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Russia
Note: Names are listed in Russian (with notes) using a modified BGN/PCGN romanization system. Numbering of princes and tsars was not known until 1721 and they were named only by first name and patronymic. Dates before 22 Oct (2 Nov) 1721 are recorded in Old Style (Julian) calendar. The New Style (Gregorian) calendar was introduced in Russia effective (1) 14 Feb 1918. |
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![[Russia
State flag 1858-1883, national flag
1887-1896]](ru_bow.gif "[Russia State
flag 1858-1883, national flag
1887-1896]")
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1918]](su-ru18c.gif "[Flag
of Russian SFSR Apr-Jun 1918]")
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Russian SFSR, 1918-1923]](su-ru20.gif "[Flag
of Russian SFSR, 1918-1923]")
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1936-1955]")
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1955-1991]](su.gif "[Flag of USSR,
1955-1991]")
Rus' (of Vladimir)
c.862
Grand Principality of Rus' (later referred to as
Kievan Rus'
[Kiyevskaya Rus'] by historians), ruled by
the Ryurikovich
(Rurikid) dynasty. The dynasty follows
agnatic seniority, and
established
first at Novgorod, then from 882 at Kiev (see
under
Ukraine).
1097
Council of Lyubech amends the succession rule and
divides Kievan
Rus' into several regional autonomous
principalities that had
equal rights to obtain suzerain throne
of grand prince in Kiev.
1157
Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal' (formerly
Rostov-Suzdal'),
within the Grand Principality of
Rus', with its capital
at Vladimir (also known as Vladimir-na-Klyaz'me,
to distinguish
from other cities with the same
name).
12 Mar
1169
Kiev sacked by the forces of Andrey Yuryevich
"Bogolyubskiy" of
of Vladimir-Suzdal'. Princes
of Vladimir-Suzdal' begin to claim
"seniority" among other princes, but not the title
and seat of
Grand Prince, which remained in Kiev (in 1186 on an
occasion the
Prince of Vladimir-Suzdal' forced the
Grand Prince of Kiev to
recognize him as the "brother").
Dec 1237/Feb
1241
The Mongols invade most of the regional
principalities of Rus'
(Vladimir itself being sacked and
destroyed on 3 Feb 1238).
1243
Under
Mongol (from 1259, Golden Horde) suzerainty.
1243
The Mongols granted the
title (non-hereditary until 1389) of Grand
Prince ("senior of all Princes of Rus’") to
the Prince of
Vladimir, the seat of the Grand Prince is moved from
Kiev to
Vladimir (title not granted 1246-1249, this arrangement
is
interrupted 1249-1252).
13 Nov
1263
Principality of Moscow established as an appanage
of Vladimir.
1299
Metropolitan Maksim (d. 1305) moves the seat of
the Orthodox
Metropolitanate of Rus' from Kiev to
Vladimir.
19 May 1389
Vladimir is annexed by Moscow, seat of Grand
Prince moved to Moscow.
Princes of Vladimir-Suzdal' (from 1216, Vladimir)(title
Knyaz')
(until the 14th century titles in Rus' usually lacked
formal territorial reference)
1157 - 1174
Andrey Yuryevich "Bogolyubskiy"
(b. c.1111 - d. 1174)
("the Pious")
1174 - 1175
Yaropolk
Rostislavich
(d. af.1196)
1175 - 1176
Mikhail Yuryevich
(b. c.1145 - d. 1176)
1176 - 1212
Vsevolod Yuryevich "Bol'shoye
(b. 1154 - d. 1212)
Gnezdo" ("the Big Nest")
1212 - 1216
Yuriy Vsevolodovich (1st
time) (b. 1188 - d. 1238)
1216 - 1218
Konstantin
Vsevolodovich
(b. 1186 - d. 1218)
1218 - 1238
Yuriy Vsevolodovich (2nd
time) (s.a.)
1238 - 30 Sep 1246 Yaroslav
Vsevolodovich
(b. 1191 - d. 1246)
(also grand prince of Kiev 1236-1238, 1243-1246)
1246 - 1248
Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich
(b. 1196
- d. 1252)
1248
Mikhail Yaroslavich "Khorobrit" (b. 1229
- d. 1248)
("the Brave")
1248 - 1252
Andrey
Yaroslavich
(b. c.1222 - d.
1264)
Grand Princes of Vladimir (title Velikiy
knyaz')
(from 1305, styled Grand
Princes of all Rus' [Veliky knyaz'
vseya Rusi])
1252 - 14 Nov
1263
Aleksandr Yaroslavich "Nevskiy" (b. 1221
- d. 1263)
(also prince of Novgorod 1236-1259,
grand prince of Kiev 1249-1252)
1264 - 16 Sep 1272
Yaroslav Yaroslavich
(b. 1230 - d. 1272)
(also prince of Tver' 1247-1272)
1272 - Jan
1276
Vasiliy Yaroslavich
(b.
c.1236 - d. 1276)
(also prince of Kostroma 1247-1276)
1276 - 1281
Dmitriy Aleksandrovich (1st
time) (b. 1250 - d. 1294)
(also prince of Pereyaslav-Zalesskiy 1263-1294)
Dec 1281 -
1283
Andrey Aleksandrovich "Gorodetskiy"(b.
c.1255 - d. 1304)
(1st time)(also prince of Kostroma 1276-1304)
Dec 1283 - 1294
Dmitriy Aleksandrovich (2nd time)
(s.a.)
1294 - 27 Jul 1304
Andrey Aleksandrovich "Gorodetskiy"(s.a.)
(2nd time)
1304 – 22 Nov
1318
Mikhail Yaroslavich
(b.
1271/72 - d. 1318)
(also prince of Tver' 1282-1318)
1319 - 1322
Yuriy Danilovich
(b. 1281
- d. 1325)
(also prince of Moscow 1303-1325)
1322 - 15 Sep
1326
Dmitriy Mikhaylovich "Groznye Ochi"(b. 1298 -
d. 1326)
("the Fearsome Eyes")
(also prince of Tver' 1318-1326)
15 Sep 1326 - 1327
Aleksandr Mikhaylovich
(b. 1301 - d. 1339)
(also prince of Tver' 1326-1339)
1328 -
1331
Aleksandr Vasilyevich
(b. 130. - d. 1331)
(also prince of Suzdal' 1309-1331)
1331 - 31 Mar
1340
Ivan I Danilovich "Kalita"
(b. c.1283 - d. 1340)
("the Moneybag")(also prince of Moscow 1325-1340)
1 Oct 1340 - 26 Apr 1353 Semyon Ivanovich
"Gordyy" (b. 1317 -
d. 1353)
("the Proud")(also
prince of Moscow 1340-1353)
25 Mar 1354 - 13 Nov 1359 Ivan II Ivanovich
"Krasnyy" (b. 1326 - d.
1359)
("the Fair")(also prince of Moscow 1353-1359)
22 Jun 1360 - Dec 1362 Dmitriy
Konstantinovich "Odnook" (b. 1322 - d. 1383)
("the One-Eyed")(also prince of Suzdal' 1355-1365;
grand prince of Suzdal'-Nizhniy Novgorod 1365-1383)
Jan 1363 - 19 May
1389 Dmitriy Ivanovich "Donskoy"
(b. 1350 - d. 1389)
(also prince of Moscow 1359-1389)
Russia (and
"Muscovy" [Moscow and Vladimir] 1389-1547)
|
|
![[Russian national flag
1914-1917]](ru_1914.gif "[Russian national flag
1914-1917]") |
| Map of Russian Empire | Hear
National Anthem "Bozhe, tsarya khrani" (God, Save the Tsar) (31 Dec 1833-15 Mar 1917) ------------------------------------ Unofficial Anthems "Kol' slaven nash Gospod' v Sione" (How Glorious is our Lord in Zion) or "Rabochaya Marsel'yeza" (Worker's Marseillaise) (17 Mar 1917-23 Jan 1918) |
Former
National
Anthem "Molitva Russkikh" (Prayer of the Russians) (1816-31 Dec 1833) ----------------------------------- Unofficial Anthem "Grom pobedy, razdavaysya!" (Thunder of Victory, Resound!) (1791-1816) |
Fundamental
Law (23 Apr 1906-23 Mar 1917) |
| Capital: Saint Petersburg (Petrograd 1 Sep 1914 - 12 Mar 1918; Saint Petersburg 1713-1728, 1732 - 1 Sep 1914; Moscow 1389-1713, 1728-1732) |
Currency: 1755-1922 Russian Ruble (Rubl') (RUFS) |
National Holiday: 1894-1917: 18 (6) May (1868) Birthday of Tsar Nicholas II |
Population: 156,500,000
(c.1914) 125,640,021 (1897) (excluding Finland) |
| GNP: 12.8 billion Rubles (1913) |
Exports: $348.9 million (1914) Imports: $365.7 million (1914) |
Ethno-Linguistic groups:
Russian 44.3%, Little Russian (Ukrainian)
17.81%, Turkic,Tatar 10.64%, Polish 6.31%, White Russia (Belorussian) 4.68%, Jewish (Yiddish) 4.02%, Finnish, Estonian, Karelian and Livonian 2.78%, German 1.42%, Latvian 1.14%, Georgian, Mingrelian and Svan 1.07%, Lithuanian 0.96%, Armenian 0.93%, Moldavian and Romanian 0.89%, Dagestani, Chechen, Ingush and Avar 0.86%, Samogitian (Zhmud) 0.35%, Tajik 0.27%, Greek 0.14%, Bulgarian 0.13%, and Ossetian 0.13% (1897) (excluding Finland) |
|
| Total Armed Forces: 1,300,000
(1914) Merchant marine: 906 (1908) |
Religions: Pravoslavs (Eastern
Orthodox, incl. Russian Orthodox, Greek Orthodox and Georgian Orthodox) 69.34%, Muslim 11.07%, Roman Catholic 9.13%, Jews 4.15%, Lutheran 2.84%, Old Believers and others split from Pravoslavs 1.75%, Armenian Gregorians & Armenian Catholics 0.97%, Buddhists, Lamaists 0.34%, other Protestants 0.15%, and Karaites 0.01% (1897) (excluding Finland) |
||
| International
Organizations/Treaties to 1917: CED,
ICRM, IOC, IMO, IPU, ITU, PCA, UIBPIP, UPU |
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Grand Princes of All-Rus' (title Velikiy
knyaz' vseya Rusi)
19 May 1389 - 27 Feb 1425 Vasiliy
Dmitriyevich I
(b. 1371 - d. 1425)
27 Feb 1425 - 25 Apr 1433 Vasiliy Vasilyevich II
"Tyomnyy" (b. 1415 - d. 1462)
("the Blind") (1st time)
27 Feb 1425 - 1432
Velikaya Knyaginya Sofiya
(b. 1371 - d. 1453)
Vitovtovna (f) -Regent
(= Zofia Witoldówna)
25 Apr 1433 - 28 Sep? 1433 Yuriy Dmitriyevich (1st time)
(b. 1374 - d. 1434)
28 Sep? 1433 - 31 Mar 1434 Vasiliy Vasilyevich II
"Tyomnyy" (s.a.)
(2nd time)
31 Mar 1434 - 5 Jun 1434 Yuriy Dmitriyevich
(2nd time) (s.a.)
5 Jun 1434 - Jul 1434 Vasiliy
Yuryevich "Kosoy"
(b. c.1403 - d. 1448)
("the Squint")
Jul 1434 - 7 Jul 1445 Vasiliy
Vasilyevich II "Tyomnyy" (s.a.)
(3rd time)(prisoner of Kazan khan 7 Jul - 1 Oct 1445)
7 Jul 1445 - 26 Oct 1445 Dmitriy Yuryevich
"Shemyaka" (b. c.1405 -
d. 1453)
(1st time)
26 Oct 1445 - 12 Feb 1446 Vasiliy
Vasilyevich II "Tyomnyy" (s.a.)
(4th time)
12 Feb 1446 - 17 Feb 1447 Dmitriy Yuryevich
"Shemyaka" (s.a.)
(2nd time)
17 Feb 1447 - 27 Mar 1462 Vasiliy Vasilyevich II
"Tyomnyy" (s.a.)
(5th time)
28 Mar 1462 - 27 Oct 1505 Ivan Vasilyevich III
"Velikiy" (b. 1440 - d. 1505)
("the Great")
Jun 1471 - 7 Mar 1490 Ivan Ivanovich
"Molodoy" (b.
1458 - d. 1490)
("the Young") (co-ruler)
4 Feb 1498 - 14 Apr 1502 Dmitriy
Ivanovich "Vnuk" (b.
1483 - d. 1509)
("the Grandson") (co-ruler)
14 Apr 1502 - 3 Dec 1533 Vasiliy Ivanovich
III
(b. 1479 - d. 1533)
(co-ruler to 27 Oct 1505)
3 Dec 1533 - 16 Jan 1547 Ivan Vasilyevich
IV "Groznyy" (b. 1530 - d. 1584)
("the Terrible")
3 Dec 1533 - 4 Apr 1538
Velikaya Knyaginya Yelena
(b. c.1508 - d. 1538)
Vasilyevna Glinskaya (f) -Regent
Senior Boyars of the Boyar Duma
(chiefs of administration during minority of grand
prince and in absence of a formal regent)
Apr 1538 - Nov 1538
Knyaz' Vasiliy Vasilyevich Shuyskiy(b. c.1478 - d. 1538)
"Nemoy" ("the Mute")
Nov 1538 - Jul 1540
Knyaz' Ivan Vasilyevich Shuyskiy (d. 1542)
(1st time)
Jul 1540 - 25 Dec 1541 Knyaz'
Ivan Fyodorovich Bel'skiy (d. 1542)
Jan 1542 - 14 May 1542 Knyaz'
Ivan Vasilyevich Shuyskiy (s.a.)
(2nd time)
May 1542 - 30 Dec 1543 Knyaz'
Andrey Mikhaylovich Shuyskiy(d. 1543)
"Chestokol"
Dec 1543 - Mar 1546
Knyaz' Dmitriy Fyodorovich Bel'skiy(b. 1499 - d.
1551)
Tsarsą
16 Jan 1547 - 29 Sep 1575 Ivan
Vasilyevich IV "Groznyy"
(s.a.)
(Ivan "the Terrible")
(co-ruler with style of Prince of Moscow,
Pskov and Rostov 29 Sep 1575 - Sep 1576)
(1st time)
29 Sep 1575 - Sep 1576
Semyon Bekbulatovich (Sayin
Bulat) (b. 153. - d. 1616)
(style the Grand Prince of All Russia)
Sep 1576 - 18 Mar 1584 Ivan
Vasilyevich IV "Groznyy"
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
18 Mar 1584 - 7 Jan 1598 Fyodor Ivanovich I
(b. 1557 - d. 1598)
18 Mar 1584 - 7
Jan 1598 Close Duma (a council
of guardians)
(members chosen by Boris Godunov from 1586 on are
omitted)
- Knyaz' Ivan
Fyodorovich
(b. c.1529 - d. 1593)
Mstislavskiy (to Jul 1585)
- Knyaz' Ivan
Petrovich Shuyskiy (b. 15.. - d. 1588)
(to Oct 1586)
- Knyaz' Bogdan
Yakovlevich
(b. 15.. - d. 1611)
Bel'skiy (to Apr 1584)
- Nikita Romanovich Zakharyin-
(b. c.1522 - d. 1586)
Yur'yev (to Aug 1584)
- Boris
Fyodorovich Godunov
(b. 1552 - d. 1605)
(from May 1584)(by 1587 referred to as
the chief [Nachal'nyy] of
Close Duma)
7 Jan 1598 - 17 Feb 1598 Tsaritsa i
Velikaya Knyaginya (b.
c.1557 - d. 1603)
Irina Fyodorovna Godunova
(f) -Regent
(from 15 Jan 1598,
monastic name 'Aleksandra')
17 Feb 1598 - 13 Apr 1605 Boris Fyodorovich
(s.a.)
(= Boris Fyodorovich Godunov)
13 Apr 1605 - 1 Jun 1605 Fyodor Borisovich
II
(b. 1589 - d. 1605)
13 Apr 1605 - 1 Jun
1605 Tsaritsa i Velikaya Knyaginya
(b. 156. - d. 1605)
Mariya Grigoryevna Skuratova-
Bel'skaya (f) -Regent
Senior Boyar of the Boyar Duma
(chief of administration during interregnum and in
absence a formal regent)
1 Jun 1605 - 20 Jun 1605 Knyaz' Fyodor
Ivanovich (1st time) (b. c.1550 - d. 1622)
Mstislavskiy (in office 1585-1622)
Tsar
20 Jun 1605 - 17 May 1606 Dmitriy
Ivanovich "Lzhedmitriy I" (b. 1581 - d.
1606)
(= Yuriy Bogdanovich Otrepyev?)
("First False Dmitriy")(usurper)
Senior Boyar of the Boyar Duma
17 May 1606 - 19 May 1606 Knyaz' Fyodor Ivanovich
(2nd time) (s.a.)
Mstislavskiy
Tsarsą
19 May 1606 - 17 Jul 1610 Vasiliy Ivanovich IV
(b.
1552 - d. 1612)
(= Knyaz' Vasiliy Ivanovich
Shuyskiy)
11 Jun 1607 - 21 Dec 1610 Dmitriy Ivanovich "Lzhedmitriy
II" (b. 15.. - d. 1610)
(= Matvey Verevkin?)
("Second False Dmitriy", claimed to be
"First False Dmitriy")
(in rebellion; to Jun 1608 in Orel, Jun 1608 - Jan 1610
in
Tushino [a suburb of Moscow], from Jan 1610 in Kaluga)
Senior Boyar of the Seven Boyars [a regency
council]
17 Jul 1610 - 24 Oct 1612 Knyaz' Fyodor
Ivanovich
(s.a.)
Mstislavskiy
(from 17 Aug 1610, for Vladislav
Zhigimontovich)
Tsarą
17 Aug 1610 - 27 Oct 1612
Vladislav Zhigimontovich
(b. 1595 - d. 1648)
(= Władysław IV
of Poland)
(remained in Poland)
Polish-Lithuanian Commanders in Moscow
21 Sep 1610 - 20 Oct 1610 Stanisław
Żółkiewski
(b. 1547 - d. 1620)
20 Oct 1610 - 27 Oct 1612
Aleksander Gosiewski
(b. 1575? - d. 1639)
27 Jun 1612 - 27 Oct 1612 Mikołaj
Struś
(b. 1580 - d. 1627)
(acting for absent Gosiewski)
(in the Kremlin only from 3
Sep 1612)
Commissioners of the ("First") Council of All the
Land (no specific style)
(in opposition to Polish rule; in the Simonov
Monastery [a suburb of Moscow])
30 Jun 1611 - 27 Oct 1612 Knyaz' Dmitriy
Timofeyevich
(b. 157. - d. 1625)
Trubetskoy
+ Prokopiy Petrovich
Lyapunov (b. 155. - d.
1611)
(to 22 Jul 1611)
+ Ataman Ivan Martynovich Zarutskiy(b. 156. -
d. 1614)
(to 28 Jul 1612)
Commissioners
of the ("Second") Council of All the Land (no
specific style)
(in opposition to Polish rule; in
Yaroslavl')
7 Apr 1612 - 27 Oct
1612 Knyaz' Dmitriy Mikhaylovich
(b. 1578 - d. 1641)
Pozharskiy
+ Kuz'ma Minich
Zakharyev
(b. 157. - d. 1616)
"Sukhorukiy"
Commissioners of the ("United")
Council of All the Land
(no specific style)[regents]
27 Oct 1612 - 25 Feb 1613 Knyaz'
Dmitriy Timofeyevich
(s.a.)
Trubetskoy
+ Knyaz' Dmitriy
Mikhaylovich (s.a.)
Pozharskiy
Senior Boyar of the Boyar Duma
25 Feb 1613 - 27 Mar 1613 Knyaz' Fyodor
Ivanovich (3rd time) (s.a.)
Mstislavskiy
Tsarsą
27 Mar 1613 - 13 Jul 1645 Mikhail
Fyodorovich
(b.
1596 - d. 1645)
(elected 21 Feb 1613 in absence)
27 Mar 1613 - 14 Jun 1619 Kseniya (Xenia)
Ivanovna
(b. 157. - d. 1631)
Shestova (f) -Regent
(used her monastic name 'Marfa')
14 Jun 1619 - 1 Oct
1633 Filaret Nikitich, Patriarkh
(b. 1554 - d. 1633)
Moskovskiy i vseya Rusi
(co-ruler, with style of Great Sovereign)
13 Jul 1645 - 30 Jan
1676 Aleksey Mikhaylovich
(b. 1629 - d. 1676)
13 Jul 1645 - 18 Aug
1645 Tsaritsa i Velikaya
Knyaginya (b. c.1608 - d.
1645)
Yevdokiya Lukyanovna
Streshneva (f) -Regent
30 Jan 1676 - 27 Apr 1682 Fyodor
Alekseyevich III
(b. 1661 - d. 1682)
27 Apr 1682 - 22 Oct
1721 Pyotr Alekseyevich I "Velikiy"
(b. 1672 - d. 1725)
/2 Nov
1721 (co-ruler 26 May 1682 -
29 Jan 1696)
27 Apr 1682 - 29 May 1682 Tsaritsa i
Velikaya Knyaginya (b. 1651 - d.
1694)
Natal'ya Kirillovna
Naryshkina (f) -Regent
26 May 1682 - 29 Jan 1696 Ivan Alekseyevich
V
(b. 1666 - d. 1696)
29 May 1682 - 7 Sep 1689 Tsarevna
i Velikaya Knyazhna Sof'ya(b.
1657 - d. 1704)
Alekseyevna Romanova (f) -Regent
10 Mar 1697 - 24 Aug 1698 Knyaz' Fyodor
Yuryevich
(b. 1640 - d. 1717)
Romodanovskiy -Regent
Emperorsą (also Grand Princes of Finland 1809-1917
and Kings of Poland
1815-1917)˛
2 Nov 1721 - 8
Feb 1725 Pyotr I
"Velikiy"
(s.a.)
(Peter I "the Great")
8 Feb 1725 - 17 May
1727 Yekaterina I (Catherine I)-Empress
(b. 1684 - d. 1727)
(= Marta Helena
Skowrońska)
18 May 1727 - 30 Jan 1730 Pyotr II (Peter
II)
(b. 1715 - d. 1730)
30 Jan 1730 - 15 Feb
1730 Supreme Privy Council
- Graf Gavriil Ivanovich Golovkin (b. 1660 - d.
1734)
- Knyaz' Dmitriy
Mikhaylovich (b. 1665 - d.
1737)
Golitsyn
- Baron Andrey Ivanovich Ostermann
(b. 1686 - d. 1747)
(= Heinrich Johann Friedrich Baron Ostermann)
- Knyaz' Vasiliy Lukich Dolgorukiy (b. 1672 - d. 1739)
- Knyaz' Aleksey
Grigoryevich (b. 167. - d.
1734)
Dolgorukiy (Dolgorukov)
- Knyaz' Mikhail Mikhaylovich
(b. 1675 - d. 1730) Mil
Golitsyn
- Knyaz' Vasiliy Vladimirovich
(b. 1667 - d. 1746) Mil
Dolgorukiy
15 Feb 1730 - 28 Oct 1740 Anna -Empress
(b. 1693 - d. 1740)
28 Oct 1740 - 6 Dec
1741 Ivan
III
(b. 1740 - d. 1764)
(name Ivan VI used by historians)
28 Oct 1740 - 20 Nov
1740 Ernst Johann von Biron, Herzog
zu (b. 1690 - d. 1772)
Kurland und
Semgallen -Regent
20 Nov 1740 - 6 Dec 1741 Anna Leopol'dovna
(f) -Regent
(b.
1718 - d. 1746)
(= Elisabeth Katharina
Christine von Mecklenburg-Schwerin)
6 Dec 1741 - 5 Jan 1762 Yelizaveta I
(Elizabeth I)-Empress
(b. 1709 - d. 1762)
5 Jan 1762 - 9
Jul 1762 Pyotr III (Peter
III)
(b. 1728 - d. 1762)
(= Karl Peter Ulrich
Herzog von Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp)
9 Jul 1762 - 17 Nov 1796 Yekaterina II
"Velikaya" -Empress (b.
1729 - d. 1796)
(= Sophie Auguste
Friederike von Anhalt-Zerbst)
(Catherine II "the Great")
28 Sep 1773 - 19 Sep 1774 Yemel'yan Ivanovich
Pugachev (b. c.1742 - d.
1775)
(Pugachyov)(in rebellion claiming to be
Pyotr III)
17 Nov 1796-23/24 Mar 1801
Pavel I (Paul
I)
(b. 1754 - d. 1801)
24 Mar 1801 - 1 Dec
1825 Aleksandr I "Blagoslovennyy"
(b. 1777 - d. 1825)
(Alexander I "the Blessed")
1 Dec 1825 - 24 Dec 1825
Konstantin I (Constantine
I) (b. 1779 - d.
1831)
(proclaimed, but did not accept)
24 Dec 1825 - 2 Mar
1855 Nikolay I (Nicholas
I)
(b. 1796 - d. 1855)
(enthronement retroactive to 1 Dec
1825)
2 Mar 1855 - 13 Mar 1881 Aleksandr II
"Osvoboditel'" (b.
1818 - d. 1881)
(Alexander II "the Liberator")
13 Mar 1881 - 1 Nov
1894 Aleksandr III "Mirotvorets"
(b. 1845 - d. 1894)
(Alexander III "the Peacemaker")
1 Nov 1894 - 15 Mar 1917
Nikolay II (Nicholas II)ł
(b. 1868 - d. 1918)
Acting Heads of state
15 Mar 1917 - 8 Nov
1917 the heads of government
Chancellor (first state
officer, in charge of foreign affairs)4
16 Jul 1709
- 31 Jan 1734 Graf Gavriil Ivanovich
Golovkin (s.a.)
Procurator-General of
the Governing Senate
(chief state officer in charge of justice)4
29 Jan 1722 - 17 Apr 1736 Pavel
Ivanovich Yaguzhinskiy
(b. 1683 - d. 1736) Mil
(from 30 Jan 1731, Graf Pavel Ivanovich
Yaguzhinskiy)
(removed 14 Aug 1726-13 Oct 1730 and
position made vacant)
First Cabinet Ministers
21
Nov 1731 - 31 Jan 1734
Graf Gavriil Ivanovich
Golovkin (s.a.)
31 Jan 1734 - 19 Nov
1740 Graf Andrey Ivanovich
Osterman
(s.a.)
(1st time)(also
vice-chancellor
1725-1741)
19
Nov 1740 - 14 Mar 1741 Graf Khristofor Antonovich
Minikh (b. 1683 - d. 1767) Mil
(= Burkhard Christoph Graf von
Münnich)
14 Mar 1741 - 23 Dec 1741 Graf Andrey Ivanovich
Osterman (s.a.)
(2nd time)
Chancellors (chief state officers, in charge of
foreign affairs)4
21 Nov 1740 - 26 Nov 1742 Knyaz' Aleksey
Mikhaylovich
(b. 1680 - d. 1742)
Cherkasskiy
26 Nov 1742 - 26 Feb 1758 Graf Aleksey
Petrovich Bestuzhev- (b. 1693 - d. 1766)
Ryumin
(vice-chancellor to 26 Jul 1744, in office from 1741)
26 Feb 1758 - 2 Apr 1765 Graf
Mikhail Illarionovich
(b. 1714 - d. 1767)
Vorontsov
(vice-chancellor to 4 Dec 1758, in office from 1744)
2 Apr 1765 - 2 May 1773
Knyaz' Aleksandr Mikhaylovich
(b. 1723 - d. 1807)
Golitsyn (vice-chancellor, in office 1762-1775)
2 May 1773 - 11 Apr 1783 Graf
Nikita Ivanovich Panin
(b. 1718 - d. 1783) Mil
(acting)
13 Apr 1775 - 2 May
1797 Graf Ivan Andreyevich
Osterman (b. 1725 - d. 1811)
(vice-chancellor to 20 Nov 1796, in office from 1775)
2 May 1797 - 17 Apr
1799 Knyaz' Aleksandr
Andreyevich (b. 1747
- d. 1799)
Bezborodko
17 Apr 1799 - 6 Oct 1799 Graf
Viktor Pavlovich Kochubey (b.
1768 - d. 1834)
(vice-chancellor, in office from 1798)
6 Oct 1799 - 4
Mar 1801 Graf Nikita Petrovich Panin
(b. 1770 - d. 1837)
(vice-chancellor)
4 Mar 1801 - 27 Sep
1801 Knyaz' Aleksandr
Borisovich (b. 1752
- d. 1818)
Kurakin (vice-chancellor, in office to 1802)
27 Sep 1801 - 20 Sep
1802 Graf Aleksandr Romanovich
(b. 1741 - d. 1805)
Vorontsov (acting)
Procurator-Generals of
the Governing Senate (chief
state officers in charge of justice)4
9 May 1740 - 26 Aug 1760 Knyaz' Nikita
Yuryevich Trubetskoy (b. 1700 - d. 1767)
Mil
26 Aug 1760 - 5 Jan 1762 Knyaz' Yakov
Petrovich Shakhovskoy (b. 1705 - d.
1777)
5 Jan 1762 - 14 Feb 1764 Aleksandr Ivanovich
Glebov (b. 1722 - d.
1790) Mil
14 Feb 1764 - 28 Sep 1792 Knyaz' Aleksandr
Alekseyevich (b. 1727 - d. 1793)
Vyazemskiy
29 Sep 1792 - 15 Dec 1796 Aleksandr Nikolayevch
Samoylov (b. 1744 - d.
1814) Mil
(from 12 Jan 1793, Graf Aleksandr
Nikolayevch Samoylov)
15 Dec 1796 - 19 Aug 1798 Knyaz'
Aleksey Borisovich Kurakin (b. 1759 - d. 1829)
19 Aug 1798 - 18 Jul 1799 Pyotr Vasilyevich
Lopukhin (b. 1753
- d. 1827) Mil
(from 30 Jan 1799, Knyaz'
Pyotr Vasilyevich Lopukhin)
18 Jul 1799 - 20 Feb 1800 Aleksandr Andreyevich
Bekleshov (b. 1745 - d. 1808) Mil
(1st time)
20 Feb 1800 - 28 Mar 1801 Pyotr Khrisanfovich
Obol'yaninov (b. 1752 - d. 1841)
Mil
28 Mar 1801 - 20 Sep 1802 Aleksandr
Andreyevich Bekleshov (s.a.)
Mil
(2nd
time)
Chairman of the Permanent Council
13 Apr 1801 - 20 Sep 1802 Graf Nikolay Ivanovich
Saltykov (b. 1736 - d. 1816) Mil
Leading ministers in the Committee of Ministers
(informal)
(formally the chairmanship alternated among ministers
after each 4 meetings)
20 Sep 1802 - 28 Jan 1804 Graf Aleksandr
Romanovich (s.a.)
Vorontsov
(minister of foreign affairs, chancellor 1802-1805)
28 Jan 1804 - 6 Dec 1807 Graf Viktor
Pavlovich Kochubey (s.a.)
(minister of internal affairs 1802-1807, vice-chancellor
1802-1834)
6 Dec 1807 - 12 Jun 1810 Graf Nikolay
Petrovich Rumyantsev (b. 1751 - d. 1826)
(minister of foreign affairs 1807-1814, chancellor
1809-1826)
Chairmen of the State Council and Chairmen of the
Committee of Ministers
12 Jun 1810 - 1 Apr 1812 Graf
Nikolay Petrovich Rumyantsev (s.a.)
1 Apr 1812 - 28 May 1816 Graf
Nikolay Ivanovich Saltykov (s.a.)
Mil
(from 11 Sep 1814, Knyaz' Nikolay Ivanovich
Saltykov)
(acting to 10 Apr 1812)
28 May 1816 - 18 Apr 1827 Knyaz' Pyotr Vasilyevich
Lopukhin (s.a.)
Mil
(acting
to 6 Jun 1816)
18
Apr 1827 - 11 May 1827 .... (acting)
11 May 1827 - 15 Jun 1834 Graf Viktor
Pavlovich Kochubey (s.a.)
(from 18 Dec 1831, Knyaz' Viktor
Pavlovich Kochubey)
15
Jun 1834 - 20 Jul 1834 .... (acting)
20 Jul 1834 - 20 Apr 1838 Graf Nikolay
Nikolayevich
(b. 1761 - d.
1838)
Novosil'tsev
21 Apr 1838 - 13 Mar
1847 Graf Illarion Vasilyevich
(b. 1777 - d. 1847) Mil
Vasil'chikov
(from 13 Jan 1839, Knyaz' Illarion Vasilyevich
Vasil'chikov)
13
Mar 1847 -
5
Oct 1848 Graf Vasiliy
Vasilyevich Levashov (b. 1783 - d. 1848) Mil
(acting to 12
Jan 1848)
5 Oct 1848 - 13 Nov 1848 ....
(acting)
13 Nov 1848 - 17 Apr 1856 Knyaz' Aleksandr
Ivanovich (b. 1785 - d.
1857) Mil
Chernyshyov (Chernyshov)
17 Apr 1856 - 20 Jan 1861 Graf Aleksey Fyodorovich
Orlov (b. 1786 - d. 1861)
Mil
(from 7 Sep 1856, Knyaz' Aleksey Fyodorovich
Orlov)
20 Jan 1861 - 2 Mar
1864 Graf Dmitriy Nikolayevich
Bludov (b. 1785 - d. 1864)
2 Mar 1864 - 13 Jan 1865 Knyaz'
Pavel Pavlovich Gagarin (b.
1789 - d. 1872)
(acting to 7 Mar 1864)
Chairmen of the Committee of Ministers
13 Jan 1865 - 4 Mar
1872 Knyaz' Pavel
Pavlovich Gagarin (s.a.)
4 Mar 1872 - 10 Mar 1872 ....
(acting)
10 Mar 1872 - 1 Jan 1880 Pavel Nikolayevich
Ignatyev (b.
1797 - d. 1880) Mil
(from 24 Dec 1877, Graf
Pavel Nikolayevich Ignatyev)
1 Jan 1880 - 6 Jan 1880 ....
(acting)
6 Jan 1880 - 16 Oct 1881 Pyotr
Aleksandrovich
Valuyev (b. 1815 -
d. 1890)
(from 2 Mar 1880, Graf Pyotr Aleksandrovich
Valuyev)
16 Oct 1881 - 11 Jan
1887 Mikhail Khristoforovich Reytern
(b. 1820 - d. 1890)
(= Michael von Reutern)
13
Jan 1885 - May
1885 Graf
Konstantin Ivanovich fon der
(b. 1830 - d. 1912)
Palen (=
Magnus Constantin Graf von der Pahlen)
(acting for
Reytern)
11
Jan 1887 - 13 Jan 1887 .... (acting)
13 Jan 1887 - 15 Jun 1895 Nikolay
Khristianovich fon Bunge (b.
1823 - d. 1895) Non-party
(= Nikolai
Karl Paul von Bunge)
15 Jun 1895 - 27 Oct 1895 .... (acting)
27 Oct 1895 - 11 Jun 1903 Ivan Nikolayevich
Durnovo
(b. 1834 - d. 1903) Non-party
11 Jun 1903 - 29 Aug
1903 .... (acting)
29 Aug 1903 - 6 Nov 1905 Sergey Yulyevich
Vitte (Witte) (b. 1849 - d. 1915)
Non-party
(from 1 Oct 1905, Graf Sergey
Yulyevich Vitte [Witte])
Chairmen of the Council of
Ministers (Prime ministers)
6 Nov 1905 - 5
May 1906 Graf Sergey Yulyevich
Witte
(s.a.)
Non-party
5 May 1906 - 21 Jul
1906 Ivan Logginovich
Goremykin
(b. 1839 - d. 1917) GPr
(1st time)
21 Jul 1906 - 18 Sep
1911 Pyotr Arkadyevich
Stolypin
(b. 1862 - d. 1911) Non-party
15 Sep 1911 - 12 Feb
1914 Vladimir Nikolayevich
Kokovtsov (b. 1853 - d. 1943)
GPr
(acting to 22 Sep 1911 [for
Stolypin to 18 Sep 1911])
12 Feb 1914 - 2 Feb
1916 Ivan Logginovich
Goremykin
(s.a.)
GPr
(2nd time)
2 Feb 1916 - 23 Nov 1916 Boris
Vladimirovich Shtyurmer
(b. 1848 - d. 1917) GPr/RS
(Stürmer)
23 Nov 1916 - 9 Jan 1917 Aleksandr
Fyodorovich Trepov
(b. 1862 - d. 1928) GPr/RS
9 Jan 1917 - 12 Mar
1917 Knyaz' Nikolay
Dmitriyevich
(b. 1850 - d. 1925) GPr
Golitsyn
Chairman of the Provisional
Committee of the State
Duma
12 Mar 1917 - 15 Mar 1917 Mikhail
Vladimirovich Rodzyanko (b. 1859 - d.
1924) Okt
Minister-presidents (prime ministers) of the
Provisional Government
15 Mar 1917 - 20 Jul
1917 Knyaz' Georgiy Yevgenyevich L'vov (b.
1861 - d. 1925) KDP
20 Jul 1917 - 8 Nov
1917 Aleksandr Fyodorovich
Kerenskiy (b. 1881 - d. 1970)
PSR
(continues in opposition in Gatchina to 14 Nov 1917)
7 Nov 1917 - 8 Nov 1917
Nikolay Mikhaylovich
Kishkin (b. 1864 -
d. 1930) KDP
(acting for Kerenskiy)
18 Nov 1917 - 2 Dec 1917 Sergey
Nikolayevich Prokopovich (b. 1871 - d.
1955) Non-party
(acting [notionally for Kerenskiy],
in opposition; in Petrograd)
Alternative "White" (anti-Bolshevik) Central Governments 1918-1920
![[Russian flag]](ru.gif "[Russian
flag]")
Chairman of the Committee of Members of the
Constituent Assembly ("Komuch")(in
Samara)
8 Jun 1918 - 23 Sep 1918 Vladimir
Kazimirovich Vol'skiy (b. 1877 -
d. 1937) PSR
Chairmen of the All-Russian Provisional
Government ("Ufa Directory")
24 Sep 1918 - 18 Nov 1918 Nikolay
Dmitriyevich Avksentyev (b. 1878 - d.
1943) PSR
(in Ufa to 8 Oct 1918, then in Omsk)
7 Nov 1918
- 12 Nov 1918 Vasiliy
Georgiyevich Boldyrev
(b. 1875 - d. 1933) Mil
(acting for Avksentyev; in Omsk)
Supreme Rulers (Verkhovnyy Pravitel')
18 Nov 1918
Pyotr Vasilyevich
Vologodskiy (b. 1863 - d.
1928) PSR
(acting)(chairman of
council of ministers; in
Omsk)
18 Nov 1918 - 15 Jan 1920 Aleksandr
Vasilyevich Kolchak (b.
1874 - d. 1920) Mil
(in Omsk to 12 Nov 1919, in Novo-Nikolayevsk from 20 Nov
1919 to 4 Dec 1919, then by Dec 25 1919 in Nizhneudinsk)
15 Jan 1920 - 11 Apr 1920 Supreme
"White" central authority lapsed
Ruler (Pravitel') and
Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces
in the South of Russia
11 Apr 1920 - 19 Aug 1920 Baron
Pyotr Nikolayevich Vrangel' (b. 1878 - d.
1928) Mil
(Wrangel)(in Sevastopol')
Ruler (Pravitel') and Commander-in-Chief of the
Russian Army
19 Aug 1920 - 16 Nov 1920 Baron
Pyotr Nikolayevich Vrangel' (s.a.)
Mil
(in Sevastopol')
Chairman of the Russian Council
5 Apr 1921 - Oct 1922
Baron Pyotr Nikolayevich Vrangel'
(s.a.)
Mil
(in Istanbul exile; from
Sep 1922 in
Sremski Karlovci, Yugoslavia)
Chairman of the Council of Managers
(in Samara)
16 Aug 1918 - 23 Sep 1918 Yevgeniy
Frantsevich Rogovskiy (b. 1888 -
d. 1950) PSR
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers
(in Irkutsk)
4 Nov 1918 - 22 Nov 1919 Pyotr
Vasilyevich Vologodskiy
(s.a.)
PSR;Dec 1918 KDP
22 Nov 1919 - 15 Jan 1920 Viktor Nikolayevich
Pepelyayev (b. 1885 - d.
1920) KDP
(left seat of government Irkutsk 26 Dec 1919,
to join Kolchak in Nizhneudinsk)
28 Dec 1919 - 5 Jan 1920 Aleksandr
Aleksandrovich Cherven- (b. 1872 - d. 1920)
KDP
Vodali
(acting for Pepelyayev; in Irkutsk)
Chairman of the Council
of Managers with the Commander-in-chief
11 Apr 1920 - 19 Aug 1920 Aleksandr
Vasilyevich Krivoshein (b. 1857 - d.
1921) Non-party
(acting to 2 Jun 1920)(in Sevastopol')
11 Apr 1920 - 2 Jun 1920 Pavel
Nikolayevich
Shatilov (b.
1881 - d. 1962) Mil
(acting for absent Krivoshein)
Chairman of the Council of Managers of Government in
the South of Russia
19 Aug 1920
- 11 Nov 1920 Aleksandr Vasilyevich
Krivoshein (s.a.)
Non-party
(in Sevastopol')
![[Flag of France]](fr.gif "[Flag
of France]")
14 Sep 1812 - 23 Oct 1812 French forces under
Napoléon occupy Moscow (parts of the
Russian Empire occupied Jun 1812 - Dec 1812 and divided
into
Government-General of Moscow (Gouvernement général de
Moscou),
Government-General of Smolensk (Gouvernement général
de Smolensk),
Grand
Principality of Lithuania (Lithuanie)(see Lithuania),
and Duchy of Courland (Courlande)(see Latvia).
Commanders-in-chief of the Grande Armée
Jun 1812 - Dec 1812
Napoléon I, Emperor of the
French (b. 1769 - d. 1821) Mil
5 Dec 1812 - Dec 1812
Joachim Napoléon Murat, King of (b.
1767 - d. 1815) Mil
Naples (acting for absent Napoléon)
Intendants-General of the Grande Armée (for
civil affairs)
Jun 1812 - Dec 1812
Guillaume-Mathieu, comte
Dumas (b. 1753 - d. 1837)
Mil
Nov 1812 - Dec 1812
Pierre Antoine Noël Bruno, comte (b. 1767 -
d. 1829) Mil
Daru (acting for absent Dumas)
Governor-general of Moscow Province
14 Sep 1812 - 23 Oct
1812 Adolphe Édouard Casimir
Joseph (b. 1768 - d. 1835)
Mil
Mortier, duc de Trévise
Intendant of Moscow Province
(for civil affairs; subordinated to Intendant-General)
14 Sep 1812 - 23 Oct 1812 Jean-Baptiste
Barthélemy de Lesseps(b. 1766 - d. 1834)
Non-party
Governors-General of Smolensk and Provinces
from Dnieper to Moscow
16 Aug 1812 - 27 Aug 1812 Henri François
Delaborde (interim) (b. 1764 - d. 1833) Mil
27 Aug 1812 - Oct 1812 Louis,
comte Baraguey d'Hilliers (b. 1764 - d.
1813) Mil
Oct 1812 - 17 Nov 1812 Henri
François, comte Charpentier (b. 1769 - d.
1831) Mil
Intendant of Smolensk Province (for civil
affairs; subordinated to Intendant-General)
16 Aug 1812 - 17 Nov 1812 Armand Levasseur de
Villeblanche (b. 1785 - d. 1812)
Non-party
ąThe style of the ruler was:
(a) 16 Jan 1547 - 19 Jan
1589: Tsar' i Velikiy Knyaz' vseya Rossi ("Tsar
and Grand Prince of All-Russia");
(b) 19 Jan 1589 - 27 Mar 1654: Tsar' i Velikiy
Knyaz' vseya Samoderzhets' Rossi ("Tsar and Grand
Prince of All-Russia Autocrat");
(c) 27 Mar 1654 - 3 Sep 1655: Tsar' i Velikiy
Knyaz', vseya Velikiya i Malyya Rossi Samoderzhets'
("Tsar and Grand Prince, of All Great and
Little Russia Autocrat");
(d) 3 Sep 1655 - 22 Nov 1721: Bozhiyeyu
Milostiyu Velikiy/Velikaya Gosudar'/Gosudarynya
Tsar'/Tsaritsa vseya Velikiya i Malyya i Belyya Rossii
Samodyerzhets ("By the Grace of God,
Great Sovereign King/Queen of All Great and Little and
White Russia Autocrat");
(e) long style after 22 Nov
1721: Bozhiyeyu milostiyu, N.N.,
Imperator/Imperatritsa i Samodyerzhets/Samodyerzhitsa
Vserossiyskiy/Vserossiyskaya, Moskovskiy, Kiyevskiy,
Vladimirskiy, Novgorodskiy; Tsar'Tsar'/Tsaritsa
Kazanskiy, Tsar'/Tsaritsa Astrakhanskiy,
Tsar'/Tsaritsa Sibirskiy, Gosudar'/Gosudarynya
Pskovskiy i Velikiy/Velikaya Knyaz'/Knyaginya
Smolenskiy; Knyaz'/Knyaginya Estlyandskiy,
Liflyandskiy, Koryel'skiy, Tverskiy, Yugorskiy,
Permskiy, Vyatskiy, Bolgarskiy i inykh; Gosudar'/Gosudarynya
i Velikiy/Velikaya Knyaz'/Knyaginya Novagoroda
nizovskiya zemli, Chernigorskiy, Ryazanskiy,
Rostovskiy, Yaroslavskiy, Byelozerskiy, Udorskiy,
Obdorskiy, Kondiyskiy i vseya severnyya strany
Povelitel'; i Gosudar'/Gosudarynya Iverskiya
zemli i Kartalinskikh i Gruzinskikh Tsarey/Tsarina; i
Kabardinskiya zemli, Cherkasskikh i Gorskikh
Knyazey/Knyaginya i inykh Naslednyy
Gosudar'/Gosudarynya i Obladatel' ("by
the grace of God, N.N., All-Russian Emperor/Empress and
Autocrat of Moscow, of Kiev, Vladimir, Novgorod;
King/Queen of Kazan, King/Queen of Astrakhan, King/Queen
of Siberia; Lord/Lady of Pskov; Grand Prince/Princess of
Smolensk; Prince/Princess of Estonia, Livonia, Courland,
Tver, Yougoria, Perm, Vyatka, [Volga] Bulgaria, and of
other lands; Lord/Lady and Grand Prince/Princess of
Novgorod of Low Country, Chernigov, Ryazan, Rostov,
Yaroslavl, Byelozersk, Oudoria [Udorskiy],
Obdoria [Obdorskiy], Kondia
[Kondiyskiy], and Commander of all the
Northern lands; Sovereign Lord/Lady of Imeretia, Kartli,
Kabardian lands; Lord/Lady of the Cherkasskiy and
Mountain Princes, and Lord of many other
countries");
(f) 6 May 1906 - 15 Mar
1917: Bozhiyeyu pospeshestvuyushcheyu
milostiyu, N.N., Imperator i Samodyerzhets
Vserossiyskiy, Moskovskiy, Kiyevskiy, Vladimirskiy,
Novgorodskiy; Tsar' Kazanskiy, Tsar'
Astrakhanskiy, Tsar' Pol'skiy, Tsar' Sibirskiy, Tsar'
Khersonisa Tavricheskogo, Tsar' Gruzinskiy;
Gosudar' Pskovskiy i Velikiy Knyaz' Smolenskiy,
Litovskiy, Volynskiy, Podol'skiy i Finlyandskiy;
Knyaz' Estlyandskiy, Liflyandskiy, Kurlyandskiy i
Semigal'skiy, Samogitskiy, Byelostokskiy, Koryel'skiy,
Tverskiy, Yugorskiy, Permskiy, Vyatskiy, Bolgarskiy i
inykh; Gosudar' i Velikiy Knyaz' Novagoroda Nizovskiya
zemli, Chernigorskiy, Ryazanskiy, Polotskiy,
Rostovskiy, Yaroslavskiy, Byelozerskiy, Udorskiy,
Obdorskiy, Kondiyskiy, Vitebskiy, Mstislavskiy i vseya
severnyya strany Povelitel'; i Gosudar' Iverskiya,
Kartalinskiya i Kabardinskiya zemli i oblasti
Armenskiya; Cherkasskikh i Gorskikh Knyazey i inykh
Naslednyy Gosudar' i Obladatel'; Gosudar'
Turkestanskiy; Naslednik Norvezhskiy, Gertsog
Shlesvig-Golstinskiy, Stormarnskiy, Ditmarsenskiy i
Oldenburgskiy i prochaya, i prochaya, i prochaya
("by the grace of God, N.N., All-Russian Emperor and
Autocrat of Moscow, Kiev, Vladimir, Novgorod; King of
Kazan, King of Astrakhan, King of the Polish, King of
Siberia, King of Taurian Chersonese, and King of
Georgia; Lord of Pskov; Grand Prince of Smolensk,
Lithuania, Volhynia, Podolia, and Finland; Prince of
Estonia, Livonia, Courland and Semigallia, Samogitia,
Byelostok [Bialystok], Karelia, Tver, Yougoria, Perm,
Vyatka, [Volga] Bulgaria, and of other lands; Lord and
Grand Prince of Novgorod of the Low Country, Chernigov,
Ryazan, Polotsk, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Byelozersk, Oudoria
[Udorskiy], Obdoria [Obdorskiy],
Kondia [Kondiyskiy], Vitebsk, Mstislav,
and Commander of all the Northern lands; Sovereign of
Imeretia, Kartli, Kabardian lands and the province of
Armenia; Lord of the Cherkasskiy and
Mountain Princes; Sovereign of Turkestan; Heir of
Norway; Duke of Schleswig-Holstein, Stormarn,
Ditmarschen and Oldenburg, et cetera, et cetera, et
cetera");
- The shortened style was:
Bozhiyeyu pospeshestvuyushcheyu milostiyu,
N.N., Imperator i
Samodyerzhets Vserossiyskiy, Tsar' Pol'skiy, Velikiy
Knyaz' Finlyandskiy, i prochaya, i prochaya, i
prochaya ("by the grace of God, N.N.,
All-Russian Emperor/Empress
and Autocrat, King of the
Polish, Grand Prince of Finland, et cetera, et cetera,
et cetera").
˛The colloquial use of the term "tsar" (or less often "czar") for the emperor is strictly incorrect. Since 2 Nov 1721 the correct style was Bozhiyeyu milostiyu, N.N., Imperator/Imperatritsa i Samodyerzhets/Samodyerzhitsa Vserossiyskiy/Vserossiyskaya ("By the Grace of God, N.N., Emperor/Empress and Autocrat of all Russia"); the term tsar was used in the full style for subsidiary (and partially imaginary) polities; in particular, it was used to mean "king" with regard to Poland.
łon
15 Mar 1917 Emperor Nikolay
II (s.a.) abdicated for himself, and
Tsarevich Aleksey Nikolayevich (b. 1904 - d. 1918), in
favor of his brother Grand Duke Mikhail Aleksandrovich
Romanov (b. 1878 - d. 1918), who was proclaimed Emperor
Mikhail II. In his manifesto on 17 Mar 1917 he
deferred to the will of the people and acknowledged
the Provisional Government, but neither abdicated
nor refused to accept the throne. On
13 Jun 1918, Mikhail
was murdered in Perm.
4During
the period 1722-1802 there were essentially two chief
state civil officers, the Chancellor having rank of the
first civil officer and dealing with foreign affairs,
and the Procurator-General ranking below and dealing
with justice and having general oversight of other
interior affairs. Several times during this period a
collective body resembling cabinet of ministers was
created (the Supreme Privy Council 1726-1730, Cabinet of
Ministers 1731-1741, Conference of Ministers 1756-1762,
Council at the Highest Court 1761-1801, Permanent
Council 1801-1802), but only twice (1731-1741,
1801-1802) there was a position of the chief minister.
Neither the chief minister, nor the chief state civil
officers were heads of government, the Emperor headed
the government.
Noble and Ecclesiastical Titles: Baron = Baron; Graf = Count; Knyaz'/Knyaginya = Prince/Princess; Patriarkh = Patriarch; Velikiy/Velikaya Knyaz'/Knyaginya/Knyazhna = Grand Prince/Princess; Tsarevna = Daughter of a Tsar; Tsaritsa = Wife of a Tsar.
Party abbreviations: GPr
= Gruppa Pravykh (Group of Right-wing,
parliamentary group, 1906-1917); KDP
= Konstitutsionno-Demokraticheskaya
Partiya (Constitutional Democratic Party, "Kadets",
Russian liberal, 12 Oct 1905-1920, banned by
Bolsheviks from 12 Dec 1917); Okt =
Soyuz 17 Oktyabrya (Union of October
17, "Octobrists", conservative, moderate
constitutionalist, Nov 1905-1918); PSR
= Partiya
Sotsialistov-Revolyutsionerov (Party
of Socialists-Revolutionaries,
"SRs", democratic socialist,
agrarian socialist, split Aug 1917
into Left [became PLSR] and Right
wings, 1902-1922);
RKP = Rossiyskaya
Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)(Russian
Communist Party [Bolsheviks], Marxist-Leninist
communist,
state party, former RSDRP-B,
8 Mar 1918 - 31 Dec 1925, renamed Vsesoyuznaya
Kommunisticheskaya Partiya
(Bol'shevikov)[All-Union
Communist Party (Bolsheviks)]);
RS = Russkoye Sobraniye (Russian Assembly,
monarchist, Russian nationalist, 1906-1917); RSDRP-B
= Rossiyskaya Sotsial-Demokraticheskaya
Rabochaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)(Russian
Social Democratic Workers' Party [Bolsheviks],
Russian revolutionary socialist, Marxist communist,
from 8 Nov 1917 state party, split
from RSDRP est.1898, 1 Jan 1912-8 Mar
1918, renamed RKP); RSDRP-M
= Rossiyskaya
Sotsial-Demokraticheskaya Rabochaya Partiya
(Men'shevikov)(Russian
Social Democratic Workers' Party [Mensheviks],
split from RSDRP-B, democratic socialist, Orthodox
Marxist, 1 Jan 1912-1922);
Mil = Military
1905-1906 Russian revolutionary "republics"
Note: On some occasions the Bolshevik-led rebels succeed in taking over several large cities, they were popularly referred to as the "republics." Rebel Soviets (Councils) of Workers' Deputies also attempted unsuccessful uprisings in Moscow, Rostov-na-Donu, and Perm in Dec 1905 - Jan 1906. Prominent Soviets were elected also in Ivanovo-Voznesensk (modern Ivanovo; the first Soviet, founded 28 May 1905) and Saint Petersburg (26 Oct 1905).
![[Russian
revolutionary "republics" red flag
1905-1906]](su-1917.gif "[Russian revolutionary
\"republics\" red flag 1905-1906]") Chita "republic" Chairman of the Soviet of Soldiers' and Cossacks' Deputies 5 Dec 1905 - 4 Feb 1906 Anton Antonovich Kostyushko- (b. 1876 - d. 1906) RSDRP Valyuzhanich Krasnoyarsk "republic" Chairman of the United Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies 22 Dec 1905 - 9 Jan 1906 Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Melnikov (b. 1880 - d.af.1917)RSDRP Novorossiysk "republic" Chairman of the Soviet of Workers' Deputies 25 Dec 1905 - 8 Jan 1906 Bernshteyn "Nikolayev" RSDRP Sochi "republic" Chairman of the Revolutionary Committee 10 Jan 1906 - 18 Jan 1906 Nikifor Prokofyevich Poyarkov (b. 1870 - d. 1922) RSDRP Party abbreviation: RSDRP = Rossiyskaya Sotsial-Demokraticheskaya Rabochaya Partiya (Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party, 1898 - 1912, in Jan 1912 [formally Aug 1917] split into RSDRP-B and RSDRP-M) |
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
![[Flag of USSR, 1923]](urss-0b.gif "[Flag of USSR, 1923]") |
![[Flag of USSR,
1923-1936]](ussr24.gif "[Flag of USSR, 1923-1936]")
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| Map
of the U.S.S.R |
Hear
National Anthem "Gosudarstvennyy Gimn Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik" (State Anthem of the Union of Socialist Republics) (no lyrics 7 Dec 1955 - 27 May 1977) Adopted 15 Mar 1944 |
Hear
Former Anthem "Internatsional" (The Internationale) (30 Dec 1922-15 Mar 1944) |
Constitution (7 Oct 1977), (5 Dec 1936), (7 Jul 1923) |
| Capital: Moscow (temporary: Kuybyshev 16 Oct 1941 - 31 Jul 1943) |
Currency: 1922-1991 Soviet Ruble (Rubl') (SUR) |
National Holiday (1928-1991): 7-8 Nov (1917) Godovshchina Velikoy Oktyabr'skoy Sotsialisticheskoy Revolyutsii (Anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution) (named Godovshchina Oktyabr'skoy Revolyutsii [Anniversary of the October Revolution] 1928-1965) --------------------------------- (1922-1928): 7 Nov (1917) Den' Proletarskoy Revolyutsii (Day of Proletarian Revolution) |
Population: 293,047,571 (1991) |
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Imports: $114.7 billion (1989) |
Uzbek 5.84%, Belorussian (Byelorussian) 3.51%, Kazakh 2.85%, Azeri 2.38%, Armenian 1.62%, Tajik 1.48%, Georgian 1.39%, Moldovan 1.17%, Lithuanian 1.07%, Turkmen 0.95%, Kirghiz 0.89%, Latvian 0.51%, Estonian 0.36%, other 9.75% |
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Declared Nuclear Power (1949): 28,595 weapons (1991) Merchant marine: 1,565 ships (1990) |
Muslim 10%, Protestant, Georgian Orthodox, Armenian Orthodox, and Roman Catholic 7%, Jewish less than 1% Note: State was officially atheist |
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| International
Organizations/Treaties: ANT
(consultative), BTWC, CCC, CFE
(signatory), Comecon, CSCE, DC, EBRD, ENMOD, ESCR,
GATT (observer), IAEA, IBEC, ICAO, ICFTU, IHO,
IIB, ILO, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interkosmos,
Interpol, Intersputnik, IOC, IPU, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NPT, NSG,
NTBT, OPNAL, OST, PCA, UIBPIP, UN, UNCLOS (signatory), UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNIDO, UNSC (permanent),
UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WP, WToO, ZC |
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30 Dec
1922
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union)
including
Russian S.F.S.R, Ukraine, Byelorussia, and Transcaucasia
(T.S.F.S.R.)
13 May
1925
Accession of Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.
5 Dec
1929
Accession of Tadzhikistan (formally 18 Mar 1931).
5 Dec
1936
Accession of Kazakhstan and Kirgiziya; T.S.F.S.R.
dissolved -
Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaidzhan become full union
republics.
31 Mar 1940 - 16 Jul
1956 Accession of Karelo-Finnish S.S.R.
2 Aug
1940
Accession of Moldavia
3 Aug
1940
Accession of Lithuania.
5 Aug
1940
Accession of Latvia.
6 Aug
1940
Accession of Estonia.
6 Sep
1991
Recognition of Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian
independence.
25 Dec
1991
President of U.S.S.R. announces resignation followed by
takeover
procedures ceding state power to authorities of Russian
Federation.
26 Dec
1991
Final dissolution of the U.S.S.R.; R.S.F.S.R.
independent
as Russia.
General Secretary of the Central Committee of the
Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
(from 31 Dec 1925, All-Union Communist Party
[Bolsheviks])
3 Apr 1922 - 13 Oct
1952 Iosif Vissarionovich
Stalin (b.
1878 - d. 1953)
(= Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili
[Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili])
(from 21 Dec 1929, personal style Vozhd [Leader])
General Secretaries of the Central Committee of the
Communist Party of the Soviet Union
13 Oct 1952 - 5 Mar 1953 Iosif
Vissarionovich
Stalin (s.s.)
5 Mar 1953 - 14 Mar 1953 Secretaries
- Georgiy Maksimilianovich Malenkov(b. 1902 - d. 1988)
(to 14 Mar 1953)(senior member)
-
Mikhail Andreyevich Suslov
(b. 1902 - d. 1982)
- Nikita
Sergeyevich Khrushchev (b. 1894 - d.
1971)
(Khrushchyov)
- Semyon Denisovich Ignatyev
(b. 1904 - d. 1983)
- Pyotr Nikolayevich
Pospelov (b. 1898 - d.
1979)
- Nikolay
Nikolayevich Shatalin (b. 1904 - d.
1984)
(acting)
First Secretaries of the Central Committee of
the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
14 Mar 1953 - 14 Oct 1964 Nikita Sergeyevich
Khrushchev (s.a.)
(Khrushchyov)(secretariat chairperson
to 7 Sep 1953)
14 Oct 1964 - 8 Apr 1966 Leonid
Ilyich
Brezhnev
(b. 1906 - d. 1982)
General Secretaries of the Central
Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
8 Apr 1966 - 10 Nov 1982 Leonid
Ilyich
Brezhnev
(s.a.)
12 Nov 1982 - 9 Feb 1984 Yuriy
Vladimirovich
Andropov (b. 1914 -
d. 1984)
9 Feb 1984 - 10 Mar
1985 Konstantin Ustinovich
Chernenko (b. 1911 - d. 1985)
11 Mar 1985 - 24 Aug 1991 Mikhail
Sergeyevich Gorbachev (b.
1931 - d. 2022)
(Gorbachyov)
24 Aug 1991 - 29 Aug 1991 Vladimir Antonovich
Ivashko (b. 1932 -
d. 1994)
(Volodymyr Antonovych Ivashko)
(acting)
("leading
role" of party abolished 13 Mar 1990)
Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee
(serving jointly)ą
30 Dec 1922 - 12 Jan 1938 Mikhail
Ivanovich
Kalinin
(b. 1875 - d. 1946)RKP;1925 VKP
(Russian RSFSR)
30 Dec 1922 - 12 Jan 1938 Grigoriy
Ivanovich Petrovskiy (b.
1878 - d. 1958) VKP
(Hryhoriy Ivanovych Petrovsʹkyy)
(Ukrainian SSR)
30 Dec 1922 - 16 Jun 1937 Aleksandr
Grigoryevich Chervyakov (b. 1892 - d.
1937) VKP
(Alyaksandr Ryhoravich Charvyakow)
(Byelorussian SSR)
30 Dec 1922 - 19 Mar 1925 Nariman
Kerbalay Nadzhaf-ogly (b.
1870 - d. 1925) VKP
Narimanov (Transcaucasian SFSR)
(Nariman Karbalayi Nacaf oğlu Narimanov)
21 May 1925 - Jun 1937
Gazanfar Makhmud-ogly Musabekov (b.
1888 - d. 1938) VKP
(Qazanfar Mahmud oğlu Musabayov)
(Transcaucasian SFSR)
21 May 1925 - 21 Jul 1937 Nedirbay
Aytakov (Turkmen SSR) (b. 1894 -
d. 1938) VKP
(Nadirbay Aytaç)
21 May 1925 - 17 Jun 1937 Fayzulla
Gubaydullayevich
(b. 1896 - d. 1938) VKP
Khodzhayev (Uzbek SSR)
(Fayzullo Ubaydulloyevich Xojayev)
18 Mar 1931 - 4 Jan 1934 Nusratullo
Makhsum (Lutfulayev) (b. 1881 - d.
1937) VKP
(Nusratullo Maxsum)(Tadzhik SSR)
4 Jan 1934 - Sep
1937 Abdullo Rakhimbayevich
Rakhimbayev (b. 1896 - d. 1938) VKP
(Abdullo Raximboyevich Raximboyev)
(Tadzhik SSR)
Chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
12 Jan 1938 - 17 Jan 1938 Andrey Andreyevich
Andreyev (b.
1895 - d. 1971) VKP
+ Nikolay Mikhaylovich Shvernik (b.
1888 - d. 1970) VKP
(acting)
17 Jan 1938 - 19 Mar 1946 Mikhail Ivanovich
Kalinin
(s.a.)
VKP
19 Mar 1946 - 15 Mar 1953 Nikolay Mikhaylovich
Shvernik
(s.a.)
VKP;1952 KPSS
15 Mar 1953 - 7 May 1960 Kliment Yefremovich
Voroshilov (b. 1881 - d.
1969) KPSS
(Klyment Okhrimovych Voroshylov)
7 May 1960 - 15 Jul 1964 Leonid Ilyich
Brezhnev (1st time)
(s.a.)
KPSS
15 Jul 1964 - 9 Dec 1965 Anastas Ivanovich
Mikoyan
(b. 1895 - d. 1978) KPSS
(Anastas Hovhannesi Mikoyan)
9 Dec 1965 - 16 Jun 1977 Nikolay Viktorovich
Podgornyy (b. 1903 - d.
1983) KPSS
(Mykola Viktorovych Pidhornyy)
16 Jun 1977 - 10 Nov 1982 Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev
(2nd time)
(s.a.)
KPSS
10 Nov 1982 - 16 Jun 1983 Vasiliy Vasilyevich
Kuznetsov (b. 1901 - d.
1990) KPSS
(1st time) (acting)
16 Jun 1983 - 9 Feb 1984 Yuriy Vladimirovich
Andropov
(s.a.)
KPSS
9 Feb 1984 - 11 Apr 1984 Vasiliy Vasilyevich
Kuznetsov
(s.a.)
KPSS
(2nd time) (acting)
11 Apr 1984 - 10 Mar 1985 Konstantin Ustinovich
Chernenko
(s.a.)
KPSS
10 Mar 1985 - 2 Jul 1985 Vasiliy Vasilyevich
Kuznetsov
(s.a.)
KPSS
(3rd time) (acting)
2 Jul 1985 - 1 Oct 1988 Andrey
Andreyevich
Gromyko
(b. 1909 - d. 1989) KPSS
(Andrey Andreyevich Hramyka)
1 Oct 1988 - 25 May 1989 Mikhail Sergeyevich
Gorbachev
(s.a.)
KPSS
Chairman of the Supreme Soviet
25 May 1989 - 15 Mar 1990 Mikhail Sergeyevich
Gorbachev
(s.a.)
KPSS
President
15 Mar 1990 - 25 Dec 1991 Mikhail Sergeyevich
Gorbachev
(s.a.)
KPSS;
(suspended by Yanayev 19-21 Aug
1991) 24 Aug 1991:
Non-party
19 Aug 1991 - 21 Aug 1991˛ Gennadiy Ivanovich
Yanayev
(b. 1937 - d. 2010) KPSS
(acting; in dissidence)
Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars
("Sovnarkom")
6 Jul 1923 - 21 Jan 1924
Vladimir Ilyich Ul'yanov (Lenin)
(b. 1870 - d. 1924) RKP
6 Jul 1923
- 2 Feb 1924 Lev
Borisovich
Kamenev
(b. 1883 - d. 1936) RKP
(Rozenfel'd)
+ Aleksey
Ivanovich
Rykov
(b. 1881 - d. 1938) RKP
+ Aleksandr
Dmitriyevich Tsyurupa (b.
1870 - d. 1928) RKP
+
Khristiyan
Georgiyevich Rakovskiy(b.
1873 - d. 1941) KPU-B
(Khrystyyan
Heorhiyovych Rakovs'kyy)
(to 15 Jul 1923)
+ Vlas Yakovlevich Chubar'
(b. 1891 - d. 1939) KPU-B
(Vlas Yakovych Chubar)
(from 15 Jul 1923)
+ Ivan
(Mamia) Dmitriyevich
(b. 1881 - d. 1937) KPS-B
Orakhelashvili
(Mamia Dimitris dze Orakhelashvili)
(acting [for Lenin to 21 Jan 1924])
2 Feb 1924 - 19 Dec 1930 Aleksey
Ivanovich
Rykov
(s.a.)
RKP;1925 VKP
19 Dec 1930 - 6 May 1941 Vyacheslav
Mikhaylovich Molotov (b. 1890 - d.
1986) VKP
(Skryabin)
6 May 1941 - 15 Mar 1946 Iosif
Vissarionovich
Stalin
(s.a.)
VKP
Chairmen of the Council of
Ministers
15 Mar 1946 - 5 Mar
1953 Iosif Vissarionovich
Stalin
(s.a.)
VKP;1952 KPSS
6 Mar 1953 - 8
Feb 1955 Georgiy Maksimilianovich Malenkov (s.a.)
KPSS
8 Feb 1955 - 27 Mar
1958 Nikolay Aleksandrovich
Bulganin (b. 1895 - d. 1975)
KPSS
27 Mar 1958 - 15 Oct
1964 Nikita Sergeyevich
Khrushchev
(s.a.)
KPSS
(Khrushchyov)
15 Oct 1964 - 23 Oct 1980 Aleksey Nikolayevich
Kosygin (b. 1904 -
d. 1980) KPSS
23 Oct 1980 - 27 Sep
1985 Nikolay Aleksandrovich
Tikhonov (b. 1905 - d. 1997)
KPSS
27 Sep 1985 - 14 Jan
1991 Nikolay Ivanovich
Ryzhkov
(b.
1929)
KPSS
Prime ministers
14 Jan 1991 - 22 Aug
1991 Valentin Sergeyevich
Pavlov (b.
1937 - d. 2003) KPSS
19 Aug 1991 - 28 Aug
1991 Vitaliy Khusseynovich Doguzhiyev
(b. 1935 - d. 2016) KPSS
(acting [to 22 Aug 1991 for Pavlov])
Chairman of the Committee on Operational Management of
the National Economy (from 20 Sep
1991, also Chairman of the
Inter-republican Economic Committee; from 14 Nov 1991,
Chairman
of the Interstate Economic
Committee - Prime Minister of the Economic Community)
28 Aug 1991 - 25 Dec
1991 Ivan Stepanovich
Silayev
(b. 1930 - d. 2023) Non-party
ąchairmen of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union was a collective body comprised by several chairmen, in principle one of each constituent soviet republic, although Kalinin (from Russian S.F.S.R.) was often viewed as the single chairman.
˛The State Council for the State of Emergency took the power on 19 August 1991, the failed coup and was disbanded two days after. The paramount Soviet leaders comprised it: Vice President Gennadiy Ivanovich Yanayev (s.a.); Prime minister Valentin Sergeyevich Pavlov (s.a.); KGB chairman Vladimir Aleksandrovich Kryuchkov (b. 1924 - d. 2007); Defense minister Dmitriy Timofeyevich Yazov (b. 1924 - d. 2020); Interior minister Boris Karlovich Pugo (b. 1937 - d. 1991); First deputy chairman of the Defense Council Oleg Dmitriyevich Baklanov (b. 1932 - d. 2021); chairman of the Peasants' Union Vasiliy Alexandrovich Starodubtsev (b. 1931 - d. 2011); and chairman of the Association of State Enterprises Aleksandr Ivanovich Tizyakov (b. 1926 - d. 2019).
Territorial Disputes (1945-1991): Bilateral negotiations are under way to resolve disputed sections of the boundary with China; U.S. Government has not recognized the incorporation of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania into the Soviet Union; Etorofu, Kunashiri, and Shikotan Islands and the Habomai island group occupied by Soviet Union since 1945, claimed by Japan; maritime dispute with Norway over portion of Barents Sea; has made no territorial claim in Antarctica (but has reserved the right to do so) and does not recognize the claims of any other nation; Kurdish question among Iran, Iraq, Syria, Turkey, and the U.S.S.R.
Party abbreviations: KPSS =
Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Sovetskogo Soyuza
(Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Marxist-Leninist
communist, USSR state party to
13 Mar 1990, former VKP, 13
Oct 1952 - 29 Aug 1991);
- Former parties: KPU-B
= Komunistychna
Partiya (Bil'shovykiv) Ukrayiny/Kommunisticheskaya
Partiya (Bol'shevikov)
Ukrainy (Communist Party [Bolsheviks]
of Ukraine, communist, separated 1
Mar 1919 from RKP, 12 Jul 1918-13
Oct 1952, renamed Komunistychna
Partiya Ukrayiny/ Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Ukrainy
[Communist Party of Ukraine]);
RKP = Rossiyskaya
Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)(Russian
Communist Party [Bolsheviks], Marxist-Leninist
communist,
state party, former
RSDRP-B, 8 Mar 1918-31 Dec 1925, renamed VKP); KPS-B
= Komunisturi Partiis
(Bolshevikebis) Sak'art'velos/Kommunisticheskaya Partiya
(Bol'shevikov)
Gruzii (Communist Party
[Bolsheviks] of Georgia,
communist, May 1920-13 Oct 1952,
renamed Communist Party of Georgia);
VKP
= Vsesoyuznaya Kommunisticheskaya Partiya
(Bol'shevikov)(All-Union
Communist Party [Bolsheviks], Marxist-Leninist
communist,
USSR state party, former RKP, 31 Dec 1925-13
Oct 1952, renamed KPSS)
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
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![[Flag of Russian
SFSR 1937-1954]](su-ru37.gif "[Flag of Russian SFSR
1937-1954]")
![[Flag of Russian
SFSR, 1954-1991]](su-ru.gif "[Flag of Russian
SFSR, 1954-1991]")
| Map
of Russian S.F.S.R. 1918-1921 |
Hear
Provisional Anthems "Internatsional" (The Internationale) (23 Jan 1918-30 Dec 1922) |
Hear Local Anthem (None; de facto 1922-1990 same as Soviet Union) |
Constitution (10 Jul 1918) (11 May 1925, 21 Jan 1937, 12 Apr 1978) |
| Capital: Moscow (Petrograd to 12 Mar 1918) |
Currency: Russian
Ruble (RUFS) (to 1923) |
National Holiday: Dec 1918-1922: 7 Nov (1917) Den' Proletarskoy Revolyutsii (Day of Proletarian Revolution) ---------------------------------- Nov 1917 - Dec 1918: 12 Mar (27 Feb) (1917) Sverzheniye Samoderzhaviya (Overthrow of Autocracy) |
Population: 137,551,000 (1980) 100,001,000 (1923) |
| GNP: 6.4 billion Rubles (1922, in prices
of 1913; all Soviet Republics, share of RSFSR 66%) Exports: 75 million Rubles (1922, all Soviet Republics) Imports: 262 million Rubles (1922, all Soviet Republics) |
Red Army (1922) Merchant marine: 270 steamers, 830 sailing ships (1921, all Soviet Republics) |
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| International
Organizations/Treaties 1917-1922: CED,
ICRM, IOC, IMO, IPU, ITU, PCA, UIBPIP, UPU |
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| R.S.F.S.R. Admin. Divisions |
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8 Nov
1917
Russian Soviet Republic (polity
style not formally adopted).
8 Nov 1917 - 25 Oct 1922 Russian
civil war.
31 Jan
1918
Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
30 Dec
1922
Part of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union).
5 Dec
1936
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
Jul 1941 – Jul 1944 German occupation of
the western parts of the Russian S.F.S.R.
12 Jun 1990
Declaration of state sovereignty adopted.
12 Dec
1991
Russian S.F.S.R. Supreme Council passes a resoltuion
denouncing the Union Treaty of 1922.
26 Dec
1991
U.S.S.R. dissolved, Russian S.F.S.R. independent as Russia.
Bureau of the Central Committee of
the Russian Social Democratic Workers'
Party (Bolsheviks)(from 8 Mar 1918, Russian Communist
Party [Bolsheviks])
9 Nov 1917 - 25 Mar 1919 Vladimir
Ilyich Ul'yanov (Lenin) (b. 1870 -
d. 1924)
+ Yakov Mikhaylovich Sverdlov
(b. 1885 - d. 1919)
(to 16 Mar 1919)
+ Lev Davidovich Trotskiy
(b. 1879 - d. 1940)
(Bronshteyn)
+ Iosif Vissarionovich
Stalin (b. 1878 - d. 1953)
(= Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili
[Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili])
+ Grigoriy Yakovlevich Sokolnikov
(b. 1888 - d. 1939)
(= Hirsh Yankelevich Brilliant)
(8 Mar - 29 Jul 1918, 11-18 Mar 1919)
+ Yelena Dmitriyevna Stasova (f) (b. 1873 -
d. 1966)
(from 8 Mar 1918)
Political Bureau of the
Central Committee of the
Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
25 Mar 1919 - 3 Apr
1922 Vladimir Ilyich
Ul'yanov (Lenin) (s.a.)
+ Lev
Davidovich Trotskiy
(s.a.)
+ Lev Borisovich
Kamenev
(b. 1883 - d. 1936)
(Rozenfel'd)
+ Nikolay Nikolayevich Krestinskiy (b. 1883 - d. 1938)
(to 16 Mar 1921)
+ Iosif Vissarionovich
Stalin (s.a.)
+ Nikolay Ivanovich
Bukharin (b. 1888 - d.
1938)
+ Grigoriy Yevseyevich Zinovyev (b.
1883 - d. 1936)
(=
Hersh Aronovich Radomysl'skiy)
+ Mikhail
Ivanovich
Kalinin (b.
1875 - d. 1946)
+ Yelena Dmitriyevna Stasova (f) (s.a.)
(Jul - 26 Sep 1919)
+
Vyacheslav Mikhaylovich Molotov (b. 1890 - d.
1966)
(Skryabin)(from 16 Mar 1921)
3 Apr 1922 - 19 Jun 1990 part of the
Communist Party of the
Soviet
Union (and predecessors)
Chairman of the Bureau of the Central Committee of the
All-Union Communist
Party (Bolsheviks) for Affairs of the Russian S.F.S.R.
19 Jul 1936 - Apr? 1937 Nikolay
Ivanovich Yezhov
(b. 1895 - d. 1940)
Apr? 1937
Post abolished
Chairmen of the Bureau of the Central
Committee of the Communist Party of the
Soviet Union for the Russian S.F.S.R.
27 Feb 1956 - 16 Nov 1964 Nikita Sergeyevich
Khrushchev (b. 1894 - d. 1971)
(Khrushchyov)
16 Nov 1964 - 8 Apr 1966 Leonid Ilyich
Brezhnev
(b. 1906 - d. 1982)
8 Apr
1966
Post abolished
Chairman of the Russian Bureau of the Central
Committee of the Communist Party
of the Soviet Union
9 Dec 1989 - 19 Jun 1990 Mikhail Sergeyevich
Gorbachev (b. 1931 - d.
2022)
(Gorbachyov)
First Secretaries of the Central Committee of the
Communist Party of the Russian S.F.S.R.
22 Jun 1990 - 6 Aug 1991 Ivan Kuz'mich
Polozkov
(b. 1935) KPR
6 Aug 1991 - 25 Aug 1991 Valentin
Aleksandrovich Kuptsov (b. 1937)
KPR
(activities of the party suspended 23 Aug 1991)
Chairman of the Military-Revolutionary Committee of
the Petrograd
Soviet of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies
7 Nov 1917 - 8 Nov 1917 Pavel
Yevgenyevich
Lazimir
(b. 1891 - d. 1920) PLSR
7 Nov 1917 - 8 Nov
1917 Nikolay Ilyich Podvoyskiy
(b. 1880 - d. 1948)
RSDRP-B
(acting for Lazimir)
Chairman of the Congress of Soviets of Workers 'and
Soldiers' Deputies
8 Nov 1917 - 9 Nov 1917
Lev Borisovich
Kamenev
(s.a.)
RSDRP-B
(Rozenfel'd)
Chairmen of the All-Russian Central
Executive Committee
9 Nov 1917 - 21 Nov 1917 Lev
Borisovich
Kamenev
(s.a.)
RSDRP-B/RKP
21 Nov 1917 - 16 Mar 1919 Yakov Mikhaylovich
Sverdlov
(s.a.)
RKP
16 Mar 1919 - 30 Mar 1919 Mikhail Fyodorovich
Vladimirskiy (b. 1874 - d.
1951) RKP
(acting)
30 Mar 1919 - 15 Jul 1938 Mikhail
Ivanovich
Kalinin
(s.a.)
RKP;1925 VKP
Chairman of the Supreme Soviet
15 Jul 1938 - 19 Jul 1938 Andrey
Aleksandrovich Zhdanov (b.
1896 - d. 1948) VKP
Chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
19 Jul 1938 - 4 Mar 1944 Aleksey
Yegorovich
Badayev
(b. 1883 - d. 1951) VKP
9 Apr 1943 - 4 Mar 1944 Ivan
Alekseyevich
Vlasov
(b. 1903 - d. 1969) VKP
(acting for Badayev)
4 Mar 1944 - 25 Jun 1946 Nikolay
Mikhaylovich Shvernik (b.
1888 - d. 1970) VKP
25 Jun 1946 - 7 Jul 1950 Ivan
Alekseyevich
Vlasov
(s.a.)
VKP
7 Jul 1950 - 16 Apr 1959 Mikhail
Petrovich
Tarasov
(b. 1899 - d. 1970)VKP;1952 KPSS
16 Apr 1959 - 26 Nov 1959 Nikolay
Grigoryevich Ignatov
(b. 1901 - d. 1966) KPSS
(1st time)
26 Nov 1959 - 20 Dec 1962 Nikolay
Nikolayevich Organov
(b. 1901 - d. 1982) KPSS
20 Dec 1962 - 14 Nov 1966 Nikolay
Grigoryevich Ignatov
(s.a.)
KPSS
(2nd time)
14 Nov 1966 - 23 Dec 1966 Timofey
Arkadyevich Akhazov (b. 1907
- d. 1979) KPSS
+ Pyotr
Petrovich
Sysoyev
(b. 1912 - d. 1986) KPSS
(acting)
23 Dec 1966 - 26 Mar 1985 Mikhail Alekseyevich
Yasnov (b.
1906 - d. 1991) KPSS
26 Mar 1985 - 3 Oct 1988 Vladimir
Pavlovich
Orlov
(b. 1921 - d. 1999) KPSS
3 Oct 1988 - 29 May 1990 Vitaliy
Ivanovich Vorotnikov
(b. 1926 - d. 2012) KPSS
Chairman of the Supreme Soviet
29 May 1990 - 10 Jul 1991 Boris Nikolayevich
Yeltsin
(b. 1931 - d. 2007) KPSS:12 Jul
1990 Non-party
Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars ("Sovnarkom")
9 Nov 1917 - 21 Jan 1924
Vladimir Ilyich Ul'yanov (Lenin) (s.a.)
RSDRP-B/RKP
23 May 1922 - 2 Oct 1922 Aleksey
Ivanovich
Rykov
(b. 1881 - d. 1938) RKP
+ Aleksandr Dmitriyevich
Tsyurupa (b. 1870 - d. 1928) RKP
+ Lev Borisovich
Kamenev
(s.a.)
RKP
(from 14 Sep 1922)
(acting for Lenin)
13 Dec 1922 - 2 Feb 1924 Aleksey
Ivanovich
Rykov
(s.a.)
RKP
+ Aleksandr Dmitriyevich
Tsyurupa (s.a.)
RKP
+ Lev Borisovich
Kamenev
(s.a.)
RKP
(acting
[for Lenin to 21 Jan 1924])
2 Feb 1924 - 18 May 1929 Aleksey Ivanovich
Rykov
(s.a.)
RKP;1925 VKP
18 May 1929 - 3 Nov 1930 Sergey
Ivanovich
Syrtsov
(b. 1893 - d. 1937) VKP
3 Nov 1930 - 22 Jul 1937 Daniil
Yegorovich
Sulimov
(b. 1890 - d. 1937) VKP
22 Jul 1937 - 17 Sep 1938 Nikolay
Aleksandrovich Bulganin (b. 1895 - d.
1975) VKP
17 Sep 1938 - 2 Jun 1940 Vasiliy
Vasilyevich Vakhrushev
(b. 1902 - d. 1947) VKP
(acting to 29 Jul 1939)
2 Jun 1940 - 23 Jun 1943 Ivan
Sergeyevich
Khokhlov
(b. 1895 - d. 1973) VKP
5 May 1942 - 2 May 1943
Konstantin Dmitriyevich Pamfilov (b. 1901 -
d. 1943) VKP
(acting for Khokhlov)
2
May 1943 - 23 Jun 1943
Aleksey Nikolayevich
Sukhov
(b. 1903
- d. 1974) VKP
(acting for Khokhlov)
23 Jun 1943 - 23 Mar 1946 Aleksey
Nikolayevich Kosygin
(b. 1904 - d. 1980) VKP
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers (prime
ministers)
23 Mar
1946
Aleksey Nikolayevich
Kosygin
(s.a.)
VKP
23 Mar 1946 - 9 Mar 1949 Mikhail
Nikolayevich Rodionov (b.
1907 - d. 1950) VKP
9 Mar 1949 - 20 Oct 1952 Boris
Nikolayevich Chernousov
(b. 1908 - d. 1978) VKP
20 Oct 1952 - 24 Jan 1956 Aleksandr
Mikhaylovich Puzanov (b. 1906 -
d. 1998) KPSS
24 Jan 1956 - 19 Dec 1957 Mikhail
Alekseyevich
Yasnov
(s.a.)
KPSS
19 Dec 1957 - 31 Mar 1958 Frol Romanovich
Kozlov
(b. 1908 - d. 1965) KPSS
31 Mar 1958 - 23 Nov 1962 Dmitriy
Stepanovich Polyanskiy
(b. 1917 - d. 2001) KPSS
23 Nov 1962 - 23 Jul 1971 Gennadiy
Ivanovich
Voronov
(b. 1910 - d. 1994) KPSS
23 Jul 1971 - 28 Jul 1971 Aleksey
Mikhaylovich Shkol'nikov (b. 1914 - d.
2003) KPSS
+ Nikolay Fyodorovich Vasilyev
(b. 1916 - d. 2011) KPSS
(acting)
28 Jul 1971 - 24 Jun 1983 Mikhail
Sergeyevich Solomentsev (b. 1913 - d.
2008) KPSS
24 Jun 1983 - 3 Oct 1988 Vitaliy
Ivanovich Vorotnikov
(s.a.)
KPSS
3 Oct 1988 - 15 Jun 1990 Aleksandr
Vladimirovich Vlasov (b. 1932 -
d. 2002) KPSS
15 Jun 1990 - 26 Sep 1991 Ivan
Stepanovich
Silayev
(b. 1930 - d. 2023) Non-party
26 Sep 1991 - 6 Nov 1991 Oleg Ivanovich
Lobov (acting) (b. 1937 -
d. 2018) Non-party
Party abbreviation: KPSS = Kommunisticheskaya
Partiya Sovetskogo Soyuza (Communist Party of the Soviet
Union, Marxist-Leninist communist,
USSR state party to 13 Mar 1990, former
VKP, 13 Oct 1952 -
29 Aug 1991); KPR = Kommunisticheskaya
Partiya Rossiyskoy SFSR (Communist Party of the Russian
S.F.S.R., created within KPSS, 19 Jun 1990 - 6 Nov 1991;
from 14 Feb 1993 Kommunisticheskaya
Partiya Rossiyskoy Federatsii);
- Former parties: PLSR = Partiya Levykh
Sotsialistov-Revolyutsionerov (Party of Left
Socialist-Revolutionaries, democratic socialist, Aug
1917–1923, split from PSR, allied with RSDRP-B/RKP);
RKP = Rossiyskaya
Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)(Russian
Communist Party [Bolsheviks], Marxist-Leninist
communist,
state party, former
RSDRP-B, 8 Mar 1918-31 Dec 1925, renamed VKP); RSDRP-B
= Rossiyskaya
Sotsial-Demokraticheskaya Rabochaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)(Russian
Social Democratic Workers' Party [Bolsheviks], Marxist
communist,
from
8 Nov 1917 state
party, 1 Jan 1912-8
Mar 1918, renamed RKP); VKP
= Vsesoyuznaya Kommunisticheskaya Partiya
(Bol'shevikov)(All-Union
Communist Party [Bolsheviks], Marxist-Leninist
communist,
USSR state party, former RKP, 31 Dec 1925-13
Oct 1952, renamed KPSS)
Republics of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Note: Although the U.S.S.R. was "Soviet Socialist" from its founding, all the republics began as "Socialist Soviet" and did not change to the other order until various dates in 1937. In addition, in the national languages of several republics the word "Council/Conciliar" in the respective language was only quite late changed to an adaptation of the Russian "Soviet" - and never in others, e.g., Ukraine.
For the individual Soviet Socialist Republics of the
Soviet Union see individual listings:
Russian Federation
|
|
12 Dec 1991 Russian S.F.S.R. Supreme Council passes a resolution denouncing
the Union Treaty of 1922.
26 Dec 1991 Russian S.F.S.R. independent as Russia Federation (Russia)
(style not endorsed constitutionally until 21 Apr 1992).
Presidents
10 Jul 1991 - 31 Dec 1999 Boris
Nikolayevich
Yeltsin
(b. 1931 - d. 2007) Non-party
21 Sep 1993 - 4 Oct 1993 Aleksandr
Vladimirovich Rutskoy (b. 1947)
Non-party
(acting; in dissidence)
5 Nov 1996 - 6
Nov 1996 Viktor Stepanovich Chernomyrdin
(b. 1938 - d. 2010) NDR
(acting for Yeltsin)
31 Dec 1999 - 7 May 2008 Vladimir
Vladimirovich Putin
(b. 1952)
Non-party;
(1st time)(acting to 7 May 2000)
2008: YR
7 May 2008 - 7 May 2012
Dmitriy Anatolyevich
Medvedev (b. 1965)
YR
7 May 2012 -
Vladimir Vladimirovich
Putin (s.a.)
YR
(2nd time)
Prime ministers (chairman
of the government 6 Nov 1991 - 14 Dec 1992 and
from 23 Dec 1993, chairman of the council of
ministers 14 Dec 1992 - 23 Dec 1993)
26 Sep 1991 - 6 Nov 1991 Oleg
Ivanovich Lobov (acting)
(b. 1937 - d. 2018) Non-party
(deputy chairman of council of ministers)
6 Nov 1991 - 14 Apr 1992 Gennadiy
Eduardovich Burbulis (b. 1945 - d.
2022) Non-party
(first deputy chairman of the government)
(acting)
14 Apr 1992 - 14 Dec 1992 Yegor
Timurovich Gaydar (Gaidar) (b. 1956 - d.
2009) Non-party
(first deputy chairman of the government to
15 Jun
1992, then acting chairman of government)
(acting)
14 Dec 1992 - 23 Mar 1998 Viktor Stepanovich Chernomyrdin
(s.a.)
NDR
(1st time)
23 Mar
1998
Boris Nikolayevich
Yeltsin
(s.a.)
Non-party
(acting)
23 Mar 1998 - 23 Aug 1998 Sergey Vladilenovich Kiriyenko
(b.
1962)
Non-party
(acting to 24 Apr 1998)
23 Aug 1998 - 11 Sep 1998 Viktor
Stepanovich Chernomyrdin
(s.a.)
NDR
(2nd time) (acting)
11 Sep 1998 - 12 May 1999 Yevgeniy
Maksimovich Primakov (b.
1929 - d. 2015) Non-party
12 May 1999 - 9 Aug 1999 Sergey Vadimovich
Stepashin (b.
1952)
Non-party
(acting to 19 May 1999)
9 Aug 1999 - 7
May 2000 Vladimir Vladimirovich
Putin
(s.a.)
Non-party
(1st time)(acting to 16 Aug 1999)
7 May 2000 - 24 Feb
2004 Mikhail Mikhaylovich
Kasyanov (b.
1957)
Non-party
(acting to 17 May 2000)
24 Feb 2004 - 5 Mar 2004 Viktor
Borisovich
Khristenko (b.
1957)
Non-party
(acting)
5 Mar 2004 - 14
Sep 2007 Mikhail Yefimovich
Fradkov
(b.
1950)
Non-party
(acting 7-12 May 2004 and from 12 Sep 2007)
14 Sep 2007 - 8 May 2008 Viktor
Alekseyevich Zubkov
(b. 1941)
Non-party
(1st time)(acting from 7 May 2008)
8 May 2008 - 7 May 2012 Vladimir
Vladimirovich Putin
(s.a.)
YR
(2nd time)
7 May 2012 - 8 May 2012
Viktor Alekseyevich Zubkov
(s.a.)
Non-party
(2nd time) (acting)
8 May 2012 - 16 Jan 2020
Dmitriy Anatolyevich
Medvedev (s.a.)
YR
(acting 7-8 May 2018)
16 Jan 2020 -
Mikhail Vladimirovich Mishustin
(b.
1966)
Non-party
30 Apr 2020 - 19 May 2020 Andrey Removich
Belousov
(b.
1959)
Non-party
(acting for Mishustin)
Territorial Disputes: Russia remains concerned about the smuggling of poppy derivatives from Afghanistan through Central Asian countries; China and Russia have demarcated the once disputed islands at the Amur and Ussuri confluence and in the Argun River in accordance with the 2004 Agreement, ending their centuries-long border disputes; the sovereignty dispute over the islands of Etorofu, Kunashiri, Shikotan, and the Habomai group, known in Japan as the "Northern Territories" and in Russia as the "Southern Kurils," occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now administered by Russia, and claimed by Japan, remains the primary sticking point to signing a peace treaty formally ending World War II hostilities; Russia's military support and subsequent recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia independence in 2008 continue to sour relations with Georgia; Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Russia ratified Caspian seabed delimitation treaties based on equidistance, while Iran continues to insist on a one-fifth slice of the sea; Norway and Russia signed a comprehensive maritime boundary agreement in 2010; various groups in Finland advocate restoration of Karelia (Kareliya) and other areas ceded to the Soviet Union following World War II but the Finnish Government asserts no territorial demands; Russia and Estonia signed a technical border agreement in May 2005, but Russia recalled its signature in Jun 2005 after the Estonian parliament added to its domestic ratification act a historical preamble referencing the Soviet occupation and Estonia's pre-war borders under the 1920 Treaty of Tartu; Russia contends that the preamble allows Estonia to make territorial claims on Russia in the future, while Estonian officials deny that the preamble has any legal impact on the treaty text; Russia demands better treatment of the Russian-speaking population in Estonia and Latvia; Russia remains involved in the conflict in eastern Ukraine while also occupying Ukraine's territory of Crimea; Lithuania and Russia committed to demarcating their boundary in 2006 in accordance with the land and maritime treaty ratified by Russia in May 2003 and by Lithuania in 1999; Lithuania operates a simplified transit regime for Russian nationals traveling from the Kaliningrad coastal exclave into Russia, while still conforming, as an EU member state with an EU external border, where strict Schengen border rules apply; preparations for the demarcation delimitation of land boundary with Ukraine have commenced; the dispute over the boundary between Russia and Ukraine through the Kerch Strait and Sea of Azov is suspended due to the occupation of Crimea by Russia; Kazakhstan and Russia boundary delimitation was ratified on Nov 2005 and field demarcation should commence in 2007; Russian Duma has not yet ratified 1990 Bering Sea Maritime Boundary Agreement with the U.S.; Denmark (Greenland) and Norway have made submissions to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental shelf (CLCS) and Russia is collecting additional data to augment its 2001 CLCS submission; Ukraine, U.S. and most other nations do not recognize Russia's 21 Mar 2014 annexation of Ukraine's Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the municipality of Sevastopol, nor their re-designation as the Republic of Crimea and the Federal City of Sevastopol.
Party abbreviations: YR
= Yedinaya Rossiya (United Russia, Russian nationalist,
conservative, V. Putin personalist, government party, Eurosceptic,
est.1 Dec 2001);
- Former
parties: NDR
= Vserossiyskoye Obshchestvenno-Politicheskoye
Dvizheniye "Nash Dom - Rossiya" (All-Russian
Political Movement "Our Home - Russia",
centrist, government party, 12 May 1995-12 May 2006)
German Occupation in the Soviet Union
![[German (Third) Reich War
flag used in occupied Russia 1941-1944]](de1935-w.gif "[German (Third) Reich War
flag used in occupied Russia 1941-1944]")
22 Jun 1941
German invasion of the
Soviet Union begins, by Army Group North,
Army Group Centre and Army Group South (on 5 Jul 1941,
the rear
area commanders assume "political and administrative"
authority
in the rear of army groups).
25 Jul 1941
Militarily administered area
("Operation Area East") begins to
diminish as civil administrators (Reichskommissare)
of Ostland
(see under Latvia)
and (from 1 Sep 1941) of Ukraine (see under
Ukraine)
assume authority in parts of the former military area.
Nov 1942
Maximum extent of German
advance (Novgorod, Demyansk, Rzhev,
Smolensk,
Orel, Voronezh, Stalingrad, Novorossik,
Maikop,
Elista, and Nal'chik are all occupied and with
Leningrad under
siege).
Oct 1943/Mar
1944
Rear areas of the army groups cease to exist in course
of the
Soviet counter attack.
Jan/Jul
1944
Germans lose last military administered
areas (Army Group South:
Kirovograd 8 Jan 1944;
Army Group A [31 Mar 1944 renamed South
Ukraine]: Sevastopol' 9 May 1944; Army Group Middle:
Mogilev
28 Jun 1944; Army Group North: Pskov 23
Jul 1944).
14 Nov 1944 – 12 May 1945 Committee
for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia founded in
Prague
by Andrey Andreyevich Vlasov (b. 1901 - d. 1946)
commander
of the
anti-Communist Russian Liberation Army. Its first seat
is in Berlin, later in Karlsbad (Karlovy Vary).
Commanders-in-chief of Army Group North (Heeresgruppe
Nord)
(first in the Baltic States, then in north-eastern
part of Russian S.F.S.R.)
22 Jun 1941 – 16 Jan 1942 Wilhelm Ritter von
Leeb
(b. 1876 - d. 1956)
17 Jan 1942 – 29 Jan 1944 Georg von Küchler
(b. 1881 - d. 1968)
31 Jan 1944 – 30 Mar 1944 Walter Model
(b. 1891 - d. 1945)
31 Mar 1944 – 3 Jul 1944 Georg Lindemann
(b. 1884 - d. 1963)
4 Jul 1944 – 23 Jul 1944 Johannes
Friessner
(b. 1892 - d. 1971)
Commanders of (to 15 Mar 1942, Rear) Army Area
North (Heeresgebiet Nord)
5 Jul 1941 – 31 Mar 1943 Franz von Roques
(b. 1877 - d. 1967)
1 Apr 1943 – 26 Mar 1944 Kuno-Hans von
Both
(b. 1884 - d. 1955)
26 Mar 1944
Post
abolished
Commanders-in-chief of Army Group Centre (Heeresgruppe
Mitte)
(first in Belarus, then in western part of Russian
S.F.S.R. and eastern part of Belarus)
22 Jun 1941 – 18 Dec 1941 Fedor von
Bock
(b. 1880 - d. 1945)
19 Dec 1941 – 12 Oct 1943 Günther von Kluge
(b. 1882 - d. 1944)
12 Oct 1943 – 27 Jun 1944 Ernst
Busch
(b. 1885 - d. 1945)
Commanders of (to 15 Mar 1942, Rear) Army Area
Centre (Heeresgebiet Mitte)
5 Jul 1941 – 6 Jul 1943 Max von
Schenckendorff
(b. 1875 - d. 1943)
22 Jul 1943 – 30 Sep 1943 Ludwig Kübler
(b. 1889 - d. 1947)
1 Oct 1943 – 21 Oct 1943 Edwin Graf von
Rothkirch und Trach (b. 1888 – d. 1980)
21 Oct 1943
Post abolished
Commanders-in-chief of Army Group South
(Heeresgruppe Sud)
( 9
Jul 1942 - 12 Feb 1943, renamed
Army
Group B [Heeresgruppe
B])
(first in Ukraine, then in north-eastern part of
Ukraine and Upper Don River area
of Russian S.F.S.R., finally in northern part of
Ukraine)
22 Jun 1941 – 1 Dec 1941 Gerd von
Rundstedt
(b. 1875 - d. 1953)
1 Dec 1941 – 15 Jan 1942 Walter von
Reichenau
(b. 1884 - d. 1942)
18 Jan 1942 – 15 Jul 1942 Fedor von
Bock
(s.a.)
15 Jul 1942 – 9 Feb 1943 Maximilian
Freiherr von Weichs (b. 1881 -
d. 1954)
12 Feb 1943 – 31 Mar 1944 Erich von
Manstein
(b. 1887 - d. 1973)
Commanders of (to 15 Mar 1942, Rear) Army Area
South (Heeresgebiet Sud)
(9 Jul 1942 – 14 Feb 1943, renamed B [Heeresgebiet
B])
5 Jul 1941 – 27 Oct 1941 Karl von Roques
(1st
time)
(b. 1880 - d. 1949)
27 Oct 1941 – 10 Jan 1942 Erich Friderici (1st
time) (b. 1885 - d. 1964)
10 Jan 1942 – 9 Jul 1942 Karl von Roques
(2nd
time)
(s.a.)
9 Jul 1942 – 14 Feb 1943 Erich Friderici
(2nd time) (s.a.)
14 Feb 1943 – 1 Oct 1943 Joachim
Witthöft
(b. 1887 - d. 1966)
1 Oct 1943
Post abolished
Commanders-in-chief of Army Group A (Heeresgruppe
A)(split from Army Group South)
(first in south-eastern part of Ukraine and Crimea,
then in North Caucasus
area of Russian S.F.S.R. and Crimea, finally in
southern part of Ukraine and Crimea)
10 Jul 1942 – 10 Sep 1942 Wilhelm List
(b. 1880 - d. 1971)
10 Sep 1942 – 22 Nov 1942 Adolf Hitler
(nominally)
(b. 1889 - d. 1945)
10 Sep 1942 – 22 Nov 1942 Hans von
Greiffenberg
(b. 1893 - d. 1951)
(chief of general staff of the army group)
(de facto acting for Hitler)
22 Nov 1942 – 30 Mar 1944 Ewald von
Kleist
(b. 1881 - d. 1954)
Commanders of Army Area A (Heeresgebiet A)
13 Jul 1942 – 20 Jul 1942 Friedrich-Wilhelm von
Rothkirch (b. 1884 - d. 1953)
und Panthen
20 Jul 1942 – 31 Dec 1942 Karl von
Roques
(s.a.)
1 Jan 1943 – 17 Sep 1943 Otto Hartmann
(b. 1884 - d. 1952)
17 Sep 1943 – 8 Dec 1943 Helge
Auleb
(b. 1887 - d. 1964)
8 Dec
1943
Post abolished
Commander-in-chief of Army Group Don (Heeresgruppe
Don)(split from Army Group
A)
(in Lower Don River area of Russian S.F.S.R. and
south-eastern part of Ukraine)
21 Nov 1942 – 12 Feb 1943 Erich von
Manstein
(s.a.)
Commanders of Army Area Don (Heeresgebiet Don)
21 Nov 1942 – 31 Dec 1942 Friedrich Mieth (1st
time) (b. 1888 - d. 1944)
31 Dec 1942 – 12 Jan 1943 Karl Spang
(b. 1886 - d. 1979)
13 Jan 1943 – 12 Feb 1943 Friedrich Mieth (2nd
time) (s.a.)
Far Eastern Republic
|
![[Far Eastern
Republic 1920-1922 (Russia)]](su-fe20.gif "[Far
Eastern Republic 1920-1922 (Russia)]")
| Map
of Far Eastern Republic |
Hear
National Anthem "Internatsional" (The Internationale) |
Text of National Anthem (1920-1922) (de facto) |
Basic Law (Constitution) (27 Apr 1921-15 Nov 1922) |
| Capital: Chita (Verkhneudinsk [Ulan-Ude] 7 Mar - 22 Oct 1920) |
Currency: 1920-1922 Far Eastern Republic Ruble (Rubl')(DBRR) |
National Holiday: 12 Feb (1921) Sozyv Uchreditel'nogo Sobraniya (Convocation of the Constituent Assembly) |
Population: 1,853,000 (1920 est.) |
| GDP:
N/A |
Exports:
10 million Russian Rubles (1921/22 est.) (excluding trade with RSFSR) Imports: 32 million Russian Rubles (1921/22 est.) (excluding trade with RSFSR) |
Ethnic groups: Russian 65%,
Ukrainian 19%, Buryat 6%, Korean 4%, Chinese 3%, other 3% (1920 est.) |
|
|
(People's Revolutionary Army) Merchant marine: 50 ships (1917 est.) |
Religions: Russian Orthodox
(incl. Old Believers) 70%, other Christian 3%, Buddhist 21%, traditional beliefs (Shamanist) 5% (1915) |
||
| International Organizations/Treaties: None | |||
| Far
Eastern Rep. Oblasti |
|||
Jun 1884 - Mar
1917 Office
of the Russian Governor-general of Priamurye kray
(as of 1917, covered oblasti of
Amur, Kamchatka, Primorye,
and Sakhalin, with headquarters at Khabarovsk).
6 Apr
1920
Far Eastern Republic (Dal'nevostochnaya
Respublika) declares
independence (claiming Amur,
Transbaikal, Kamchatka, Primorskiy,
and
Sakhalin oblasti;
but initially ruling only part of
Transbaikal oblast).
22 Apr 1920 - 25 May 1925 Northern
Sakhalin occupied by Japan (see
under Russia
civil war).
14 May 1920
Recognized by Russian
S.F.S.R.
15 Jul 1920
Recognized informally by
Japan (also by China Feb 1921).
5 Aug
1920
Amur oblast joins the Far
Eastern Republic.
22 Oct
1920
Remainder of Transbaikal
oblast annexed.
12 Dec 1920
Maritime (including Khabarovsk) and
Kamchatka (including Chukotka)
join the Far
Eastern Republic.
17 Feb 1921
Union
treaty with the Russian S.F.S.R.
22 Mar 1921
Kamchatka (including Chukotka) ceded
the Russian S.F.S.R.
(as agreed on 15 Dec 1920).
26 May 1921 - 25 Oct 1922 Primorye
(Maritime) oblast
in secession under "White" Russian
administration (see
under Russia civil war).
15 Nov
1922
Incorporated into the Russian S.F.S.R. (see Far Eastern
oblast
under Russian
S.F.S.R. divisions).
Governors-general of Priamurye kray
26 Jul 1884 - 18 Feb 1893 Baron Andrey
Nikolayevich
Korf (b. 1831
- d. 1893)
21 Mar 1893 - 9 Apr 1898 Sergey Mikhaylovich
Dukhovskoy (b. 1838 - d.
1901)
9 Apr 1898 - 12 Sep 1902 Nikolay Ivanovich
Grodekov
(b. 1843 - d. 1913)
14 Nov 1902 - 12 Aug 1903 Dean Ivanovich
Subbotich
(b. 1852 - d. 1920)
12 Aug 1903 - 15 Dec 1904 Yevgeniy Ivanovich
Alekseyev
(b. 1843 - d. 1917)
(also 12 Aug 1903 – 21 Jun 1905 viceroy [Namestnik]
of the Far East)
1903 -
1904
Nikolay Petrovich Linevich
(b. 1839 - d. 1908)
(acting for mostly absent Alekseyev)
15 Dec 1904 - 1 Dec 1905 Rostislav
Aleksandrovich
(b. 1841 - d. 1906)
Khreshchatitskiy
1 Dec 1905 - 19 Dec 1910 Pavel Fyodorovich
Unterberger
(b. 1842 - d. 1921)
12 Feb 1911 - 18 Mar 1917 Nikolay L'vovich
Gondatti
(b. 1860 - d. 1946)
Commissar of the Provisional Government in the Far
East
25 Mar 1917 - 24 Dec 1917 Aleksandr Nikolayevich
Rusanov (b. 1881 -
d. 1936) PSR
Presiding member of the Presidium of the People's
Revolutionary Authority
of the Far Eastern Republic
6 Apr 1920 -
10 Nov 1920 Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Krasnoshchekov
(b. 1880 - d. 1937) RKP
(chairman of interim
managing board from 30 Oct 1920)
Chairmen of the Government of the Far Eastern Republic
10 Nov 1920 - 15 Sep 1921
Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Krasnoshchekov
(s.a.)
RKP
15 Sep 1921 - 14 Nov 1922 Nikolay
Mikhaylovich
Matveyev
(b. 1876 - d. 1951) RKP
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers (Prime
Ministers)
Jul 1920 - 30 Oct 1920 Boris
Zakharovich
Shumyatskiy
(b. 1886 - d. 1938) RKP
30 Oct 1920 - 26 Apr 1921 Aleksandr
Mikhaylovich Krasnoshchekov (s.a.)
RKP
26 Apr 1921 - 2 Oct 1922 Pyotr
Mikhaylovich
Nikiforov
(b. 1882 - d. 1974) RKP
2 Oct 1922 - 14 Nov 1922
Pyotr Alekseyevich
Kobozev
(b. 1878 - d. 1941) RKP
Party abbreviations: PSR
= Partiya
Sotsialistov-Revolyutsionerov (Party
of Socialists-Revolutionaries,
"SRs", democratic socialist,
agrarian socialist, split Aug 1917
into Left [became PLSR] and Right
wings, 1902-1922);
RKP = Rossiyskaya
Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)(Russian
Communist Party [Bolsheviks],
Russian Marxist communist, former
RSDRP-B, 8 Mar 1918 - 31 Dec 1925,
renamed All-Union Communist Party [Bolsheviks])
Swedish Ingria (Ingermanland)
|
![[Flag of Sweden]](se.gif "[Flag of Sweden]")
and Koporye (Kaprio)(in 1590, retaken by Russia, except Narva).
10 Aug 1583 By Truce of Plussa (Plyussa) Sweden kept the annexed Russian towns
of Ivangorod, Yama, Koporye, and Korela (Kexholm [modern
Priozyorsk]) holding control over Ingria; the king of Sweden
styled "Duke of Karelia and Ingria."
18 May 1595 Russia receives back all of Ingria (with the towns of Ivangorod,
Yama, Koporye and Korela) by Treaty of Teusina (Tyavzin).
1609/1613 Gradually occupied by Sweden (Ivangorod in 1610).
27 Feb 1617 Ingria ceded to Sweden by Russia in Treaty of Stolbovo (including
the province of Ingria, south-west Karelia and province of
Kexholm (part of Finland to 1642), and fortress of Nöteborg [now
Shlisselburg]). The kings of Sweden adopt the style "Dukes of
Karelians and Lords over Ingria."
1642 - 1656 Nyen (in present St. Petersburg) made capital of Ingria (in 1656
the capital reverts to Narva because of Russian occupation of
Nyen 1656 - 1658).
12 May 1703 Occupied and annexed by Russia; city of St. Petersburg founded on
27 May 1703 (Ivangorod occupied by Russia in 1704).
10 Sep 1721 Formally ceded to Russia by Sweden in Treaty of Nystad.
Stadholders in Narva (subject to governors of Estonia)
1581 - 1582 Carl Henriksson Horn af Kanckas (b. c.1550 - d. 1601)
(1st time)
1582 - 1583 Hermann Pederson Fleming zu (b. c.1520 - d. 1583)
Lechtis
1583 - 1584 Carl Henriksson Horn af Kanckas (s.a.)
(2nd time)
1584 - 1585 Krister Gabrielsson friherre (b. 1545 - d. 1592)
Oxenstierna
1585 - 1588 ....
1588 - 1590 Carl Henriksson Horn af Kanckas (s.a.)
(3rd time)
1590 - 1609 Restored to Russia
1607 - 1613 Philip von Scheiding (b. 1578 - d. 1646)
(not in Ingria until 1609)
1613 - 1615 Evert Karlsson Horn af Kanckas (b. 1585 - d. 1615)
1615 - 1617 Anders Eriksson Hästehufvud (b. 1577 - d. 1657)
Governors (Landshövding) over Ingermanland and Stadholders in Narva
(subject to the governors of Estonia)
1617 - 1620 Carl Carlsson friherre Gyllenhielm (b. 1574 - d. 1650)
1620 - 1622 Henrik Klasson Fleming (b. 1584 - d. 1650)
Governors over Ingermanland and Stadholders-General in Narva
(subject to the governors-general of Livonia)
1622 - 1626 Anders Eriksson Hästehufvud (s.a.)
1626 - 1629 Nils Assersson Mannersköld (1st time) (b. 1586 - d. 1655)
1629 Heinrich Matthias greve von Thurn (b. 1567 - d. 1640)
1629 - 1642 Nils Assersson Mannersköld (2nd time) (a.a.)
1633 - 1634 Arvid Göransson Horn (b. 1590 - d. 1653)
(acting for absent Mannersköld)
Governors-general over Ingermanland and County of Kexholm
1642 - 1645 Erik Karlsson Gyllenstierna (b. 1602 - d. 1657)
1645 - 1651 Carl Mörner (b. 1605 - d. 1665)
1651 - 1654 Erik Gustavsson greve Stenbock (b. 1612 - d. 1659)
till Bogesund, friherre till
Kronobäck och Öresten
1654 - 1657 Gustaf Evertsson friherre Horn (b. 1614 - d. 1666)
af Marienborg
1657 - 1659 Krister Klasson friherre Horn af (b. 1622 - d. 1692)
Ĺminne
1659 - 1664 Simon Grundel-Helmfelt (1st time) (b. 1617 - d. 1677)
1664 - 1668 Jacob Johan Justusson friherre (b. 1624 - d. 1695)
von Taube af Kudding (1st time)
1668 - 1673 Simon Grundel-Helmfelt (2nd time) (s.a.)
1673 - 1678 Jacob Johan Justusson friherre (s.a.)
von Taube af Kudding (2nd time)
1678 Gustaf Adam greve Banér (b. 1624 - d. 1681)
1678 - 1681 Jacob Johan Justusson friherre (s.a.)
von Taube af Kudding (3rd time)
Governors over Ingermanland and County of Kexholm
28 Apr 1681 - 1682 Martin friherre Schultz von (b. 1617 - d. 1682)
Ascheraden
1682 - 1683 Hans friherre Fersen, d.ä. (b. 1625 - d. 1683)
1683 - 1687 Göran greve Sperling (b. 1630 - d. 1691)
Governors-general over Ingermanland and County of Kexholm
1687 - 1691 Göran greve Sperling (s.a.)
1691 - 1698 Otto Wilhelm friherre von Fersen (b. 1623 - d. 1703)
4 Jul 1698 - 1704 Otto greve von Wellingk (b. 1649 - d. 1708)
1702 - 1704 Henrik Piper (b. c.1645 - d. 1704)
(acting for absent Wellingk)
Swedish Noble titles: greve = count; friherre = baron.
Kalmyk Khanate
![[Kalmyk khanate flag to
1803]](ru-kalmyk.png "[Kalmyk khanate flag to 1803]")
c.1632
The Torghut branch (called by others as the Kalmyks) of
the
Mongolian Oirats settle along the lower Volga River (in
modern
Russia and Kazakhstan), calling themselves the Oirat
Horde.
16 Feb 1655
Russian suzerainty
recognized, allowed to roam the east bank of
Volga up to Samara and west bank up to Tsaritsyn (modern
Volgograd).
1690
Becomes a khanate (title not recognized by Russia until
1697).
1715
Russian
resident placed at the Kalmyk court (from 4 Dec 1717,
Kalmyk areas included in the Astrakhan governorate of
Russia).
16 Jan
1771
Ubashi and a majority (3/4) of the Kalmyks
begun return to
Dzungaria.
31 Oct 1771
Khanate abolished (announced
18 Dec 1771), direct rule by the
governor of Astrakhan (the Kalmyk affairs remain subject
to
the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs to 23 Mar
1825).
27 Oct 1800 – 8 Nov 1803 Khanate
briefly restored (approximately in boundaries of the
modern Kalmyk Republic).
Khans
1672 – 1 Mar 1724
Ayushi (Ayuka)(1st
time)
(b. c.1642 - d. 1724)
(principal
ruler to 1690)
1714 – 2 Mar 1722
Chakdor Jab -Co-ruler
(d. 1722)
1724
Zargo
(8-member council)
(acting)
2 Oct 1724 – 26 Nov 1735 Tseren
Dondog
(Donduk)
(d. 1737)
(regent to 1 Mar 1731)
26 Nov 1735 – 2 Apr 1741 Dondog Ombo
(Donduk Ombu)
(d. 1741)
(regent to 15 Mar 1737)
1741
Zargo
(8-member council)
(acting)
16 Sep 1741 – 2 Feb 1761 Dondog
(Donduk) Dashi
(b. c.1690 - d. 1761)
(regent to 2 Apr 1757)
2 Feb 1761 - 16 Jan 1771 Ubashi -Regent
(b. 1744 – d. 1774)
25 May 1771 – 31 Oct 1771 Knyaz' Aleksey
Fyodorovich (b. 1734 –
d. 1781)
Dondukov
(Kalmyk: Dodbi) -Head
(interim)
31 Oct 1771 – 26 Oct 1800 Khanate
abolished
27 Oct 1800 – 5 Jun 1803
Chuchey (Chugey) Tundutov -Regent
(b. 17.. - d. 1803)
Chief Bailiff
5 Jun 1803 – 8 Nov 1803 Nikolay
Ivanovich
Strakhov
(b. 1768 – d. 1811?)
(deputy chairman of the Zargo;
in office 1802-04)
Karafuto
![[Japan]](jp.gif "[Japan]") 8 Jul 1905 - 25 Aug 1945 |
![[Karafuto emblem, 1911-1945 (Japan)]](jp-48.gif "[Karafuto emblem, 1911-1945 (Japan)]") Emblem 1911 - 1945 |
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Capital: Toyohara (Ōtomari 1905-Oct 1908; Aleksandrovsk Jul-Nov 1905) |
(JPY) (1905-1945) |
(1944 est.) Japanese Armed Forces: 19,000 (1945 est.) |
1264 - c.1368
Vassal of China (under Yuan dynasty),
named Kuyi.
1635
First Japanese expedition to Sakhalin,
under Murakami Kamon,
subsequently it is described/claimed as part of Matsumae
domain
(Hokkaidō), from
1815 named Kita Ezo
(North Hokkaidō).
1679
The Matsumae establish a settlement at
Ōtomari (Korsakov).
6 Sep
1689
Treaty of Nerchinsk does not mention Sakhalin, but it
does
affirm that the Sino-Russian border is the Stanovoy
Mountains
and that the area south of them (nominally
including Sakhalin)
is under Chinese sovereignty.
1710
China (Manchus) sends
an expedition to Sahaliyan (Sakhalin). Then
c.1750 troops land on
Sakhalin (Sahaliyan ula angga hada),
the
island's population becomes dependent
on China (Jilin province).
20 Oct 1806
Lieutenant Nikolay Alexandrovich
Khvostov (b. 1776 - d. 1809)
claims Sakhalin
for Russia.
1845
Japan proclaims its
sovereignty over Sakhalin.
3 Oct 1853
Sakhalin claimed for Russia by Capt.
Gennadiy Ivanovich Nevelskoy
(b. 1813 - d.
1876). Post named Muravyevskiy established
near
the Japanese
trading post as military base (under Nikolay
Busse), it is
withdrawn on 11 Jun 1854 (burned down 3 Jul 1855).
7 Feb
1855
Treaty of Shimoda signed
between Russia and Japan declares that
both
nationals could inhabit the island, Russians in the
North
and Japanese
in the South (ratified 7 Dec 1856, confirmed
on
30 Mar 1867 by temporary regulations).
2 Sep 1855 - Apr
1856 Urup Island is occupied
by a joint Franco-British naval detachment,
and renamed "l'Isle de l'Alliance"
as part of the operations
during the Crimean War. A local named
Alcausti Artemi (Aleousti
Artemi) is named provisional governor.
28 Jul
1856
Russian Lieutenant-Commander Nikolay
Matveyevich Chikhachev
(b. 1830 - d. 1917) founds Due (Duė),
the first permanent Russian
settlement.
14 Nov
1860
China cedes all the land north of the Amur and east of
the Ussuri
River (nominally including
Sakhalin) to Russia by Convention
of Peking (ratified 26 Dec
1860).
20 Sep 1869
Japanese rename Kita Ezo as
Karafuto.
4 Sep
1875
Sakhalin incorporated into Russia,
in exchange for Japan obtaining
all
of the Kuril Islands (on 15 Sep 1875) by
Treaty of Saint
Petersburg
(signed 4 May 1875, ratified 22 Aug 1875).
1884
Sakhalin special department (within Amur kray).
7 Jul
1905
Japan invades Sakhalin (Korsakov occupied 8 Jul 1905 and
Alexandrovsk on 24 Jul 1905. Russian forces
surrender in the
South on 16 Jul 1905
and in North on 31 Jul 1905).
5 Sep
1905
Karafuto (Southern Sakhalin Island) annexed to Japan and
Northern
Sakhalin is restored to Russia (on 13 Nov 1905) by
the Treaty of Portsmouth
(ratified 25 Nov 1905).
1 Apr
1907
Karafuto Agency replaces Karafuto Department
of Civil Affairs
(by edict dated 14 Mar 1907;
under Ministry of Colonial Affairs
from 10 Jun 1929).
22 Apr 1920 - 25 May 1925 Northern
Sakhalin occupied by Japan (see under Russia civil war).
1 Nov 1942
Karafuto
Agency is transferred from the Ministry of
Colonial
Affairs to the Ministry of Home Affairs.
1 Apr 1943
Karafuto
(Karafuto-chō) incorporated
into Japan proper as a
prefecture (by imperial edict of 26 Mar 1943).
11 Aug 1945
Soviet invasion of Southern Sakhalin
(Esutoru occupied 16 Aug 1945,
Maoka 20 Aug 1945, Toyohara and Ōtomari on 25 Aug 1945,
with
Japanese resistance ending on 2 Sep 1945).
2
Jan 1946
Karafuto government
abolished (formally by Japan on 1 Jun 1949).
2 Feb
1946
Incorporation into Soviet Union as Yuzhnyy-Sakhalin
(Southern
Sahkalin) oblast (see
under Russian
SFSR Admin.).
8 Sep 1951
Japan formally renounces sovereignty
over Southern Sakhalin
by the
Treaty of San Francisco (ratified 28 Apr 1952).
Japanese Sakhalin Military Commanders (of
13th Army Division)
7 Jul 1905 - 6 Jul
1906 Kensai Haraguchi
(b.
1847 - d. 1919) Mil
6 Jul 1906 - 31 Mar
1907 Seizō Okazaki
(b. 1851 - d. 1910) Mil
Director of the Department of Civil Affairs
28 Jul 1905 - 31 Mar 1907 Kiichirō
Kumagai
(b. 1866 - d. 1949)
Directors of the Karafuto Agency
(governors)
1 Apr 1907 - 24 Apr
1908 Sachihiko
Kusunose
(b. 1858 - d. 1927)
24 Apr 1908 - 12 Jun 1908 Takejirō
Tokonami
(b. 1867 - d. 1935)
12 Jun 1908 - 5 Jun 1914
Sadatarō Hiraoka
(b. 1863
- d. 1942)
5
Jun 1914 - 9 Oct 1916 Bunji
Okada
(b. 1874 - d. 1943)
13 Oct 1916 - 17 Apr 1919 Akira
Sakaya (1st time)
(b. 1870 - d. 1946)
17 Apr 1919 - 11 Jun 1924 Kinjirō
Nagai
(b. 1874 - d. 1927)
11 Jun 1924 - 5 Aug 1926 Akira
Sakaya (2nd time)
(s.a.)
5
Aug 1926 - 27 Jul 1927 Katsuzō
Toyoda
(b. 1882 - d. 1939)
27 Jul 1927 - 9 Jul 1929 Kōji
Kita
(b. 1878 - d. 1934)
9
Jul 1929 - 17 Dec 1931 Shinobu
Agata
(b. 1881 - d. 1942)
17 Dec 1931 - 5 Jul 1932 Masao
Kishimoto
(b. 1881 - d. 1963)
5
Jul 1932 - 7 May 1938 Takeshi Imamura
(b. 1880 - d. 1960)
7
May 1938 - 9 Apr 1940 Shun'ichi
Munesue
(b. 1893 - d. 1954)
9 Apr 1940 - 1 Jul 1943
Masanori Ogawa
(b. 1894 - d.
1977)
1 Jul 1943 - 30 Dec 1945 Toshio
Ōtsu
(b. 1893 - d. 1958)
Soviet Military
Commander (of 16th Army)
11 Aug 1945 - 27 Aug 1945 Leontiy
Georgiyevich Cheremisov (b. 1893 - d. 1967)
Mil
Heads of the Soviet Military Administration
of Karafuto
27 Aug 1945 - 30 Sep
1945 Mikhail Vasilyevich Alimov
(b. 1899 - d. 1978) Mil
(deputy commander of 56th Rifle Corps)
1 Oct 1945 - 2 Feb 1946 Maksim
Alekseyevich
Purkayev (b. 1894 -
d. 1953) Mil
(commander of Far Eastern Military District)
Chief of the Civil Administration of Southern
Sakhalin
23 Sep 1945 - 2 Feb 1946 Dmitriy
Nikolayevich Kryukov (b. 1899 - d.
1985) VKP
Party abbreviations: VKP
= Vsesoyuznaya Kommunisticheskaya Partiya
(Bol'shevikov)(All-Union
Communist Party [Bolsheviks], Marxist-Leninist
communist,
USSR state party, former RKP, 31 Dec 1925-13
Oct 1952, renamed KPSS); Mil = Military
Tannu Tuva
|
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![[Flag of
People's Republic of Tannu Tuva
(reconstruction) 1922-1925]](ru-tv-21.jpg "[Flag of
People's Republic of Tannu Tuva
(reconstruction) 1922-1925]")
![[Flag of
Tuvinian People's Republic, 1925-1930 (Tannu
Tuva)]](ru-tar25.jpg "[Flag of Tuvinian People's
Republic, 1925-1930 (Tannu Tuva)]")
![[Flag of
Tuvinian People's Republic, Oct. 1930-1935
(Tannu Tuva)]](ru-tar30.jpg "[Flag of Tuvinian
People's Republic, Oct. 1930-1935 (Tannu
Tuva)]")
![[Flag of
Tuvinian People's Republic, 1935-1941 (Tannu
Tuva)]](ru-tar35.jpg "[Flag of Tuvinian People's
Republic, 1935-1941 (Tannu Tuva)]")
![[Flag of
Tuvinian People's Republic, 1941-1943 (Tannu
Tuva)]](ru-tar41.jpg "[Flag of Tuvinian People's
Republic, 1941-1943 (Tannu Tuva)]")
![[Flag of Tuvinian People's
Republic, 1943-1944 (Tannu Tuva)]](tar43.jpg "[Flag of Tuvinian
People's Republic, 1943-1944 (Tannu Tuva)]")
![[Possible Flag Variant of Tuvinian
People's Republic, 1943-1944 (Tannu Tuva)]](tar43b.gif "[Possible Flag Variant
of Tuvinian People's Republic, 1943-1944
(Tannu Tuva)]")
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Hear
National Anthem "Tyva Internatsional" (Tuva Internationale) |
(1926?- 1944) |
(23 Sep 1921-1924, 1924, 1926, 1930, 25 Jun 1941-1944) |
|
(Khem-Beldyr 1918-1926, Belotsarsk 1914-1918) |
(TVAA); Russian/Soviet Ruble (RUFS) 1921-1935 (1 Aksha = 1.31 Soviet Rubles [1944]) |
(1930's - 1944): 14 Aug (1921) Anniversary of National- Liberation Revolution --------------------------------- (1920's-1930's): 14 Aug (1921) Anniversary of the Proclamation of the Republic |
60,000 (1918) |
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Imports: 810,000 TVAA (1941) 1,565,000 RUFS (1926) |
other 0.6%% (1944) |
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Merchant marine: None |
Religions: Tibetan Buddhist,
Tengrist (Shamanist), Russian Orthodox Christian, Orthodox Old Believers |
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| International
Organizations/Treaties 1921-1944:
None |
|||
Note: Names in are given using modern (post-1945)
Tuvan and (from 1921) with Russian in
parentheses using the
BGN/PCGN romanization
system.
1207
Mongol rule.
end 16th-early 17th cent. Most of the
Tuvinian tribes under the dominion of Sholoy
Ubashi the first Altyn-Khan
("Golden Khan").
1616
Nomadic Tuvans in the
Khemchik valley (western Tuva) swear an
oath of
allegiance to Russia before Vasiliy of Tyumen envoy of
the
Czar.
1688 - 1756
Under the Dörben Oyirad
(Dzungaria)(see under China).
21 Oct 1727
Chinese sovereignty recognized by Russia under Treaty of
Kyakhta
which
established the northern border of Mongolia (then
including Tuva)(ratified 28 Jun 1728).
Mar
1756
Formally annexed to China
(as Tangnu Wulianghai).
1759
Tangnu Wulianghai (Mongolian: Tangnuu
Uriyangkhay) organized into
an
administrative system similar to Mongolia with four, later
five, Banners (khoshuns)(Oyun,
Tannu, Kemchik, Salchak, and
later Tozhu). Each Banner
was governed by a chief. In 1762 a
paramount chief (Bügüde-darga [Amban
Noyan]) is appointed to
administer the area. From 1786, the chiefs of the Oyun
Banner
are made the paramount chiefs.
1839/56
Russian settlement of the region begins.
7 Oct
1864
Treaty of Tarbagatai (Tacheng) border protocol between
China
and Russia that defines most of the western extent of
their
border in central Asia, between Outer Mongolia and
Kokand.
16/29 Dec
1911
Mongolia declares
independence from China, nominally including
Tagna
Uriankhay (Russia supported Outer
Mongolian autonomy,
but
rejects Outer Mongolia's claim on Tuva
[then spelled Touva]).
Jan 1912
A meeting of Tuvan banner chiefs
declares the territory of several
banners "independent" and "under Russian
protectorate", but
this does not lead to the emergence of a
polity or a Tuvan
central authority.
15 Feb 1912
Ak-Mongush Buyan-Badyrgy
requests Russian protection for his
banner,
which is never given an official reply,
however Russian
troops
are sent in to protect Russian settlers.
30 Jul
1914
Russian protectorate declared over
the area of modern Tuva
as the Uryankhay Territory (Uryankhayskiy
kray)(Old Style date
17 Jul
1914)(by proclamation of 17 Apr [O.S. 4
Apr] 1914).
1916
Buyan Badarkhüü, chief of the Khemchik
banner (the largest in
Tuva) calls on China to accept the submission of his
banner.
13 Jun 1917
Congress of Russian colonists
requests annexation by Russia.
Aug
1917
Russian Provisional Government confirms Russian
protectorate.
18 Jun 1918
A joint Congress of the Russian and Tuvan
populations adopts an
agreement on the self-determination of Tuva, which
includes an
article about the rights of Russian citizens.
7 Jul 1918 - 2 Aug 1919 Occupation of
Central and Northern Tuva by "White"
Russian
(originally Siberian) military forces.
Jan 1919 - Mar 1921
Chinese troops occupy Western Tuva
(declaring Tuva [as Tangnu
Wulianghai (T'ang-nu wu-liang-hai)], along with
Mongolia, to be
re-incorporated into China on 19 Feb 1920).
Mar 1919 - Jul 1920
Mongolian troops occupy
Southern (from Sep 1919, also Central)
Tuva, named Tagna Uriankhay.
2 Aug 1919 - 4 Sep
1919 Soviet Partisans of Siberia
occupy Central and Northern Tuva.
Dec 1920
Soviet Red Army takes
Belotsarsk (Khem-Beldyr) and by Mar 1921 all
of Tuva.
Apr 1921 - May 1921 "White"
Russian invasion from Mongolia led by Ilya
Grigoryevich
Kazantsev (d. 1921), subordinated to
Baron Ungern-Sternberg
(and nominally on behalf of Mongolia).
14 Aug
1921
Independence declared (People's Republic of Tannu Tuva [Respublika
Tannu
Tuva Ulus])(under Soviet Russia
protectorate).
16 Aug
1926
Independence recognized by Mongolia in the Mongolia-Tuva
Treaty of
Friendship and Mutual Recognition.
24 Nov
1926
Renamed
Tuvinian People's Republic (Respublika Tuva Arad Ulus).
1929
Darxad (Darkhad) region ceded to
Mongolia.
28 Jun
1930
By decree a Latin script orthography using the Uniform
Turkic
alphabet
was introduced, and Tuvan (Tyv) became an
official
language
(prior the language was not written and the Classic
Mongolian script and language was used for official
purposes).
8 Sep
1943
By decision Tuvan orthography switched to (Russian)
Cyrillic.
17 Aug 1944
Tuva declared part of the Soviet Union.
11 Oct
1944
Annexed to the Soviet Union
(effective 1 Nov 1944), as part
of the Russian S.F.S.R.
as the Tuvan autonomous oblast
(see under Russian
SFSR Admin.)
Chairman of the Organizing Bureau
of the Tuvan People's Revolutionary
Party
29 Oct 1921 - Mar
1922 Monggush
Ayyzhy oglu Nimachap (b. 1879
- d. 1932)
(Mongush Nimachap [Nimazhap])
Chairmen of the Central
Committee of the Tuvan People's
Revolutionary Party
Mar 1922 - 9 Jul 1923
Maady Dalay oglu
Lopsang-Osur (b. 1876 - d.
1934?)
(Maady Dalaydovich Lopsan-Osur)
9 Jul 1923 - 15 Mar 1924 Oyun
Kenden oglu Kürsedi
(b. 1884 - d. 1924)
(Oyun Kenden oglu Kyursedi
[Kursedi])
General Secretary of the Central
Committee of the Tuvan People's Revolutionary
Party
Apr 1924 - Jan
1926 Shalyk?
Shagdyr
(Shalyk? Shagdyr)
First Secretaries of the Central
Committee of the Tuvan People's Revolutionary
Party
Jan 1926 - Feb
1927 Ak-Monggush
Khaydyp oglu
(b. 1892 - d. 1932)
Buyan-Badyrgy
(Ak-Mongush Buyan-Badyrgy)
Feb 1927 - Jan
1929 Oorzhak
Donggak? oglu Sodunam (b. 1901
- d. ....)
(Sodunam Oorzhak Dongak [Donchaa] oglu)
Jan 1929 - Mar
1932 Irgit
Chapsyn oglu Shagdyrzhap (b.
1899 - d. 1959)
(Irgit Chapsynovich Shagdyrzhap)
General Secretary of the Central Committee
of the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party
6 Mar 1932 - 1 Nov 1944 Maady
(from 1933, Salchak)
(b. 1901 - d. 1973)
Surasovich Toka
(from 1944, Toka Kalbak-Khörek
oglu Salchak)
(= Salchak Kalbakhorekovich Toka,
1940-1942 Tozhu Surasovich Toka)
Paramount Chiefs (title
Bügüde-darga [Amban Noyan])
1762 - 1769
Manadzhab
1769 -
1780
Humudzhap
1780 -
1786
Deleg-Dashi
1786 - 1792
Oyun Dazhy
1792 - 1795
Oyun Dazhy
oglu Danzyn
1795 - 1817
Oyun
Danzyn
oglu Sedenbal
1817 - 1827
Oyun Sedenbal oglu Badyzhap
1827 - 1865
Oyun Sedenbal oglu
Lamazhap
1865 - 1867
Oyun Sedenbal
oglu Shyndazyn
1867 - 1899
Oyun Shyndazyn
oglu Ölzey-Ochur
1899 - 1915
Oyun Ölzey-Ochur oglu Kombu-Dorzhu
1915 - 1916
Irgit Agbaan-Demchi (usurper)
1916 -
1921
Oyun Kombu-Dorzhu oglu
Sodunam- (b. 1897 - d. 1924)
Balchyr
Russian Civil Commissioners for the
Affairs of Uryankhay
Jul 1914 - early 1915
Andrey Petrovich Tsererin
(b. 188. - d. 19..) Non-party
early 1915 - 24 Mar 1917 Viktor
Yuventinovich Grigoryev (b.
1862 - d. 1918) Non-party
Chairman of the Kray
Committee of Public Safety
24 Mar 1917 - Nov 1917
Aleksandr Petrovich Yermolayev (b. 1886 -
d. 1919) PSR
(from 27 Apr 1917, also
commissar of Russian
Provisional Government)
Commissar of the Russian Provisional
Government
Nov 1917 - 25 Mar 1918
Aleksey Aleksandrovich Turchaninov (b.
1876 - d. 1919) Non-party?
(1st
time)
Chairmen of the Executive of Kray
Committee of the Soviet of Workers' and Peasants'
Deputies
25 Mar 1918 - 2 May 1918 Stepan
Konstantinovich Bespalov (b. 1895 - d.
1918) RSDRP-B
7 May 1918 - 7
Jul 1918 Mikhail Minayevich Terentyev
(b. 1882 - d. 1952) PLSR
Commissar (from early 1919, Administrator)
of the Russian (originally Siberian)
Provisional Government
7 Jul 1918 - 2 Aug 1919 Aleksey
Aleksandrovich Turchaninov (s.a.)
Non-party?
(2nd
time)
Commander of the (Soviet) Trans-Mana
(Zamanskaya) Peasant Partisan Army (at
Khem-Beldyr)
2 Aug 1919 - 4 Sep 1919
Aleksandr Diomidovich Kravchenko (b. 1880 - d.
1923) Mil
Chinese Commissioner for Tangnu Wulianghai (at
Chadan)
Jan 1919 - Mar
1921 Yan
Shichao (Yen Shih-ch'ao)
(b. 1881? - d. 19..) Mil
Mongolian Ministers at Tagna Uriankhay
(from Sep 1919, at Khem-Beldyr)
Mar 1919 - Nov 1919
Khatanbaatar
Sandagdorjiin (b.
1878 - d. 1927) Mil
Magsarjav
Nov 1919 - Jul
1920 Dilov
Khutagt Baashluu Ovogtoy (b. 1883 - d.
1965) Non-party
Zhamsranzhav (Jamsranjav)
Chairman of Kray Revolutionary Committee
Jul 1920 - Aug 1920
Pavel Safronovich Medvedev
(b. 1901 - d. 1968) Non-party
Russian Soviet Representative (at Khem-Beldyr)
11 Aug 1920 - 13 Aug 1921 Innokentiy Georgiyevich
Safyanov (b. 1873 - d. 1953) RKP
Chairman of the All-Tuvan Constituent Khural
14 Aug 1921 - 15 Aug 1921 Ak-Monggush
Khaydyp oglu
(s.a.)
Non-party
Buyan-Badyrgy
(Ak-Mongush Buyan-Badyrgy)
Chairmen of the General Central Council
15 Aug 1921 - 28 Feb 1922 Ak-Monggush
Khaydyp oglu
(s.a.)
Non-party;
Buyan-Badyrgy
Oct 1921 TNRP
(Ak-Mongush Buyan-Badyrgy)
1 Mar 1922 - 15 Aug 1922 Maady Dalay
oglu Lopsang-Osur
(s.a.)
TNRP
(Maady Dalaydovich Lopsan-Osur)
15 Aug 1922 - 1 Oct 1923 Salchak
Idam-Sürün
TNRP
(Salchak Idam-Syuryun)
Chairmen of the Presidium of the Little Khural
1 Oct 1923 - 4 Feb 1929
Monggush Ayyzhy oglu
Nimachap
(s.a.)
TNRP
(Mongush Nimachap [Nimazhap])
5 Feb 1929 - 5
Oct 1933 Adyg-Tülüsh Lopsang oglu
Chüldüm (b. 1900 - d. 1933)
TNRP
(Adyg Tyulyush Lopsonovich Chulydum)
1933 - Feb 1938
Adyg-Tülüsh
Oolchukkay oglu (b.
1893 - d. 1938) TNRP
Khemchik-ool
(Adyg-Tyulyush [Tulush] Oolchukay oglu Khemchik-ool)
2 Mar 1938 - 4 Apr 1940 Oyun
Oyun oglu Polat
(b.
1906 - d. 1992) TNRP
(Oyun Oyunovich Polat)
6 Apr 1940 - 1 Nov 1944 Khertek
Amyrbit kyzy Anchymaa (f) (b. 1912 - d.
2008) TNRP
(Khertek Amyrbitovna Anchymaa-Toka)
Chairmen of the Council of
Ministers (prime ministers)
1 Oct 1923 - 18 Sep 1924
Ak-Monggush Khaydyp
oglu
(s.a.)
TNRP
Buyan-Badyrgy
(Ak-Mongush Buyan-Badyrgy)
18 Sep 1924 - 1925
Soyan Oruygu
(b. 1876 - d. 19..) TNRP
(Soyan Oruygu)
1925 - Jan 1929
Kuular Dazhy oglu Donduk
(b. 1888 - d. 1932) TNRP
(Kuular Dazhyevich
Donduk)
Jan 1929 - 1929
Adyg-Tülüsh
Oolchukkay oglu (s.a.)
TNRP
Khemchik-ool
(Adyg-Tyulyush [Tulush] Oolchukay oglu Khemchik-ool)
1929 - Feb
1938 Sat
Sany-Shiri oglu Chürmit-Dazhy (b. 1894 -
d. 1938) TNRP
(Sat
Sany-Shiri oglu Churmet-Dazhi)
Oct 1938 - May 1940
Ondar Khüreng-ool oglu Bayyr
(b. 1904 - d. 1986) TNRP
(Aleksey
Shirinmeyevich Bair)
22 Jun 1941 - 1 Nov 1944 Saryg-Donggak
Manygy oglu Chymba (b. 1906 - d.
1985) TNRP
(Aleksandr Manygeyevich Chimba)
Party abbreviations:
TNRP = Tuvinskaya Narodno-Revolyutsionnaya Partiya
(Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party, socialist,
reorganized Jul 1923, from Apr 1941 Marxist-Leninist, state
party, 29 Oct 1921-11 Oct 1944, merged into Vsesoyuznaya
Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bolshevikov)[All-Union
Communist Party (Bolsheviks)]); Mil = Military;
- Former parties: PLSR =
Partiya Levykh Sotsialistov-Revolyutsionerov (Party of
Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, democratic socialist,
1917–1923, split from PSR, allied with RSDRP-B/RKP); PSR
= Partiya Sotsialistov-Revolyutsionerov (Party of
Socialists - Revolutionaries, "SRs", democratic
socialist, agrarian socialist, split Aug 1917 into
Left [became PLSR] and Right wings, Jan 1902-1923);
RKP =
Rossiyskaya Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)(Russian
Communist Party [Bolsheviks],
Russian Marxist communist, former
RSDRP-B, 8 Mar 1918 -
31 Dec 1925, renamed All-Union Communist Party
[Bolsheviks]); RSDRP-B
= Rossiyskaya
Sotsial-Demokraticheskaya Rabochaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)(Russian
Social Democratic Workers' Party [Bolsheviks],
Russian revolutionary socialist, Marxist communist,
split from RSDRP est.1898, 1 Jan 1898-8 Mar 1918,
renamed RKP)
Tatar Khanates
Note: This record contains the Tatar khanates
established as result of disintegration of the
Golden Horde (Ulus of Jochi) and ruled by the
Genghisid khans. These polities were known to
contemporaries as "thrones" (Taht) or
"countries" (Yurt) instead of "khanates". Not
recorded here are the Great Horde (a remnant of the
Golden Horde, know as such from c.1452 and destroyed
by Crimea in 1502), the Nogay Horde (ruled by
non-Genghisid rulers) and the short-lived Uzbek
khanate (succeeded by the Kazakh khanate and
Khorazm). The latter two polities were located
mostly in modern-day Kazakhstan.
Astrakhan
1459
Rival khan of the Great Horde establishes himself in
Astrakhan
(contemporary name: Haji Tarkhan).
c.1502
Considered
as a separate khanate of Astrakhan.
1523
Briefly occupied by Crimea.
1554
Under the Russian suzerainty.
2 Jun
1556
Astrakhan (in Russian: Astrakhan')
khanate annexed by Russia.
Khans
1459 - 1466
Sayid Makhmud
(d. 1466)
1466 - 1495
Qasim I
1495 - 1515
`Abd
al-Karim
(d.
c.1525)
1515 - 1521
Jani Bek
(d. 1521)
1521 - 1523
Hussein (1st time)
1523
Bahadur Geray
(d. 1523)
1523 - 1527
Hussein (2nd time)
1527 - 1528
Shaykh Ahmad
(d. 1528)
(khan of Great Horde 1495-1502)
1528 - 1531
Qasim II (1st time)
(d.
1532)
1531
Islam Geray
(d. 1537)
(khan of Crimea 1532)
1531 - 1532
Qasim II (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
1532 - 1533
Aq Kubek (1st time)
(d. 1550)
1533 - 1537
`Abd
ar-Rahman (1st time)
1537 - 1539
Darwish `Ali
(1st time)
(d. af.1558)
1539 - 1545
`Abd
ar-Rahman (2nd time)
1545 - 1546
Aq Kubek (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
1546 - 1547
Yamghurchi (1st
time)
(d. 1555)
1547 - 1549
Aq Kubek (3rd
time)
(s.a.)
1549 - 1550
Yamghurchi (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
1550 - 1552
Darwish `Ali
(2nd time)
(s.a.)
1552 - 1554
Yamghurchi (3rd
time)
(s.a.)
1554 - 1556
Darwish `Ali
(3rd time)
(s.a.)
Crimea: see under Ukraine
Kazan
1438
Rival khan of the Golden Horde establishes himself
in Kazan.
c.1445
Considered as a separate khanate of Kazan.
1487 - 1521
Under the Russian (Moscow)
suzerainty (interrupted 1496-1497
and 1505-1511).
1551
Russian suzerainty restored.
13 Oct
1552
Kazan (in Russian: Kazan')
khanate annexed by Russia.
Khans
1438 - 1445
Ulugh
Muhammad
(b. 1405 -
d. 1445)
(khan of Golden Horde 1419-1432 [with
interruptions])
1445 - 1466
Makhmud
(b. 142. -
d. 1466)
1466 - 1467
Khalil
(d. 1467)
1467 - 1479
Ibrahim
(d.
1479)
1479 - 1484
Ilham `Ali
(1st time)
(b.
c.1450 - d. c.1490)
1484 - 1485
Muhammad Amin (1st
time)
(b. 1469 - d. 1518)
1485 - 1487
Ilham `Ali
(2nd time)
(s.a.)
1487 - 1496
Muhammad Amin (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
1496 - 1497
Mamuq
(d. 1497)
(khan of Tumen 1495-1496)
1497 - 1502
`Abd
al-Latif
(b. c.1475 - d. 1517)
1502 - 1518
Muhammad Amin (3rd
time)
(s.a.)
1519 - 1521
Shah `Ali
(1st time)
(b. 1505 - d. 1566)
1521 - 1524
Sahib
Geray
(b. 1501 - d. 1551)
(khan of Crimea 1532-1551)
1524 - 1531
Safa Geray (1st time)
(b. 1510 - d. 1549)
1532 - 1535
Jan `Ali
(b. 1516 -
d. 1535)
1535 - 1546
Safa Geray (2nd time)
(s.a.)
1546
Shah `Ali
(2nd time)
(s.a.)
1546 - 1549
Safa Geray (3rd time)
(s.a.)
1549 - 1551
Otemish
Geray
(b. 1546 - d. 1566)
1551 - 1552
Shah `Ali
(3rd time)
(s.a.)
1552
Yadigar Muhammad
(b. 1522 - d. 1565)
1553 - 1556
`Ali
Akram
(d. 1556)
(in opposition against Russians)
Sibir (Tumen)
1420
Rival khan of the Golden Horde establishes
himself in Tumen
(Chingi-Tura; modern Tymen').
1428 - 1469
Part of the Uzbek khanate (also
originally known as khanate of
Tumen after the first [to 1431] capital).
1496 - 1563
Ruled by non-Genghisid
Taibughid rulers, in 1496 capital moved
to Sibir (Isker; modern Tobol'sk),
which gave its name to
the state.
1555 - 1563
Under the Russian
suzerainty.
26 Oct
1582
Sibir (in Russian: Sibir')
khanate occupied by Russia (conquest
finally completed 20 Aug
1598).
1585 - 1587
Russians briefly withdrew.
1600 - 1631
Several khans in opposition
against the Russians along the
modern Russia-Kazakhstan
border.
Khans
1420 - 1427
Haji Muhammad
(d. 1427)
(khan of Golden Horde 1419)
1427 - 1428
Makhmud
(d.
c.1450)
1428 - 1469
part of the Uzbek
khanate
1469 - 1495
Sayid Ibrahim
(Ibak)
(d. 1495)
(khan of Great Horde 1481, 1487,
1491-1495)
1495 - 1496
Mamuq
(d. 1497)
(khan of Kazan 1496-1497)
Rulers (title possibly Murza or Biy)
1496 - 1502
Muhammad
(d. 1502)
1502 - 1516
Anghish
1516 - 1530
Qasim
(d. 1530)
1530 - 1563
Yadigar
(d. 1563)
Khans (from 1582, in opposition against
Russia)
1563 - 1598
Kuchum
(b. 151. - d. 1601)
1600 - 1607
`Ali
(d. 1647)
1616 - 1624
Ish Muhammad
(Ishim)
(d. 1624)
1628 - 1631
Ablay Geray
(d. af.1635)
Former North Caucasus States
Note: Until 1829, the
western part of the North Caucasus was claimed by the
Ottoman Empire, there were the Circassian polities and
related Kabarda which dominated over neighboring
peoples. The eastern part of the North Caucasus was
claimed Persia (in 12 Oct 1813 ceded by Persia to Russia
by the Treaty of Gulistan), there were the Dagestani
princely states, the most prominent state of them was
Tarki, which included several sub-states
(Bammatuly-Qazanysh, Boynaq, Erpeli, Otemysh,
Qarabudaghkent which are not recorded here), and
Dagestani and Chechen confederacies. The anti-Russian
and anti-princely "Caucasus" Imamate (1829-1859) is
recorded in addition to the princely states. By 1867 all
of these polities were abolished and incorporated into
Russia.
In southern and western part of
Dagestan there were around 13 to 19 confederacies of
unions of semi-republican "free" societies, only
Aqusha-Dargo and Akhty-Para, the largest two
confederacies, are recorded here (some large Upper Avar
confederacies, such as Dido [Tsunta], Unk-Ratl and
Ank-Ratl, are poorly documented). The total number of
unions was at least 70 (the Avar unions were at least
40, the Lezgian unions at least 11, the Dargin unions at
least 9, the Tabasaran, Aghul and Rutul unions each 2 to
3) and many of the unions did not belong to any
confederacy. The unions were led by often
semi-hereditary judges (Qadis),
military commanders (Beks) or
elders.
Akhty-Para
c.1620
A confederacy of Akhty and four
other Upper Lezgian unions of
societies founded.
1723 - 1732
Vassal of the Ottoman
Empire.
1759 - 1789
Subject to khanate of Quba
(Kuba).
1811
Under the Russian suzerainty.
1839
Polity abolished.
1877
Khanate of Akhty briefly proclaimed in rebellion.
Qadis of Akhty
c.1750 - c.1809
....
c.1809 - 1839
Mirza `Ali
Pirbudagi
(b. 1771 - d. 1859)
Khan of Akhty
1877
Ghazi Ahmad Bek
(d. 1878)
Aqusha-Dargo
bf.1395
A
confederacy of Aqusha and five other Upper Dargin
unions
of societies founded.
1725 - 1735
Under the Russian
suzerainty.
1812
Under the Russian suzerainty.
1818 - 1819
In rebellion against Russia
(again 1843-1847).
1854
Polity abolished.
Qadis of Aqusha
16.. - 1709
Ayyub
(d. 1709)
1709 - 1711/12
`Abd
al-Halim
(d.
1711/12)
bf.1725 - 173.
Abu Bakr
(d. 173.)
bf.1735 - 1766/67
Haji Ayyub
(d.
1766/67)
17.. - 1811
Abu Bakr Haji
(d. 1811)
1811 - 1812/18
Zuhum (1st time)
1812/18 -
1819
Muhammad (1st time)
1819 - 1827
Zuhum (2nd time)
1827 - 1847
Muhammad (2nd time)
1847 - 18..
Shaban Zuhum
18.. - 1854
Nurbagand
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![[Avar
Banner c.1745 (Russia)]](ru-avar-banner1745.jpg "[Avar Banner
c.1745 (Russia)]")
c.730
Avar state (formally Khunzakh, after name of capital)
founded.
1803
Under
the Russian suzerainty.
1818 - 1819
In rebellion against
Russia.
1834 - 1836
Occupied by "Caucasus" Imamate,
state declared abolished.
1843 - 1859
Occupied by "Caucasus"
Imamate, state declared abolished.
1864
State
abolished.
Khans (also with Avar style of Nutsal)
1699 - 1706
Dugri Khan II
1706 - 1708
Umma Khan III
(d. 1708)
1708 - 1722
Muhammad Khan
III
(d. 1722)
1722 - 1735
Umma Khan IV "Bulach"
(d.
1735)
1735 - 1774
Muhammad Khan
IV
(b. 1730 - d. 1774)
1774 - 1801
Umma Khan
V
(b. 1761 - d. 1801)
1801 - 1802
Gebek Khan
(d. 1802)
1802 - 1823
Sultan Ahmad Khan I
(d. 1823)
(nominally removed from
authority by Russians in
1819)
1819 - 1828
Surkhay Khan -Regent
(d. 1834)
1823 - 1834
Abu Sultan
Khan
(b. 1813 - d. 1834)
1828 - 1834
Bahu Bike (f) -Regent
(d. 1834)
1834 - 1836
Sultan Ahmad Khan
II
(b. 1834 - d. 1843)
(nominal)
1834 - 1836
Aslan Khan -Regent
(b.
1781 - d. 1836)
(khan of Kazi-Kumukh)
1836 - 1859
the khans of Mehtuli
-Regents
1859 - 1864
Ibrahim Khan
II
(b. 183. - d.
bf.1881)
|
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![[Flag of Imam
Hamza Bek c.1834 (Caucasus Imamate)]](ik_ghamzat.gif "[Flag of Imam Hamza Bek c.1834
(Caucasus Imamate)]")
![[Flag
of Imam Shamil c.1859 (Caucasus Imamate)]](shamil-imam-1859.png "[Flag of Imam Shamil c.1859 (Caucasus
Imamate)]")
Dec 1829 - 6 Sep 1859
"Caucasus" Imamate established (in highland Dagestan and
Chechnya),
based at Gimry (1829-32), Gotsatl
(1832-34), Akhulgo (1834-39),
Dargo (1839-45) and Vedeno (1845-59); although
Imamate covered
highland Chechnya from 1830, the same Imam
(originally elected
only by
Dagestanis) was elected by the Chechens only on
19 Mar 1840.
1834 - 1859
Avar khanate
occupied and declared abolished by the Imamate
(Russian rule restored 1836-1843).
6 Sep
1859
Imamate areas incorporated into Russia (Vedeno occupied
on
13 Apr 1859).
29 Aug 1877 - 3 Nov 1877 Rebellion
in the Avar country of Dagestan.
Imams in Dagestan and Chechnya (also
styled Amir al-Mu´minin 1845
- 1859)
Dec 1829 - 29
Oct 1832 Ghazi Muhammad ibn
Muhammad (b. 1795 -
d. 1832)
al-Gimravi
(= Gazi-Mukhammad Gimrinskiy)
Nov 1832 - 19 Sep
1834 Hamza Bek ibn `Ali
Iskandar Bek (b. 1789 - d. 1834)
al-Hutsali ("Khamzat-bek")
(= Gamzat-bek Gotsatlinskiy)
9 Oct 1834 - 6 Sep
1859 Shamil ibn Muhammad al-Gimravi
(b. 1797 - d. 1871)
(= Shamil' Gimrinskiy)
(only in Dagestan to 19 Mar 1840)
29 Aug 1877 – 3 Nov 1877
Muhammad Haji as-Suguri
(b. 1839 - d. 1877)
(= Mukhammad-Khadzhi Sogratlinskiy)
(only in Dagestan)
Chechnya (to 1877)
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![[Flag
of Imam Tashav Haji c.1839 (Chechnya)]](chechya-tashev1839.png "[Flag of Imam Tashav Haji c.1839
(Chechnya)]")
c.1640
Turlo
house, to c.1730 subject to the Avars, begins rule,
based in
the
village of Chechen (Chechen-Aul)(by the early 18th
century
their
authority extended to much of lowland Nokhch people
who
began to be referred by others as the
"Chechen").
1733
Turlo declare loyalty to Russia (again 1747 and 1781),
other
lowland princely rulers
(Bragun, Germenchuk) do the same (five
highland Chechen confederacies remain
unaffiliated with Russia).
1784
Anti-Russian movement, led by Sheikh
Mansur (b. 1760 – d. 1794)
1785-1791, eliminates princely rule (at the end of the
18th
century there are a total of eight or nine
Chechen confederacies)
1819
Groznaya (from Dec 1869 renamed
Grozny) established by Russia.
1825
People's
Assembly (Mekhk Kkhetasho), in
existence for centuries,
attempts to create a single political and
military authority,
based at Shali.
1830 - 6 Sep
1859
Highland Chechnya under the "Caucasus"
Imamate (in 1834 a Chechen
Imam was elected, who deferred to authority of Dagestani
imam;
in 19 Mar 1840 the Dagestani imam was elected imam also
by
Chechens).
6 Sep
1859
Incorporated into Russia (Vedeno occupied
13 Apr 1859).
13 Apr 1877 – 27 Nov 1877 Rebellion under
Alibek-Khadzhi Aldamov Zandakskiy.
4 Feb 1919 - 7
Mar 1920 Grozny occupied by "White" Russian
forces.
20 Jan 1921 - 7 Jul
1924 Within the Mountain
A.S.S.R. as Chechen National okrug.
30 Nov 1922
Chechen Autonomous oblast
(within the Russian S.F.S.R.)
(see under Russian
S.F.S.R. admin.).
Turlo Rulers (from 1746, Senior Rulers) of Chechen
(Chechen title: Eli,
Turkic title: Bek)
1695 – 1708
Muhammad
(Bammat)
(d. 1708)
1708 – 1728
Amir Hamza
(d. 1728)
1728 – 1732
Hasbolat
(d. 1732)
1732 – 1746
Aidemir
(d. 1746)
1746 – 1757
`Ali
Bek
(d. 1759)
1757 – 1770
Arslan Bek (1st time)
(d. 1784)
1770 – 1771
Ahmad
Khan
(d. 1771)
1771 – 1775
`Ali
Sultan
(d. 1775)
1775 – 1784
Arslan Bek (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
Chief of the People (title Mekhk
Da)(referred by the Russians to as
Ataman)
1825 – 1830
Bibolat
Taimi
(b. 1779 – d. 1832)
(from c.1807 supreme commander, title: Bachcha)
Imams in Chechnya
1830 - 1834
"Caucasus" Imams
1834 - Mar 1840
Tashav Haji al-Indiri
(b. 1770 - d.
1843)
(= Tashev-Khadzhi Endireyevskiy)
19 Mar 1840 - 6 Sep 1859 "Caucasus" Imam
13 Apr 1877 - 27 Nov 1877 `Ali
Bek Haji
az-Zandaki
(b. 1850 - d. 1878)
(= Alibek-Khadzhi Aldamov Zandakskiy)
Circassia
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![[Flag of
Circassia 1830-1864 (Russia)]](adyge19.gif "[Flag of Circassia 1830-1864
(Russia)]")
which from 1568 is part of Kefe Eyalet (from 1774, Trebizon
Eyalet), and claim Circassia.
18 Sep 1739 Russia drops claims (originating in the 16th century) to Circassia
in the Treaty of Belgrade (ratified 5 Nov 1739).
1791 Anapa briefly occupied by Russia (again 1807, 1809-1812, 1828-1829)
14 Sep 1829 Ottomans cede Anapa, and nominal sovereignty over Circassia, to
Russia in the Treaty of Adrianople (ratified 20 Sep 1829). The
Great Assembly (Khase Shkho), representing 12 or 14 tribes of
Circassians (Adyge), begins to meet regularly and proclaims an
independent tribal confederacy (confirmed 1834, 1841, 1848,
and 1856).
1838 Russian rule over the Circassian coastline (Novorossiysk, Tuapse,
Sochi [already in Gelendzik from 1831 and Adler from 1837]).
1842 – 1859 "Caucasus" Imamate governors (naibs), largely independent, rule
varying parts of Circassia and eliminates princely rule.
1855 Russians abandon the Circassian coastline (except Novorossiysk),
but soon begins re-occupation (Anapa in 1856, Tuapse in 1859,
Sochi in 1864).
1857 Russians found Maykop (Maikop).
1859 – 1864 Circassian tribes surrender to Russia (Temirgoy, Natukhai, and
Besleney in 1860; Abadzekh in 1863; Shapsug and Ubykh in 1864).
13 Jun 1861 A unified Circassian republic ("Circassian Freedom") proclaimed.
18 Mar 1864 Circassians suffer final defeat, the Russian army enters the
Ubykh country.
1864 Russia forces a majority of the Circassians to emigrate to the
the Ottoman Empire.
Senior Rulers of Temirgoy (title Pshi Thamate)(in north-east Circassia)
(claimed precedence among Circassians as 'Rulers of all Rulers' with title: Pshi Pshiguashe)
17.. – 1808 Bezruk Bolotoko (d. 1808)
(Bolotoko family has alternate name Aiteko)
1808 – 1827 Misost Bolotoko (d. 1827)
1827 – 1837 Jambolat Bolotoko (d. 1837)
[last significant Temirgoy ruler, 1830 declares loyalty to Russia]
Wali of Circassia (a senior ruler of Besleney; in south-east Circassia)
1841 – c.1842 Kazbek Kanoko
Naibs of "Caucasus" Imamate for Circassia (based at Abadzekh country, in central Circassia)
May 1842 – 1844 Haji Muhammad (d. 1844)
1845 – 1846 Suleiman Efendi
1848 – 20 Nov 1859 Muhammad Amin (b. 1818 – d. 1899)
Wali of Circassia (in or near Anapa, of Natukhai tribe; mostly in opposition to Imamate)
1855 – 1857 Sefer Bey Zanoko (b. 1789 – d. 1859)
Head of Supreme Council (Majilis)(in or near Sochi, of Ubykh tribe)
1861 – 1864 Haji Kerenduk Dogomuko Berzek (b. 1804 – d. 1881)
Derbent (Derbend)
869 - 1075 Emirate of Derbent.
c.1120 - 1239 Emirate of Derbent (restored).
1538 Part of Persia.
1583 - 1606 Occupied by Ottoman Empire.
1722 Occupied by Russia.
1723 - 1735 Ceded by Persia to Russia, part of the Caspian Provinces (see
under Azerbaijan). From 1730, a khan is appointed by Russia.
1747 Khanate of Derbent, an Azerbaijani state, nominally subject to
Persia.
1759 - 1806 Vassal of khanate of Quba (Kuba).
1796 - 1797 Occupied by Russia.
1801 - 1802 Under the Russian suzerainty.
1806 Under the Russian suzerainty, the city of Derbent under direct
Russian rule.
1830 State abolished.
Khans
1730 - 1735 Muhammad Husayn Khan (1st time) (b. c.1719 - d. 1768)
(nominal)
1735 - 1747 Persian rule
1747 - 1765 Muhammad Husayn Khan (2nd time) (s.a.)
1765 - 1789 Fath `Ali Khan (b. 1736 - d. 1789)
(khan of Quba)
1765 - 1789 Tuti Bike (f) -Regent (d. 1789)
1789 - 1799 Shaykh `Ali Khan (1st time) (b. 1761 - d. 1820)
(khan of Quba)
1796 - 1797 Periji Khanum (f) -Regent (d. af.1808)
1799 - 1802 Hassan `Ali Khan (d. 1802)
1802 - 1806 Shaykh `Ali Khan (2nd time) (s.a.)
(khan of Quba)
1806 - 1830 Mehti (b. 1760 - d. 1830)
(shamkhal of Tarki)
Kabarda and Dependencies
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![[Kabarda
Flag of early 19th cent. (Russia)]](ru-kabarda-flag.gif "[Kabarda Flag of early 19th cent.
(Russia)]")
1561 Allied with Russia (swore loyalty to Russia in 1615); by the
middle of the 17th century (until the very end of the 18th
century) Kabarda dominated in varying degree over (North-)
Ossetia, Ingushetia, Balkaria and Karachay.
18 Sep 1739 Independence recognized by the Ottoman Empire (it claimed Kabarda
from 1475) and Russia in the Treaty of Belgrade.
1769 Under the Russian suzerainty (confirmed in 1771), recognized by
the Ottoman Empire by the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca 21 Jul 1774.
1803 Vladikavkaz (in present North Ossetia) re-founded by Russia.
1806 - 1828 Subjection to Russia formally accepted by the former Kabardian
dependencies ([North-] Ossetia 1806, Ingushetia 1811,
Balkaria 1827, and Karachay 1828).
1820 - 1829 Karachay disputed between the Ottoman Empire and Russia (in 1820
claimed by the Ottomans as not covered by the 1774 Treaty,
neutrality agreed by Russia in 1826, Russian occupation 1828,
ceded to Russia by the Treaty of Adrianople 14 Sep 1829).
1822 Kabardian polity dissolved and annexed to Russia.
Great Rulers (title Pshi Shkhue) and Walis of Kabarda [elected from 4 families]
c.1695 – 1709 Kurgok Atajuko (d. 1709)
1710 – 1720 Atajuk II Misosto (d. 1720)
1720 – 1732 Islam Bek Misosto (b. c.1660 – d. 1732)
1720 – 1721 Aslan Bek II Kaytuko (1st time) (d. 1746)
(in opposition)
1732 – 1737 Tatar Khan Bekmurza (d. 1737)
1737 – 1746 Aslan Bek II Kaytuko (2nd time) (s.a.)
1747 – 1749 Batok Bekmurza (d. 1749)
1749 – 1762 Muhammad (Bammat) Atajuko (d. 1762)
1762 – 1773 Kasay Atajuko (d. 1773)
1773 – 1785 Jankhot II Bekmurza (d. 1785)
1785 – 1788 Misost II Atajuko (d. 1788)
1788 – 1806 Atajuk III Kaytuko (d. 1806)
(exiled to Ukraine 1795-1799)
1806 – 1822 Kuchuk Bekmurza (b. 1758 – d. 1830)
Wali of Karachay
1820 - 1828 Islam Biy Krimshaukhal (b. c.1764 - d. af.1834)
Kaytag (Qaytaq)
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![[Flag of
regent Ildar Bek c.1831 (Kaytag a Lower Dargin
state)]](kaytag-ildar1831.png "[Flag of regent Ildar Bek
c.1831 (Kaytag a Lower Dargin state)]")
1725 - 1735 Under the Russian suzerainty.
1735 - 1738 Subject to Persia.
1742 - 1743 Occupied by Persia.
1806 Under the Russian suzerainty.
1818 - 1819 In rebellion against Russia.
1860 State abolished.
1877 Khanate briefly proclaimed in rebellion.
Khans (also with Dargin style of Utsmi)
1696 - 1706 Amir Hamza I
1706 - 1749 Ahmad Khan III (d. 1749)
1749 - 1787 Amir Hamza II (d. 1787)
1787 - 1792 Ustar Khan (d. 1792)
1792 - 1795 `Ali Bek (d. 1795)
1795 - 1805 Rustam Khan II "Mamay" (d. 1805)
1805 - 1806 `Ali Khan (b. c.1770 - d. 1806)
1806 - 1820 Adil Khan (b. c.1778 - d. 1822)
Regents
1820 - 1826 Amir Hamza Bek (d. 1826)
1826 - 1831 Bey Bala Bek (d. 1831)
1831 - 1836 Ildar Bek (d. 1836)
Khans
1836 - 1857 Muhammad Jamav Bek (d. 1857)
(regent to 1838)
1857 - 1860 Ahmad Khan IV
1877 Mehti Bek (b. 1844 - d. 1877)
Kazi-Kumukh (Qazi-Qumuq)
c.778 Kazi-Kumukh (Qazi-Qumuq), a Lak state, founded.
1642 Tarki state separated, taking along the paramount
Dagestani title of Shamkhal.
1723 - 1734 Vassal of the Ottoman Empire.
1734 - 1736 Occupied by Persia.
1820 Under the Russian suzerainty.
1859 State abolished.
1877 Khanate briefly proclaimed in rebellion.
Khans
1642 - 1700 `Ali Bek (b. 1615 - d. 1700)
1700 - 1741 Surkhay Khan I "Chulaq" (b. 1680 - d. 1748)
(also assumed then vacant title of Shamkhal 1727-1734)
1741 - 1743 Murtuz `Ali Khan (b. 1703 - d. 1743)
1743 - 1789 Muhammad Khan (b. 1712 - d. 1789)
1789 - 1820 Surkhay Khan II "Khun-Butta" (b. 1744 - d. 1827)
1820 - 1836 Aslan Khan (b. 1781 - d. 1836)
1836 Nutsal Agha Khan (b. 1810 - d. 1836)
1836 - 1838 Muhammad Mirza Khan (b. 1815 - d. 1838)
1838 - 1847 `Abd ar-Rahman Khan (b. 1820 - d. 1848)
1838 - 1842 Umi Qulsum Bike (f) -Regent (b. 1780 - d. af.1847)
1847 - 1859 Aglar Khan (b. 1817 - d. 1859)
1877 Ja´far Khan
Kumyk beyliks
1735 Endirey, Aqsay and Kostek, the three northernmost sub-states
of Tarki, remained under the Russian suzerainty, effectively
separated from Tarki.
1746 A confederacy formed, referred to as the Kumyk beyliks by the
Russians, led by senior ruler of Endirey.
1828 Autonomy ended, the remains of three polities became estates
within Russia.
Senior rulers of Endirey (title Ullu Biy)
c.1740 Adil Giray
bf.1743 - 1764 Alish Bek Hamzai (d. 1764)
1764 - af.1782 Temir Hamzai
17.. - 1818 Kara Murza Temiri
1818 - 182. Shefi Bek Temiri
Kyura (Qurah)
c.1356 Kurakh, a Lower Lezgian society, founded, led by elected
Elder (Kavkha).
1788 Kyura (Qurah) khanate founded from Kurakh and several other
societies, a vassal of khanate of Quba (Kuba).
1789 - 1812 Annexed to Kazi-Kumukh.
1812 Khanate re-established under the Russian suzerainty.
1841 - 1842 In pro-Imamate rebellion against Russia (again 1847-1848).
1864 State abolished.
1877 Khanate briefly proclaimed in rebellion.
Khans
1788 - 1789 Shah Mardan Bek (d. 1789)
1789 - 1812 annexed to Kazi-Kumukh
1812 - 1836 Aslan Khan (b. 1781 - d. 1836)
(khan of Kazi-Kumukh)
1836 - 1838 the khans of Kazi-Kumukh
1838 - 1842 Harun Bek (1st time) (d. 1848)
1842 - 1847 Yusuf Bek (1st time) (b. 1806 - d. 1878)
1847 - 1848 Harun Bek (2nd time) (s.a.)
1848 - 1864 Yusuf Bek (2nd time) (s.a.)
1877 Muhammad `Ali Bek
Mehtuli (Jengutay)
1642 Mehtuli (formally Jengutay, by name of capital), a Kumyk state,
founded (until c.1720 a sub-state of Tarki).
1723 - 1734 Vassal of the Ottoman Empire.
1741 - 1742 Occupied by Persia.
1813 Under the Russian suzerainty.
1818 - 1819 In rebellion against Russia.
1867 State abolished.
Khans
c.17.. Pir Muhammad
bf.1723 - 1735 Mehti III
1735 - 1749 Ahmad Khan II (d. 1797)
1749 - 1773 Mehti IV
1773 - 1807 `Ali Sultan Khan (d. 1807)
1807 - 1819 Hassan Khan (d. 1819)
1819 - 1820 Mehti -Regent (b. 1760 - d. 1830)
(shamkhal of Tarki)
1820 - 1843 Ahmad Khan III (d. 1843)
1843 - 1859 Ibrahim Khan (b. 183. - d. bf.1881)
1843 - 1855 Nukh Bike (f) -Regent (b. 1816 - d. 18..)
1859 - 1867 Rashid Khan (d. 1876)
Tabasaran
c.917 Tabasaran state founded.
c.1570 Upper part of the state ruler by semi-hereditary Qadi.
1722 - 1735 Under the Russian suzerainty.
1806 Under the Russian suzerainty.
1818 - 1819 In rebellion against Russia.
1866 State abolished.
Rulers of Lower Tabasaran (title Maysum)
c.1700 Muhammad `Ali Bek
c.1722 Rustam
c.1728 Muhammad Bek I
c.1747 Murtuz `Ali
bf.1770 - 1774 Shaykh `Ali Bek (d. 1774)
1774 - 1776 Nowruz Bek (d. 1776)
1774 - 1776 Khanum Bike (f) -Regent (d. 1776)
1776 `Ali Quli
1776 - af.1785 Muhammad Husayn Bek
17.. - 1796 Mustafa Bek
1796 - 1802 Sokhrab Bek
1802 - 1806 Muhammad Bek II (1st time)
1806 - 18.. Mustafa Shamkhal Bek
bf.1811 - 1815 Muhammad Bek II (2nd time)
1815 - 1825 Kirkhlar Quli Bek (d. 1831)
Regents
1825 - 1839 Ibrahim Bek Karchagi (d. 1839)
1839 - 1866 Sultan Ahmad Bek
Qadis of Upper Tabasaran
bf.1720 - 1742 Rustam I (b. 1669 - d. 1742)
c.1747 Murtuz `Ali I
bf.1770 - 1802 Rustam II (d. 1802)
1802 - 1806 `Abd Allah
1806 - 1815 Muhammad Mirza
bf.1818 - af.1829 Mustafa
c.1831 Murtuz `Ali II
18.. - 1845 Shah Mardan
1845 - 1851 Isma´il Bek Maragi
1851 - 18.. Rustam Bek Aydi
18.. - 1866 Ildar Bek Aydi
Tarki
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![[Tarkai
Flag of Shamkhal Umalat III c.1831]](tarki-umalat1831.png "[Tarkai Flag of Shamkhal Umalat III
c.1831]")
the paramount Dagestani title of Shamkhal, formerly a
sub-state of Kazi-Kumukh.
1717 Under the Russian suzerainty (confirmed in 1720).
1723 - 1735 Ceded by Persia to Russia, part of the Caspian Provinces (see
under Azerbaijan).
1725 - 1734 Annexed to Russia, state abolished.
1735 - 1742 Under the Persian suzerainty, rulers of Tarki recognized by
Persia (later also by Russia) as paramount rulers of Dagestan
with style of Wali of Dagestan.
1745 - 1747 Again under the Persian suzerainty.
1786 Under the Russian suzerainty (confirmed in 1797).
1831 Brief pro-Imamate rebellion against Russia (again in 1843).
1867 State abolished.
Shamkhals of Tarki, (1735-1860) Wali of Dagestan and (from 1849) Princes Tarkovskiy
1667 - 1704 Buday II (d. 1704)
1704 - 1717 Adil Giray II (1st time) (d. 1731)
1717 - 1719 Umalat II
1719 - 1725 Adil Giray II (2nd time) (s.a.)
1725 - 1734 Russian rule
1734 - 1735 Hasbolat (1st time) (d. 1765)
1735 - 1736 Ildar III (1st time) (d. af.1765)
1736 - 1745 Hasbolat (2nd time) (s.a.)
1745 - 1747 Ildar III (2nd time) (s.a.)
1747 - 1765 Hasbolat (3rd time) (s.a.)
1765 Mehti I "Shirdanchi"
1765 Muhammad I "Tishsiz" (d. 1774)
1765 - 1784 Murtuz `Ali (d. 1784)
1784 - 1794 Muhammad II (b. c.1739 - d. 1794)
1794 - 1830 Mehti II (b. 1760 - d. 1830)
1830 - 1836 Sulaiman (b. 1794 - d. 1836)
1831 Umalat III (d. 1832)
(in opposition)
1836 - 1860 Abu Muslim (b. 1797 - d. 1860)
1843 Muhammad III
(in opposition)
1860 - 1867 Shams ad-Din (b. 1818 - d. 1874)
Don Cossack Host
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![[one
of many Don Cossack banners, c.1706 (Russia)]](ru-don-cossacks1706.jpg "[one of many Don Cossack banners,
c.1706 (Russia)]")
Ataman.
1570 Formally accepted suzerainty of the Russian Tsar.
1617 - 1708 All-Great Don Cossack Host.
1708 Cossack rebellion, led by Ataman Bulavin.
1708 - 1721 Autonomy effectively ended by Russia (1708 the Host included in
the Azov governorate; 1721 ceased to be treated by Russia through
the Collegiate of Foreign Affairs, Ataman becomes an appointed
position in 1723).
21 Jul 1774 Azov ceded to Russia by the Ottoman Empire by the Treaty of Küçük
Kaynarca (annexed 1471 from Genoese Gazaria; under the Russian
and Don Cossack occupations 1696-1711, 1736-39, 1769-74).
1786 Country (Zemlya) of the Don Host.
1870 Province (oblast) of the Don Host.
7 Nov 1917 - 8 Jan 1920 Don Cossack Host assumes supreme authority in the Don Host oblast
(see under Russian Civil War Polities).
Atamans of the Don Cossack Host
1699 - 1701 Ilya Grigoryevich Zershchikov (d. 1709)
(1st time)
1701 - 1703 Lukyan Maksimovich Maksimov (d. 1708)
(1st time)
1703 - 1705 Yakim Filipyevich Filipyev
1705 - 1706 Ilya Grigoryevich Zershchikov (s.a.)
(2nd time)
1706 - 1708 Lukyan Maksimovich Maksimov (s.a.)
(2nd time)
1708 Kondratiy Afanasyevich Bulavin (b. c.1660 - d. 1708)
1708 Ilya Grigoryevich Zershchikov (s.a.)
(3rd time)
1708 - 1715 Pyotr Yemelyanovich Ramazanov (d. 1715)
(appointed by Tsar for life 1709)
1715 - 1716 Mikhail Kumshatskiy
1716 - 1717 Maksim Frolovich Frolov
1717 - 1723 Vasiliy Frolovich Frolov (d. 1723)
(appointed by Tsar for life in 1718)
1723 Ivan Matveyevich Krasnoshchekov (b. 1672 - d. 1742)
1723 - 1917 Russian appointed Atamans
Ural Cossack Host: see under Kazakhstan
1707
First appears
on Russian maps.
1764
First recorded sighting by Russians, later named
Tikegen.
14 Aug 1867
Named Wrangel
Island, after Russian Admiral Ferdinand Vrangel', by
American
Capt. Thomas Long (d. 1867) aboard the U.S.
whaling
ship
Nile.
12 Aug 1881
First
landed on and claimed for the United States by Capt.
Calvin
Leighton
Hooper (b. 1842 - d. 1900) on U.S. Revenue
Cutter Thomas
Corwin.
23 Aug
1881
USS Rodgers, commanded by Lieut. Robert Mallory
Berry (b. 1846 -
1929), landed a party that stayed about two weeks and
conducted
an extensive survey of the southern coast.
15 Sep 1911
Landed on and formally claimed for
Russia by Capt. Konstantin
Vladimirovich Loman (b. 1880 - d. 1917) on board
Vaygach.
12 Mar 1914 - 7 Sep
1914 Survivors of the Canadian ship Karluk under
Capt. Robert Bartlett
(b. 1875 - d. 1946) stay on the island.
20 Sep
1916
Formally annexed by Russia (annexation reaffirmed by
Soviet Union
on 15 Apr 1926).
16 Sep 1921
Settled and
claimed for Canada by team of
the Canadian expedition
(new party arrived 19
Aug 1923), however the claim is not
formally recognized
by Canada.
20 Aug 1924
Settlers
are removed by a Soviet ship.
14 Aug
1926
Permanent Soviet settlement founded.
10 Dec 1930
Part of the Chukotka
(Chukchi) national okrug (from 1977,
autonomous
okrug)(see Russian S.F.S.R.
Divisions).
23 Mar 1976
Natural Complex of Wrangel Island Reserve
established, including
the Herald Islands
15 Dec
1997
Russian expanded the marine reserve out to 12 nautical
miles. On
25 May 1999
Chukotka regional decree expands the
protected water area to 24
nautical miles around Wrangel and Herald Islands.
7 Jul 2004
Added to the
list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites (as Natural
System of Wrangel Island Reserve).
Chiefs of settlement
16 Sep 1921 – 28 Jan
1923 Allan R. Crawford
(b. c.1900 - d. 1923)
19 Aug 1923 – 20 Aug
1924 Charles Wells
(d. 1924)
© Ben Cahoon