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East Timor (Timor-Leste)
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![[Portugal]](pt.gif)
![[United Republic of Timor flag 1961]](tp-1961.gif)
![[National flag of Indonesia]](id.gif)
![[Timor Timur Province Flag to 1999]](tim-fxi.gif)
![[Flag of UNO]](uno.gif)
![[East Timor Flag]](tl.gif)
Captains
1647 - 1649
António de São Jacinto
(in Cupão)
1649 - 1652
Francisco Carnerio
(in Cupão)
1652 - 1662
....
1662 - 1664
Simão Luis
Captains-major
1665 - 1666?
Simão Luis
1666 - 1669
Antonio Hornay (1st time) (acting)
1669 - 1670
Fernão Martins da Ponte (acting)
1671 - 1673
Mateus da Costa (acting)
(d. 1673)
1673 - 1693
Antonio Hornay (2nd time)(acting)
1680
João Antunes Portugal
(sent by Portugal but refused by settlers)
1694 - 1696
Francisco Hornay (acting)
1696 - 1697
António de Mesquita Pimentel
1697
André Coelho Vieira
1697 - 1702
Domingos da Costa (acting)
Governors
20 Feb 1702 - 1705
António Coelho Guerreiro
1705 - 1706
Lourenço Lopes
1706 - 1708
Manuel Ferreira de Almeida
(1st time)
1708 - 1709
Jácome de Morais Sarmento
1709 - 1714
Manuel de Souto-Maior
1714
Manuel Ferreira de Almeida
(2nd time)
1714 - 1718
Domingos da Costa
1718 - 1719
Francisco de Melo e Castro
1719 - 1722
Manuel de Santo António
1722 - 1725
António de Albuquerque Coelho
1725 - 1729
António Moniz de Macedo (1st time)
1729 - 1731
Pedro de Melo
1731 - 1734
Pedro de Rego Barreto da Gama
e Castro
1734 - 1739
António Moniz de Macedo (2nd time)
1739 - 1741
.... (acting)
1741 - 1745
Manuel Leonís de Castro
1745 - 1748
Francisco Xavier Moraes Doutel
1748 - 1751
Manuel Correia de Lacerda (b. 1679 - d. 1751)
1751 - 1759
Manuel Doutel de Figueiredo
Sarmento
1759 - 1760
Sebastião de Azevedo e Brito
1760 - 1763
.... (acting)
1763 - 1765
Dionísio Gonçalves Rebelo Galvão
1765 - 1768
.... (acting)
1768 - 1776
António José Teles de Meneses
1776 - 1779
Caetano de Lemos Telo de Meneses (b. 1739 - d. 1795)
1779 - 1782
Lourenço de Brito Correia
1782 - 1785
João Anselmo de Almeida Soares
1785 - 1788
João Baptista Vieira Godinho
1788 - 1790
Feliciano António Nogueira Lisboa
1790 - 1794
Joaquim Xavier de Morias Sarmento
1794 - 1800
João Baptista Verquaim
1800 - 1804
José Joaquim de Sousa
1804 - 1807
João Vicente Soares da Veiga (b. 1769 - d. 18..)
1807 - 1810
António de Mendonça Côrte-Real (b. c.1755 - d. 18..)
1810
António Botelho Homem Bernardes
(b. 1749 - d. 18..)
Pessõa
1810 - 1812 Joaquim António Duarte da Silva (b c.1740 - d. 18..)
Veloso
1812 - 1815
Vitorino Freire da Cunha Gusmão
1815 - 1819
José Pinto Alcoforado de Azevedo
e Sousa
1819 - 1821 Gregório Rodrigues Pereira
1821 - 1832
Manuel Joaquim de Matos e Góis (b. c.1781 - d. 1832)
1832
Miguel da Silveira Lorena
1832 - 1834 Miguel Carlos da Cunha da Silveira
e Lorena,
1834 - 1839
José Maria Marques
1839 - 1844
Frederico Leão Cabreira de Brito (b. 1800 - d. 1880)
Alvelos Drago Valente
1844 - 1848
Julião José da Silva Vieiras (b. 1893 - d. 1855)
1848 - 1851
António Olavo Monteiro Tôrres
23 Jun 1851 - 1852
José Joaquim Lopez de Lima (b. c.1797 - d. 1852)
1852 - 1856
Manuel de Saldanha da Gama
1856 - 1859
Luís Augusto de Almeida Macedo
1859 - 1863
Afonso de Castro
1863 - 1864
José Manuel Pereira de Almeida
1864 - 1866
José Eduardo da Costa Meneses
1866 - 1869
Francisco Teixeira da Silva (b.
1826 - d. 1894)
+ António Joaquim Garcia
1870 - 1871
João Clímaco de Carvalho
+ Manuel de Castro Sampaio
1873 - 1876
Hugo Goodair de Lacerda Castelo (b. c.1830 - d. 18..)
Branco (1st time)
1876 - 1878
Joaquim António da Silva Ferrão
+ José Alves da Costa
1878 - 1880
Hugo Goodair de Lacerda Castelo (s.a.)
Branco (2nd time)
1880 - 1881
Augusto César Cardoso de Carvalho (b. 1836 - d. 1905)
+ José dos Santos Vaquinhas
1882 - 1883
Bento da França Pinto de Oliveira (b. 1833 - d. 1889)
+ Porfírio Zeferino de Sousa
(1st time)
+ Francisco de Paula da Lua
1883 - 1885
João Maria Pereira
+ Cipriano Forjaz (1st time)
1885 - 3 Mar 1887
Alfredo de Lacerda Maia
(d. 1887)
+ Adriano Augusto de Barros e Rego (b. 1877 - d. 1966)
+ António Joaquim Garcia
1887 - 1888
António Francisco da Costa
1888 - 1889
Raphael Jácome Lopes de Andrade (b. 1851 - d.
1900)
1889 - 1890
Porfírio Zeferino de Sousa
(2nd time)
1890 - 1894
Cipriano Forjaz (2nd time)
1894 - 1908
José Celestino da Silva (d. 1911)
1894
Porfírio Zeferino de Sousa
(3rd time)
1895 - 1912
Boaventura of Manufai
(in rebellion)
1908
Jaime Augusto Vieira da Rocha (c.
c.1880 - d. 19..)
(acting)
1908 - 1909
Eduardo Augusto Marquês
(b. 1867 - d. 1944)
1909 - 1910
Gonçalo Pereira Pimenta de Castro
(1st time)
1910 - 30 Nov 1910
Alfredo Augusto Soveral Martins
1910
Anselmo Augusto Coelho de Carvalho
(acting)
1910
José Carrazeda aldas Viana e Andrade
(acting)
1911 - 1913
Filomeno da Cámara Melo Cabral (b. 1873
- d. 1934)
(1st time)
1913 - 1914
Gonçalo Pereira Pimenta de Castro
(2nd time) (acting)
1914 - 1917
Filomeno da Câmara Melo Cabral (s.a.)
(2nd time)
1917
César de Abreu
+ José Machado Duarte Júnior
(acting)
1917 - 1919
Luís Augusto de Oliveira Franco
(1st time)(acting)
1919 - 1920
Manuel Paulo de Sousa Gentil (b. 1870
- d. 1937)
1920 - 1921
Luís Augusto de Oliveira Franco
(2nd time)(acting)
1921
José de Paiva Gomes (1st time)
1921
Humberto dos Santos Leitão (acting)
(1st time)
1921 - 1923
José de Paiva Gomes (2nd time)
1923 - 1924
Humberto dos Santos Leitão (acting)
(2nd time)
1924 - 1926
Raimundo Enes Meira (b. 1866 - d. 1937)
1926
- 1929
Teófilo Duarte
(b. 1898 - d. 1958)
1929 - 1930
Cesário Augusto de Almeida Viana
1930
Abel Teixeira da Costa Tavares
(acting)
1930 - 1933
Antonio Baptista Justo
1933
José Luís Fontoura de Sequeira
(b. c.1905)
(acting)
1933 - 1936
Raúl d'Antas Manso Preto Mendez (b. 1893 - d. 1944)
Cruz
1936
Eduardo Bernardo Lápido Loureiro
(acting)
1937 - 1940
Álvaro Eugénio Neves da Fontoura (b. 1891 - d. 1975)
1940
António Jacinto Magro (acting)
1940 - 8 Dec 1945
Manuel de Abreu Ferreira de (b.
1893 - d. af.1956)
Carvalho
(considered himself a prisoner during allied rule
Dec 1941-1942; confined by Japanese Feb 1942-1945)
Allied Commanders
17 Dec 1941 - 20 Feb 1942 William Watt Leggatt
(b. 1894 - d. 1968)
(commander of Australian forces)
17 Dec 1941 - 20 Feb 1942 Nico Leonard Willem van Straten
(b. 1897 - d. 1968)
(commander of Dutch forces)
Japanese Commanders
20 Feb 1942 - 1942
Sadashichi Doi
Aug 1942 - Nov 1944 Yuitsu Tsuchihashi
(b. 1891 - d. 1975)
Nov 1944 - Aug 1945 Kunitaro
Yamada
Governors
1946 - 1950
Óscar Freire de Vasconcelos Ruas
1950 - 1958
César Maria de Serpa Rosa
(b. 1899 - d. 1968)
1959 - 1963
Filipe José Freire Temudo Barat (b. 1918)
9 Apr 1961 - Apr 1961 Maoclão
(in rebellion)
1963 - 1968
José Alberty Correia
1968 - 1972
José Nogueira Valente Pires
(b. 1914)
1972 - 1974
Fernando Alves Adeía
18 Nov 1974 - 26 Aug 1975 Mário Lemos Pires
(b. 1930 - d. 2009)
Presidents (from 7 Dec 1975 in rebellion against Indonesian
rule)
28 Nov 1975 - Sep 1978 Francisco Xavier do
Amaral (b.
1937)
FRETILIN
Sep 1978 - 31 Dec 1978 Nicolau dos Reis
Lobato (interim) (b. 1952 - d. 1978) FRETILIN
President of the Provisional Government
17 Dec 1975 - 17 Jul 1976 Arnaldo dos Reis Araújo
APODETI
Governors
1976 - 1978
Arnaldo dos Reis Araújo
1978 - 1982
Guilherme Maria Gonçalves
(b. 1920?)
18 Sep 1982 - 18 Sep 1992 Mário Viegas Carrascalão
(b. 1937)
18 Sep 1992 - 25 Oct 1999 Abilio José Osório
Soares (b. 1947 - d. 2007)
UN Administrators
25 Oct 1999 - 16 Nov 1999 Ian Martin (U.K.) (acting) (b. 1946)
25 Oct 1999 - 19 May 2002 Sérgio Vieira de Mello (Brazil)
(b. 1948 - d. 2003)
Presidents
20 May 2002 - 20 May 2007 Kay Rala Xanana Gusmão (b. 1946)
Non-party
(José Alexandre Gusmão)
20 May 2007 - José
Manuel Ramos-Horta
(b. 1949)
Non-party
11 Feb 2008 - 13 Feb 2008 Vicente da Silva Guterres UDC/CNRT
(acting for incapacitated Ramos-Horta)
13 Feb 2008 - 17 Apr 2008 Fernando "La Sama" de Araújo (b. 1963) PD
(acting for incapacitated Ramos-Horta)
Prime minister
28 Nov 1975 - 7 Dec 1975 Nicolau dos Reis Lobato
(s.a.)
FRETILIN
Chief minister
20 Sep 2001 - 20 May 2002 Mari Bim Amude Alkatiri
(b. 1949)
FRETILIN
Prime ministers
20 May 2002 - 26 Jun 2006 Mari Bim Amude Alkatiri
(s.a.)
FRETILIN
26 Jun 2006 - 19 May 2007 José Manuel Ramos-Horta
(s.a.)
Non-party
(acting as cabinet coordinator to 10 Jul 2006)
19 May 2007 - 8 Aug 2007 Estanislau da Conceição da Silva (b. 1952)
FRETILIN
8 Aug 2007 - Kay Rala Xanana Gusmão (s.a.) CNRT
Democratic Republic of East Timor (in rebellion)
![[East Timor flag]](tl_1975.gif)
Presidents of National Council of Maubere Resistance (CNRM)
1 Jan 1988 - 27 Apr 1998 Kay Rala Xanana Gusmão
(s.a.)
Non-party
Presidents of National Council for Timorese Resistance (CNRT)
27 Apr 1998 - 9 Jun 2001 Kay Rala Xanana Gusmão
(s.a.)
Non-party
(Indonesian prisoner 20 Nov 1992 - Feb 1999)
Nov 1992 - 7 Sep 1999 José
Manuel Ramos-Horta
(s.a.)
Non-party
(special representative to 27 Apr 1998,
then vice-president)
(in Australia and U.S. exile to 1 Dec 1999)
Commanders-in-Chief of FALINTIL
20 Aug 1975 - 31 Dec 1978 Nicolau dos Reis Lobato
(s.a.)
FRETILIN
Mar 1981 - 20 Apr 1992 Kay Rala Xanana
Gusmão
(s.a.) FRETILIN/Non-party
(from 20 Nov 1992 Indonesian prisoner)
Nov 1992 - Apr 1993 Manecas
Ma'Huno
Non-party
Apr 1993 - 11 Mar 1998 Nino Konis Santana
(b. 1959 - d. 1998) Non-party
11 Mar 1998 - 1 Feb 2001 Taur Matan Ruak
(b. 1956)
Non-party
(Jose Maria Vasconcelos)
Commander of International Force in East Timor (INTERFET)
20 Sep 1999 - 28 Feb 2000 Peter Cosgrave (Australia)
(b. 1947)
Commanders of United Nations Transitional Administration in
East Timor (UNTAET)
28 Feb 2000 - Jul 2000 Jaime de los Santos
(Philippines) (b. 1946)
19 Jul 2000 - 31 Aug 2001 Boonsrang Niumpradit
(Thailand) (b. 1948)
1 Sep 2001 - 20 May 2002 Winai Phattiyakul (Thailand)
(b. 1948)
Commanders UN Mission of Support to East Timor (UNMISET)
20 May 2002 - Aug 2002 Winai Phattiyakul
(Thailand) (s.a.)
Aug 2002 - Aug 2003 Huck
Gim Tan (Singapore)
(b. 1955)
Aug 2003 - 20 May 2005 Khairuddin Mat Yusof
(Malaysia) (b. 1949)
Commanders of International Stabilization Force in East Timor (ISF)
25 May 2006 - 26 Oct 2006 Michael "Mick" Slater (Australia)
26 Oct 2006 - 2 Aug 2007 Mal Rerden (Australia) (b. 1958)
2 Aug 2007 - 1 Feb 2008 John M.B. Hutcheson (Australia) (b. 1963)
1 Feb 2008 - 30 Jul 2008 James Baker (Australia)
30 Jul 2008 - Mark Holmes (Australia)
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![[FRETILIN flag]](tl-fret.gif)
![[FALINTIL flag]](tp-falin.gif)
![[CNRT flag]](tp-cnrt1.gif)
Territorial Disputes: Timor-Leste-Indonesia Boundary Committee has resolved all but a small portion of the land boundary, but discussions on maritime boundaries are stalemated over sovereignty of the uninhabited coral island of Pulau Batek/Fatu Sinai in the north and alignment with Australian claims in the south; many refugees who left Timor-Leste in 2003 still reside in Indonesia and refuse repatriation; Australia and Timor-Leste agreed in 2005 to defer the disputed portion of the boundary for 50 years and to split hydrocarbon revenues evenly outside the Joint Petroleum Development Area covered by the 2002 Timor Sea Treaty.
- Party abbreviations: APODETI = Associação Para a Integração de Timor em Indonésia (Association for the Integration of Timor in Indonesia, pro-Indonesia); CNRT = Congresso Nacional da Reconstrução de Timor (National Congress for Reconstruction of East Timor, reformist, est.28 Mar 2007); FRETILIN = Frente Revolucionária do Timor Leste Independente (Revolutionary Front of an Independent East Timor, socialist, Timor nationalist); PD = Partido Democrático (Democratic Party); PDC = União Democrata-Cristão de Timor (Christian Democratic Union of Timor); UDT = União Democrática Timorense (Timorese Democratic Union);
- - Former parties: CNRT = Conselho Nacional para a de Resistência Timorese (National Council for Timorese Resistance, est. 1 Jan 1988 as a multi-party national platform of the Timorese resistance, 27 Apr 1998 it was replaced by the CNRT, which subsequently was disbanded on 9 Jun 2001); FALINTIL = Forças Armadas de Libertação Nacional de Timor Leste (Armed Forces of National Liberation of East Timor, est. 20 Aug 1975 as the military arm of the FRETILIN party. When CNRT was established in 1988, the FALINTIL was declared their non-partisan military branch. Disbanded on 1 Feb 2001 to become the core of the new East Timor National Defense force)
- ©2002 Ben Cahoon