requests annexation by Russia.
Aug 1917                   Russian Provisional Government confirms Russian protectorate.
18 Jun 1918                A joint Congress of the Russian and Tuvan populations adopts an
                             agreement on the self-determination of Tuva, which includes an
                             article about the rights of Russian citizens.
 7 Jul 1918 -  2 Aug 1919  Occupation of Central and Northern
Tuva by "White" Russian
                             (originally Siberian) military forces

Jan 1919 - Mar 1921        Chinese troops occupy Western Tuva (declaring Tuva [as Tangnu
                             Wulianghai (T'ang-nu wu-liang-hai)], along with Mongolia, to be
                             re-incorporated into China on 19 Feb 1920).
Mar 1919 - Jul 1920        Mongolian troops occupy Southern (from Sep 1919, also Central)
                             Tuva, named Tagna Uriankhay.

 
2 Aug 1919 -  4 Sep 1919 
Soviet Partisans of Siberia occupy Central and Northern Tuva.
Dec 1920                   Soviet Red Army takes Belotsarsk (Khem-Beldyr) and by Mar 1921 all
                             of Tuva.
Apr 1921 - May 1921        "White" Russian invasion from Mongolia led by
Ilya Grigoryevich
                             Kazantsev
(d. 1921)
, subordinated to Baron Ungern-Sternberg
                             (and nominally on behalf of Mongolia).
14 Aug 1921                Independence declared (People's Republic of Tannu Tuva [Respublika
                             Tannu Tuva Ulus])
(under Soviet Russia protectorate). 
16 Aug 1926                Independence recognized by Mongolia in the Mongolia-Tuva Treaty of
                             Friendship and Mutual Recognition.

24 Nov 1926                Renamed Tuvinian People's Republic (Respublika Tuva Arad Ulus).
1929                       Darxad (Darkhad) region ceded to Mongolia.
28 Jun 1930                By decree a Latin script orthography using the Uniform Turkic
                             alphabet was introduced, and Tuvan (Tyv) became an official
                             language (prior the language was not written and the Classic
                             Mongolian script and language was used for official purposes).
 8 Sep 1943                By decision Tuvan orthography switched to (Russian) Cyrillic
.
17 Aug 1944                Tuva declared part of the Soviet Union.
11 Oct 1944                Annexed to the Soviet Union (effective 1 Nov 1944), as part
                            
of the Russian S.F.S.R. as the Tuvan autonomous oblast
                             (see under Russian SFSR Admin.)

Chairman of the Organizing Bureau of the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party 
29 Oct 1921 - Mar 1922     Monggush Ayyzhy oglu Nimachap      (b. 1879 - d. 1932)
                            
(Mongush Nimachap [Nimazhap])
Chairmen
of the Central Committee of the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party 
Mar 1922 -  9 Jul 1923    
Maady Dalay oglu Lopsang-Osur      (b. 1876 - d. 1934?)
                            
(Maady Dalaydovich Lopsan-Osur)
 9 Jul 1923 - 15 Mar 1924  Oyun Kenden oglu Kürsedi           (b. 1884 - d. 1924)
                             (Oyun
Kenden oglu Kyursedi [Kursedi])
General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party 
Apr 1924 - Jan 1926        Shalyk? Shagdyr
                            
(Shalyk? Shagdyr)
First Secretaries
of the Central Committee of the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party 
Jan 1926 - Feb 1927        Ak-Monggush Khaydyp oglu           (b. 1892 - d. 1932) 
                            
Buyan-Badyrgy
                            
(Ak-Mongush Buyan-Badyrgy
)
Feb 1927 - Jan 1929        Oorzhak Donggak? oglu Sodunam      (b. 1901 - d. ....)
  
                            
(Sodunam Oorzhak Dongak [Donchaa] oglu)
Jan 1929 - Mar 1932       
Irgit Chapsyn oglu Shagdyrzhap     (b. 1899 - d. 1959)
                            
(Irgit Chapsynovich Shagdyrzhap)
General Secretary
of the Central Committee of the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party

 6 Mar 1932 -  1 Nov 1944  Maady (from 1933, Salchak)         (b. 1901 - d. 1973)
                             Surasovich Toka  
                            (from 1944, Toka Kalbak-Khörek oglu Salchak)
                            (= Salchak Kalbakhorekovich Toka,
                             1940-1942 Tozhu Surasovich Toka)

Paramount Chiefs (title Bügüde-darga [Amban Noyan])
1762 - 1769                Manadzhab
1769 - 1780                Humudzhap
1780 - 1786                Deleg-Dashi

1786 - 1792                Oyun Dazhy
1792 - 1795                Oyun
Dazhy oglu Danzyn
1795 - 1817               
Oyun Danzyn oglu Sedenbal
1817 - 1827                Oyun S
edenbal oglu Badyzhap
1827 - 1865               
Oyun Sedenbal oglu Lamazhap
1865 - 1867                Oyun
Sedenbal oglu Shyndazyn
1867 - 1899               
Oyun Shyndazyn oglu Ölzey-Ochur
1899 - 1915               
Oyun Ölzey-Ochur oglu Kombu-Dorzhu
1915 - 1916               
Irgit Agbaan-Demchi (usurper)
1916 - 1921               
Oyun Kombu-Dorzhu oglu Sodunam-    (b. 1897 - d. 1924)
                             Balchyr

Russian Civil Commissioners for the Affairs of Uryankhay
Jul 1914 - early 1915      Andrey Petrovich Tsererin          (b. 188. - d. 19..)  Non-party
early 1915 - 24 Mar 1917   Viktor Yuventinovich Grigoryev     (b. 1862 - d. 1918)  Non-party
Chairman of the Kray Committee of Public Safety
24 Mar 1917 - Nov 1917     Aleksandr Petrovich Yermolayev     (b. 1886 - d. 1919)  PSR
                             (
from 27 Apr 1917, also commissar of Russian
                             Provisional Government)

Commissar of the Russian Provisional Government 

Nov 1917 - 25 Mar 1918     Aleksey Aleksandrovich Turchaninov (b. 1876 - d. 1919)  Non-party?
                             (1st time)

Chairmen of the Executive of
Kray Committee of the Soviet of Workers' and Peasants' Deputies 
25 Mar 1918 -  2 May 1918  Stepan Konstantinovich Bespalov    (b. 1895 - d. 1918)  RSDRP-B
 7 May 1918 -  7 Jul 1918  Mikhail Minayevich Terentyev       (b. 1882 - d. 1952)  PLSR
Commissar (from early 1919, Administrator) of the Russian (originally Siberian)
Provisional Government

 7 Jul 1918
-  2 Aug 1919  Aleksey Aleksandrovich Turchaninov (s.a.)               Non-party?
                             (2nd time)

Commander of the (Soviet) Trans-Mana (Zamanskaya) Peasant Partisan Army (at Khem-Beldyr)
 
2 Aug 1919 -  4 Sep 1919  Aleksandr Diomidovich Kravchenko   (b. 1880 - d. 1923)  Mil
Chinese Commissioner for Tangnu Wulianghai (T'ang-nu wu-liang-hai)(at Chadan)
Jan 1919 - Mar 1921        Yan Shichao (Yen Shih-ch'ao)       (b. 1881? - d. 19..) Mil
Mongolian Ministers at Tagna Uriankhay (from Sep 1919, at Khem-Beldyr)
Mar 1919 - Nov 1919        Khatanbaatar Sandagdorjiin         (b. 1878 - d. 1927)  Mil
                            
Magsarjav 
Nov 1919 - Jul 1920        Dilov Khutagt Baashluu Ovogtoy     (b. 1883 - d. 1965)  Non-party
                            
Zhamsranzhav (Jamsranjav)
Chairman of Kray Revolutionary Committee

Jul 1920 - Aug 1920        Pavel Safronovich Medvedev         (b. 1901 - d. 1968)  Non-party
Russian Soviet Representative
(at Khem-Beldyr)
11 Aug 1920 - 13 Aug 1921  Innokentiy Georgiyevich Safyanov   (b. 1873 - d. 1953)  RKP
Chairman of the All-Tuvan Constituent Khural

14 Aug 1921 - 15 Aug 1921  Ak-Monggush Khaydyp oglu           (s.a.)               Non-party
                            
Buyan-Badyrgy
                             (Ak-Mongush Buyan-Badyrgy) 
Chairmen of the General Central Council
15 Aug 1921 - 28 Feb 1922 
Ak-Monggush Khaydyp oglu           (s.a.)               Non-party;
                            
Buyan-Badyrgy                                        Oct 1921 TNRP
                             (Ak-Mongush Buyan-Badyrgy)  
 
1 Mar 1922 - 15 Aug 1922  Maady Dalay oglu Lopsang-Osur      (s.a.)               TNRP
                             (Maady Dalaydovich Lopsan-Osur)
15 Aug 1922 -  1 Oct 1923  Salchak Idam-Sürün                                      TNRP
                             (Salchak Idam-Syuryun)
Chairmen of the Presidium of the Little Khural

 
1 Oct 1923 -  4 Feb 1929  Monggush Ayyzhy oglu Nimachap      (s.a.)               TNRP
                             (Mongush Nimachap [Nimazhap])

 5 Feb 1929 -  5 Oct 1933  Adyg-Tülüsh Lopsang oglu Chüldüm   (b. 1900 - d. 1933)  TNRP
                             (Adyg Tyulyush
Lopsonovich Chulydum)
1933 - Feb 1938           
Adyg-Tülüsh Oolchukkay oglu        (b. 1893 - d. 1938)  TNRP
                            
Khemchik-ool
                             (Adyg-Tyulyush [Tulush] Oolchukay oglu Khemchik-ool)
 2 Mar 1938 -  4 Apr 1940 
Oyun Oyun oglu Polat               (b. 1906 - d. 1992)  TNRP 
                            
(Oyun Oyunovich Polat)
 6 Apr 1940 -  1 Nov 1944  Khertek Amyrbit kyzy Anchymaa (f)  (b. 1912 - d. 2008)  TNRP
                             (Khertek Amyrbitovna Anchymaa-Toka) 


Chairmen of the Council of Ministers (prime ministers)
 1 Oct 1923 - 18 Sep 1924  Ak-Monggush Khaydyp oglu           (s.a.)               TNRP
                             Buyan-Badyrgy
                             (Ak-Mongush Buyan-Badyrgy) 

18 Sep 1924 - 1925         Soyan Oruygu
                      (b. 1876 - d. 19..)  TNRP
                            
(Soyan Oruygu)
1925 - Jan 1929            Kuular Dazhy oglu Donduk           (b. 1888 - d. 1932)  TNRP

                            
(Kuular Dazhyevich Donduk)
Jan 1929 - 1929           
Adyg-Tülüsh Oolchukkay oglu        (s.a.)               TNRP
                            
Khemchik-ool
                             (Adyg-Tyulyush [Tulush] Oolchukay oglu Khemchik-ool)

1929 - Feb 1938            Sat Sany-Shiri oglu Chürmit-Dazhy  (b. 1894 - d. 1938)  TNRP
                            
(Sat Sany-Shiri oglu Churmet-Dazhi)
Oct 1938 - May 1940        Ondar Khüreng-ool oglu Bayyr  
    (b. 1904 - d. 1986)  TNRP
                            
(Aleksey Shirinmeyevich Bair)
22 Jun 1941 -  1 Nov 1944 
Saryg-Donggak Manygy oglu Chymba   (b. 1906 - d. 1985)  TNRP 
                             (Aleksandr Manygeyevich Chimba

Party abbreviations: TNRP = Tuvinskaya Narodno-Revolyutsionnaya Partiya (Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party, socialist, reorganized Jul 1923, from Apr 1941 Marxist-Leninist, state party, 29 Oct 1921-11 Oct 1944, merged into Vsesoyuznaya Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bolshevikov)[All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)]); Mil = Military;
- Former parties:
PLSR = Partiya Levykh Sotsialistov-Revolyutsionerov (Party of Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, democratic socialist, 1917–1923, split from PSR, allied with RSDRP-B/RKP); PSR = Partiya Sotsialistov-Revolyutsionerov (Party of Socialists - Revolutionaries, "SRs", democratic socialist, agrarian socialist, split Aug 1917 into Left [became PLSR] and Right wings, Jan 1902-1923); RKP = Rossiyskaya Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)(Russian Communist Party [Bolsheviks], Russian Marxist communist, former RSDRP-B, 8 Mar 1918 - 31 Dec 1925, renamed All-Union Communist Party [Bolsheviks]); RSDRP-B = Rossiyskaya Sotsial-Demokraticheskaya Rabochaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)(Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party [Bolsheviks], Russian revolutionary socialist, Marxist communist, split from RSDRP est.1898, 1 Jan 1898-8 Mar 1918, renamed RKP)


Tatar Khanates

Note: This record contains the Tatar khanates established as result of disintegration of the Golden Horde (Ulus of Jochi) and ruled by the Genghisid khans. These polities were known to contemporaries as "thrones" (Taht) or "countries" (Yurt) instead of "khanates". Not recorded here are the Great Horde (a remnant of the Golden Horde, know as such from c.1452 and destroyed by Crimea in 1502), the Nogay Horde (ruled by non-Genghisid rulers) and the short-lived Uzbek khanate (succeeded by the Kazakh khanate and Khorazm). The latter two polities were located mostly in modern-day Kazakhstan.


Astrakhan

1459                       Rival khan of the Great Horde establishes himself in Astrakhan
                             (contemporary name: Haji Tarkhan).
c.1502                     Considered as a separate khanate of Astrakhan.
1523                       Briefly occupied by Crimea.
1554                       Under the Russian suzerainty.
 2 Jun 1556                Astrakhan (in Russian: Astrakhan') khanate annexed by Russia.

Khans
1459 - 1466                Sayid Makhmud                      (d. 1466)
1466 - 1495                Qasim I
1495 - 1515               
`Abd al-Karim                      (d. c.1525)
1515 - 1521                Jani Bek                           (d. 1521)
1521 - 1523                Hussein (1st time)
1523                       Bahadur Geray                      (d. 1523)
1523 - 1527                Hussein (2nd time)
1527 - 1528                Shaykh Ahmad                       (d. 1528)
                             (khan of Great Horde 1495-1502)
1528 - 1531                Qasim II (1st time)                (d. 1532)
1531                       Islam Geray                        (d. 1537)
                             (khan of Crimea 1532)
1531 - 1532                Qasim II (2nd time)                (s.a.)
1532 - 1533                Aq Kubek (1st time)                (d. 1550)
1533 - 1537               
`Abd ar-Rahman (1st time)
1537 - 1539                Darwish
`Ali (1st time)            (d. af.1558)
1539 - 1545               
`Abd ar-Rahman (2nd time)
1545 - 1546                Aq Kubek (2nd time)                (s.a.)
1546 - 1547                Yamghurchi (1st time)              (d. 1555)
1547 - 1549                Aq Kubek (3rd time)                (s.a.)
1549 - 1550                Yamghurchi (2nd time)              (s.a.)
1550 - 1552                Darwish
`Ali (2nd time)            (s.a.)
1552 - 1554                Yamghurchi (3rd time)              (s.a.)
1554 - 1556                Darwish
`Ali (3rd time)            (s.a.)


Crimea: see under Ukraine


Kazan

1438                       Rival khan of the Golden Horde establishes himself in Kazan.
c.1445                     Considered as a separate khanate of Kazan.
1487 - 1521                Under the Russian (Moscow) suzerainty (interrupted 1496-1497
                             and 1505-1511).
1551                       Russian suzerainty restored.
13 Oct 1552                Kazan (in Russian: Kazan') khanate annexed by Russia.

Khans
1438 - 1445                Ulugh Muhammad                     (b. 1405 - d. 1445)
                             (khan of Golden Horde 1419-1432 [with interruptions])
1445 - 1466                Makhmud                            (b. 142. - d. 1466)
1466 - 1467                Khalil                             (d. 1467)
1467 - 1479                Ibrahim                            (d. 1479)
1479 - 1484                Ilham
`Ali (1st time)              (b. c.1450 - d. c.1490)
1484 - 1485                Muhammad Amin (1st time)           (b. 1469 - d. 1518)
1485 - 1487                Ilham
`Ali (2nd time)              (s.a.)
1487 - 1496                Muhammad Amin (2nd time)           (s.a.)
1496 - 1497                Mamuq                              (d. 1497)
                             (khan of Tumen 1495-1496)
1497 - 1502               
`Abd al-Latif                      (b. c.1475 - d. 1517)
1502 - 1518                Muhammad Amin (3rd time)           (s.a.)
1519 - 1521                Shah
`Ali (1st time)               (b. 1505 - d. 1566)
1521 - 1524                Sahib Geray                        (b. 1501 - d. 1551)
                             (khan of Crimea 1532-1551)
1524 - 1531                Safa Geray (1st time)              (b. 1510 - d. 1549)
1532 - 1535                Jan
`Ali                           (b. 1516 - d. 1535)
1535 - 1546                Safa Geray (2nd time)              (s.a.)
1546                       Shah
`Ali (2nd time)               (s.a.)
1546 - 1549                Safa Geray (3rd time)              (s.a.)
1549 - 1551                Otemish Geray                      (b. 1546 - d. 1566)
1551 - 1552                Shah
`Ali (3rd time)               (s.a.)
1552                       Yadigar Muhammad                   (b. 1522 - d. 1565)
1553 - 1556               
`Ali Akram                         (d. 1556)
                             (in opposition against Russians
)


Sibir (Tumen)

1420                       Rival khan of the Golden Horde establishes himself in Tumen
                             (Chingi-Tura; modern Tymen').
1428 - 1469                Part of the Uzbek khanate (also originally known as khanate of
                             Tumen after the first [to 1431] capital).
1496 - 1563                Ruled by non-Genghisid Taibughid rulers, in 1496 capital moved
                             to Sibir (Isker; modern Tobol'sk), which gave its name to
                             the state.
1555 - 1563                Under the Russian suzerainty.
26 Oct 1582                Sibir (in Russian: Sibir') khanate occupied by Russia (conquest
                             finally completed 20 Aug 1598).
1585 - 1587                Russians briefly withdrew.
1600 - 1631                Several khans in opposition against the Russians along the
                             modern Russia-Kazakhstan border.

Khans
1420 - 1427                Haji Muhammad                      (d. 1427)
                             (khan of Golden Horde 1419)
1427 - 1428                Makhmud                            (d. c.1450)
1428 - 1469                part of the Uzbek khanate
1469 - 1495                Sayid Ibrahim (Ibak)               (d. 1495)
                             (khan of Great Horde 1481, 1487, 1491-1495)
1495 - 1496                Mamuq                              (d. 1497)
                             (khan of Kazan 1496-1497)
Rulers (title possibly Murza or Biy)
1496 - 1502                Muhammad                           (d. 1502)
1502 - 1516                Anghish
1516 - 1530                Qasim                              (d. 1530)
1530 - 1563                Yadigar                            (d. 1563)
Khans (from 1582, in opposition against Russia)
1563 - 1598                Kuchum                             (b. 151. - d. 1601)
1600 - 1607               
`Ali                               (d. 1647)
1616 - 1624                Ish Muhammad (Ishim)               (d. 1624)
1628 - 1631                Ablay Geray                        (d. af.1635)


Former North Caucasus States

Note: Until 1829, the western part of the North Caucasus was claimed by the Ottoman Empire, there were the Circassian polities and related Kabarda which dominated over neighboring peoples. The eastern part of the North Caucasus was claimed Persia (in 12 Oct 1813 ceded by Persia to Russia by the Treaty of Gulistan), there were the Dagestani princely states, the most prominent state of them was Tarki, which included several sub-states (Bammatuly-Qazanysh, Boynaq, Erpeli, Otemysh, Qarabudaghkent which are not recorded here), and Dagestani and Chechen confederacies. The anti-Russian and anti-princely "Caucasus" Imamate (1829-1859) is recorded in addition to the princely states. By 1867 all of these polities were abolished and incorporated into Russia.

  In southern and western part of Dagestan there were around 13 to 19 confederacies of unions of semi-republican "free" societies, only Aqusha-Dargo and Akhty-Para, the largest two confederacies, are recorded here (some large Upper Avar confederacies, such as Dido [Tsunta], Unk-Ratl and Ank-Ratl, are poorly documented). The total number of unions was at least 70 (the Avar unions were at least 40, the Lezgian unions at least 11, the Dargin unions at least 9, the Tabasaran, Aghul and Rutul unions each 2 to 3) and many of the unions did not belong to any confederacy. The unions were led by often semi-hereditary judges (Qadis), military commanders (Beks) or elders.


Akhty-Para

c.1620                     A confederacy of Akhty and four other Upper Lezgian unions of
                             societies founded.
1723 - 1732                Vassal of the Ottoman Empire.
1759 - 1789                Subject to khanate of Quba (Kuba).
1811                       Under the Russian suzerainty.
1839                       Polity abolished.
1877                       Khanate of Akhty briefly proclaimed in rebellion.

Qadis of Akhty
c.1750 - c.1809            ....
c.1809 - 1839              Mirza
`Ali Pirbudagi               (b. 1771 - d. 1859)
Khan of Akhty
1877                       Ghazi Ahmad Bek                    (d. 1878)


Aqusha-Dargo

bf.1395                    A confederacy of Aqusha and five other Upper Dargin unions
                             of societies founded.
1725 - 1735                Under the Russian suzerainty.
1812                       Under the Russian suzerainty.
1818 - 1819                In rebellion against Russia (again 1843-1847).
1854                       Polity abolished.

Qadis of Aqusha

16.. - 1709                Ayyub                              (d. 1709)
1709 - 1711/12            
`Abd al-Halim                      (d. 1711/12)
bf.1725 - 173.             Abu Bakr                           (d. 173.)
bf.1735 - 1766/67          Haji Ayyub                         (d. 1766/67)
17.. - 1811                Abu Bakr Haji                      (d. 1811)
1811 - 1812/18             Zuhum (1st time)
1812/18 - 1819             Muhammad (1st time)
1819 - 1827                Zuhum (2nd time)
1827 - 1847                Muhammad (2nd time)
1847 - 18..                Shaban Zuhum
18.. - 1854                Nurbagand


Avar (Khunzakh)

[Avar
                          Banner c.1745 (Russia)]
Avar Banner c.1745

c.730                      Avar state (formally Khunzakh, after name of capital) founded.
1803                       Under the Russian suzerainty.
1818 - 1819                In rebellion against Russia.
1834 - 1836                Occupied by "Caucasus" Imamate, state declared abolished.
1843 - 1859                Occupied by "Caucasus" Imamate, state declared abolished.
1864                       State abolished.

Khans (also with Avar style of Nutsal)
1699 - 1706                Dugri Khan II
1706 - 1708                Umma Khan III                      (d. 1708)
1708 - 1722                Muhammad Khan III                  (d. 1722)
1722 - 1735                Umma Khan IV "Bulach"              (d. 1735)
1735 - 1774                Muhammad Khan IV                   (b. 1730 - d. 1774)
1774 - 1801                Umma Khan V                        (b. 1761 - d. 1801)
1801 - 1802                Gebek Khan                         (d. 1802)
1802 - 1823                Sultan Ahmad Khan I                (d. 1823)
                             (nominally removed from authority by Russians
in 1819)
1819 - 1828                Surkhay Khan -Regent               (d. 1834)
1823 - 1834                Abu Sultan Khan                    (b. 1813 - d. 1834)
1828 - 1834                Bahu Bike (f) -Regent              (d. 1834)
1834 - 1836                Sultan Ahmad Khan II               (b. 1834 - d. 1843)
                             (nominal)
1834 - 1836                Aslan Khan -Regent                 (b. 1781 - d. 1836)
                             (khan of Kazi-Kumukh)
1836 - 1859                the khans of Mehtuli -Regents
1859 - 1864                Ibrahim Khan II                    (b. 183. - d. bf.1881)


"Caucasus" Imamate

[Flag of Imam
                          Hamza Bek c.1834 (Caucasus Imamate)]
Flag of Imam Hamza Bek c.1834
[Flag
                          of Imam Shamil c.1859 (Caucasus Imamate)]
Flag of Imam Shamil c.1859

Dec 1829 -  6 Sep 1859    "Caucasus" Imamate established (in highland Dagestan and Chechnya),
                             based at Gimry (1829-32), Gotsatl (1832-34), Akhulgo (1834-39),
                             Dargo (1839-45) and Vedeno (1845-59); although Imamate covered
                             highland Chechnya from 1830, the same Imam (originally elected
                             only by Dagestanis) was elected by the Chechens only on
                             19 Mar 1840.

1834 - 1859                Avar khanate occupied and declared abolished by the Imamate
                             (Russian rule restored 1836-1843).
 6 Sep 1859                Imamate areas incorporated into Russia (Vedeno occupied on
                             13 Apr 1859).
29 Aug 1877 -  3 Nov 1877  Rebellion in the Avar country of Dagestan.

Imams in Dagestan and Chechnya (also styled Amir al-Mu´minin 1845 - 1859)
Dec 1829 - 29 Oct 1832     Ghazi Muhammad ibn Muhammad        (b. 1795 - d. 1832)
                             al-Gimravi 
                             (= Gazi-Mukhammad Gimrinskiy)
Nov 1832 - 19 Sep 1834     Hamza Bek ibn `Ali Iskandar Bek    (b. 1789 - d. 1834)
                             al-Hutsali ("Khamzat-bek")       
                             (= Gamzat-bek Gotsatlinskiy)                       
 9 Oct 1834 -  6 Sep 1859  Shamil ibn Muhammad al-Gimravi     (b. 1797 - d. 1871)
                             (= Shamil' Gimrinskiy)
                             (
only in Dagestan to 19 Mar 1840)
29 Aug 1877 –  3 Nov 1877  Muhammad Haji as-Suguri            (b. 1839 - d. 1877)
                             (= Mukhammad-Khadzhi Sogratlinskiy)
                             (only in Dagestan)


Chechnya (to 1877)

[Flag
                          of Imam Tashav Haji c.1839 (Chechnya)]
Flag of Imam Tashav Haji c.1839

c.1640                     Turlo house, to c.1730 subject to the Avars, begins rule, based in
                             the village of Chechen (
Chechen-Aul)(by the early 18th century
                             their
authority extended to much of lowland Nokhch people who
                             began to be
referred by others as the "Chechen").
1733                       Turlo declare loyalty to Russia (again 1747 and 1781), other
                             lowland princely rulers (Bragun, Germenchuk) do the same (five
                             highland Chechen confederacies remain unaffiliated with Russia).
1784                       Anti-Russian movement, led by Sheikh Mansur (b. 1760 – d. 1794)
                             1785-1791, eliminates princely rule (at the end of
the 18th
                             century there are a total of eight or nine Chechen confederacies)
1819                       Groznaya (from Dec 1869 renamed Grozny) established by Russia.
1825                       People's Assembly (Mekhk Kkhetasho), in existence for centuries,
                             attempts to create a single political and military authority,
                             based at Shali.
1830 -  6 Sep 1859         Highland Chechnya under the "Caucasus" Imamate (in 1834 a Chechen
                             Imam was elected, who deferred to authority of Dagestani imam;
                             in 19 Mar 1840 the Dagestani imam was elected imam also by
                             Chechens).

 6 Sep 1859                Incorporated into Russia (Vedeno occupied 13 Apr 1859).
13 Apr 1877 – 27 Nov 1877  Rebellion under Alibek-Khadzhi Aldamov Zandakskiy.
 4 Feb 1919 -  7 Mar 1920  Grozny occupied by "White" Russian forces.
20 Jan 1921 -  7 Jul 1924  Within the Mountain A.S.S.R. as Chechen National okrug.
30 Nov 1922                Chechen Autonomous oblast (within the Russian S.F.S.R.)
                            
(see under Russian S.F.S.R. admin.).

Turlo Rulers (from 1746, Senior Rulers) of Chechen (Chechen title: Eli, Turkic title: Bek)
1695 – 1708                Muhammad (Bammat)                  (d. 1708)
1708 – 1728                Amir Hamza                         (d. 1728)
1728 – 1732                Hasbolat                           (d. 1732)
1732 – 1746                Aidemir                            (d. 1746)
1746 – 1757                `Ali Bek                           (d. 1759)
1757 – 1770                Arslan Bek (1st time)              (d. 1784)
1770 – 1771                Ahmad Khan                         (d. 1771)
1771 – 1775                `Ali Sultan                        (d. 1775)
1775 – 1784                Arslan Bek (2nd time)              (s.a.)
Chief of the People (title Mekhk Da)(referred by the Russians to as Ataman)
1825 – 1830                Bibolat Taimi                      (b. 1779 – d. 1832)
                             (from c.1807 supreme commander, title: Bachcha)
Imams in Chechnya 
1830 - 1834                "Caucasus" Imams
1834 - Mar 1840            Tashav Haji al-Indiri              (b. 1770 - d. 1843)
                             (= Tashev-Khadzhi Endireyevskiy)
19 Mar 1840 -  6 Sep 1859  "Caucasus" Imam
13 Apr 1877 - 27 Nov 1877 
`Ali Bek Haji az-Zandaki           (b. 1850 - d. 1878)
                             (= Alibek-Khadzhi Aldamov Zandakskiy)


Circassia

[Flag of
                          Circassia 1830-1864 (Russia)]
Flag of Circassia 1830 - 1864

1475                       Ottoman rule in Anapa (part of Genoese Gazaria since 1300),
                             which from 1568 is part of Kefe E
yalet (from 1774, Trebizon
                             E
yalet), and claim Circassia.
18 Sep 1739                Russia drops claims (originating in the 16th century) to Circassia
                             in the Treaty of Belgrade (ratified 5 Nov 1739).
1791                       Anapa briefly occupied by Russia (again 1807, 1809-1812, 1828-1829)
14 Sep 1829                Ottomans cede Anapa, and nominal sovereignty over Circassia, to
                             Russia in the Treaty of Adrianople (ratified 20 Sep 1829). The
                             Great Assembly (Khase Shkho), representing 12 or 14 tribes of
                             Circassians (Adyge), begins to meet regularly and proclaims an
                             independent tribal confederacy (confirmed 1834, 1841, 1848,
                             and 1856).
1838                       Russian rule over the Circassian coastline (Novorossiysk, Tuapse,
                             Sochi [
already in Gelendzik from 1831 and Adler from 1837]).
1842 – 1859                "Caucasus" Imamate governors (naibs), largely independent, rule
                             varying parts of Circassia and eliminates princely rule.
1855                       Russians abandon the
Circassian coastline (except Novorossiysk),
                             but soon begins re-occupation (Anapa in 1856, Tuapse in 1859,
                             Sochi in 1864).
1857                       Russians found Maykop (Maikop).
1859 – 1864                Circassian tribes surrender to Russia (Temirgoy, Natukhai, and
                             Besleney in 1860;
Abadzekh in 1863; Shapsug and Ubykh in 1864).
13 Jun 1861                A unified
Circassian republic ("Circassian Freedom") proclaimed.
18 Mar 1864                Circassians suffer final defeat, the Russian army enters the
                             Ubykh country.
1864                       Russia forces a majority of the Circassians to emigrate to the
                             the Ottoman Empire.

Senior Rulers of Temirgoy (title Pshi Thamate)(in north-east Circassia)
(claimed precedence among Circassians as 'Rulers of all Rulers' with title: Pshi Pshiguashe)
17.. – 1808                Bezruk Bolotoko                    (d. 1808)
                             (Bolotoko family has alternate name Aiteko)
1808 – 1827                Misost Bolotoko                    (d. 1827)
1827 – 1837                Jambolat Bolotoko                  (d. 1837)
                           [last significant Temirgoy ruler, 1830 declares loyalty to Russia]
Wali of Circassia (a senior ruler of Besleney; in south-east Circassia)
1841 – c.1842              Kazbek Kanoko
Naibs of "Caucasus" Imamate for Circassia (based at Abadzekh country, in central Circassia)
May 1842 – 1844            Haji Muhammad                      (d. 1844)
1845 – 1846                Suleiman Efendi
1848 – 20 Nov 1859         Muhammad Amin                      (b. 1818 – d. 1899)
Wali of Circassia (in or near Anapa, of Natukhai tribe; mostly in opposition to Imamate)
1855 – 1857                Sefer Bey Zanoko                   (b. 1789 – d. 1859)
Head of Supreme Council (Majilis)(in or near Sochi, of Ubykh tribe)
1861 – 1864                Haji Kerenduk Dogomuko Berzek      (b. 1804 – d. 1881)


Derbent (Derbend)

869 - 1075                 Emirate of Derbent.
c.1120 - 1239              Emirate of Derbent (restored).
1538                       Part of Persia.
1583 - 1606                Occupied by Ottoman Empire.
1722                       Occupied by Russia.
1723 - 1735                Ceded by Persia to Russia, part of the Caspian Provinces (see
                             under
Azerbaijan). From 1730, a khan is appointed by Russia.
1747                       Khanate of Derbent, an Azerbaijani state, nominally subject to
                             Persia.
1759 - 1806                Vassal of khanate of Quba (Kuba).
1796 - 1797                Occupied by Russia.
1801 - 1802                Under the Russian suzerainty.
1806                       Under the Russian suzerainty, the city of Derbent under direct
                             Russian rule.
1830                       State abolished.


Khans
1730 - 1735                Muhammad Husayn Khan (1st time)    (b. c.1719 - d. 1768)
                             (nominal)
1735 - 1747                Persian rule
1747 - 1765                Muhammad Husayn Khan (2nd time)    (s.a.)
1765 - 1789                Fath
`Ali Khan                     (b. 1736 - d. 1789)
                             (khan of Quba)
1765 - 1789                Tuti Bike (f) -Regent              (d. 1789)
1789 - 1799                Shaykh
`Ali Khan (1st time)        (b. 1761 - d. 1820)
                             (khan of Quba)
1796 - 1797                Periji Khanum (f) -Regent          (d. af.1808)
1799 - 1802                Hassan
`Ali Khan                   (d. 1802)
1802 - 1806                Shaykh
`Ali Khan (2nd time)        (s.a.)
                             (khan of Quba)
1806 - 1830                Mehti                              (b. 1760 - d. 1830)
                             (shamkhal of Tarki)


Kabarda and Dependencies

[Kabarda
                          Flag of early 19th cent. (Russia)]
Kabarda Flag of early 19th cent.

c.1453                     Kabardian polity established.
1561                       Allied with Russia (swore loyalty to Russia
in 1615); by the
                             middle of the 17th century (until the very end of the 18th
                             century) Kabarda dominated in varying degree over (North-)
                             Ossetia, Ingushetia, Balkaria and Karachay.
18 Sep 1739                Independence recognized by the Ottoman Empire (it claimed Kabarda
                             from 1475) and Russia in the Treaty of Belgrade.
1769                       Under the Russian suzerainty (confirmed in 1771), recognized by
                             the Ottoman Empire by the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca 21 Jul 1774.
1803                       Vladikavkaz (in present North Ossetia) re-founded by Russia.
1806 - 1828                Subjection to Russia formally accepted by the former Kabardian
                             dependencies ([North-] Ossetia 1806, Ingushetia 1811, 
                             Balkaria 1827, and Karachay 1828).
1820 - 1829                Karachay disputed between the Ottoman Empire and Russia (in 1820
                             claimed by the Ottomans as not covered by the 1774 Treaty,
                             neutrality agreed by Russia in 1826, Russian occupation 1828,
                             ceded to Russia by the Treaty of Adrianople 14 Sep 1829).
1822                       Kabardian polity dissolved and annexed to Russia.

Great Rulers (title Pshi Shkhue) and Walis of Kabarda [elected from 4 families]
c.1695 – 1709              Kurgok Atajuko                     (d. 1709)
1710 – 1720                Atajuk II Misosto                  (d. 1720)
1720 – 1732                Islam Bek Misosto                  (b. c.1660 – d. 1732)
1720 – 1721                Aslan Bek II Kaytuko (1st time)    (d. 1746)
                             (in opposition)
1732 – 1737                Tatar Khan Bekmurza                (d. 1737)
1737 – 1746                Aslan Bek II Kaytuko (2nd time)    (s.a.)
1747 – 1749                Batok Bekmurza                     (d. 1749)
1749 – 1762                Muhammad (Bammat) Atajuko          (d. 1762)
1762 – 1773                Kasay Atajuko                      (d. 1773)
1773 – 1785                Jankhot II Bekmurza                (d. 1785)
1785 – 1788                Misost II Atajuko                  (d. 1788)
1788 – 1806                Atajuk III Kaytuko                 (d. 1806)
                             (
exiled to Ukraine 1795-1799)
1806 – 1822                Kuchuk Bekmurza                    (b. 1758 – d. 1830)
Wali of Karachay
1820 - 1828                Islam Biy Krimshaukhal             (b. c.1764 - d. af.1834)

Kaytag (Qaytaq)

[Flag of
                          regent Ildar Bek c.1831 (Kaytag a Lower Dargin
                          state)]
Flag of regent Ildar Bek  c.1831

c.738                      Kaytag (Qaytaq), a Lower Dargin state, founded.
1725 - 1735                Under the Russian suzerainty.
1735 - 1738                Subject to Persia.
1742 - 1743                Occupied by Persia.
1806                       Under the Russian suzerainty.
1818 - 1819                In rebellion against Russia.
1860                       State abolished.
1877                       Khanate briefly proclaimed in rebellion.

Khans (also with Dargin style of Utsmi)
1696 - 1706                Amir Hamza I
1706 - 1749                Ahmad Khan III                     (d. 1749)
1749 - 1787                Amir Hamza II                      (d. 1787)
1787 - 1792                Ustar Khan                         (d. 1792)
1792 - 1795               
`Ali Bek                           (d. 1795)
1795 - 1805                Rustam Khan II "Mamay"             (d. 1805)
1805 - 1806               
`Ali Khan                          (b. c.1770 - d. 1806)
1806 - 1820                Adil Khan                          (b. c.1778 - d. 1822)
Regents
1820 - 1826                Amir Hamza Bek                     (d. 1826)
1826 - 1831                Bey Bala Bek                       (d. 1831)
1831 - 1836                Ildar Bek                          (d. 1836)
Khans
1836 - 1857                Muhammad Jamav Bek                 (d. 1857)
                             (regent to 1838)
1857 - 1860                Ahmad Khan IV
1877                       Mehti Bek                          (b. 1844 - d. 1877
)

Kazi-Kumukh (Qazi-Qumuq)

c.778                      Kazi-Kumukh (Qazi-Qumuq), a Lak state, founded.
1642                       Tarki state separated, taking along the paramount
                             Dagestani title of Shamkhal.
1723 - 1734                Vassal of the Ottoman Empire.
1734 - 1736                Occupied by Persia.
1820                       Under the Russian suzerainty.
1859                       State abolished.
1877                       Khanate briefly proclaimed in rebellion.

Khans
1642 - 1700               
`Ali Bek                           (b. 1615 - d. 1700)
1700 - 1741                Surkhay Khan I "Chulaq"            (b. 1680 - d. 1748)
                             (also assumed then vacant title of Shamkhal
1727-1734)
1741 - 1743                Murtuz
`Ali Khan                   (b. 1703 - d. 1743)
1743 - 1789                Muhammad Khan                      (b. 1712 - d. 1789)
1789 - 1820                Surkhay Khan II "Khun-Butta"       (b. 1744 - d. 1827)
1820 - 1836                Aslan Khan                         (b. 1781 - d. 1836)
1836                       Nutsal Agha Khan                   (b. 1810 - d. 1836)
1836 - 1838                Muhammad Mirza Khan                (b. 1815 - d. 1838)
1838 - 1847               
`Abd ar-Rahman Khan                (b. 1820 - d. 1848)
1838 - 1842                Umi Qulsum Bike (f) -Regent        (b. 1780 - d. af.1847)
1847 - 1859                Aglar Khan                         (b. 1817 - d. 1859)
1877                       J
far Khan

Kumyk beyliks

1735                       Endirey, Aqsay and Kostek, the three northernmost sub-states
                             of Tarki, remained under the Russian suzerainty, effectively
                             separated from Tarki.
1746                       A confederacy formed, referred to as the Kumyk beyliks by the
                             Russians, led by senior ruler of Endirey.
1828                       Autonomy ended, the remains of three polities became estates
                             within Russia.

Senior rulers of Endirey (title Ullu Biy)
c.1740                     Adil Giray
bf.1743 - 1764             Alish Bek Hamzai                   (d. 1764)
1764 - af.1782             Temir Hamzai
17.. - 1818                Kara Murza Temiri
1818 - 182.                Shefi Bek Temiri


Kyura (Qurah)

c.1356                     Kurakh, a Lower Lezgian society, founded, led by elected
                             Elder (Kavkha).
1788                       Kyura (Qurah) khanate founded from Kurakh and several other
                             societies, a vassal of khanate of Quba (Kuba).
1789 - 1812                Annexed to Kazi-Kumukh.
1812                       Khanate re-established under the Russian suzerainty.
1841 - 1842                In pro-Imamate rebellion against Russia (again 1847-1848).
1864                       State abolished.
1877                       Khanate briefly proclaimed in rebellion.

Khans
1788 - 1789                Shah Mardan Bek                    (d. 1789)
1789 - 1812                annexed to Kazi-Kumukh
1812 - 1836                Aslan Khan                         (b. 1781 - d. 1836)
                             (khan of Kazi-Kumukh)
1836 - 1838                the khans of Kazi-Kumukh
1838 - 1842                Harun Bek (1st time)               (d. 1848)
1842 - 1847                Yusuf Bek (1st time)               (b. 1806 - d. 1878)
1847 - 1848                Harun Bek (2nd time)               (s.a.)
1848 - 1864                Yusuf Bek (2nd time)               (s.a.)
1877                       Muhammad
`Ali Bek

Mehtuli (Jengutay)

1642                       Mehtuli (formally Jengutay, by name of capital), a Kumyk state,
                             founded (until c.1720 a sub-state of Tarki).
1723 - 1734                Vassal of the Ottoman Empire.
1741 - 1742                Occupied by Persia.
1813                       Under the Russian suzerainty.
1818 - 1819                In rebellion against Russia.
1867                       State abolished.

Khans
c.17..                     Pir Muhammad
bf.1723 - 1735             Mehti III
1735 - 1749                Ahmad Khan II                      (d. 1797)
1749 - 1773                Mehti IV
1773 - 1807               
`Ali Sultan Khan                   (d. 1807)
1807 - 1819                Hassan Khan                        (d. 1819)
1819 - 1820                Mehti -Regent                      (b. 1760 - d. 1830)
                             (shamkhal of Tarki)
1820 - 1843                Ahmad Khan III                     (d. 1843)
1843 - 1859                Ibrahim Khan                       (b. 183. - d. bf.1881)
1843 - 1855                Nukh Bike (f) -Regent              (b. 1816 - d. 18..)
1859 - 1867                Rashid Khan                        (d. 1876)


Tabasaran

c.917                      Tabasaran state founded.
c.1570                     Upper part of the state ruler by semi-hereditary Qadi.
1722 - 1735                Under the Russian suzerainty.
1806                       Under the Russian suzerainty.
1818 - 1819                In rebellion against Russia.
1866                       State abolished.

Rulers of Lower Tabasaran (title Maysum)
c.1700                     Muhammad
`Ali Bek
c.1722                     Rustam   
c.1728                     Muhammad Bek I
c.1747                     Murtuz
`Ali
bf.1770 - 1774             Shaykh
`Ali Bek                    (d. 1774)
1774 - 1776                Nowruz Bek                         (d. 1776)
1774 - 1776                Khanum Bike (f) -Regent            (d. 1776)
1776                      
`Ali Quli
1776 - af.1785             Muhammad Husayn Bek
17.. - 1796                Mustafa Bek
1796 - 1802                Sokhrab Bek
1802 - 1806                Muhammad Bek II (1st time)
1806 - 18..                Mustafa Shamkhal Bek
bf.1811 - 1815             Muhammad Bek II (2nd time)
1815 - 1825                Kirkhlar Quli Bek                  (d. 1831)
Regents
1825 - 1839                Ibrahim Bek Karchagi               (d. 1839)
1839 - 1866                Sultan Ahmad Bek

Qadis of Upper Tabasaran
bf.1720 - 1742             Rustam I                           (b. 1669 - d. 1742)
c.1747                     Murtuz
`Ali I
bf.1770 - 1802             Rustam II                          (d. 1802)
1802 - 1806               
`Abd Allah
1806 - 1815                Muhammad Mirza
bf.1818 - af.1829          Mustafa
c.1831                     Murtuz
`Ali II
18.. - 1845                Shah Mardan
1845 - 1851                Ism
il Bek Maragi
1851 - 18..                Rustam Bek Aydi
18.. - 1866                Ildar Bek Aydi


Tarki

[Tarkai
                          Flag of Shamkhal Umalat III c.1831]
Flag of Shamkhal Umalat III  c.1831

1642                       Tarki, a Kumyk state, separated from Kazi-Kumukh, taking along
                             the paramount Dagestani title of Shamkhal, formerly a
                             sub-state of Kazi-Kumukh.
1717                       Under the Russian suzerainty (confirmed in 1720).
1723 - 1735                Ceded by Persia to Russia, part of the Caspian Provinces (see
                             under
Azerbaijan).
1725 - 1734                Annexed to Russia, state abolished.
1735 - 1742                Under the Persian suzerainty, rulers of Tarki recognized by
                             Persia (later also by Russia) as paramount rulers of Dagestan
                             with style of Wali of Dagestan.
1745 - 1747                Again under the Persian suzerainty.
1786                       Under the Russian suzerainty (confirmed in 1797).
1831                       Brief pro-Imamate rebellion against Russia (again in 1843).
1867                       State abolished.

Shamkhals of Tarki, (1735-1860) Wali of Dagestan and (from 1849) Princes Tarkovskiy
1667 - 1704                Buday II                           (d. 1704)
1704 - 1717                Adil Giray II (1st time)           (d. 1731)
1717 - 1719                Umalat II
1719 - 1725                Adil Giray II (2nd time)           (s.a.)
1725 - 1734                Russian rule
1734 - 1735                Hasbolat (1st time)                (d. 1765)
1735 - 1736                Ildar III (1st time)               (d. af.1765)
1736 - 1745                Hasbolat (2nd time)                (s.a.)
1745 - 1747                Ildar III (2nd time)               (s.a.)
1747 - 1765                Hasbolat (3rd time)                (s.a.)
1765                       Mehti I "Shirdanchi"
1765                       Muhammad I "Tishsiz"               (d. 1774)
1765 - 1784                Murtuz
`Ali                        (d. 1784)
1784 - 1794                Muhammad II                        (b. c.1739 - d. 1794)
1794 - 1830                Mehti II                           (b. 1760 - d. 1830)
1830 - 1836                Sulaiman                           (b. 1794 - d. 1836)
1831                       Umalat III                         (d. 1832)
                             (in opposition)
1836 - 1860                Abu Muslim                         (b. 1797 - d. 1860)
1843                       Muhammad III
                             (in opposition)
1860 - 1867                Shams ad-Din                       (b. 1818 - d. 1874)



Don Cossack Host

[one
                          of many Don Cossack banners, c.1706 (Russia)]
   Flag adopted 1706 (one of many)

c.1549                     Don Cossack Host recorded for the first time, ruled by an elected
                             Ataman.
1570                       Formally accepted suzerainty of the Russian Tsar.
1617 - 1708                All-Great Don Cossack Host.
1708                       Cossack rebellion, led by Ataman Bulavin.
1708 - 1721                Autonomy effectively ended by Russia (1708 the Host included in
                             the Azov governorate; 1721 ceased to be treated by Russia through
                             the Collegiate of Foreign Affairs, Ataman becomes an appointed
                             position in 1723).
21 Jul 1774                Azov ceded to Russia by the Ottoman Empire
by the Treaty of Küçük
                             Kaynarca
(annexed 1471 from Genoese Gazaria; under the Russian
                             and Don Cossack occupations 1696-1711, 1736-39, 1769-74).
1786                       Country (Zemlya) of the Don Host.
1870                       Province (oblast) of the Don Host.
 7 Nov 1917 -  8 Jan 1920  Don Cossack Host assumes supreme authority in the Don Host oblast
                             (see under Russian Civil War Polities).

Atamans of the Don Cossack Host
1699 - 1701                Ilya Grigoryevich Zershchikov      (d. 1709)
                             (1st time)
1701 - 1703                Lukyan Maksimovich Maksimov        (d. 1708)
                             (1st time)
1703 - 1705                Yakim Filipyevich Filipyev
1705 - 1706                Ilya Grigoryevich Zershchikov      (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
1706 - 1708                Lukyan Maksimovich Maksimov        (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
1708                       Kondratiy Afanasyevich Bulavin     (b. c.1660 - d. 1708)
1708                       Ilya Grigoryevich Zershchikov      (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)
1708 - 1715                Pyotr Yemelyanovich Ramazanov      (d. 1715)
                             (appointed by Tsar for life 1709)
1715 - 1716                Mikhail Kumshatskiy
1716 - 1717                Maksim Frolovich Frolov
1717 - 1723                Vasiliy Frolovich Frolov           (d. 1723)
                             (appointed by Tsar for life in 1718)
1723                       Ivan Matveyevich Krasnoshchekov    (b. 1672 - d. 1742)
1723 - 1917                Russian appointed Atamans


Ural Cossack Host: see under Kazakhstan

Wrangel Island

1707                       First appears on Russian maps.
1764                       First recorded sighting by Russians, later named Tikegen.
14 Aug 1867                Named Wrangel Island, after Russian Admiral Ferdinand Vrangel', by
                             American Capt. Thomas Long (d. 1867) aboard the
U.S. whaling
                             ship Nile.
12 Aug 1881                First landed on and claimed for the United States by Capt. Calvin
                            
Leighton Hooper (b. 1842 - d. 1900) on U.S. Revenue Cutter Thomas
                             Corwin
.

23 Aug 1881                USS Rodgers, commanded by Lieut. Robert Mallory Berry (b. 1846 -
                             1929), landed a party that stayed about two weeks and conducted
                             an extensive survey of the southern coast.
15 Sep 1911                Landed on and formally claimed for Russia by Capt. Konstantin

                             Vladimirovich Loman (b. 1880 - d. 1917) on board Vaygach.
12 Mar 1914 -  7 Sep 1914  Survivors of the Canadian ship Karluk under Capt. Robert Bartlett
                             (b. 1875 - d. 1946) stay on the island.
20 Sep 1916                Formally annexed by Russia (annexation reaffirmed by Soviet Union
                             on 15 Apr 1926).
16 Sep 1921                Settled and claimed for Canada by team of the Canadian expedition
                             (new party arrived 19 Aug 1923), however the claim is not
                             formally recognized by Canada.
20 Aug 1924                Settlers are removed by a Soviet ship.
14 Aug 1926                Permanent Soviet settlement founded.
10 Dec 1930                Part of the Chukotka (Chukchi) national okrug (from 1977, autonomous
                             okrug
)(see Russian S.F.S.R. Divisions).

23 Mar 1976                Natural Complex of Wrangel Island Reserve established, including 
                             the
Herald Islands
15 Dec 1997                Russian expanded the marine reserve out to 12 nautical miles. On
25 May 1999                Chukotka regional decree expands the protected water area to 24
                             nautical miles around Wrangel and Herald Islands.
 
7 Jul 2004                Added to the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites (as Natural
                             System of Wrangel Island Reserve)
.

Chiefs of settlement
16 Sep 1921 – 28 Jan 1923  Allan R. Crawford                  (b. c.1900 - d. 1923)
19 Aug 1923 – 20 Aug 1924  Charles Wells                      (d. 1924)



 © Ben Cahoon