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China
 
[War Ensign 1862-1872]
   22 Oct 1862 - 10 Nov 1872  War Ensign
 
[Flag of China, 1872]
            10 Nov 1872 - 1890 
 
[Flag of China, 1890]
1890 - 12 Feb 1912; 1 Jul 1917 - 12 Jul 1917
 
[Civil and Merchant Ensign 1903-1912]
       1903 - 12 Feb 1912 Civil Ensign
 
 
 
[10 Oct 1911 Revolt flag]
             10 Oct 1911 Revolt flag
 
 
 
[1912 Flag of China]
           12 Feb 1912 - 22 Dec 1915; 
           22 Mar 1916 -  1 Jul 1917; 
           12 Jul 1917 -   8 Oct 1928 
 
[Chinese flag of Yuan Shi-kai 1915-1916] 
            22 Dec 1915 - 22 Mar 1916
 
[Flag of Republic of China]
             8 Oct 1928 - 1 Oct 1949
 
[Flag of China]
                Adopted 1 Oct 1949
 
Map of China
Hear National Anthem
"Yiyonggjun Jinxingqu"
(The March of the Volunteers)
Adopted 27 Sep 1949
De facto ex-National Anthem
"The East Is Red"
(1960's - 1978)
Constitution
  (4 Dec 1982)
China Military Regions Map
Japanese Occupation Map
Civil War Map (1946-1949)
Ethnolinguistic Map of China
Capital: Beijing
(Nanjing 1928-37, 1946-49;
Hankow 1937-1938;
Chungking  1939-1946)
Currency: Yuan (CNY) 
National Holiday: 1 Oct  (1949)
Anniversary of the Founding
 of  the People's Republic
 Population: 1,321,851,888 (2007)
GDP: $10 trillion (2006) 
Exports: $974 billion (2006)
Imports: $777 billion (2006) 
Ethnic groups: Han (Chinese) 91.53%, Chuang (Zhuang) 1.30%, 
Manchu 0.86%, Hui 0.79%, Miao (Hmong) 0.72%, Uygur 0.68%, 
Tuchia 0.65%, Yi 0.62%, Mongol  0.47%, Tibetan 0.44%, Puyi (Buyi) 
0.24%, Tung (Dong) 0.24%, Yao 0.21%, Korean 0.15%, Pai 0.15%,
Hani 0.12%, Kazakh 0.10%, Tai 0.09%, other 0.54% (2000)
Total Armed Forces: 2,250,000 (2003)
Declared Nuclear Power (1964): est.400 weapons
Merchant marine: 1,723 ships (2006)
Religions: Non-religious 42.1%, Daoist (Taoist) and
Chinese folk religionist 28.5%, Buddhist 8.4%, atheist 8.1%, 
Christian 7.1%, traditional beliefs 4.3%, Muslim 1.5% (2000) 
note: state is officially atheist 
International Organizations/Treaties: ADB, AfDB, ANT, APEC, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIS, BTWC, CDB, CTBT (signatory), EAS, ENMOD, FAO, G-24 (observer), G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, KP, LAIA (observer), MIGA, NAM (observer), NPT, NSG, NTBT, OAS (observer), OPCW, PCA, PIF (partner), SAARC (observer), SCO, UN, UN Security Council, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
China Index
Chronology
 
c.2000 BC - c.1500 BC      Partly legendary Xia (Shia) dynasty.
c.1700 BC - c.1027 BC      Shang dynasty.
c.1027 BC - 221 BC         Chou (Zhou) dynasty.
475 BC - 221 BC            Period of the Warring States, fragmentation of 
                             Zhou kingdom.
22 Dec 221 BC              Ch'in (Qin) dynasty, from which modern China
                             derives its name, founded.
221 BC - 210 BC            First Emperor Shi Huang-ti reigns (b. 260 BC - 
                             d. 210 BC).
206 BC - 220 AD            Han dynasty (9 - 24 AD, briefly interrupted).
220 - 589                  Era of disunity under Warlords. China  not unified
                             under any one power. Huns, Turks and nomadic
                             tribes invade the north.
420 - 589                  Divided under Northern and Southern dynasties.
589                        Reunification under the Sui dynasty (rules to 618)
907 - 979                  Era of the "Five dynasties and Ten Kingdoms."
1276 - 1368                Yuan (Mongol) dynasty, Kublai Khan (b. 1215 - 
                             d. 1294) rules  1276 - 1294. 
28 Jan 1368                Great Ming (Shining) Realm inaugurated.
17 Feb 1616                Jing (Ch'ing [Manchu] dynasty) inaugurated.
15 May 1636                Great Qing (Ch'ing dynasty) Empire
                             inaugurated.
28 May 1858                Left bank of Amur River annexed by Russia.
14 Nov 1860                Amur right bank below Ussuri junction (Primorye)
                             annexed by Russia.
 4 Jul 1871 - 24 Feb 1881  Russia briefly annexes Ili.
 2 Jun 1895 - 25 Oct 1945  Taiwan annexed by Japan.
Jul 1900 -  7 Sep 1901     Britain, Germany, Russia, Japan and allies
                             occupy Tientsin (14 Jul 1900), Peking 
                             (21 Aug 1901) and other areas during the 
                             Boxer Rebellion.
10 Oct 1911                Revolution begins.
 1 Jan 1912                Republic of China
Jan 1913 -  7 Oct 1951     Tibet (de facto) independent.
 1 Dec 1911                (Outer) Mongolia declares independence.
 1 Jul 1917 - 12 Jul 1917  Restoration of Great Qing Empire.
19 Feb 1920 -  3 Feb 1921  Mongolia briefly reincorporated.
10 Sep 1931 - 15 Aug 1945  Japanese occupy Manchuria (Manchukuo).
 1 Dec 1931 - 15 Oct 1934  Communists declare Soviet Republic of China in 
                             Kiangsi province.
Sep 1937 - Aug 1945        Japanese occupy northeast China, Yellow River
                             valley and coastal provinces.
 1 Oct 1949                People's Republic of China (from 8 Dec 1949,
                             Republic of China continues on Taiwan only.
 1 Jul 1997                Re-integration of the former British colony 
                             of Hong Kong.
20 Dec 1999                Re-integration of the former Portuguese colony 
                             of Macau.
People's
Republic of
China
Administrative
Divisions
Foreign
Colonies
Chinese Empire
Rebellions
(1851-1874)
  • Taiping
  • Shengping
  • Cheng
  • Pingnan Guo
    		•
     Warlord Period
    (1911-1928)
    Nationalist
    China
     (1917-1949)
    Alternative
    Governments
    (1927-1934)
    Japanese
    Occupation
     (1937-1945)
    Manchuria
    (1900-32, 1945-46)
    Manchukuo
    (1932-1945)
    Inner Mongolia/
    Meng Chiang
    (1934-1945)
    Kashgaria
    (1693-1877)
    East Turkestan
    (1934-1946)
    Dörben Oyriad
    (Dzungar Khanate)
    (1626-1757)
    Tibet
    (1720-1951)
    Tibet Exile Govt.
    Historical Maps
    of China

    Note about Pinyin: To 1979 names are given Wade-Giles transliteration, where available, with the pinyin version following in parenthesis (i.e., Li  Yuan-hung (Yuanhong). After 1979, the pinyin transliteration (which came into general use in 1979, but is rejected by the Nationalist regime on Taiwan) following the names) is used. Under the People's Republic, all names are given in pinyin with those before 1979 followed in parenthesis by the Wade-Giles version (i.e. Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung).  I have taken this additional step because most sources prior to 1979 refer to Chinese names in the pre-pinyin fashion. 

    Chinese Empire
     
    Map Chinese Empire
    National Anthem
    "The Tone of Li Zhongtang"
    (1896-1911) (unofficial)
    Hear National Anthem
    "Gong Jin'ou"
    (The Cup of Solid Gold)
    (4 Oct 1911-12 Feb 1912
    and 1-12 Jul 1917)
    Constitution
      (none adopted)
    Capital: Peking
    Currency: Chinese Silver
    Tael (CST)
    National Holiday: 7 Feb (1906)
    Emperor's Birthday
    Population: 431,735,400 (1900)

    Note: Emperors are listed with their personal name (ming), followed by their temple name (miaohao), posthumous name (shi), and the era name (nianhao) roughly coextensive with the particular reign (note that the overlap is not perfect). Although it is customary in "Western" sources to refer to a Qing ruler by his nianhao (i.i., the Guangxu emperor), Chinese usually refer to a former emperor by his miaohao, perhaps preceded by the name of the polity (i.e., Qing Dezong). 

    Emperors
    17 Feb 1616 - 30 Sep 1626  Nurhachu (Nu'erhachi)              (b. 1559 - d. 1626)
                                 miaohao: T'ai Tsu (Taizu)/ shi: Gao huangdi
                                 nianhao 17 Feb 1616 - 15 Feb 1627: T'ien Ming (Tianming)
    20 Oct 1626 - 21 Sep 1643  Huangtaiji                         (b. 1611 - d. 1643)
                                 miaohao: T'ai Ts'ung (Taizong)/ shi: Wen huangdi 
                                 nianhao 16 Feb 1627 - 14 May 1636: T'ien T'sung (Tiancong)
                                         15 May 1636 -  7 Feb 1644: Ch'ung Te (Chongde)
     8 Oct 1643 -  5 Feb 1661  Fulin                              (b. 1638 - d. 1661)
                                 miaohao: Shih Tsu (Shizu)/ shi: Zhang huangdi
                                 nianhao 8 Feb 1644 - 18 Feb 1662: Shun Chih (Shunzhi)
    1644 - 1650                Dorgan -Regent
    1650 - 1657                Jirgaland -Regent
     7 Feb 1661 - 20 Dec 1722  Hsüan-yeh (Xuanye)                 (b. 1654 - d. 1722)
                                 miaohao: Sheng Tsu (Shengzu)/ shi: Ren huangdi
                                 nianhao 18 Feb 1662 - 4 Feb 1723: K'ang Hsi (Kangxi)
    10 Jul 1706 - 1707         Wei Zhiye (in rebellion)
                                 nianhao 10 Jul 1706 - 1707: Wenxing
    1707 - 1708                Zhu Cihuan
                                (styled Ding wang, heading Great Ming [or Shining] Realm,
                                 in rebellion)
    26 May 1721 - 30 Jul 1721  Zhu Yigui
                                (in rebellion, rules almost exclusively on Taiwan)
                                 nianhao 26 May 1721 - 30 Jul 1721: Yonghe
    27 Dec 1722 -  8 Oct 1735  Yin Chen (Yinzhen)                 (b. 1678 - d. 1735)
                                 miaohao: Shi Tsung (Shizong)/ shi: Xian huangdi
                                 nianhao 5 Feb 1723 - 11 Feb 1746: Yung Cheng (Yongzheng)
    18 Oct 1735 -  9 Feb 1796  Hung Li (Hongli)                   (b. 1711 - d. 1799)
                                 niaohao Kao Tsung (Gaozong)/ shi: Chun huangdi
                                 nianhao 12 Feb 1736 - 8 Feb 1796: Ch'ien Lung (Qianlong)
    Dec 1786 - 10 Feb 1788     Lin Shuangwen
                                 (in rebellion, rules almost exclusively on Taiwan)
                                 nianhao Dec 1786 - 10 Feb 1788: Shuntian
     9 Feb 1796 -  2 Sep 1820  Yung Yen (Yongyan)                 (b. 1760 - d. 1820)
                                 niaohao: Jen Tsung (Renzong)/ shi: Rui huangdi
                                 nianhao 9 Feb 1796 - 2 Feb 1821: Chia Ch'ing (Jiaqing)
    Mar 1797 - 1797            Li Shu (in rebellion)
                                 nianhao Mar 1797 - 1797: Daqing
     3 Oct 1820 - 25 Feb 1850  Min Ning (Minning)                 (b. 1782 - d. 1850)
                                 niaohao: Hsuan Tsung (Xuanzong)/ shi: Cheng huangdi
                                 nianhao 3 Feb 1821 - 31 Jan 1851: Tao Kuang (Daoguang)
     9 Mar 1850 - 22 Aug 1861  Yi Chu (Yizhu)                     (b. 1831 - d. 1861)
                                 miaohao: Wen Tsung (Wenzong)/ shi: Xian huangdi
                                 nianhao 1 Feb 1851 - 29 Jan 1862: Hsien Feng (Xianfeng)
    22 Aug 1861 - 12 Jan 1875  Regents
                               - Empress Dowager Tz'u An (f)(Cian)(b. 1837 - d. 1881)
                               - Empress Dowager Tz'u Hsi (f)     (b. 1835 - d. 1908)
                                  (Cixi)(1st time)
                               - Prince Kung (Gong)               (b. 1833 - d. 1898)
    11 Nov 1861 - 12 Jan 1875  Tsai Ch'un (Zaichun)               (b. 1856 - d. 1875)
                                 miaohao: Mu Tsung (Muzong)/ shi: Yi huangdi
                                 nianhao 30 Jan 1862 - 5 Feb 1875: T'ung Chih (Tongzhi)
    25 Feb 1875 - 14 Nov 1908  Tsai T'ien (Zaitian)               (b. 1872 - d. 1908)
                                 miaohao: Te Tsung (Dezong)/ shi: Jing huangdi
                                 nianhao 6 Feb 1875 - 21 Jan 1909: Kuang-hsü (Guangxu)
    25 Feb 1875 -  4 Mar 1889  Empress Dowager Tz'u Hsi (f)       (s.a.)
                                (Cixi)(2nd time) -Regent 
                                (de facto 3rd time; from 20 Sep 1898 to 2 Dec 1908)
                                (21 Aug 1900 - 7 Jan 1902 in Hsian Foo, Honan refuge)
     2 Dec 1908 - 12 Feb 1912  Pu-yi (Puyi) (1st time)            (b. 1906 - d. 1967)
                                 nianhao 22 Jan 1909 - 12 Feb 1912: Hsüan-T'ung (Xuantong)
     2 Dec 1908 -  6 Dec 1911  Prince Chun (Zaifeng) -Regent      (b. 1882 - d. 1951)
     6 Dec 1911 - 12 Feb 1912  Empress Dowager Long Yu            (b. 1868 - d. 1913)
                                 Huagtaihou (f) (Longyu Xiaoding)
                                (holder of the Imperial seal) 
     1 Jul 1917 - 12 Jul 1917  Pu-yi (2nd time)                   (s.a.)
                               (from 12 Feb 1912 - 5 Nov 1924, Emperor
                                 inside the Forbidden City only¹)
     1 Jul 1917 - 12 Jul 1917  Chang Hsün -Regent                 (b. 1854 - d. 1923)

    Grand Secretaries (Da Qing Da Xueshi)(serving jointly)
    Jun 1682 - Nov 1701        Wang Xi                            (b. 1628 - d. 1703)
    Dec 1682 - Mar 1683        Hoang Ji                           (b. 1611 - d. 1686)
    Dec 1682 - Feb 1687        Wu Zhengzhi                        (b. 1618 - d. 1691)
    Sep 1684 - 1687            Song Deyi                          (b. 1626 - d. 1687)
    Apr 1687 - Feb 1688        Yu Guozho
    Sep 1687 - Feb 1688        Li Zhifang                         (b. 1622 - d. 1694)
    Feb 1688 - 1691            Liang Qingbao                      (b. 1620 - d. 1691)
    Feb 1688 - Jan 1703        Yiswang'a                          (b. 1638 - d. 1703)
    Jul 1689 - 1699            Alantai                            (d. 1699)
    Jul 1689 - 1690            Xu Yuanwen                         (b. 1634 - d. 1691)
    Aug 1690 - Aug 1698        Zhang Yushu (1st time)             (b. 1642 - d. 1711)
    Dec 1692 - 1699            Li Tianfu                          (b. 1635 - d. 1699)
    Sep 1698 - 1705            Wu Dian                            (d. 1705)
    Dec 1699 - Jun 1703        Xiong Cilü (2nd time)              (b. 1635 - d. 1709)
    Dec 1699 - May 1700        Folun                              (d. 1701)
    Dec 1699 - Jun 1709        Maqi (1st time)                    (b. 1651/52 - d. 1739)
    Dec 1699 - 1701            Zhang Ying                         (b. 1638 - d. 1708)
    Dec 1701 - Jul 1711        Zhang Yushu (2nd time)             (s.a.)
    Dec 1702 - Feb 1708        Sihana (Xihan)
    Jun 1703 - 1712            Cheng Tingjing (1st time)          (b. 1639 - d. 1712)
    Dec 1705 - 1718            Li Guangdi                         (b. 1642 - d. 1718)
    Jan 1708 - 1716            Wenda                              (d. 1716)
    Jan 1711 - Jan 1723        Xiao Yongzao                       (b. 1644 - d. 1729)
    Jul 1711 - 1712            Chen Tingjing (2nd time)           (s.a.)
    May 1712 - Jan 1723        Songzhu (1st time)                 (b. 1657 - d. 1735)
    May 1712 - Feb 1723        Wang Shan                          (b. 1645 - d. 1728)
    Jun 1716 - Nov 1735        Maqi (2nd time)                    (s.a.)
    Sep 1718 - 1725            Wang Xuling                        (b. 1642 - d. 1725)
    Jan 1723 - Aug 1725        Bai Huang (1st time)               (b. 1660 - d. 1737)
    Jan 1723 - 1728            Funing'an                          (d. 1728)
    Mar 1723 - 1725            Zhang Pengge                       (b. 1649 - d. 1725)
    May 1725 - Dec 1749        Zhang Tingyu                       (b. 1672 - d. 1755)
    Aug 1725 - Jan 1727        Gao Qiwei                          (b. 1646 - d. 1727)
    Oct 1725 - 1736            Zhu Shi                            (b. 1665 - d. 1736)
    May 1728 - Feb 1731        Jiang Tingxi                       (b. 1669 - d. 1732)
    Oct 1728 - Sep 1733        Ma'ersai                           (d. 1733)
    Feb 1729 - Sep 1733        Chen Yuanlong                      (b. 1652 - d. 1736)
    Feb 1729 - 1738            Yintai                             (b. 1651 - d. 1738/39)
    Feb 1732 - 1745            O-er-tai                           (b. 1680 - d. 1745)
    Jun 1733 - 1739            Ji Zengyun                         (b. 1671 - d. 1739)
    Sep 1735 - Apr 1747        Jalangga (Chalang'a)               (b. af.1680 - d. 1747)
    Sep 1735 - Jan 1738        Maizhu                             (b. 1670 - d. 1738)
    Dec 1736 - Aug 1744        Xu Ben                             (b. 1683 - d. 1747)
    Feb 1738 - Feb 1746        Fumin                              (b. 1673 - d. 1756)
    Feb 1739 - 1741            Zhao Guolin
    Sep 1741 - Feb 1749        Chen Shiguan (1st time)            (b. 1680 - d. 1758)
    Feb 1744 - Jul 1755        Shi Yizhi (1st time)               (b. 1682 - d. 1736)
    Jul 1745 - 1748            Noqin
    Feb 1746 - Feb 1747        (Dong) Qinfu                       (d. 1749)
    May 1747 - 1755            Gao Bin                            (b. 1683 - d. 1755)
    Feb 1748 - 1764            Laibao                             (d. 1755)
    Nov 1748 - 1770            Fuheng                             (b. 1721 - d. 1770)
    Feb 1750 - May 1751        Zhang Yunsui
    Feb 1751 - Jun 1758        Chen Shiguan (2nd time)            (s.a.)
    Jul 1755 - 1759            Huang Tinggui                      (b. 1691 - d. 1759)
    Feb 1759 - 1761            Jiang Bo                           (b. 1708 - d. 1761)
    Jul 1761 - 1773            Liu Tongxun                        (b. 1700 - d. 1773)
    Aug 1763 - Dec 1763        Liang Shizheng                     (b. 1697 - d. 1763)
    Dec 1763 - 1764            Yang Tingzhang                     (b. 1688 - d. 1772)
    Jun 1764 - 1771            Yinjishan                          (b. 1696 - d. 1771)
    Sep 1764 - 1767            Yang Yinju                         (d. 1767)
    May 1767 - Apr 1771        Chen Hongmou                       (b. 1696 - d. 1771)
    Nov 1770 - Jan 1772        A'ertai                            (d. 1773)
    Apr 1771 - 1773            Liu Lun                            (b. 1711 - d. 1773)
    Jul 1771 - Feb 1779        Gao Jin                            (b. 1707 - d. 1770)
    Jan/Feb 1772-Jun/Aug 1773  Winfu                              (d. 1773)
    Aug 1773 - 1777            Shuhede                            (b. 1711 - d. 1777)
    Oct 1772 - 1780            Yu Minzhong                        (b. 1714 - d. 1780)
    Jan 1774 - 1777            Li Siyao                           (d. 1788)
    Jul 1777 - 1797            Agui                               (b. 1717 - d. 1797)
    Feb 1779 - 1784            Sanbao                             (d. 1784)
    Jan 1780 - Oct 1780        Chen Jingyi                        (d. 1786)
    Jun 1780 - 1783            Yinglian                           (b. 1707 - d. 1783)
    Sep 1780 - 1794            Ji Huang                           (d. 1794)
    Sep 1783 - Jun 1785        Cai Xin                            (b. 1707 - d. 1800)
    Sep 1784 - 1786            Wumitai                            (d. 1786)
    Jul 1785 - 1787            Liang Guozhi                       (b. 1723 - d. 1787)
    Sep 1786 - 1799            Hoshen                             (b. 1750 - d. 1799)
    Feb 1787 - Sep 1800        Wang Jie                           (b. 1725 - d. 1805)
    Oct 1792 - 1796            Fukang'an                          (d. 1796)
    Oct 1792 - 1796            Sun Shiyi                          (b. 1720 - d. 1796)
    Dec 1796 - May 1797        Dong Gao (1st time)                (b. 1740 - d. 1818)
    1797 - 1805                Liu Yong                           (b. 1720 - d. 1805)
    Nov 1797 - 1805            Suling'a 
    Feb 1799 - 1806            Baoning                            (d. 1808)
    May 1799 - 1813            Qinggui                            (b. 1735 - d. 1816)
    Jul 1799 - 1818            Dong Gao (2nd time)                (s.a.)
    Feb 1805 - 1807            Zhu Gui                            (b. 1733 - d. 1807)
    Dec 1806 - Aug 1811        Fukang                             (d. 1816)
    1807 - Jan 1810            Fei Chun                           (b. 1739 - d. 1811)
    Feb 1810 - Nov 1814        Feimo Lebao                        (b. c.1740 - d. 1819)
    Jul 1810 - 1811            Dai Quheng                         (b. 1756 - d. 1811)
    Jul 1811 - 1813            Liu Quanzhi                        (b. 1739 - d. 1818/22)
    Nov 1813 - 1835            Cao Zheyong                        (b. 1756 - d. 1835)
    Nov 1813 - Jul 1817        (Malate) Songyun                   (b. 1752 - d. 1835)
    Oct 1814 - Dec 1831        Tuojin                             (b. 1755 - d. 1835)
    Aug 1817 - Jun 1821        Mingliang                          (b. 1735 - d. 1822)
    May 1818 - 1820            Zhang Xu                           (d. 1824)
    Apr 1820 - May 1824        Dai Junyuan                        (b. 1746 - d. 1840)
    Aug 1821 - 1822            Bolin 
    Aug 1822 - Mar 1835        Changling                          (b. 1758 - d. 1835)
    Sep 1824 - 1825            Sun Yuting                         (b. 1753 - d. 1834)
    Aug 1825 - Nov 1830        Jiang Youxian                      (b. 1766 - d. 1830/31)
    Nov 1830 - Apr 1833        Liu Yingbo                         (b. 1760 - d. 1835)
    Jan 1832 - 1834            Fujun                              (b. 1749 - d. 1834)
    May 1833 - Jul 1850        Pan Shi'en                         (b. 1770 - d. 1854)
    Mar 1835 - 1838            Ruan Yuan                          (b. 1764 - d. 1849)
    Mar 1835 - Aug 1836        Wenfu                              (d. 1841)
    Sep 1836 - 1852            Muzhang'a                          (b. 1782 - d. 1856)
    May 1838 - Feb 1841        Qishan                             (b. 1790 - d. 1854)
    Jul 1838 - 1842            Wang Ding                          (b. 1768 - d. 1842)
    Mar 1841 - 1848            Jueluo Baoxing                     (b. 1776 - d. 1848)
    Jan 1845 - 1855            Zhuo Bingtian                      (b. 1782 - d. 1855)
    Dec 1848 - Dec 1850        Jiying (Kiying)                    (b. 1790 - d. 1858)
    Jul 1850 - Jan 1855        Qi Junzao                          (b. 1793 - d. 1866)
    Feb 1851 - Oct 1852        Saishanga                          (d. 1875)
    Oct 1852 - Jan 1854        Narjinga (Na'erjing'e) 
    Dec 1852 - 1858            Yucheng                            (d. 1858)
    Jan 1855 - Jul 1856        Jia Zhen (1st time)                (b. 1798 - d. 1874)
    Oct 1855 - 1856            Wenqing                            (b. 1796 - d. 1856)
    Jan 1856 - Jan 1857        Ye Mingzhen                        (b. 1807 - d. 1859)
    Nov 1856 - Oct 1860        Peng Yunzhang                      (b. 1792 - d. 1862)
    Jan 1857 - 1862            Guiliang                           (b. 1785 - d. 1862)
    Oct 1858                   Bojun                              (d. 1859)
    Oct 1858 - Jun 1859        Weng Xingcun (1st time)            (b. 1791 - d. 1862)
    Feb 1859 - Oct 1860        Ruilin (1st time)                  (d. 1874)
    Nov 1859 - 1867            Jia Zhen (2nd time)                (s.a.)
    Feb 1861 - 1871            Guanwen (1st time)                 (b. 1798 - d. 1871)
    Feb 1861 - 1867            Zhou Zupei                         (d. 1867)
    Dec 1861 - 1862            Weng Xincun (2nd time)             (s.a.)
    Oct 1862 - 1871            Woren                              (b. af.1800 - d. 1871)
    15 Feb 1867 - 1871         Guanwen (2nd time)                 (s.a.)
    10 Jun 1867 - 1871         Zeng Guofan                        (b. 1811 - d. 1872)
    Apr 1868 - 1872            Zhu Fengbiao                       (d. 1873)
    Apr 1871 - 1872            Ruichang                           (d. 1872)
    Aug 1871 - 1874            Ruilin (2nd time)                  (s.a.)
    10 Aug 1872 - 1876         Wen Xiang                          (b. 1818 - d. 1876)
    16 Aug 1872 - 1901         Li Hongzhang                       (b. 1823 - d. 1901)
     1 Oct 1872 - 1874         Dan Moaqian                        (d. 1880)
    18 Oct 1874 - 1885         Zuo Zongtang                       (b. 1812 - d. 1885)
    Jul 1874 - 1884            Baoyun                             (b. 1807 - d. 1891)
    Feb 1877 - 1878            Yingghui                           (b. 1798 - d. 1878/9)
     5 Jul 1878 - 24 Oct 1880  Zailing                            (d. 1883)
    23 Dec 1880 - 20 Oct 1881  Quanqing                           (b. c.1820 - d. 1882/83)
    26 Dec 1881 - 1885         Linggui                            (d. 1885)
    23 Jun 1884 - 28 Nov 1884  WenYu                              (d. 1884)
    Nov 1884 - 15 Apr 1896     Olohubu (Elehuobu)                 (b. af.1830 - d. 1901)
    Jan 1886 - 1892            Encheng                            (d. 1892)
    Jan 1886 - 23 Aug 1888     Yan Jingming                       (b. 1817 - d. 1892)
    Jan 1889 - 20 Oct 1896     Zhang Zhiwan                       (b. 1811 - d. 1897)
    Oct 1892 - 26 Jun 1895     Fukun                              (b. af.1830 - d. 1895)
    17 Aug 1895 - 1898         Linshu                             (d. 1898)
    14 Jun 1896 - 1903         Kun'gang                           (d. 1907)
     9 Dec 1896 - 1900         Xu Tong                            (b. 1819 - d. 1900)
    15 Jun 1898 - 1903         Runglu (Ronglu)                    (b. 1836 - d. 1903)
     6 Jan 1900 - 21 Jun 1907  Wang Wenshao                       (b. 1830 - d. 1908)
    31 Jan 1902 - 1909         Sun Jianai                         (b. 1827 - d. 1909)
    Oct 1903 - 16 Oct 1904     Jingxin                            (d. 1908)
    15 Oct 1903 - 29 Jun 1905  Chongli                            (d. 1908)
     9 Nov 1905 - 28 Oct 1906  Yüde                               (d. 1906)
    10 Jan 1905 - 30 Oct 1911  Shi Xu                             (b. 1852 - d. 1921)
    10 Jan 1905 - 1911         Natong                             (b. 1856 - d. 1925)
    10 Aug 1907 - 1909         Zhang Zhidong                      (b. 1837 - d. 1909)
     6 Nov 1909 - 1910         Lu Zhuanlin                        (d. 1910)
    Sep 1910 - 30 Oct 1911     Lu Runyang                         (d. 1913)
    Sep 1910 - 30 Oct 1911     Xu Shichang                        (b. 1858 - d. 1939)
    Premiers
     8 May 1911 -  1 Nov 1911  Prince Yiguang                     (s.a.)
     2 Nov 1911 - Mar 1912     Yuan Shi-kai                       (b. 1859 - d. 1916)
     1 Jul 1917 - 12 Jul 1917  Chang Hsün                         (s.a.)

    Polities Rebelling against the Ch'ing (Qing) Empire 1851-1872
    Taiping

    11 Jan 1851                Taiping tianguo (Heavenly Realm of Great Peace)
                                 inaugurated.
    25 Oct 1864                Extinguished by Qing empire.

    Heavenly Kings
    11 Jan 1851 -  1 Jun 1864  Hung Hsiu-ch'üan (Hong Xiuquan)   (b. 1813 - d. 1864)
     1 Jun 1864 - 25 Oct 1864  Hung Fu (Hong Tianguifu)          (b. 1849 - d. 1864)

    Shengping

     9 Oct 1854                Shengping tianguo (Heavenly Realm of Ascending Peace) 
                                 inaugurated.
    24 Jul 1858                Extinguished by Qing empire.

    Heavenly Kings
     9 Oct 1854 - 24 Jul 1858  Hu Youlu (to Oct 1855)
                               + Zhu Hongying

    Cheng

    27 Sep 1855                Great Cheng Realm inaugurated.
    21 Aug 1861                Extinguished by Qing empire.

    Kings
    27 Sep 1855 - 21 Aug 1861  Chen Kai (styled Ping Xun wang)
                               + Li Wenmao (to 1858)

    Kashghar: see under  Sinkiang
    Pingnan Guo

    1856 - 26 Dec 1872         Pingnan Guo ("Pacified South State") is a major
                                 Islamic rebellious polity in western Yunnan province.

    Qa´id Jami al-Muslimin (Leader of the Community of Muslims)
    (usually referred to in foreign sources as Sultan)
    1856 - 26 Dec 1872         Sulayman ibn `Abd ar-Rahman        (d. 1873)
                               (Du Wenxiu [orig. Yang Xiu]) 

        ¹According to the treaty signed between the Ch'ing (Qing) court and government of the Republic of China, P'u-i preserved the title Emperor, received annual payment from the Republic of China government, and had the right to live in the Forbidden City, to be protected by imperial troops, grant noble and honorary titles, maintain certain government organs in the Forbidden City (mainly for management of the Forbidden City and other palaces, management of imperial families, etc.). Inside the Forbidden City the dragon flag of the Ch'ing dynasty was flown. People in the Forbidden City still wore the Ch'ing official dress and used the Ch'ing calendar system. In 1922, the Emperor was married and wife was called Empress. On 5 Nov 1924, the Emperor was forced to leave the Forbidden City by a faction of the army of the Republic of China and the above mentioned privileges ended.

    Warlord China

    10 Oct 1911                 Revolution begins.
     1 Jan 1912                 Republic of China proclaimed.
    22 Dec 1915                 Empire of China
    22 Mar 1916                 Republic of China
     1 Jul 1917 - 12 Jul 1917   Brief restoration of the Great Qing Empire (s.a.).
     
    Map of China
    Hear National Anthem
    "China Heroically Stands
    in the Universe"
    (Jun 1915-1916)
    Hear National Anthem
    "Qing Yun ge" (The Song
    to the Auspicious Cloud)
     (Jul 1921-1928 and
    1937-1945 pro-Japan govts)
    Constitution
      (11 Mar 1912;
    provisional)
    Map of Warlord Control
    Capital: Beijing
    (1912-1928)
    Currency: Chinese Dollar/
    Yuan     (CND)
    Population: 485,598,900 (1925)

    Note: The following provincial military governments proclaimed their independence from the Qing Empire in the name of a Republic of China in gestation at the end of 1911, and combined in a Central Military Government at the end of November.  Names in parenthesis are modern pinyin transliteration (which came into general use in 1979, but is rejected by the Nationalist regime on Taiwan) following the names (i.e., Li  Yuan-hung (Yuanhong). When the Wade-Giles style is unknown, the pinyin prevails.

    Military governors
    - Hupe (Hubei) -
    11 Oct 1911 - 30 Nov 1911  Li Yuan-hung (Yuanhong)            (b. 1864 - d. 1928)
    - Hunan -
    23 Oct 1911 - 31 Oct 1911  Jiao Dafeng                        (b. 1887 - d. 1911)
    31 Oct 1911 - 30 Nov 1911  Tan Yankai                         (b. 1879 - d. 1930)
    - Shensi (Shaanxi) -
    23 Oct 1911 - 30 Nov 1911  Zhang Fenghui                      (b. 18.. - d. 1958)
    - Kiangsi (Jiangxi) -
    24 Oct 1911 -  2 Nov 1911  Ma Yubao                           (b. 1864 - d. 1933)
     2 Nov 1911 - 12 Nov 1911  Wu Jiezhang
    12 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911  Peng Chengwan
    - Shansi (Shanxi) -
    29 Oct 1911 - 30 Nov 1911  Yan Xishan                         (b. 1883 - d. 1960)
    - Yunnan -
    30 Oct 1911 - 30 Nov 1911  Cai E                              (b. 1882 - d. 1916)
    - Shanghai (actually called itself Military Government of the Republic of China) -
     4 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911  Chen Qimei                         (b. 1878 - d. 1916)
    - Chekiang (Zhejiang) -
     4 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911  Tang Shouqian                      (b. 1856 - d. 1917)
    - Kweichow (Guizhou) -
     5 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911  Yang Jincheng                      (b. 1880 - d. 1922)
    - Kiangsu (Jiangsu) -
     5 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911  Cheng Dequan                       (b. 1860 - d. 1930)
    - Anhwei (Anhui) -
     8 Nov 1911 - 28 Nov 1911  Zhu Jiabao                         (b. 1880 - d. 1923)
    28 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911  Sun Yuyun                          (b. 1869 - d. 1924)
    - Kwangsi (Guangxi) -
     9 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911  Shen Bingkun                       (b. 1862 - d. 1913)
    - Fukien (Fujian -
     9 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911  Sun Daoren                         (b. 1867 - d. 1935)
    - Kwangtung (Guangdong) -
     9 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911  Hu Hanmin                          (b. 1879 - d. 1936)
    - Shantung (Shandong) -
    13 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911  Sun Baoqi                          (b. 1867 - d. 1931)
    - Szechwan (Sichuan) -
    22 Nov 1911 - 27 Nov 1911  Zhang Peijue                       (b. 1879 - d. 1915)
    27 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911  Pu Dianjun

    Military governor (Central Military Government of the Republic of China)
    30 Nov 1911 - 31 Dec 1911  Li Yuan-hung (Yuanhong)            (s.a.)               Mil
    Presidents
     1 Jan 1912 - 10 Mar 1912  Sun Yat-sen (provisional)          (b. 1866 - d. 1925)
    10 Mar 1912 - 22 Dec 1915  Yuan Shi-kai (1st time)            (s.a.)
                                (provisional to 10 Oct 1913)
    Emperor
    22 Dec 1915 - 22 Mar 1916  Yuan Shi-kai                       (s.a.)
                                 nianhao 1 Jan - 22 Mar 1916: Hung Hsien (Hongxian)
                                (note: This attempt at imperial installation of Yuan Shi-kai
                                 was not formally consummated by an enthronement, and
                                 there are questions about its actual significance)
    Presidents
    22 Mar 1916 -  6 Jun 1916  Yuan Shi-kai (2nd time)            (s.a.)
     7 Jun 1916 -  1 Jul 1917  Li Yuan-hung (Yuanhong) (1st time) (s.a.)
     1 Jul 1917 - 12 Jul 1917  Restoration of Great Qing Empire   (s.a.)
    12 Jul 1917 - 17 Jul 1917  Li Yuan-hung (Yuanhong) (2nd time) (s.a.)
    17 Jul 1917 - 10 Oct 1918  Feng Kuo-chang (Guozhang)          (b. 1859 - d. 1919)
    10 Oct 1918 -  2 Jun 1922  Hsü Shih-chang (Xu Shichang)       (b. 1855 - d. 1939)
     2 Jun 1922 - 11 Jun 1922  Chao Tzu-ch'i (Zhou Ziqi)(acting)  (b. 1871 - d. 1923)
    11 Jun 1922 - 13 Jun 1923  Li Yuan-hung (Yuanhong) (3rd time) (s.a.)
    13 Jun 1923 -  9 Sep 1923  Chang Shao-ts'eng (Zhang Shaozeng) (b. 1879 - d. 1928)
                                 (acting)
     9 Sep 1923 - 10 Oct 1923  Kao Ling-wei (Gao Lingwei)(acting) (b. 1868 - d. 1943)
    10 Oct 1923 -  2 Nov 1924  T'sao K'un (Cao Kun)               (b. 1862 - d. 1938)
     2 Nov 1924 - 24 Nov 1924  Huang Fu (acting)                  (b. 1880 - d. 1936)
    24 Nov 1924 - 20 Apr 1926  Tuan Ch'i-jui (Duan Qirui)         (b. 1865 - d. 1936)
                                 (provisional chief executive)
    20 Apr 1926 - 13 May 1926  Hu Wei-te (Weide) (acting)         (b. 1863 - d. 1933)
    13 May 1926 - 22 Jun 1926  Yen Hui-ching (Yan Huiqing)(acting)(b. 1877 - d. 1950)
                                 (W.W. Yen)
    22 Jun 1926 -  1 Oct 1926  Tu Hsi-Kuei (Du Xigui) (acting)    (b. 1875 - d. 1933)
     1 Oct 1926 - 18 Jun 1927  Ku Wei-chün (Gu Weijun) (acting)   (b. 1887 - d. 1985)
                                (Wellington Koo)
    18 Jun 1927 -  2 Jun 1928  Chang Tso-lin (Zhang Zuolin)       (b. 1873 - d. 1928)
                                 (Generalissimo of the Military Government of China)

    Premiers
    13 Mar 1912 - 27 Jun 1912  Tang Shao-yi (Shaoyi)              (b. 1860 - d. 1938)
    29 Jun 1912 - 25 Sep 1912  Lu Cheng-hsiang (Zhengxiang)       (b. 1870 - d. 1949)
    25 Sep 1912 -  1 May 1913  Chao Ping-Chün (Zhao Bingjun)      (b. 1859 - d. 1914)
     1 May 1913 - 31 Jul 1913  Duan Qirui (acting)                (s.a.)
    31 Jul 1913 - 12 Feb 1914  Xiong Xiling                       (b. 1870 - d. 1941)
    12 Feb 1914 -  1 May 1914  Sun Pao-ch'i (Baoqi) (acting)      (s.a.)
    Secretaries of state
     1 May 1914 - Dec 1915     Hsü Shih-chang (Xu Shichang)       (s.a.)
                                 (1st time) 
    Dec 1915 - 22 Mar 1916     Lu Cheng-hsiang (Zhengxiang)       (s.a.) 
                                 (acting)
    22 Mar 1916 - 23 Apr 1916  Hsü Shih-chang (Xu Shichang)       (s.a.)
                                 (2nd time) 
    23 Apr 1916 - 29 Jun 1916  Tuan Ch'i-jui (Duan Qirui)         (s.a.)
    Premiers
    29 Jun 1916 - 23 May 1917  Tuan Ch'i-jui (Duan Qirui)         (s.a.)
                                 (1st time)
    23 May 1917 - 28 May 1917  Wu Tingfang (acting)               (b. 1842 - d. 1922)
    28 May 1917 -  2 Jun 1917  Li Jingxi (1st time)               (b. 1859 - d. 1925)
     2 Jun 1917 - 12 Jun 1917  Hsü Shih-chang (Xu Shichang)       (s.a.)
    12 Jun 1917 - 24 Jun 1917  Chang Shao-jong (Jiang Zhaozong)   (b. 1861 - d. 1943)
                                 (acting)
    24 Jun 1917 -  1 Jul 1917  Li Jingxi (2nd time)               (s.a.)
     1 Jul 1917 - 12 Jul 1917  Restoration of Great Qing Empire   (s.a.)
    14 Jul 1917 - 30 Nov 1917  Tuan Ch'i-jui (Duan Qirui)         (s.a.)
                                 (2nd time)
    30 Nov 1917 - 23 Mar 1918  Weng Shizhen (acting)              (b. 1861 - d. 1930)
    23 Mar 1918 - 10 Oct 1918  Tuan Ch'i-jui (Duan Qirui)         (s.a.)
                                 (3rd time) 
    10 Oct 1918 - 13 Jun 1919  Ch'ien Neng-hsün (Qiang Nengxun)   (b. 1869 - d. 1924)
    13 Jun 1919 - 24 Sep 1919  Kung Hsin-chan (Gong Xinzhan)      (b. 1869 - d. 1943)
                                 (acting)
    24 Sep 1919 - 14 May 1920  Chin Yün-P'eng (Jin Yunpeng)       (b. 1877 - d. 1925) 
                                 (1st time) (acting to 5 Nov 1919)
    14 May 1920 -  9 Aug 1920  Sa Chen-ping (Zhenbing) (acting)   (b. 1859 - d. 1952)
     9 Aug 1920 - 18 Dec 1921  Chin Yün-P'eng (Jin Yunpeng)       (s.a.)
                                 (2nd time) (acting)
    18 Dec 1921 - 24 Dec 1921  Yen Hui-Ching (Yan Huiqing)        (s.a.)
                                 (1st time) 
    24 Dec 1921 - 25 Jan 1922  Liang Shi-i (Shiyi)                (b. 1869 - d. 1933)
    25 Jan 1922 -  8 Apr 1922  Yen Hui-Ching (Yan Huiqing)        (s.a.)
                                 (2nd time) (acting)
     8 Apr 1922 - 11 Jun 1922  Chao Tzu-Ch'i (Zhou Ziqi) (acting) (s.a.)
    11 Jun 1922 -  5 Aug 1922  Yen Hui-Ching (Yan Huiqing)        (s.a.)
                                 (3rd time) 
     5 Aug 1922 - 29 Nov 1922  Wang Ch'ung-hui (Chonghui)         (b. 1881 - d. 1958)
                                 (acting)
    29 Nov 1922 - 11 Dec 1922  Wang Ta-hsieh (Daxie)              (b. 1859 - d. 1929)
    11 Dec 1922 -  4 Jan 1923  Wang Cheng-t'ing (Zhengting)       (b. 1882 - d. 1961)
     4 Jan 1923 -  9 Sep 1923  Cheng Shao-ts'eng (Zhang Shaozeng) (s.a.)
     9 Sep 1923 - 12 Jan 1924  Kao Ling-Wei (Gao Lingwei)(acting) (s.a.)
    12 Jan 1924 - 14 Sep 1924  Sun Pao-ch'i (Baoqi)               (s.a.)
    14 Sep 1924 - 31 Oct 1924  Yen Hui-Ching (Yan Huiqing)        (s.a.)
                                 (4th time) 
     2 Nov 1924 - 24 Nov 1924  Huang Fu (acting)                  (s.a.)                Mil
    27 Nov 1924 - 26 Dec 1925  Tuan Ch'i-jui (Duan Qirui)         (s.a.)
                                 (4th time) 
    26 Dec 1925 -  4 Mar 1926  Hsu Shih-ying (Xu Shiying)         (b. 1873 - d. 1964)
     4 Mar 1926 - 20 Apr 1926  Chia The-yao (Jia Deyao)           (b. 1880 - d. 1940)
    20 Apr 1926 - 13 May 1926  Hu Wei-te (Weide) (acting)         (s.a.)
    13 May 1926 - 22 Jun 1926  Yen Hui-Ching (Yan Huiqing)        (s.a.)
                                 (5th time) 
    22 Jun 1926 -  1 Oct 1926  Tu His-Kuei (Du Xigui) (acting)    (s.a.)
     1 Oct 1926 - 18 Jun 1927  Ku Wei-chün (Gu Weijun) (acting)   (s.a.)
    18 Jun 1927 -  2 Jun 1928  Pan Fu                             (b. 1883 - d. 1936)

       
    "Independent" military governments in 1913

    Military governors
    - Kiangsu (Jiangsu) -
    15 Jul 1913 - 29 Jul 1913  Cheng Dequan                       (b. 1860 - d. 1930)
    - Anhwei (Anhui) -
    17 Jul 1913 -  7 Aug 1913  Bo Wenwei                          (b. 1875 - d. 1947)
    - Kwangtung (Guangdong) -
    18 Jul 1913 -  3 Aug 1913  Chen Jiongming                     (b. 1878 - d. 1933)
    - Hunan -
    25 Jul 1913 - 13 Aug 1913  Tan Yankai                         (s.a.)

    "Independent" military governments in 1916

    Military governors
    - Yunnan -
     1 Jan 1916 -  8 May 1916  Tang Jiyao                         (b. 1881 - d. 1927)
    - Kweichow (Guizhou) -
    27 Jan 1916 -  8 May 1916  Liu Xianshi                        (b. 1870 - d. 1927)
    - Kwangsi (Guangxi) -
    15 Mar 1916 -  8 May 1916  Lu Rongting                        (b. 1856 - d. 1927)
    - Kwangtung (Guangdong) -
     6 Apr 1916 -  8 May 1916  Long Jiguang                       (b. 1860 - d. 1921)
    - Chekiang (Zhejiang) -
    12 Apr 1916 -  8 May 1916  Lu Gongwang                        (b. 1879 - d. 1954)

    These came together under an umbrella government:

    Chairman of the Military Affairs Council
     8 May 1916 - 14 Jul 1916  Tang Jiyao                         (s.a.)

    "Independent" military governments in 1917

    Military governors
    - Anhwei (Anhui) -
    29 May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917  Ni Sichong                         (b. 1868 - d. 1924)
    - Shensi (Shaanxi) -
    29 May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917  Chen Shufan                        (b. 1885 - d. 1949)
    - Fengtian -
    May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917     Chang Tso-lin (Zhang Zuolin)       (s.a.)
    - Shantung (Shandong) -
    May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917     Zhang Huaizhi                      (b. 1860 - d. 1934)
    - Fukein (Fujian) -
    May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917     Li Houji                           (b. 1869 - d. 1942)
    - Honan (Henan) -
    May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917     Zhao Ti                            (b. 1871 - d. 1933)
    - Chekiang (Zhejiang) -
    May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917     Yang Shande                        (b. 1873 - d. 1919)
    - Chihli (Zhili) -
    May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917     Cao Kun                            (s.a.)

    Nationalist China

    Note: The name of the polity is still Republic of China, but it overlaps the preceding polity of that name, has a different flag and government system, and eventually a different capital (Nanjing; Beijing is in fact deprived of the name-part jing, meaning capital, and is renamed Beiping after the demise of the "warlord" regime).
     
    [1912 Flag of China]
            10 Sep 1917 - 5 May 1921
     
    [Flag of Republic of China]
            5 May 1921 - 1 Oct 1949
     
    Map of China
    Hear National Anthem
    "San Min Chu-i"
    (Three Principles of the People)
    Text of National Anthem
    Adopted 3 Jun 1937
    Constitution
    (25 Dec 1946)
    Capital: Nanjing
    1927-1937, 1946-1949
    (Canton 1918-1927;
    Hankow 1937-1938,
    Chungking  1939-1946,
    and 23 Apr - 1 Dec 1949)
    Hear National Anthem
    "Revolution of the Citizens"
    (1 Jul 1926-1937)
    Currency: Chinese Dollar/
    Yuan     (CND)
    Population: 481,151,700 (1936)

    Generalissimo of the Military Government
    10 Sep 1917 -  5 Jul 1918  Sun Yat-sen                        (s.a.)               KMT
     5 Jul 1918 - 21 Aug 1918  Governing Committee of the Military Government
                               - Sun Yat-sen                      (s.a.)               KMT
                               - Tang Shao-yi (Shaoyi)            (s.a.)               KMT
                               - Wu Tingfang                      (s.a.)               KMT
                               - Cen Chunxuan                     (b. 1861 - d. 1933)  KMT
                               - Lu Rongting                      (s.a.)               KMT
                               - Tang Jiyao                       (s.a.)               KMT
                               - Lin Baoyi                        (b. 1862 - d. 1927)  KMT
    21 Aug 1918 - 24 Oct 1920  Cen Chunxuan                       (s.a.)               KMT
                               (chairman Governing Committee of the Military Government)
    24 Oct 1920 -  4 May 1921  Governing