China foreign colonies

World Statesmen.org HOME >

return to China >>

Foreign Concessions and Colonies

Contents Chinese Eastern Railroad Zone - Hong Kong - Kiaochow - Kwangchowan - Kwantung (Port Arthur) - Macau - Shanghai International Settlement - Shanghai French Concession - Tientsin Concessions - Weihaiwei -

Chinese Eastern Railroad Zone

[Russian flag]
              Jul 1897 - 20 Sep 1924

[Flag of USSR]
                   18 Nov 1922 - 23 Mar 1935,
                   18 Aug 1945 - 14 Feb 1950

[Japan]
           12 Aug 1905 - 9 Feb 1933

Map of Chinese Eastern
Railroad Zone Headquarters: Harbin Russian Population:
120,000 (1922)

27 Aug 1896                Russia and China sign contract for building Chinese
                             Eastern Railroad.
17 Dec 1896                Chinese Eastern Railroad Society (Russian:Kitaisko-                           Vostochnaya zheleznaya doroga[KVZhD]) established
                             in St. Petersburg, later moved to Vladivostok.
Jul 1897                   Construction begun on Chinese Eastern railroad, 1,481 km
                             (Tarskaya - Hilar - Harbin - Nikolsk - Ussuriski).
16 May 1898                Harbin headquarters established.
Aug 1898                   Defense for the Chinese Eastern Railroad (CER) across Manchuria
                             assumed by Russia, under the governor of Priamur.
3 Nov 1901                Traffic opened, regular passenger traffic begun from
                             St. Petersburg to Vladivostok.
1 Jul 1903                Chinese Eastern Railroad opened under (Russian controlled)
                             CER administration.
12 Aug 1903 - 1 Jul 1905 CER zone subordinated to viceroyalty of Far East (see Port Arthur).
5 Sep 1905                Southern spur (Changchun to Port Arthur) ceded to
                             to Japan (from 1906 as South Manchurian Railway).
1 Aug 1906                Ussurian line granted on 25 year leaseto Russia.
Nov 1917 - 6 Nov 1920     CER zone administered by "White" Russian forces.
1919 - Nov 1922 Japanese forces garrion the CER zone. 1 Jul 1920                Ussurian line separated from CER.
6 Nov 1920    Chinese government asserts control over the CER. 31 May 1924            CER administered by Soviet Union, part of Far Eastern region.
11 Jul 1929 - 22 Dec 1929 Chinese Nationalist authorities seize control of the CER.
23 Mar 1935                Southern spur transferred to Manchukuo by Japan.
                             and Northern spur of CER sold to Japan by U.S.S.R.
1 Sep 1935                Soviet Union sells CER to Manchukuo for 140 million yen.
18 Aug 1945                Harbin liberated by Soviet troops.
18 Aug 1945 - 16 Sep 1952 Joint Sino-Soviet administration of the Chinese Eastern
                             and South Manchurian Railroads. 16 Sep 1952 Soviet Union transferrs its rightsover railway lines to China.

Presidents of the Chinese Eastern Railroad Society (and from 31 May 1924, Directors-general)17 Dec 1896 - Jan 1897 Stanislav Ippolitovich Kerbedz (b. 1844 - d. 1906) (acting)1897 - Jul 1900 Hsu Ching Cheng (Xü Qingcheng) (d. 1900)1900 - 1919 Vacant 1919 - 1921 Chzhu Cin-Lan 1921 - Sep 1924 Sung Hsiao-lien (Song Xiaoliang)Sep 1924 - 192. Pao Kuei-ching (Bao Guiqing) (b. 1865 - d. 1934) 192. - 192. Liu Shan-chin 192. - 192. Yui Chien-han 1927? - 1929 Lu Jung-huanDec 1929 - 193. Ho Fu-mian Directors (from 31 May 1924 Managers) of the Chinese Eastern Railroad andGovernors Chinese Eastern Railroad Zone (in Harbin) 1 Jul 1903 - 6 Nov 1920 Dmitry Leonidovich Khorvat (Horvath) (b. 1858 - d. 1937) (from Feb 1917 Commissar; from 27 Apr 1918, Director-Superintendent)
1920 Priminov (acting) 1920 - 1921 Dmitry Kozakiewicz (acting) 2 Feb 1921 - Nov 1924 Boris Vasilyevich OstroumovNov 1924 - 1927 V. Ivanov1927 - 10 Jul 1929 Aleksandr Ivanovich Yemshanov (b. 1891 - d. 1941)17 Dec 1929 - Mar 1935 Yuly Vikentyevich Rudyi (b. 1887 - d. 1938)1935 - 1 Apr 1937 Lev Vladimirovich Lemberg (d. 1937) 18 Aug 1945 - 19.. Zhuravlyov

[Southern Manchuria Railway Co. flag]
Southern Manchuria Railway Co.

Presidents of the South Manchurian Railway Company
13 Nov 1906 - 14 Jul 1908 Shinpei Goto
19 Dec 1908 - 18 Dec 1913 Korekimi Nakamura
19 Dec 1913 - 15 Jul 1914 Ryutaro Nomura (1st time)
15 Jul 1914 - 31 Jul 1917 Yujiro Nakamura
31 Jul 1917 - 12 Apr 1919 Simbei Kunisawa
12 Apr 1919 - 31 May 1921 Ryutaro Nomura (2nd time)
31 May 1921 - 14 Oct 1922 Senkichi Hayakawa
24 Oct 1922 - 22 Jun 1924 Takeji Kawamura
22 Jun 1924 - 19 Jul 1927 Banichiro Yasuhiro
19 Jul 1927 - 14 Aug 1929 Jyotaro Yamamoto
14 Aug 1928 - 13 Jun 1931 Mitsugu Sengoku
13 Jun 1931 - 6 Jul 1932 Yasuka Uchida
26 Jul 1932 - 2 Aug 1935 Hakutaro Hayashi
2 Aug 1935 - 24 Mar 1939 Yosuke Matsuoka
34 Mar 1939 - 14 Jul 1943 Takuichi Ohmura
14 Jul 1943 - 11 Apr 1945 Naoto Kohiyama
5 May 1945 - 30 Sep 1945 Motoki Yamazaki

Hong Kong

26 Jan 1841 - 1870	1870 - 1876	1876 - 27 Jul 1959
27 Jul 1959 - 30 Jun 1997

Map of Hong Kong	Hear National Anthem "God Save the King/Queen"	Text of National Anthem	Constitution (4 Apr 1990) -------------------- Bill of Rights (8 Jun 1991)
Capital: Victoria	Currency: Hong Kong Dollar (HKD)	National Holiday: 29 Aug (1945) Liberation Day	Population: 6,547,189 (1997)
GDP: $175.2 billion (1997)	Exports: $180.7 billion (1996) Imports: $198.6 billion (1996)	Ethnic groups: Chinese 96.8%, European 2%, 1% other (1991)
Total British Military Forces: 10,000 (1994) Hong Kong Defense Force: 900 (1995) Defense was the Responsibility of the U.K. Merchant marine: 182 ships (1997)		Religions: Buddhist and Taoist 73.8%, Protestant 4.3%, Roman Catholic 4.1%, New Religionist 3.2%, Muslim 0.8%, Hindu 0.2%, non-religious/atheist 13.6% (1994)
International Organizations/Treaties (to 1997): APEC, ADB, BIS (pending member), CCC, ICFTU, IMO (associate), Interpol (subbureau), IOC, ISO (correspondent), WCL, WMO, WTO

Hong Kong	Chronology `20 Jan 1841 Ceded to Britain by China (not ratified) and` `proclaimed annexed by Captain Charles Elliot.` `26 Jan 1841 British take possession of Hong Kong Island.` `29 Aug 1842 China formally cedes Hong Kong Island to Britain by` `Treaty of Nanking.` `26 Jun 1843 British crown colony.` `24 Oct 1860 Kowloon Peninsula and Stonecutters Island ceded by` `China by Treaty of Peking (British annexation` `4 Feb 1861).` `1 Jul 1898 New Territories (comprising the territories north` `of Kowloon and 230 small islands [Lamma, Lantau,` `etc.]) leased from China for 99 years.` `20 Feb 1900 British terminate Chinese jurisdiction over Kowloon` `25 Dec 1941 - 16 Aug 1945 Japanese occupation (siege begun 8 Dec 1941).` `28 Aug 1945 - 1 Sep 1946 British military rule.` `19 Dec 1984 British agree on restoration of Hong Kong to China` `on 1 Jul 1997.` `1 Jul 1997 Return of the whole colony to China as a special` `administrative region (see autonomous regions).`

Administrators (resident in Macau)
26 Jan 1841 - 12 Aug 1841 Charles Elliot                     (b. 1801 - d. 1875)
22 Jun 1841 - 26 Jun 1843 Alexander Robert Johnston          (b. 1812 - d. 1888)
                           (acting for Elliot and for Pottinger)
12 Aug 1841 - 26 Jan 1843 Sir Henry Eldred Curwen Pottinger (b. 1789 - d. 1856)
Commanders-in-chief (resident in Hong Kong)
26 Jan 1841 - 1 Mar 1841 Sir James John Gordon Bremer       (b. 1786 - d. 1850)
2 Mar 1841 - 22 Jun 1841 Sir Hugh Gough                     (b. 1779 - d. 1869)
Governors
26 Jun 1843 - 8 May 1844 Sir Henry Eldred Curwen Pottinger (s.a.)
8 May 1844 - 18 Mar 1848 John Francis Davis                 (b. 1795 - d. 1890)
                             (from Jul 1845, Sir John Francis Davis)
18 Mar 1848 - 21 Mar 1848 William Staveley (acting)          (b. 1784 - d. 1854)
21 Mar 1848 - 12 Apr 1854 Sir Samuel George Bonham           (b. 1803 - d. 1863)
Mar 1852 - Feb 1853        William Jervois (acting for Bonham)(b. 1784 - d. 1862)
13 Apr 1854 - 5 May 1859 Sir John Bowring                   (b. 1792 - d. 1972)
5 May 1859 - 9 Sep 1859 William Caine (acting)             (b. 1800 - d. 1871)
9 Sep 1859 - 15 Mar 1865 Sir Hercules George Robert         (b. 1824 - d. 1897)
                             Robinson
15 Mar 1865 - 11 Mar 1866 William T. Mercer (acting)         (b. 1821 - d. 1879)
11 Mar 1866 - 11 Apr 1872 Sir Richard Graves MacDonnell      (b. 1814 - d. 1881)
11 Apr 1877 - 16 Apr 1872 Henry Wase Whitflield (acting)     (b. 1809 - d. 1877)
16 Apr 1872 - 1 Mar 1877 Sir Arthur Edward Kennedy          (b. 1810 - d. 1883)
15 Oct 1874 - 5 Nov 1874 John Gardiner Austin (1st time)    (b. 1811? - d. 1900)
                             (acting for Kennedy)
11 Mar 1875 - 2 Dec 1875 John Gardiner Austin (2nd time)    (s.a.)
                             (acting for Kennedy)
1 Mar 1877 - 22 Apr 1877 John Gardiner Austin (3rd time)    (s.a.)
                             (acting)
22 Apr 1877 - 7 Mar 1882 John Pope Hennessy                 (b. 1834 - d. 1891)
                             (from 21 Apr 1880, Sir John Pope Hennessy)
7 Mar 1882 - 28 Mar 1882 Malcolm Struan Tonnochy (acting)
28 Mar 1882 - 30 Mar 1883 Sir William Henry Marsh (1st time) (b. 1827 - d. 1906)
                             (acting)
30 Mar 1883 - 21 Dec 1885 Sir George Ferguson Bowen          (b. 1821 - d. 1899)
21 Dec 1885 - 25 Apr 1887 Sir William Henry Marsh (2nd time) (s.a.)
                             (acting)
25 Apr 1887 - 6 Oct 1887 William Gordon Cameron (acting)    (b. 1827 - d. 1913)
6 Oct 1887 - 7 May 1891 Sir George William Des Voeux       (b. 1834 - d. 1909)
7 May 1891 - 10 Dec 1891 George Digby Barker (acting)       (b. 1833 - d. 1914)
10 Dec 1891 - 1 Feb 1898 Sir William Robinson               (b. 1836 - d. 1912)
1 Feb 1898 - 25 Nov 1898 Wilsone Black (acting)             (b. 1837 - d. 1909)
25 Nov 1898 - 21 Nov 1903 Sir Henry Arthur Blake             (b. 1840 - d. 1918)
21 Nov 1903 - 29 Jul 1904 Francis Henry May (1st time)       (b. 1860 - d. 1922)
                             (acting)
29 Jul 1904 - 20 Apr 1907 Sir Matthew Nathan                 (b. 1862 - d. 1939)
20 Apr 1907 - 29 Jul 1907 Sir Francis Henry May (2nd time)   (s.a.)
                             (acting)
29 Jul 1907 - 16 Mar 1912 Sir Frederick John Dealtry Lugard (b. 1858 - d. 1945)
16 Mar 1912 - 24 Jul 1912 Claud Severn (1st time) (acting)   (b. 1869 - d. 1933)
24 Jul 1912 - 12 Sep 1918 Sir Francis Henry May (3rd time)   (s.a.)
12 Sep 1918 - 30 Sep 1919 Claud Severn (2nd time) (acting)   (s.a.)
30 Sep 1919 - 19 Mar 1925 Sir Reginald Edward Stubbs         (b. 1876 - d. 1947)
19 Mar 1925 - 1 Nov 1925 Claud Severn (3rd time) (acting)   (s.a.)
1 Nov 1925 - 1 Feb 1930 Sir Cecil Clementi                 (b. 1875 - d. 1947)
1 Feb 1930 - 9 Mar 1930 Wilfrid Thomas Southorn (1st time) (b. 1879 - d. 1957)
                             (acting)
9 May 1930 - 17 May 1935 Sir William Peel                   (b. 1875 - d. 1945)
17 May 1935 - 13 Sep 1935 Sir Wilfrid Thomas Southorn        (s.a.)
                             (2nd time) (acting)
13 Sep 1935 - 1 Nov 1935 Norman Lockhart Smith (1st time)   (b. 1887 - d. 1968)
                             (acting)
1 Nov 1935 - 12 Dec 1935 Sir Wilfrid Thomas Southorn        (s.a.)
                             (3rd time) (acting)
12 Dec 1935 - 16 Apr 1937 Sir Andrew Caldecott               (b. 1884 - d. 1951)
16 Apr 1937 - 28 Oct 1937 Norman Lockhart Smith (2nd time)   (s.a.)
                             (acting)
28 Oct 1937 - 6 Sep 1941 Sir Geoffrey Alexander Stafford    (b. 1881 - d. 1948)
                             Northcote
Apr 1940 - 6 Aug 1940     Norman Lockhart Smith (3rd time)   (s.a.)
                             (acting for Northcote)
6 Aug 1940 - 13 Mar 1941 Edward Felix Norton                (b. 1884 - d. 1954)
                             (acting for Northcote)
6 Sep 1941 - 10 Sep 1941 Norman Lockhart Smith (4th time)   (b. 1887 - d. 1968)
                             (acting)
10 Sep 1941 - May 1947     Sir Mark Aitchinson Young          (b. 1886 - d. 1974)
                             (Japanese prisoner 25 Dec 1941 - 16 Aug 1945)
25 Dec 1941 - 20 Feb 1942 Takashi Sakai                      (b. 1887 - d. 1946)
                           + Masaichi Niimi                   (b. 1887 - d. 1993)
                           (military chiefs)
20 Feb 1942 - 24 Dec 1944 Rensuke Isogai                     (b. 1886 - d. 1967)
1 Feb 1945 - 16 Aug 1945 Hisaichi Tanaka                    (b. 1889 - d. 1947)
28 Aug 1945 - 30 Aug 1945 Franklin Charles Gimson            (b. 1890 - d. 1975)
                             (chief of provisional government)
1 Sep 1945 - 1 May 1946 Sir Cecil Harcourt                 (b. 1892 - d. 1959)
                             (military governor)
May 1947 - 25 Jul 1947     David Mercer MacDougall (acting)   (b. 1904 - d. 1991)
25 Jul 1947 - Dec 1957     Sir Alexander William Grantham     (b. 1899 - d. 1978)
Dec 1957 - 23 Jan 1958     Edgeworth Beresford David (acting) (b. 1908 - d. 1965)
23 Jan 1958 - Mar 1964     Sir Robert Brown Black             (b. 1906 - d. 1999)
Mar 1964 - 14 Apr 1964     Edmund Brinsley Teesdale (acting) (b. 1915 - d. 1997)
14 Apr 1964 - Oct 1971     Sir David Clive Crosbie Trench     (b. 1915 - d. 1988)
Oct 1971 - 19 Nov 1971     Sir Hugh Selby Norman-Walker       (b. 1916 - d. 1985)
                             (acting)
19 Nov 1971 - Apr 1982     Sir Murray MacLehose               (b. 1917 - d. 2000)
Apr 1982 - 20 May 1982     Sir Philip Haddon-Cave (acting)    (b. 1925 - d. 1999)
20 May 1982 - 4 Dec 1986 Sir Edward Youde                   (b. 1924 - d. 1986)
4 Dec 1986 - 9 Apr 1987 Sir David Akers-Jones (acting)     (b. 1927)
9 Apr 1987 - 9 Jul 1992 Sir David Wilson                   (b. 1935)
                             (from 14 Feb 1992, David Wilson,
                             Baron Wilson of Tillyorn)
9 Jul 1992 - 30 Jun 1997 Christopher "Chris" Patten         (b. 1944)

Kiaochow (Qingdao)


14 Nov 1897 - 7 Nov 1914


7 Nov 1914 - 1922

Map of Kiaochow

Capital: Kiutschou (Tsingtao)

Population: 200,000 (1912)
(4,500 whites)

14 Nov 1897                Kiaochow (Tsingtao) Bay (Kiautschou) occupied by Germany.
6 Mar 1898                Leased for 99 years to Germany.
23 Aug 1914                China cancels German lease.
7 Nov 1914                Occupied by Japan.
10 Dec 1922                Returned to China.
1937 - 1945                Occupied by Japan.

Military Governor
14 Nov 1897 - 7 Mar 1898 Otto von Diederichs (b. 1843 - d. 1918)
Governors
7 Mar 1898 - 19 Feb 1899 Carl Rosendahl    (b. 1852 - d. 1917)
19 Feb 1899 - 27 Jan 1901 Otto Ferdinand Paul Jäschke       (b. 1851 - d. 1901)
27 Jan 1901 - 8 Jun 1901 Max Rollmann (acting) (b. 1857 - d. 1942)
8 Jun 1901 - 19 Aug 1911 Oskar Truppel                     (b. 1854 - d. 1931)
19 Aug 1911 - 7 Nov 1914 Alfred Meyer-Waldeck              (b. 1864 - d. 1928)
Military Governors
7 Nov 1914 - 1919         Mitsuomi Kamio                    (b. 1856 - d. 1925)
1919 - 10 Dec 1922         Mitsue Yuhi                       (b. 1860 - d. 1940)

Kwangchowan (Kwangchowwan)


27 May 1898 - 28 Feb 1946

Map of Kwangchowan

Capital: Port-Bayard

Population: 250,000 (1935)

27 May 1898                French leased territory(Territoire de Kouang-Tchéou-Wan).
1900 Subordinated to Tonkin in French Indochina.
Jun 1940 - Feb 1943        Administration loyal to Free France.
Feb 1943 - Sep 1945        Occupied by Japan.
30 Jul 1943                Retroceded to the Japanese sponsored Chinese National
                             Government by Vichy France (not recognized by
                             Free French or the Republic of China).28 Feb 1946                Lease vacated by France, restored to China; Port-Bayard renamed Zhanjiang (Chan-chiang).

Administrators (from 1900, subordinated to French Residents at Tonkin in
French Indochina [see under Vietnam])
1898 - 1900                Charles Louis Théobald             (b. 1842 - d. 1902)
                             Courrejolles
1900 - 1902                Gustave Alby (1st time)            (b. 1855 - d. 1920)
1902 - 1903                Théophile Henri Bergès
1903 - 1906                Gustave Alby (2nd time)            (s.a.)
1906 - 1908                Jean-Fernand Gautret               (b. 1862 - d. 1912)
1908 - 1910                Henri Victor Sestier               (b. 1857 - d. 19..)
1910 - 1 Apr 1910         Paul Edgar Dufrénil                (b. 1856 - d. 19..)
1910 - 1911                ....
1911 - 1912                Jean Ernest Moulié
1912                       Pierre Stéphane Salabelle
1912 - 1915                Henri Jean Auguste Caillard        (b. 1872 - d. 19..)
1915 - Nov 1917            Marius Albert Garnier              (b. 1870 - d. 1929)
Nov 1917 - 1919            ....
1919 - 1922                Jean-Félix Krautheimer (1st time) (b. 1874 - d. 1943)
1922                       Paul Marie Alexis Joseph Blanchard
                             de la Brosse (1st time)
1922 - 1923                Jean-Félix Krautheimer (2nd time) (s.a.)
1923 - 1925                Paul Michel Achille Quesnel
1925 - 1927                Paul Marie Alexis Joseph Blanchard
                             de la Brosse (2nd time)
1927 - 1929                Louis Félix Marie Édouard Rivet    (b. 1869 - d. 19..)
1929 - 1932                Achille Louis Auguste Sylvestre
1932 - 1933                Pierre Charles Edmond Jabouille
1933 - 1934                Paul Delamarre
1934 - 1936                Maurice Émile Henri de Tastes
1936 - 1937                Camille Fernand Chapoulart
1937 - 1942                Jacques Henri Paul Le Prevôt
1942                       Louis Frédéric Claire Guillaume
                             Marty
1942 - 1943                Pierre Marie Jean Domec
Feb 1943 - Sep 1945        .... (Japanese commanders)

Kwantung (Port Arthur)


15 Dec 1897 - 2 Jan 1905


2 Jan 1905 - 22 Aug 1945


22 Aug 1945 - 11 Oct 1955

Map of Port Arthur

Capital: Darien (Dalny)

Population: 1,656,726 (1935)

21 Nov 1894                Japanese occupy Port Arthur (Lüshun).
17 Apr 1895                Port Arthur (Lüshun) ceded to Japan by China
                             under Treaty of Shimonoseki.
5 May 1895                Russia, France, and Germany force Japan to retrocede
                             the territory to China.
27 Dec 1897                Occupied by Russia.
27 Mar 1898                Port Arthur (Dalny) a Russian leased territory of Kwantung
                             (Kvantunskaya oblast).
12 Aug 1903                Seat of Russian Viceroyalty of the Far East.
2 Jan 1905                Occupied by Japan.
5 Sep 1905                Japanese leased territory (Kwantung Territory),
                             Port Arthur renamed Ryojun (Dairen).
12 Apr 1919                Civil administration replaces military.
23 Aug 1945                Occupied by Soviet Union.
Sep 1945 - 11 Oct 1955     Joint rule by Soviet Union and China.
11 Oct 1955                Fully re-incorporated into China.

Japanese Military Governor
21 Nov 1894 - 5 May 1895 Count Nogi Maresuke                (b. 1843 - d. 1912)
Russian Military Governors
27 Dec 1897 - 13 May 1898 Fyodor Vasilyevich Dubasov         (b. 1845 - d. 1912)
                            (commander of Russian Pacific fleet)
13 May 1898 - 1898         Oskar Viktorovich Stark            (b. 1846 - d. 1828)
Administrator
1898 - 1899                Dean Ivanovich Subovic             (b. 1852 - d. 1920)
Chief administrators (from 30 Jul 1903, also Governors of the Far East)
19 Aug 1899 - 25 Oct 1904 Yevgeny Ivanovich Alekseyev        (b. 1843 - d. 1918)
                            (from 30 Jul 1903, Viceroy)
5 May 1904 - 1 Jan 1905 Anatoly Mikhailovich Stessel       (b. 1848 - d. 1915)
                            (acting [for Aleksyev to 25 Oct 1904])
Military governor
2 Jan 1905 - 18 Oct 1905 Baron Yasukata Oku                 (b. 1847 - d. 1939)
Governors-general
18 Oct 1905 - 26 Apr 1912 Baron Yoshimasa Oshima             (b. 1850 - d. 1926)
                            (from 1906, Viscount Yoshimasa Oshima)
26 Apr 1912 - 15 Sep 1914 Baron Yasumasa Fukushima           (b. 1852 - d. 1919)
15 Sep 1914 - 31 Jul 1917 Baron Satoru Nakamura              (b. 1854 - d. 1925)
31 Jul 1917 - 11 Apr 1919 Baron Yujiro Nakamura              (b. 1852 - d. 1928)
Governors
12 Apr 1919 - 24 May 1920 Baron Gonsuke Hayashi              (b. 1860 - d. 1939)
24 May 1920 - 8 Sep 1922 Isaburo Yamagata                   (b. 1857 - d. 1927)
8 Sep 1922 - 19 Sep 1923 Baron Hikokichi Ijuin              (b. 1864 - d. 1924)
26 Sep 1923 - 17 Dec 1927 Hideo Kodama                       (b. 1876 - d. 1947)
17 Dec 1927 - 7 Aug 1929 Kenjiro Kinoshita                  (b. 1869 - d. 1947)
7 Aug 1929 - 16 Jan 1931 Masahiro Ota                       (b. 1870 - d. 1951)
16 Jan 1931 - 11 Jan 1932 Seiji Tsukamoto                    (b. 1872 - d. 1945)
11 Jan 1932 - 8 Aug 1932 Mannosuke Yamaoka                  (b. 1876 - d. 1968)
8 Aug 1932 - 27 Jul 1933 Baron Nobuyoshi Muto               (b. 1868 - d. 1933)
28 Jul 1933 - 10 Dec 1934 Takashi Hishikari                  (b. 1871 - d. 1952)
10 Dec 1934 - 6 Mar 1936 Jiro Minami                        (b. 1874 - d. 1955)
6 Mar 1936 - 7 Sep 1939 Kenkichi Ueda                      (b. 1875 - d. 1962)
7 Sep 1939 - 18 Jul 1944 Yoshijiro Umezu                    (b. 1882 - d. 1949)
18 Jul 1944 - 23 Aug 1945 Otozo Yamada                       (b. 1881 - d. 1965)
Soviet Commandants1945 - 194.        Vladimir Dmitriyevich Ivanov (b. 1900 - d. 1968)1947 - 1953                Afanasy Pavlantyevich Beloborodov (b. 1903 - d. 1990) May 1953 - 1955        Vasily Ivanovich Shvetsov (b. 1898 - d. 1958)

Commanders of the Pacific Fleet at Port Arthur
(subordinated to administrators)
Mar 1898 - May 1898        Nikolay Romanovich Grevé (acting) (b. 1853 - d. 1913)
                             (1st time)
13 May 1898 - 18 Oct 1902 Oskar Viktorovich Starck           (s.a.)
1902 - 1904                Nikolay Romanovich Grevé (2nd time)(s.a.)
Apr 1904 - 1 Jan 1905     Ivan Konstantinovich Grigoryevich (b. 1853 - d. 1930)

Macau (Macao)


to 19 Dec 1999


1967 proposed colonial flag


to 20 Dec 1999 City Flag


1975- 20 Dec 1999 Government Flag

Map of Macau	Hear National Anthem "A Portugesa" (The Portuguese)	Text of National Anthem	Organic Law of Macau (17 Feb 1976)
Capital: Macau	Currency: Pataca (MOP)	National Holiday: 10 Jun (1580) Portugal Day ---------------------------- Local Holiday: 24 Jun (1622) Macau Day	Population: 502,325 (1997)
GDP: $7.65 billion (1998)	Exports: $1.7 billion (1999) Imports: $1.5 billion (1999)	Ethnic groups: Chinese 95%, Macanese (mixed Portuguese and Asian ancestry), Portuguese, other
Total Police Forces: 5,800 (1999) Defense was the Responsibility of Portugal Merchant Marine: None (1999)		Religions: Buddhist 50%, Roman Catholic 15%, none and other 35% (1997)
International Organizations/Treaties (to 1999): CCC, IMO (associate), Interpol (subbureau), UNESCO (associate), UNFCC, WMO, WTO, WToO (associate)

Macau	Chronology `1513 Portuguese led by Jorge Álvares anchor in the` `Pearl River estuary.` `1553 First Portuguese settlement at Macau/Macao (Cidade de Santo Nome de Deus de Macau).1557 Portuguese established a trading post at Macau` `(subordinated to Goa).` `15 Jul 1580 - 1 Dec 1640 Macau along with Portugal a Spanish possession. 24 Jun 1622 Dutch fail to seize Macau.` `11 Sep 1808 - 18 Dec 1808 British occupation, but Portuguese rule continues.` `20 Sep 1844 Made a separate overseas province of Portugal` `(action not recognized by China).` `13 Mar 1849 Chinese customs officials expelled, Portuguese` `cease paying rent to China.` `1851 Portuguese occupy Taipa (Dangzai) Island.` `1864 Portuguese occupy Coloane (Luhuan) Island.` `1883 Portuguese Timor and Macau made a combined.` `overseas province of Portugal under Goa`. `1 Dec 1887 Protocol of Lisbon under which China acknowledged` `Portuguese right of perpetual occupation of Macau.` `Apr 1928 China abrogates 1887 recognition of Portuguese` `occupation of Macau.` `1890 Ilha Verde (Qingzhou) incorporated into Macau.` `1938 - 1941 Portuguese occupy the islands of Lapa and Montanha` `(both are retaken by Japan and restored to China)` `Dec 1941 - Aug 1945 Japanese troops enter the colony several times. The` `Japanese control access of people and goods to` `the territory, making it a virtual protectorate` `in 1943. But Macau avoids actual occupation.` `11 Jun 1951 Status changed from colony to overseas province.` `29 Jan 1967 Portugal recognizes Macau as Chinese territory,` `China however, declines return of the territory.` `25 Feb 1974 China again refuses to take back Macau.` `17 Feb 1976 Status changed from overseas province to special` `territory (collective entity), recognized by` `Portugal as part of China.` `8 Feb 1979 Macau recognized by China as Chinese territory` `administered by Portugal.` `13 Apr 1987 Portugal agrees to restore Macau to China on` `20 Dec 1999.` `20 Dec 1999 Return to China as a special administrative region` `(see autonomous regions).`

Captains-major
1555 - 1557    .... 1557 - 1558                Francisco Martins
1558 - 1559                Lionel de Sousa
1559 - 1560                Rui Barreto
1560 - 1561                Manuel de Mendonça
1561 - 1562                Fernão de Sousa
1562 - 1563                Pero Barreto Rolim
1563 - 1565                Diogo Pereira
1565 - 1566                João Pedro Pereira
1566 - 1567                Simão de Mendonça (1st time)
1567 - 1568                Tristão Vaz da Veiga (1st time)
1568 - 1569                António de Sousa
1569 - 1571                Manuel Travassos
1571 - 1572                Tristão Vaz da Veiga (2nd time)
1572 - 1573                João de Almeida (1st time)
1573 - 1574                António de Vilhena
1574 - 1575                Simão de Mendonça (1st time)
1575 - 1576                Vasco Pereira
1576 - 1579                Domingos Monteiro (1st time)
1579 - 1570                Lionel Brito
1580 - 1581                Miguel da Gama
1581 - 1582                Inácio de Lima
1582 - 1583                João de Almeida (2nd time)
1583 - 1585                Aires Gonçalves de Miranda
1585 - 1586                Francisco Pais
1586 - 1587                Domingos Monteiro (2nd time)
1587 - 1589                Jerónimo Pereira
1589 - 1590                ....
1590 - 1591                Anrique da Costa
1591 - 1592                Roque de Melo Pereira
1592 - 1593                Domingos Monteiro (3rd time)
1593 - 1594                Gaspar Pinto da Rocha
1594 - 1595                Francisco de Sa
(did not take office) 1595 - 1596                Manuel de Miranda
1596 - 1597                Rui Mendes de Figuieredo
1597 - 1598                ....
1598 - 1599                Nunho de Mendonça
1599 - 1603                Paulo de Portugal
1603 - 1604                Gonçalo Rodrigues de Sousa
1604 - 1605                João Caiado de Gambôa
1605 - 1607                Diogo de Vasconcelos de Meneses
1607 - 1609                André Pessôa (1st time)
1610 - 1611                André Pessôa (2nd time)
1611 - 1612                Pedro Martin Gaio
1612 - 1614                Miguel de Sousa Pimentel
1614 - 1615                João Serrão da Cunha
1615 - 1616                Martim da Cunha
1616 - 1617                Francisco Lopes Carrasco
1617 - 1618                Lopo Sarmento de Carvalho (1st time)
1618 - 1619                António de Oliveira de Morias
1619 - 1620                Jerónimo de Macedo de Carvalho
1621 - 1622                Lopo Sarmento de Carvalho (2nd time)
1622 - 1623 Pero Fernandes de Carvalho + Agostinho Lobo + Agostinho Gomes(?) + Antonio do RosarioGovernors
7 Jul 1623 - 1626         Francisco Mascarenhas
19 Jul 1626 - 1629         Filipe Lôbo
1630 - 1631                Jerónimo da Silveira
1 Dec 1631 - 1636         Manuel da Câmara de Noronha
Aug 1636 - 1638            Domingos da Câmara de Noronha
Aug 1638 - 1644            Sebastião Lôbo da Silveira
Aug 1645 - 1646            Luís de Carvalho de Sousa
1646                       Diogo Coutinho Doçem
Aug 1647 - 1650            João Pereira
Aug 1650 - 1654            João de Sousa Pereira
Aug 1654 - 1664            Manuel Tavares Bocarro
22 Jul 1664 - 1666         Manuel Coelho da Silva
31 Aug 1667 - 1670         Álvaro da Silva
20 Jul 1670 - 1672         Manuel Borges da Silva
20 Jul 1672 - 1677         António Barbosa Lôbo
10 Dec 1678 - 1679         António de Castro Sande
10 Dec 1679 - 1682         Luís de Melo Sampaio
10 Dec 1682 - 1685         Belchior do Amaral de Meneses
5 Jul 1685 - 1688         António de Mesquita Pimentel
31 Jul 1688 - 1691         André Coelho Vieira
21 Jul 1691 - 1693         Francisco da Costa
23 Nov 1693 - 1694         António da Silva e Melo
21 Jul 1694 - 1697         Gil Vaz Lôbo Freire
17 Aug 1697 - 1697         Cosme Rodrigues de Carvalho e Sousa
28 Sep 1697 - 1698         Chamber Senate
9 Aug 1698 - 1700         Pedro Vaz de Sequeira (1st time)
5 Aug 1700 - 1702         Diogo de Melo Sampaio
22 Jul 1702 - 1703         Pedro Vaz de Sequeira (2nd time)
15 Aug 1703 - 1706         José da Gama Machado
5 Aug 1706 - 1710         Diogo do Pinho Teixeira
28 Jul 1710 - 1711         Francisco de Melo e Castro
11 Jun 1711 - 1714         António de Sequeira de Noronha
18 Jul 1714 - 1718         Francisco de Alarcão de Souto-Maior
30 May 1718 - 1719         António de Albuquerque de Carvalho (b. c.1685 - d. 17..)
9 Sep 1719 - 1722         António da Silva Telo de Meneses (b. c.1660 - d. 17..)
19 Aug 1722 - 1724         Cristóvão de Severim Manuel
6 Sep 1724 - 1727         António Carneiro de Alcáçova
11 Aug 1727 - 1732         António Moniz Barreto
18 Aug 1732 - 1735         António do Amaral e Meneses
15 Jan 1735 - 1735         João do Casal
4 Aug 1735 - 1738         Cosme Damião Pinto Pereira (1st time)
25 Aug 1738 - 1743         Manuel Pereira Coutinho
25 Aug 1743 - 1747         Cosme Damião Pinto Pereira (2nd time)
30 Aug 1747 - 1749         António José Teles de Meneses
2 Aug 1749 - 1752         João Manuel de Melo
29 Jul 1752 - 1755         Rodrigo de Castro (1st time)
14 Jul 1755 - 1758         Francisco António Pereira Coutinho
1 Jul 1758 - 1761         Diogo Pereira de Castro (b. 1717 - d. 1772)
4 Jul 1761 - 1764         António de Mendonça Côrte-Real (b. 1717 - d. 1774)
14 Jul 1764 - 1767         José Plácido de Matos Saraiva
19 Aug 1767 - 1770         Diogo Fernandes Salema e Saldanha
                             (1st time)
29 Jul 1770 - 1771         Rodrigo de Castro (2nd time)
26 Jul 1771 - 1777         Diogo Fernandes Salema e Saldanha
                             (2nd time)
27 Jan 1777 - 1778         Alexandre da Silva Pedrosa Guimarães
1 Aug 1778 - 1780         João Vicente Ferreira da Silveira (b. 1728 - d. ....) e Meneses
5 Jan 1780 - 1781         António José da Costa
28 Aug 1781 - 1783         Francisco de Castro
18 Aug 1783 - 1788         Bernardo Aleixo de Lemos e Faria (b. 1754 - d. 1826)
                             (1st time)
21 Jul 1788 - 16 Jul 1789 Francisco Xavier de Mendonça (b. c.1740 - d. 1789)
                             Côrte-Real
18 Jul 1789 - 1790         Lázaro da Silva Ferreira
29 Jul 1790 - 1793         Vasco Luís Carneiro de Sousa e Faro
27 Jul 1793 - 1797         José Manuel Pinto (1st time)
8 Aug 1797 - 1800         Cristóvão Pereira de Castro (b. 1733 - d. 1805)
8 Aug 1800 - 1803         José Manuel Pinto (2nd time)
8 Aug 1803 - 1806         Caetano de Sousa Pereira
8 Aug 1806 - 1808         Bernardo Aleixo de Lemos e Faria (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
11 Sep 1808 - 18 Dec 1808 William O'Brien Drury              (b. 1754 - d. 1811)
                             (British commander)
26 Dec 1808 - 1810         Lucas José de Alvarenga (1st time) (b. 1768 - d. 1831)
19 Jul 1810 - 1814         Bernardo Aleixo de Lemos Faria (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)
19 Jul 1814 - 1817         Lucas José de Alvarenga (2nd time) (s.a.)
19 Jul 1817 - 1822         José Osório de Castro Cabral de (b. 1779 - d. 1857) Albuquerque
19 Aug 1822 - 1823         Paulino da Silva Barbosa
23 Sep 1822 - 1825       Government Council
28 Jul 1825 - 1827         Joaquim Mourão Garcês Palha        (b. 1775 - d. 1850)
15 Nov 1827 - 1830       Government Council
7 Jul 1830 - 1833         João Cabral de Estefique (b. 1780 - d. 1854)
3 Jul 1833 - 1837         Bernardo José de Sousa Soares (b. 1795 - d. 18..)
                             de Andrea
23 Feb 1837 - 1843         Adrião Acácio da Silveira Pinto
3 Oct 1843 - 1846         José Gregório Pegado
21 Apr 1846 - 22 Aug 1849 João Maria Ferreira do Amaral      (b. 1803 - d. 1849)
22 Aug 1849 - 1850       Government Council
30 May 1850 - 6 Jul 1850 Pedro Alexandrino da Cunha         (b. 1801 - d. 1850)
7 Jul 1850 - 1851         Government Council
3 Feb 1851 - 1851         Francisco António Gonçalves        (b. 1800 - d. 1875)
                             Cardoso
19 Nov 1851 - 1863         Isidoro Francisco Guimarães,       (b. 1808 - d. 1883)
                            (from 1862) visconde da Praia
                             Grande de Macau
22 Jun 1863 - 1866         José Rodrigues Coelho do Amaral    (b. 1808 - d. 1873)
26 Oct 1866 - 1868         José Maria da Ponte e Horta
3 Aug 1868 - 1872         António Sérgio de Sousa            (b. 1809 - d. 1878)
23 Mar 1872 - 1874         Januário Correia de Almeida,       (b. 1829 - d. 1901)
                             visconde de São Januário
7 Dec 1874 - 1876         José Maria Lôbo de Ávila           (b. 1817 - d. 1889)
31 Dec 1876 - 1879         Carlos Eugénio Correia da Silva    (b. 1834 - d. 1905)
28 Apr 1879 - 1883         Joaquim José da Graça    (b. 1825 - d. 1889)
23 Apr 1883 - 1886         Tomás de Sousa Rósa                (b. 1844 - d. 1918)
7 Aug 1886 - 13 Oct 1888 Firmino José da Costa              (b. 1843 - d. 1893)
5 Feb 1889 - 1890         Francisco Teixeira da Silva        (b. 1826 - d. 1894)
16 Oct 1890 - 1894         Custódio Miguel de Borja           (b. 1849 - d. 19..)
24 Mar 1894 - 1897         José Maria de Sousa Horta e Costa
                             (1st time)                       (b. 1858 - d. 1927)
12 Mar 1897 - 1900         Eduardo Augusto Rodrigues Galhardo (b. 1845 - d. 1908)
12 Aug 1900 - 1902         José Maria de Sousa Horta e Costa
                             (2nd time)                       (s.a.)
17 Dec 1902 - 10 Dec 1903 Arnaldo de Novaes Guedes Rebelo    (b. 1847 - d. 1917)
10 Dec 1903 - 5 Apr 1904 Council of Government
5 Apr 1904 - 1907         Martinho Pinto de Quierós          (b. 1847 - d. 1919)
                             Montenegro
6 Apr 1907 - 1908         Pedro de Azevedo Coutinho          (b. 1865 - d. 1942)
18 Aug 1908 - 1909         José Augusto Alves Roçadas         (b. 1865 - d. 1926)
22 Sep 1909 - 1910         Eduardo Augusto Marquês            (b. 1867 - d. 1944)
17 Dec 1910 - 1912         Álvaro de Melo Machado             (b. 1883 - d. 19..)
14 Jul 1912 - 1914         Aníbal Augusto Sanches de Miranda (b. 1865 - d. 1939)
6 Apr 1914 - 1916         José Carlos da Maia                (b. 1878 - d. 1921)
5 Sep 1916 - 1917         Manuel Ferreira da Rocha           (b. 1885 - d. 1951)
22 Jun 1917 - 21 Dec 1917 Fernando Augusto Vieira de Matos
21 Dec 1917 - 12 Oct 1918 Council of Government
12 Oct 1918 - 1919         Artur Tamagnini de Sousa Barbosa   (b. 1880 - d. 1940)
                             (1st time)
23 Aug 1919 - 20 May 1922 Henrique Monteiro Corrêa da Silva (b. 1878 - d. 1935)
20 May 1922 - 5 Jan 1923 Luís Antonio de Magalhães Corrêa (b. 1873 - d. 1960)
                             (acting)
5 Jan 1923 - 16 Jul 1924 Rodrigo José Rodrigues             (b. 1879 - d. 1963)
16 Jul 1924 - 18 Oct 1925 Joaquim Augusto Tomé dos Santos (b. 1867 - d. 1954)    (acting)
18 Oct 1925 - 1 Aug 1926 Manuel Firmino de Almeida Maia     (b. 1881 - d. 1932)
                             Magalhães
1 Aug 1926 - 8 Dec 1926 Hugo Carvalho Lacerda Castelo      (b. 1860 - d. 19..)
                             Branco (acting)
8 Dec 1926 - 19 Nov 1930 Artur Tamagnini de Sousa Barbosa   (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
1930 - 1931                João Pereira de Magalhães
                             (1st time) (acting)
30 Mar 1931 - 1931         Joaquim Anselmo da Mata e Oliveira (b. 1874 - d. 19..)
1931 - 1932                João Pereira de Magalhães
                             (2nd time) (acting)
21 Jun 1932 - 1935         António José Bernardes de Miranda (b. 1885 - d. 1957)
1935 - 1936                João Pereira Barbosa
1936 - 1937                António Joaquim Godinho Ferreira (b. 1887 - d. 1947)
                             da Silva Júnior
11 Apr 1937 - 10 Jul 1940 Artur Tamagnini de Sousa Barbosa   (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)
10 Jul 1940 - 17 Aug 1940 José Rodrigues Moutinho (acting) (b. 1904 - d. 1984)
17 Aug 1940 - 1946         Gabriel Maurício Teixeira          (b. 1897 - d. 19..)
1 Sep 1947 - 1951         Albano Rodrigues de Oliveira
23 Nov 1951 - 1957         Joaquim Marquês Esparteiro         (b. 1895 - d. ....)
8 May 1957 - 1958         Pedro Correia Barros
1958 - 1959                Manuel Peixoto Nunes
18 Sep 1959 - 1962         Jaime Silvério Marques             (b. 1914)
17 Apr 1962 - 1966         António Adriano Faria Lopes dos    (b. 1919 - d. 2009)
                             Santos
25 Nov 1966 - 1974         José Manuel Sousa Faro Nobre (b. 1910 - d. 1988)
                             Carvalho
19 Nov 1974 - 1 Feb 1979 José Garcia Leandro                (b. 1940?)
28 Nov 1979 - 26 Feb 1981 Nuno Viriato Tavares Melo Egídio   (b. 1916)
26 Feb 1981 - 16 Jun 1981 José Carlos Moreira Campos
                             (acting)
16 Jun 1981 - 1986         Vasco Almeida e Costa              (b. 1932)
15 May 1986 - 1987         Joaquim Germano Pinto Machado   (b. 1930)
Correia da Silva
9 Jul 1987 - 28 Sep 1990 Carlos Montez Melancia             (b. 1927)
28 Sep 1990 - 23 Apr 1991 Francisco Murteira Nabo (acting)   (b. 1939)
23 Apr 1991 - 19 Dec 1999 Vasco Joaquim Rocha Vieira     (b. 1939)

Japanese Consul in Macau
(formally in charge of contacts with Portuguese governor)
194. - 1945 Fukui Yasumitsu (d. 1945)

Shanghai International Settlement

Apr 1869 - 1942

Map of Shanghai 1933	GDP: $N/A	Exports: $N/A Imports: $N/A	Land Regulations (29 Nov 1845)
Shanghai Volunteer Corps: 2,000 (1933) British Force: 1,600 Japanese Force: 2,100 U.S. Forces: 1,900 Defense the Responsibilty of Treaty Powers		Currency: British Pound (GBP)	Population: 1,074,794 (1932) (includes: 44,240 foreigners)
Ethnic groups: Chinese, American, British, French, Japanese, Italian, Russian, German, others		Religions: Protestant, Roman Catholic, Buddhist and Taoist

16 Jun 1842 - 29 Aug 1842 British occupation of Shanghai.
17 Nov 1843                Shanghai becomes a Treaty Port.
20 Nov 1846                British concession established.
27 Nov 1848                Concession expanded.
1848/54                    American concession established.
6 Apr 1849                French concession established.
17 Jul 1854                Municipal Council established.
1862                       Proposal to make Shanghai an independent "free city" rejected.
21 Sep 1863                International Settlement created by union of American
                             and British concessions (consummated Dec 1863).
1896                       Concession expanded.
7 Jul 1927                Chinese city government of Greater Shanghai formally established.
Jan/Feb 1931               Japanese occupy the Hongkew district.
9 Nov 1937                Japanese occupy Chinese city of Shanghai.
8 Dec 1941                Japanese occupy the International Settlement (but not
                             the French concession); it is dissolved by Japan in 1942.
11 Jan 1943                Settlement officially abolished by the U.S. and Britain.
Jul 1943                   Formally retroceded to Japanese sponsored Chinese National
                             Government by the Japanese dominated Municipal Council.
3 Sep 1945                Restored to China.

Chairmen of the Municipal Council1854 C.A. Fearon (U.K.) 1854 - Mar 1855      William Seton Brown (U.K.)Mar 1855 - Feb 1859        ....31 Jan 1859 - Feb 1860     Robert Reid (U.K.) 2 Feb 1860 - Feb 1861     William Howard (U.K.)1861 - 1862                Pickwood31 Mar 1862 - Apr 1863     Henry Turner (U.K.) 4 Apr 1863 - Apr 1865     Henry William Dent (U.K.)Apr 1865 - Mar 1866        William Keswick (U.K.)1866 - 1870                ....1870 - 1871                G.B. Dixwell1874 - 1876                Purdon (1st time)(U.S.)1876 - 1883                ....1883 - 1884                Myburgh1884 - 1889                ....1889 - 1892                John McGregor (1st time)(U.K.)1892 - 1893                Purdon (2nd time) (U.S.)1893 - 1894                John McGregor (2nd time)(U.K.)1894 - 1897                J.L. Scott1897                       A.R. Burkill (U.K.)c.1897                     E.A. Probst(U.K.)
c.1898                     J.S. Fearon (U.K.)
1900 - 1901 Edbert Ansgar Hewett(U.K.)       (b. 1860 - d. 1915) 1903 - 1904   John McGregor (3rd time)(U.K.) 1904 - c.1905              F. Anderson(U.K.)1906 - 1907 Henry Keswick (b. 1870 - d. 1928)1907 - 1908 David Landale (1st time)
1908 - 1910 .... 1910 - 1912 David Landale (2nd time) 1913 - 1920                Sir Edward Pearce (U.K.) 1920 - 1921                A. Brooke Smith 1921 - 1923                H.G. Simms(U.K.) 1923 - 192.                Stirling Fessenden (U.S.)         (b. 1875 - d. 1943)
(1st time) c.1924                     E.F. Mackay 1927 - Apr 1929        Stirling Fessenden (U.S.)         (s.a.) (2nd time) 1929 - 1931                Henry E. Arnhold 1931 - Apr 1932          E.B. Macnaghten Apr 1932 - 193.            A.D. Bell 1934? - 1937 Henry E. Arnhold 1937 - 1940               Cornell S. Franklin (U.S.) 1940 - Feb 1941            William Johnstone Keswick         (b. 1903 - d. 1990) Sep 1941 - Dec 1941?       J.H. Liddell Secretaries-general of the Municipal CouncilApr 1929 - 30 Jun 1939    Stirling Fessenden (U.S.)         (s.a.)30 Juh 1939 - Dec 1941     George Godfrey Phillips1942 - Jul 1943            .... (Japan)

French Concession

Map of Shanghai 1933 Population: 478,552 (1932)
(includes: 16,210 foreigners)

6 Apr 1849                French concession in Shanghai established.
1 May 1862                Frenchconcession municipal council created under
the authority of the French Consul-general.
Jul 1940 - 30 Jul 1943     Administration loyal to Vichy France.
30 Jul 1943                Concession relinquished to the Japanese sponsored Chinese
                             National Government by Vichy France (not recognized by
                             Free French or the Republic of China).
30 Jul 1943 - Sep 1945     Occupied by Japan.
28 Feb 1946                Formally restored to China by France.

French Consuls-general of Shanghai and Presidents of the Municipal Council
23 Jan 1848 - 10 Jun 1853 Charles de Montigny (1st time)    (b. 1805 - d. 1868)
                           (President of Municipal Council from 1 May 1862)
15 Jun 1853 - 14 Jun 1857 Benoit Edan (acting)(1st time)
14 Jun 1857 - 28 Jun 1859 Charles de Montigny (2nd time)    (s.a.)
28 Jun 1859 - 12 Feb 1863 Benoit Edan (acting)(2nd time)
12 Feb 1863 - 28 Oct 1863 Victor Mauboussin
28 Oct 1863 - 18 Apr 1864 Chevrey-Rameau (acting)
18 Apr 1864 - 22 Dec 1864 E. Godeaux (acting)(1st time)
28 Dec 1864 - 20 Mar 1869 Antoine Brenier de Montmorand
20 Mar 1869 - 23 Nov 1869 Claude-Philibert Dabry de
                             Thiersant
23 Nov 1869 - 10 Jun 1872 comte de Méjan
10 Jun 1872 - 9 Sep 1872 Emmanuel comte de Chappedelaine
                             (1st time)(acting)
9 Sep 1872 - 24 Apr 1875 E. Godeaux (acting)(2nd time)
24 Apr 1875 - 25 May 1875 G. Lemaire (acting) (1st time)
25 May 1875 - 13 Feb 1876  Emmanuel comte de Chappedelaine
                             (2nd time)(acting)
1878 - 1880                G. Lemaire (2nd time)
1880 - 1881                Garnier
1882 - 1883                E. Flesch
1883 - 1884                L. de Lalande (acting)
20 Sep 1884 - 1885         G. Lemaire (2nd time)
1885                       V. Collin de Plancy
1885 - 1887                E.D. Kraetzer
1887 - 1888                Déjardin
Mar 1888 - 1888            Guillien
1888 - 1892                Raoul Wagner
1892 - 1894                A. Vissiere
1894 - 1896                F. Guillien
1896 - 1898                P.R.G. Dubail
Oct 1898 - 25 Oct 1899     Paul Claudel (1st time)    (b. 1868 - d. 1955) 1898 - 1899                Georges-Gaston Servan de
                             Bezaure (1st time)
1899 - 1900                Paul Claudel (2nd time) (s.a.)
1900 - 1901                Georges-Gaston Servan de
                             Bezaure (2nd time)
1901 - 1909                L. Ratard
1909 - 1910                Déjean de la Bâtie
1911 - 1912                G. Dubois
1912 - 1914                G. Japy
1914 - 1916                Gaston Kahn
1916 - 3 Apr 1917         E. Naggiar
3 Apr 1917 - 21 Jan 1920 Henry Auguste Wilden (1st time)
22 Jan 1920 - 14 Jan 1921 R. Reau (interim)
14 Jan 1921 - 23 Jan 1921 G.D. de la Prade (interim)
23 Jan 1921 - 20 Nov 1924 Henry Auguste Wilden (2nd time)
20 Nov 1924 - 16 Apr 1926 Jacques Meyrier (1st time)
                             (interim)
16 Apr 1926 - 9 Jan 1928 Paul Émile Naggiar (b. 1883 - d. 19..)
9 Jan 1928 - 10 Dec 1928 Jacques Meyrier (2nd time)
                             (interim)
10 Dec 1928 - 7 Mar 1932 E. Koechlin (interim)
7 Mar 1932 - 30 Jan 1935 Jacques Meyrier (3rd time)
                             (interim)
30 Jan 1935 - Feb 1938     Baudez (1st time)
Feb 1938 - 26 Nov 1938     P. Auge (1st time)(interim)
26 Nov 1938 - 7 May 1940 Baudez (2nd time)
7 May 1940 - 6 Sep 1940 P. Auge (2nd time)(interim)
6 Sep 1940 - 23 Oct 1940 Duval (interim)
23 Oct 1940 - 22 Sep 1944 Roland Jacquin de Margerie    (b. 1899 - d. 1990)
22 Sep 1944 - 14 Nov 1945 Baron Fain
14 Nov 1945 - 15 May 1946 Jean Filliol

Tientsin (Tianjin) Concessions

Map of Tientsin Concession

Population: 6,261 (1935)
(note: 536 foreigners)

Tientsin Austro-Hungarian Concession

7 Sep 1901 China cedes a concession in Tientsin to Austria-Hungary. 14 Aug 1917 Lease terminated by China.10 Sep 1919 Austria formally renounces its former concession (Hungary on 4 Jun 1920).
Consuls14 Nov 1901 - 1908 Carl Bernauer 1908 Erwin Ritter von Zach (b. 1872 - d. 1949)
Nov 1908 - Dec 1912 Miloslav Kobr 1913 - 14 Aug 1917 Hugo Schumpeter

Tientsin Belgian Concession

6 Feb 1902    China cedes a concession in Tientsin to Belgium in exchange    of a yearly indemnity. 31 Aug 1929 Treaty between China and Belgium, Belgium agrees to return the concession to China. 15 Jan 1931    Formal restoration of the concession to China.
Consul generals 1902 - 1906   H. Ketels 1906 - 1914   A. Disière
1914 - 1919    A. Dauge1919 - 1923    E. Franck
1923 - 1929    A. van Cutsem
1929 - 15 Jan 1931    T. Snyers

Tientsin British Concession

24 Oct 1860   China cedes a concession in Tientsin to Britain.
1861     British concession in Tientsin. 8 Dec 1941- Sep 1945    Concession occupied by Japan.
11 Jan 1943                Concession officially abolished by Britain.Consul generals24 Dec 1860 - 1877 James Mongan 1870 William Hyde Lay (acting for Mongan) 9 Nov 1877 - 1885 Chaloner Alabaster    (b. 1838 - d. 1898) 23 Dec 1885 - 1893 Byron Brenan     (d. 1927) 15 Jun 1893 - 1897 Henry Barnes Bristow 27 Sep 1897 - 1899 Benjamin Charles George Scott 13 May 1899 - 1901 William Richard Carles 22 Mar 1901 - 1908 Lionel Charles Hopkins    (b. 1854 - d. 1952) 1 Sep 1908 - 1912 Alexander Hosie    (b. 1853 - d. 1925) 1 Oct 1912 - 1917 Harry English Fulford 1 Apr 1917 - 1926 William Pollock Ker (b. 1864 - d. 1945) 1926 - 1930 James William Jamieson (b. 1867 - d. 1946) 8 Feb 1928 - 21 Nov 1934 Lancelot Giles (b. 1878 - d. 1934) 19 Feb 1935 - 1938 John Barr Affleck 6 Aug 1938 - 1939 Edgar George Jamieson 1 Nov 1939 - 1941 Oswald WhiteApr 1941 - 8 Dec 1941     Sir Alwyne Ogden (acting)    (b. 1889 - d. 1981)

Tientsin German Concession

1899       China cedes a concession in Tientsin to Germany.14 Aug 1917 Lease terminated by China.
28 Jun 1919                Germany formally renounces its former concession.
Consuls 1889 - 1896/97 Freiherr von Seckendorff 1897 - 1900                R. Eiswaldt 1900 - 1902         Arthur Zimmermann (b. 1864 - d. 1940) 1902 - 1906               Eckhardt 1906 - 1913                Knipping 1913 - 1917                Fritz Wendschuch    (b. 1873 - d. 19..)

Tientsin French Concession

24 Oct 1860 China cedes a concession in Tientsin to France.
1861    French concession in Tientsin. Jul 1940 - 30 Jul 1943     Administration loyal to Vichy France.30 Jul 1943                Concession relinquished to the Japanese sponsored Chinese                              National Government by Vichy France (not recognized by                              Free French or the Republic of China).
30 Jul 1943 - Sep 1945 Occupied by Japan.
28 Feb 1946                Formally restored to China by France.
Consuls1863 - 1868 Charles de Montigny    (b. 1805 - d. 1868)
1869 - 21 Jun 1870 Henri Fontanier    (d. 1870) 1870 - 1883 Charles Dillon (b. 1842 - d. ....) 1883 - 1884 Fournier 1884 - 1891/92 Paul Ristelhueber 1891/92 - 1894 Achille Raffray 1894 - 1897 Jean Marie Guy Georges du    (b. 1844 - d. ....)
   Chaylard (1st time) 5 Apr 1897 - 22 May 1898 Arnold Vissière 1898 - 1902 Jean Marie Guy Georges du    (s.a.)    Chaylard (2nd time)
1902 - 1903 Marie Henri Leduc 1903 - 1906 Rocher 1906 Bourgeois (1st time) 1906 - 1909 Paul Claudel (b. 1868 - d. 1955) 1909 - 1913? Gaston Kahn 1913 - 1920 Bourgeois (2nd time) 1920 - 1929? J. Saussine 1929 - 1931? Jacques Meyrier    (b. 1892 - d. 19..)
1931 - 1935 Charles Lépissier (1st time) 1935 - 1936/37 Pierre Crépin 1936/37 - 1938? L. Charles 1938 - 1943    Charles Lépissier (2nd time)

Tientsin Italian Concession [Kingdom of Italy flag]

7 Sep 1901 China cedes a concession in Tientsin to Italy. 7 Jun 1902 Tientsin Italian concession (Concessione di Tien-Tsin).10 Sep 1943 - Sep 1945 Occupied by Japan.27 Jul 1944 Italian Social Republic relinquishes the concession to the Japanese sponsored Chinese National Government (not recognized by Kingdom of Italy or Republic of China). 10 Feb 1947 Italy formally renounces its concessions in China.

Consuls18 Apr 1901 - 31 Jul 1903 Cesare Poma 11 Feb 1904 - 6 Jun 1906 GiuseppeChiostri14 Oct 1906 - 7 Jun 1911 OresteDa Vella 1912 - 1919 VincenzoFiletti Nov 1920 - 1921 Marcello Roddolo (b. 1884 - d. 19..) 3 Jul 1921 - Jul 1924 Luigi Gabrielli Jul 1925 - Jul 1927 Guido Segre 1 Nov 1927 - Mar 1933 Luigi Neyrone Mar 1932 - Feb 1938 Filippo Zappi (b. 1896 - d. 1961) 3 Feb 1938 - 27 Jul 1943 Ferruccio Stefenelli (b. 1898 - d. 1980)

Tientsin Japanese Concession

17 Apr 1895     China cedes a concession in Tientsin to Japan.
Sep 1945     Japanese concession terminated.
Consul generals c.1895 Minoji Arakawa (b. 1857 - d. 1949)
c.1896 - 1901? Tei Nagamasa 1901 - 1907 Hikokichi Ijuin                (b. 1864 - d. 1924)
1907 Kato M. (acting) 1907 - 1914 Obata Yukichi 1914 - 1915? Kubota B. 1915 - 1919 Matsudaira 1919 - Nov 1921    Funatsu F. 1922 - 1925 Shigeru Yoshida    (b. 1878 - d. 1967) 1925 - 1927 Arita Hachiro   (b. 1884 - d. 1965)
1927 - 1930? Kato Sotomatsu Apr 1930 - 1931 Tajiri Akiyoshi 1931 - 1933? Kuwashima K. 1 Sep 1933 - 1936? Kurihara Tadashic.1936    Kawagoe Shigeru Aug 1936 - 1938? Horiuchi Tateki Jan 1938 - 19.. Tanaka 1942 - 194. Kato S. c.1943 S. Takase

Tientsin Russian Concession

1903     China cedes a concession in Tientsin to Russia.
Sep 1920     China takes over administration and terminates the Russian concession.
31 May 1924    Soviet Union renounces all concessions in China.
Consul generals 1903 - 1907? Nikolay Vasilyevich Laptev 1907 - 1909? Nikolay Maksimovich Poppe 1909 - 1919?    Ch. Christi

Weihaiwei


1898 - 1903


1903 - 30 Sep 1930

Map of Weihaiwei

Capital: Port Edward

Population: 154,416 (1921)

30 Jan 1895 - 23 May 1898 Liukung Island and Weihaiwei Bay occupied by Japan.
24 May 1898                Liukung Island and Weihaiwei leased by Britain.
1 Oct 1930                Weihaiwei returned to China, as a special
                             administrative region until 1938 (see under China provinces).

Japanese Commanders of Liukung Island
30 Jan 1895 - 23 May 1898 ....
Naval Commissioner and Commander of the British Naval Forces in China
1 Jul 1898 - 1901         Sir Edward Hobart Seymour          (b. 1840 - d. 1929)
Civil Commissioner
10 Aug 1899 - 10 Dec 1901 Arthur Robert Ford Dorward         (b. 1848 - d. 1934)
                             (from 1900, Sir Arthur Robert Ford Dorward)
Officer in Charge 10 Dec 1901 - May 1902     John Dodson Daintree    (b. 1864 - d. 1952)
Commissioners
May 1902 - 1921            James Haldane Stewart Lockhart     (b. 1858 - d. 1937)
1921 - 1923                Arthur Powlett Blunt               (b. 1883 - d. 1946)
1923 - 1927                Walter Russell Brown               (b. 1879 - d. 1966)
1927 - 30 Sep 1930         Reginald Fleming Johnston          (b. 1874 - d. 1938)