Indonesia
 

20 Mar 1602 - 1 Jan 1801 Dutch East India Company Flag 1 Jan 1801 - 8 Mar 1942; 29 Sep 1945 - 27 Dec 1949 8 Mar 1942 - 17 Aug 1945     Adopted 17 Aug 1945 7 Aug 1949 - 4 Jun 1962 (in rebellion) Islamic State of Indonesia  Map of Indonesia  Hear National Anthem  "Indonesia Raya"  (Great Indonesia)  Text of National Anthem   Adopted 17 Aug 1945 Constitution  (18 Aug 1945 - 27 Dec 1949, and from 5 Jul 1959) Map of  Administrative Divisions Historical Netherlands East Indies Map Map of situation on 1 Dec 1948 Provisional Constitution (15 Aug 1950 - 5 Jul 1959) Capital: Jakarta (Nusantara future capital) (Jakarta [Jakaruta] 8 Aug 1942-Sep 1945; Djakarta Sep 1945-1946, 27 Dec 1949 - 1972; Batavia 1619 - 1942; and 1947 - Dec 1949;  Fort Oranje 1610-1619) (republic - Yogyakarta 4 Jan 1946 - 19 Dec 1948; Bukittinggi 19 Dec 1948 - 27 Dec 1949) Currency: Indonesian Rupiah (IDR); 1945-1950 Indonesia Guilder (IDG); 1817-1945 Netherlands East  Indies Guilder (IDDG); 1941-44 Netherlands Indies Gumpyo Gulden (IDDJ) National Holiday: 17 Aug (1945) Hari Kemerdekaan (Independence Day) Population: 262,787,403 (2018) GDP: $3.25 trillion (2017) Exports: $168.9 billion (2017) Imports: $150.1 billion (2017) Ethnic groups: Javanese 40.1%, Sundanese 15.5%, Malay 3.7%, Batak 3.6%, Madurese 3%, Betawi 2.9%, Minangkabau 2.7%, Buginese 2.7%, Bantenese 2%, Banjarese 1.7%, Balinese 1.7%, Acehnese 1.4%, Dayak 1.4%, Sasak 1.3%, Chinese 1.2%, other 15% (2010) Total Active Armed Forces: 302,000 (2010) Merchant marine: 9,053 ships (2018) Religions: Muslim 87.2%, Protestant 7%, Roman Catholic 2.9%, Hindu 1.7%, other 0.9% (includes Buddhist and Confucian), unspecified 0.4% (2010) International Organizations/Treaties: ADB, AIIB, APEC, APA, APM, ARF, ASEAN, BIS, BTWC, CCM (signatory), CD, CICA (observer), CP, CTBT, CWC, D-8, DLU (special partner), EAS, EITI, ESCR, FAO, FATF (observer), G-11, G-15, G-20, G-24 (observer), G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IDB, IEA (association), IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IORA, IPU, IRENA, ISA, ISESCO, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MSG (associate), NAM, NPT, NTBT, OECD (partner), OIC, OPCW, OST, PIF (partner), RCEP, UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-KP, UNFCC-PA, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Indonesia Index Chronology  5 Jun 1596                First Dutch arrival in the East Indies. 20 Mar 1602                Dutch East India Company (Vereenigde Oost-Indische                              Compagnie [VOC]) begins settlements. 1603 - Aug 1682            English settlement at Bantam (Banten) Bay. 19 Dec 1610                Netherlands East Indies (Nederlandsch-Indië) under                              (Dutch East India Company [VOC] rule). 28 May 1619                Jakarta mostly burned and remnants renamed                               Batavia.  1 Jan 1801                Dutch colony, the VOC is dissolved. 18 Feb 1811 - 18 Sep 1811  Organized the French colony of Indes-Orientales,                              de jure from 7 Sep 1810. 18 Sep 1811 - 19 Aug 1816  British occupy Java and dependencies; Batavia                              occupied on 8 Aug 1811, Samarang on 10 Sep 1811                              (under British East India Company rule). 13 Aug 1814                By U.K.-Dutch convention Dutch colonial holdings                              as of 1 Jan 1803 to be restored. 5-10 Apr 1815              Massive super volcanic eruption of Mount Tambora on                              Sumbawa Island. 19 Aug 1816                Netherlands East Indies (Nederlands-Indië)                              (restored to the Netherlands).  1 Jan 1926                Constitution of the Netherlands Indies enacted. 10 Jan 1942                Japanese invasion of the Dutch East Indies began.  8 Mar 1942 - 29 Sep 1945  Japanese-occupied Dutch East Indies (Ranryō Higashi                              Indo)(Tarakan from 11 Jan 1942, Balikpapan from 23                              Jan 1942, Ambon 31 Jan, Bali 14 Feb, and Timor 23                              Feb, Batavia from 5 Mar 1942, from 19 Apr in                              Hollandia, Dutch surrender 8 Mar 1942). The                              occupied territories are divided into three parts:                              Java under the 16th Army at Jakarta; Sumatra under                              25th Army at Bukittinggi; and Dutch Borneo and                              Moluccas with all islands of the east under the                              Imperial Navy at Makassar. 17 Aug 1945                Independence proclaimed (Indonesia). 17 Aug 1945 - 27 Dec 1949  Indonesian war of independence. 18 Aug 1945                Renamed Republic of Indonesia (Republik Indonesia). 29 Sep 1945 - 30 Nov 1946  Allied occupation (from 31 Aug 1945 on Sumatra;                               29 Sep 1945 Batavia and, Riau; 10 Oct 1945 in                               Medan; 24 Oct 1945 Palemabang, Padang).  1 Jul 1946                Allies turn over all of Indonesia to the Dutch,                              except Java and Sumatra, which they hand over                               29 Nov 1946. 20 Sep 1948                Netherlands East Indies renamed Indonesia by the                              Dutch.  7 Aug 1949 -  4 Jun 1962  Islamic State of Indonesia (Negara Islam Indonesia)                              declared in West Java. 27 Dec 1949                Independence of the Republic of the United States of                               Indonesia (Republik Indonesia Serikat), comprising                              the Republic of Indonesia (covering parts of Java                              and Sumatra) and various states and autonomous                              territories that had been established since 1946. 17 Aug 1950                Dissolution of Republic of the United States of                              Indonesia together with its remaining                               components, other than the Republic of Indonesia                              (Republik Indonesia) which then becomes the                              successor to the entire state. 15 Feb 1958 - 25 Aug 1961  In rebellion the Provisional Government of the                               Republic of Indonesia declared (consisting of                              10 component states, incorporating the regions                              under rebel control on Sumatra & Sulawesi). On                              8 Feb 1960, United Republic of Indonesia                              [Republik Persatuan Indonesia] proclaimed. The                              head of this rebel government surrenders 25 Aug                              1961. 24 Jun 1976 - 19 Oct 1999  Annexation of East Timor. Provinces (from 1945) States 1946-1950 Princely States Part 1 - Part 2 Bantam (1603-1682)   ------------------ Bencoolen (1685-1825) Netherlands New Guinea (1944-1963) South Moluccas (1950-1952) Spice Islands (1522-1817) Ambon (1605-1817) ----------------- Banda Islands (1810-1817) Historical Maps of Indonesia

Governors-general (of the Dutch East India Company to 1801)
19 Dec 1610 -  6 Nov 1614  Pieter Both                        (b. 1568 - d. 1615)
 6 Nov 1614 -  7 Dec 1615  Gerard Reynst                      (b. c.1568 - d. 1615)
19 Jun 1616 - 21 Mar 1619  Laurens Reael                      (b. 1583 - d. 1637)
30 Apr 1618 -  1 Feb 1623  Jan Pieterszoon Coen (1st time)    (b. 1587 - d. 1629)
 1 Feb 1623 - 30 Sep 1627  Pieter de Carpentier               (b. 1586 - d. 1659)
30 Sep 1627 - 21 Sep 1629  Jan Pieterszoon Coen (2nd time)    (s.a.)
25 Sep 1629 - 27 Sep 1632  Jacques Specx                      (b. 1585 - d. 1652)
27 Sep 1632 -  1 Jan 1636  Hendrik Brouwer                    (b. 1581 - d. 1643)
 1 Jan 1636 - 19 Apr 1645  Antonio van Diemen                 (b. 1593 - d. 1645)
19 Apr 1645 - 26 Apr 1650  Cornelis van der Lijn              (b. 1608 - d. 1679)
26 Apr 1650 - 19 May 1653  Carel Reyniersz                    (b. 1604 - d. 1653)
19 May 1653 -  4 Jan 1678  Joan Maetsuyker                    (b. 1606 - d. 1678)
 4 Jan 1678 - 25 Nov 1681  Rijcklof van Goens                 (b. 1619 - d. 1682)
25 Nov 1681 - 11 Jan 1684  Cornelis Speelman                  (b. 1628 - d. 1684)
11 Jan 1684 - 24 Nov 1691  Joannes Camphuys                   (b. 1634 - d. 1695)
24 Sep 1691 - 15 Aug 1704  Willem van Outhoorn                (b. 1635 - d. 1720)
15 Aug 1704 - 30 Oct 1709  Johan van Hoorn                    (b. 1653 - d. 1711)
30 Oct 1709 - 17 Nov 1713  Abraham van Riebeeck               (b. 1653 - d. 1713)
17 Nov 1713 - 12 Nov 1718  Christoffel van Swoll              (b. 1668 - d. 1718)
13 Nov 1718 -  8 Jul 1725  Henricus Zwaardecroon              (b. 1667 - d. 1728)
 8 Jul 1725 -  1 Jun 1729  Matthaeus de Haan                  (b. 1663 - d. 1729)
 1 Jun 1729 -  9 Oct 1731  Diederik Durven                    (b. 1676 - d. 1740)
28 May 1732 - 10 Mar 1735  Dirk van Cloon                     (b. 1684 - d. 1735)
11 Mar 1735 -  3 May 1737  Abraham Patras                     (b. 1671 - d. 1737)
 3 May 1737 -  6 Nov 1741  Adriaan Valckenier                 (b. 1695 - d. 1751)
 6 Nov 1741 - 28 May 1743  Johannes Thedens (acting)          (b. c.1680 - d. 1748)
28 May 1743 -  1 Nov 1750  Gustaaf Willem baron van Imhoff    (b. 1705 - d. 1750)
 1 Nov 1750 - 15 May 1761  Jacob Mossel (acting to 1752)      (b. 1704 - d. 1761)
15 May 1761 - 28 Dec 1775  Petrus Albertus van der Parra      (b. 1714 - d. 1775)
28 Dec 1775 -  3 Oct 1777  Jeremias van Riemsdijk             (b. 1712 - d. 1777)
 4 Oct 1777 -  1 Sep 1780  Reinier de Klerk                   (b. 1710 - d. 1780)
                             (acting to 9 Oct 1778)
 2 Sep 1780 - 16 Aug 1796  Willem Arnold Alting               (b. 1724 - d. 1800)
16 Aug 1796 - 22 Aug 1801  Peter Gerhardus van Overstraten    (b. 1755 - d. 1801)
22 Aug 1801 - 19 Oct 1804  Johannes Siberg (arrived Apr 1802) (b. 1740 - d. 1817)
19 Oct 1804 - 14 Jan 1808  Albertus Henricus Wiese            (b. 1761 - d. 1810)
14 Jan 1808 - 16 May 1811  Herman Willem Daendels             (b. 1762 - d. 1818)
16 May 1811 - 18 Sep 1811  Jan Willem Janssens                (b. 1762 - d. 1838)
Lieutenant governors
 9 Aug 1811 - Sep 1811     Hugh Robert Rollo Gillespie        (b. 1766 - d. 1814)
                             (commander of the Forces in British-occupied Java)
Sep 1811 - Mar 1816        Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles    (b. 1781 - d. 1826)
Mar 1816 - Aug 1816        John Fendall, Jr.                  (b. 1762 - d. 1825)
Commissioners-general
19 Aug 1816 - 16 Jan 1819  Cornelis Theodorus Elout           (b. 1767 - d. 1841)
                           + Godert Alexander Gerard Philip   (b. 1778 - d. 1848)
                             van der Capellen              
                           + Arnold Adriaan Buyskes           (b. 1771 - d. 1838)
Governors-general
16 Jan 1819 -  1 Jan 1826  Godert Alexander Gerard Philip     (s.a.)
                            (from 28 Apr 1822, baron) van der
                             Capellen                   
 3 Feb 1826 - 16 Jan 1830  Leonard P.J. burggraaf Du Bis de   (b. 1780 - d. 1849)
                             Gisignies 
 4 Feb 1826 - 16 Jan 1830  Hendrik Merkus de Kock             (b. 1779 - d. 1845)
                             (lieutenant governor [acting for de Gisignies])
16 Jan 1830 -  2 Jul 1833  Johannes van den Bosch             (b. 1780 - d. 1844)
 2 Jul 1833 - 29 Feb 1836  Jean Chrétien Baud (acting)        (b. 1789 - d. 1859)
29 Feb 1836 - 30 May 1840  Dominique Jacques de Eerens        (b. 1781 - d. 1840)
30 May 1840 -  6 Jan 1841  Carel Sirardus Willem graaf        (b. 1788 - d. 1856)
                             van Hogendorp (acting) 
 6 Jan 1841 -  2 Aug 1844  Pieter Merkus                      (b. 1787 - d. 1844)
                             (acting to 14 Feb 1843)
 2 Aug 1844 - 30 Sep 1845  Jan Cornelis van Reijnst (acting)  (b. 1798 - d. 1871)
30 Sep 1845 - 12 May 1851  Jan Jacob Rochussen                (b. 1797 - d. 1871)
15 May 1851 - 22 May 1856  Albertus Jacobus Duymaer van Twist (b. 1809 - d. 1887)
22 May 1856 -  2 Sep 1861  Charles Ferdinand Pahud            (b. 1803 - d. 1873)
 2 Sep 1861 - 19 Oct 1861  Ary Prins (1st time) (acting)      (b. 1816 - d. 1867)
19 Oct 1861 - 25 Oct 1866  Ludolph Anne Jan Wilt baron Sloet  (b. 1806 - d. 1890)
                             van de Beele 
25 Oct 1866 - 28 Dec 1866  Ary Prins (2nd time) (acting)      (s.a.)
28 Dec 1866 -  1 Jan 1872  Pieter Mijer                       (b. 1812 - d. 1881)
 1 Jan 1872 - 26 Mar 1875  James Loudon                       (b. 1824 - d. 1900)
26 Mar 1875 - 12 Apr 1881  Johan Wilhelm van Lansberge        (b. 1830 - d. 1905)
12 Apr 1881 - 20 Jan 1884  Frederik s'Jacob                   (b. 1822 - d. 1901)
11 Apr 1884 - 29 Sep 1888  Otto van Rees                      (b. 1823 - d. 1892)
29 Sep 1888 - 15 Jul 1893  Cornelis Pijnacker Hordijk         (b. 1847 - d. 1908)
17 Oct 1893 -  3 Oct 1899  Carel Herman Aart van der Wijck    (b. 1840 - d. 1914)
 3 Oct 1899 -  1 Oct 1904  Willem Rooseboom                   (b. 1843 - d. 1920)
 1 Oct 1904 - 18 Dec 1909  Joannes Benedictus van Heutsz      (b. 1851 - d. 1924)
18 Dec 1909 - 21 Mar 1916  Alexander Willem Frederik Idenburg (b. 1861 - d. 1935)
21 Mar 1916 - 24 Mar 1921  Johan Paul graaf van Limburg       (b. 1873 - d. 1948)
                             Stirum 
24 Mar 1921 -  6 Sep 1926  Dirk Fock                          (b. 1858 - d. 1941)
 7 Sep 1926 - 11 Sep 1931  Andries Cornelis Dirk de Graeff    (b. 1872 - d. 1957)
12 Sep 1931 - 16 Sep 1936  Bonifacius Cornelis de Jonge       (b. 1875 - d. 1958)
16 Sep 1936 - 16 Oct 1945  Alidius Warmoldus Lambertus Tjarda (b. 1888 - d. 1978)
                             van Starkenbrogh Stachouwer
                            (Japanese prisoner 8 Mar 1942 - Sep 1945)
Japanese Military governors
- on Java (Commanders of Japanese 16th Army) -
 8 Mar 1942 -  9 Nov 1942  Hitoshi Imamura                    (b. 1886 - d. 1968)
 9 Nov 1942 -  7 Apr 1945  Kumakichi Harada                   (b. 1888 - d. 1947)
 7 Apr 1945 -  2 Sep 1945  Yūichirō Nagano                    (b. 1889 - d. 1950)
- on Sumatra (Commanders of Japanese 25th Army)- 
15 Feb 1942 -  1 Jul 1942  Tomoyuki Yamashita                 (b. 1885 - d. 1946)
 1 Jul 1942 -  8 Apr 1943  Yaheita Saitō                      (b. 1885 - d. 1953) 
 8 Apr 1943 - 15 Aug 1945  Moritake Tanabe                    (b. 1889 - d. 1949)
- on Dutch Borneo [Minami Borneo], Moluccas, Bali and eastern islands
(Commanders of Southwest Area Fleet) -
10 Apr 1942 - 15 Sep 1942  Ibō Takahashi                      (b. 1888 - d. 1947)
15 Sep 1942 - 18 Jun 1944  Shiō Takasu                        (b. 1884 - d. 1944)
18 Jun 1944 -  1 Nov 1944  Gun'ichi Mikawa                    (b. 1888 - d. 1981)
 1 Nov 1944 - 15 Sep 1945  Denshichi Ōkawauchi                (b. 1886 - d. 1958)
Allied Military governors
- Commanders of British Forces on Java, Sumatra, Celebes, & islands east of Lombok -
29 Sep 1945 - 30 Jan 1946  Sir Alexander Frank Philip         (b. 1893 - d. 1993)
                             Christison
30 Jan 1946 - 19 Apr 1946  Sir Montagu George North Stopford  (b. 1892 - d. 1971)
19 Apr 1946 - 30 Nov 1946  Eric Carden Robert Mansergh        (b. 1900 - d. 1970)
- Commander of Australian Forces on Bali, Borneo, Dutch New Guinea, Moluccas,
& islands west of Lombok -
 9 Sep 1945 -  1 Dec 1946  Sir Thomas Albert Blamey           (b. 1884 - d. 1951)
Commanding Officer, Netherlands Indies Civil Administration (from Jan 1946,
Allied Military Administration-Civil Affairs Branch)
Sep 1945 - 20 Jun 1946     Hubertus Johannes van Mook         (b. 1894 - d. 1965)
Lieutenant Governor-general
 8 Mar 1942 - 15 Oct 1948  Hubertus Johannes van Mook         (s.a.)
                            (lieutenant governor [acting to 23 Feb 1945];
                             acting for Tjarda to 16 Oct 1945; in Brisbane,
                             Australia exile to 4 Oct 1945) 
High Commissioners
29 Oct 1948 - 18 May 1949  Louis Joseph Maria Beel            (b. 1902 - d. 1977)
18 May 1949 - 27 Dec 1949  Antonius Hermanus Johannes Lovink  (b. 1902 - d. 1995)
Presidents
17 Aug 1945 - 12 Mar 1967  Sukarno (Soekarno)                 (b. 1901 - d. 1970)  PNI
                            (arrested and exiled by Dutch 19 Dec 1948 - 13 Jul 1949)
22 Dec 1948 - 13 Jul 1949  Sjafruddin Prawiranegara           (b. 1911 - d. 1989)  PNI
                            (head of emergency government acting for Soekarno)
 7 Aug 1949 -  4 Jun 1962  Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosoewirjo  (b. 1905 - d. 1962)  IPK
                            (imam of Islamic State of Indonesia, in rebellion)
27 Dec 1949 - 17 Aug 1950  Assaat                             (b. 1904 - d. 1976)  KPKPSII
                             (acting president of Republic of Indonesia)
15 Feb 1958 - 25 Aug 1961  Sjafruddin Prawiranegara           (s.a.)               Mas
                            (head of provisional government, in rebellion; from
                             8 Feb 1960, president of United Republic of Indonesia)
12 Mar 1967 - 21 May 1998  Suharto (Soeharto)                 (b. 1921 - d. 2008)  Golkar
                            (from 1991 sometimes unofficially, Haji Muhammad Suharto)
                            (acting to 27 Mar 1968)
21 May 1998 - 20 Oct 1999  Bacharuddin Jusuf "B.J." Habibie   (b. 1936 - d. 2019)  Golkar 
20 Oct 1999 - 23 Jul 2001  Abdurrahman Wahid "Gus Dur"        (b. 1940 - d. 2009)  PKB
23 Jul 2001 - 20 Oct 2004  Dyah Permata Megawati Setyawati    (b. 1947)            PDI-P 
                             Sukarnoputri (f)
20 Oct 2004 - 20 Oct 2014  Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono           (b. 1949)            PD
20 Oct 2014 -              Joko Widodo                        (b. 1961)            PDI-P

Director of the Cabinet of the Governor-general
 1 Sep 1940 - Mar 1942     Petrus Johannes Abram Idenburg     (b. 1896 - d. 1976)  Non-party
                             (1st time)
Sep 1945 - Sep 1946        Petrus Johannes Abram Idenburg     (s.a.)               Non-party
                             (2nd time)
Directors-general for General Affairs and (from Mar 1948)
Vice-Presidents of Provisional Federal Government
Sep 1946 – Oct 1947        Petrus Johannes Abram Idenburg     (s.a.)               Non-party
Oct 1947 – Nov 1948        Raden Abdulkadir Widjojoatmodjo    (b. 1904 - d. 1992)  Non-party
Director of the Cabinet of the High Commissioner
Nov 1948 – Dec 1949        Peter John Koets                   (b. 1901 - d. 1995)  Non-party
Prime ministers
14 Nov 1945 - 20 Jun 1947  Sutan Sjahrir                      (b. 1909 - d. 1966)  PSI
 3 Jul 1947 - 29 Jan 1948  Amir Sjarifoeddin                  (b. 1903 - d. 1948)  PSI
29 Jan 1948 -  5 Sep 1950  Muhammad Hatta                     (b. 1902 - d. 1980)  Non-party
                            (Dutch prisoner 19 Dec 1948 - 13 Jul 1949)
27 Dec 1949 - 16 Jan 1950  Susanto Tirtoprodjo                (b. 1909 - d. 1969)  PNI
                             (acting; Republic of Indonesia)
16 Jan 1950 -  5 Sep 1950  Abdul Halim                        (b. 1911 - d. 1987)  Non-party
                             (Republic of Indonesia)
 5 Sep 1950 - 27 Apr 1951  Muhammad Natsir                    (b. 1908 - d. 1993)  Mas
27 Apr 1951 -  1 Apr 1952  Sukiman Wirjosandjojo              (b. 1898 - d. 1974)  Mas
 1 Apr 1952 - 30 Jul 1953  Wilopo                             (b. 1908 - d. 1981)  PNI
30 Jul 1953 - 11 Aug 1955  Ali Sastroamidjojo (1st time)      (b. 1903 - d. 1975)  PNI
11 Aug 1955 - 20 Mar 1956  Burhanuddin Harahap                (b. 1917 - d. 1987)  Mas
20 Mar 1956 -  9 Apr 1957  Ali Sastroamidjojo (2nd time)      (s.a.)               PNI
 9 Apr 1957 -  9 Jul 1959  Djuanda Kartawidjaja               (b. 1911 - d. 1963)  PNI
First minister
 9 Jul 1959 -  7 Nov 1963  Djuanda Kartawidjaja               (s.a.)               PNI

Japanese Occupation

Major-Generals of the Sumatra Military Administration
20 Apr 1943 - 14 Oct 1944  Satoshi Nishidaijo
14 Oct 1944 - 1945         Nakao Yahagi                       (b. 1895 - d. 1949)

Military Governor of (Dutch) Borneo
23 Aug 1944 -  8 Sep 1945  Michiaki Kamada                    (b. 1890 - d. 1947)
                            (commander 22nd Naval Special Base Force)

Japanese General Manager of the Southwestern Navy Civil Government
(from 1 Apr 1943, Southwestern Navy Civil Government)(in Makassar)
(to administer occupied territories and naval affairs on Borneo and
its ancillary islands, Celebes and the Lesser Sunda Islands)
16 May 1942 - 15 Jan 1944  Fumihide Okada                     (b. 1892 - d. 1989)
15 Jan 1944 - 25 Jul 1944  Iwao Yamazaki                      (b. 1894 - d. 1968)
14 Aug 1944 - 28 Sep 1945  Kōichirō Mihashi

Ministers of Borneo (Kalimantan) Civil Affairs Department (in Banjarmasin)
26 May 1942 -  4 Oct 1944  Kojirō Inoue
 4 Oct 1944 - 1945         Hajime Hayakawa                    (b. 1895 - d. 1970)
Ministers of Celebes (Sulawesi) Civil Affairs Department (in Makassar)
26 May 1942 -  1 Jul 1943  Tetsuomi Sudo                      (b. 1896 - d. 1994)
 1 Jul 1943 - 19 Jan 1944  Nagayuki Takahashi
19 Jan 1944 - 30 Aug 1944  Shigeo Shimizu                     (b. 1894 - d. 1982)
30 Aug 19444 - 1945        Shigenobu Okawara
Minister of Ceram Civil Affairs Department (in Ambon)
26 May 1942 - 15 Jan 1944  Shigeo Shimizu                     (s.a.)
Minister of Civil Affairs, Lesser Sunda (Nusa Tenggara)(in Bali)
 1 Feb 1944 - 1945         Kikuo Koshino

Party abbreviations: Golkar = Partai Golongan Karya (Party of the Functional Groups, conservative liberal, Pancasila, only legal party 1967-1998, est.1964); PD = Partai Demokrat (Democrat Party, conservative, Pancasila, est.2001); PDI-P = Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan (Indonesian Democratic Party – Struggle, liberal socialist, liberal conservative, Pancasila, populist, est.1998); PKB = Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa (National Awakening Party, moderate islamist, conservative, Pancasila, est.1999); PNI = Partai Nasional Indonesia (Indonesian National Party, nationalist, secular, ruling party 1959-1967, 1927-1931, 1945, 1946-1973, merged into PDI, re-est.1997); Mil = Military;
- Former parties: KPKPSII = Truth Defense Committee of the Sarekat Islam Indonesia Party (1947-1973 merged into United Development Party [PPP]); Mas = Partai Majelis Syuro Muslimin Indonesia (Council of Indonesian Muslim Associations, islamist, 1945-1960); PSI = Partai Sosialis Indonesia (Socialist Party of Indonesia, socialist, 1948-1960)

1603                       English station established by East India Company.
Mar 1609                   Station becomes a Factory.
1617 - 1630                Presidency of Bantam
1621 - 1628                English expelled by the Dutch, English move to Batavia.
1630 - 1634                Bantam Agency (subordinated to Surat [see under British India]).
1634 - 1652                Presidency of Bantam
1652                       Bantam Agency (subordianted to Madras).
Aug 1682                   English abandon Bantam to the Dutch.

Chiefs
1603                       William Starkey
1603 - 1605                Edmund Scott
1605 - 1608                Gabriel Towerson                  (b. 1576 - d. 1623)
1608                       John Saris                        (b. c.1580 - d. 1643)
1609                       Augustin Spalding (1st time)
1609                       Thomas Hensworth                  (d. 1609)
1610                       Edward Neetles                    (d. 1610)
1610                       Richard Woodies
1613                       Augustin Spalding (2nd time)
1613                       George Chauncey
1613                       Edmund Camden
1613                       John Jourdain                     (d. 1619)
1613                       Robert Larkin                     (d. 1616)
1613                       George Ball
Chief factors
1613 - 1615                John Jourdain (1st time)          (s.a.)
1615                       Thomas Elkington                  (d. 1616)
1615 - 1616                John Jourdain (2nd time)          (s.a.)
1616 - 1617                George Berkeley                   (d. 1617)
Presidents of Bantam Presidency
Mar 1617 - 19 Nov 1618     George Ball
19 Nov 1618 - 17 Jul 1619  John Jourdain                     (s.a.)
Jul 1619 - 1619            John Powell (acting)
1619 - 1620                Gabriel Towerson (acting)         (s.a.)
1620                       Thomas Brockedon (1st time)
                             (at Batavia)
1620 - 16 Oct 1623         Richard Fursland (at Batavia)     (d. 1623)
1623 - 1625                Thomas Brockedon (2nd time)
                             (at Batavia)
1625 - 1628                Henry Hawley
                             (at Batavia to 1628)
1628 - 1629                Richard Bix
1629 - 1630                George Muschamp (1st time)        (d. 1640)
Agents
(subordinated to the presidents of Surat)
1630 - 1631                George Willoughby
1631 - 1632                William Hoare
1632 - 1633                Thomas Woodson                    (d. 1633)
1633 - 1634                John Ling
Presidents of Bantam Presidency 
1634 - 1636                George Willoughby
1636 - 1637                Robert Coulson
1637 - 1638                William Johnson
1638 - 1639                Gerald Pinson
1639 - 1640                George Muschamp (2nd time)        (s.a.)
1640 - Jan 1643            Aaron Baker (1st time)            (b. 1620 - d. 1683)
Jan 1643 - 1645            Ralph Cartwright
1645 - 1649                Aaron Baker (2nd time)            (s.a.)
1649 - 1650                Thomas Peniston
1650 - 1652                Aaron Baker (3rd time)            (s.a.)
Agents
(subordinated to the governors of Madras)
1652 - 1658                Frederick Skinner
1658 - 25 Jul 1661         John Edwards
Jul 1661 - 20 Oct 1661     Henry Page
1661 - 1664                John Hunter
Jun 1664 - 25 Oct 1665     Charles Browne
1665 - Oct 1669            William Turner
19 Oct 1669 - Jul 1676     Henry Dacres
Jul 1676 - Apr/May 1677    Arnold White
Apr/May 1677 -  8 Jun 1678 Abel Payne    
 8 Jun 1678 - 1681         Robert Parker
1681 - Aug 1682            Nicholas Waite                    (d. c.1715)

1685                       British rule (Fort York); under the East India Company (EIC).
1685 - 1760                Subordinated to Madras (see under British India).
1714                       Fort Marlborough established.
1719 - 1719                Malay occupation.
1760 - 1785                British Presidency of Bencoolen (Fort Marlborough).
 3 Apr 1760 - Feb 1762     French (then from 1760, Dutch) occupation.
20 Oct 1774 - 1785         Presidency subordinated to the governor-general in Bengal.
1785 - 1825                Part of Bengal (see under British India).
 1 Mar 1825                Part of Netherlands East Indies (s.a.).

Deputy governors
(subordinated to the governors of Madras)
1685                       Ralph Ord                          (d. 1686)
1685 - 1690                Benjamin Bloom
1690 - 1691                James Sowdon              
1691 - 1695                James Fleetwood                    (d. 1707/08)
1695 - 1696                Charles Barwell
1696 - 1699                Matthew Mildmay 
1699 - 1700                Robert Broughton
1700 - 17 Dec 1705         Richard Watts                      (d. 1705)
1705 - 1708                Matthew Ridley
1708 - 13 May 1708         James Cross                        (d. 1708)
1708 - 18 Jun 1708         Abraham Hoyle                      (d. 1708)
1708 - 12 Jul 1708         John Delapie                       (d. 1708)
1708 - 1710                Robert Skingle (acting)
1710                       Jeremiah Harrison -Supervisor
1710 - 1711                Anthony Ettricke (Ettrick)         (d. 1711)
1711 - 1712                John Daniell (acting)
1712                       John Hunter (acting)
1712 - 1716                Joseph Collett -Governor           (b. 1673 - d. 1725)
1716 - 1717                Theophilus Shyllinge
1717 - 1718                Richard Farmer
1718 - 1719                Thomas Cooke -Supervisor
1719                       Malay occupation
1719 - 1723                Isaac Pyke                         (d. 1738)
1723                       Thomas Dunster
1723 - 1728                Joseph Walsh
1728 - 1730                Nicholas Morse                     (b. 1700 - d. 1772)
1730 - 1731                Stephen Newcome                    (b. 1690 - d. 1732)
1731 - 1736                Francis Everest                    (d. 1736)
1736 - 1746                Robert Lennox                      (d. 1775)
1746 - 1752                Joseph Hurlock                     (b. c.1715 - d. 1793)
1752 - Sep 1754            Robert Hindley                     (d. 1754)
1754 - 1755                John Walsh -Supervisor
1755                       John Pybus                         (b. 1727/28 - d. 1789)
1755 - 1756                Thomas Combes
1756 - 1757                Roger Carter (1st time)
1757 (6 weeks)             Joseph Gun (actig)
1757 - 1758                Randolph (Randolf) Marriott (acting)
1758 -  3 Apr 1760         Roger Carter (2nd time)
French Commander
 3 Apr 1760 - 1760         Jean-Baptiste Charles Henri        (b. 1729 - d. 1794)
                             Hector, comte d'Estaing
1760 - Feb 1762            Dutch occupation
Governors of Bencoolen Presidency
Feb 1762 - Jul 1762        Samuel Ardley (acting) 
Jul 1762 - 1767            Roger Carter
1767 - 1776                Richard Wyatt
1776                       Robert Hay                         (b. 1731 - d. 1807)
1776 - 1780                William Broff                      (b. 17.. - d. 1780)
1780 - 1781                Hew Steuart                        (d. 1782)
1781 - 1785                Edward Coles
Deputy Governors of Bencoolen
(subordinated to the governors of Bengal)
1785 - 1786                John Crisp (1st time)
1786 - 1787                Thomas Palmer (acting)
1787 - 1789                George Salmon -Supervisor
1789 - 1793                John Crisp (2nd time)
1793 - 1799                Robert Broff                       (b. 1752 - d. 1822)
1799                       John Crisp (3rd time)
1799 - 1800                Philip Braham (acting)
1800 - 1805                Walter Ewer                        (b. 1747? - d. 1810)
Residents of Bencoolen
Apr 1805 - 23 Dec 1807     Thomas Parr                        (b. 1768? - d. 1807)
1808 - 1810                Richard Parry                      (b. 1776 - d. 1817)
1810 - 1812                William Parker
1812 - 22 Mar 1818         George John Siddons                (b. 1785 - d. 1848)
Lieutenant-Governor of Bencoolen
22 Mar 1818 - 1824         Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles    (b. 1781 - d. 1826)
Resident of Bencoolen
1824 -  1 Mar 1825         John Prince                        (b. 1772? - d. 1848)

24 Aug 1828 - 1 Oct 1962

1 Dec 1961 - 1 Oct 1962 (Local Council Flag)

1 Oct 1962 - 1 May 1963

Map of West Papua	Hear National Anthem "Hai Tanahku Papua"  (O' My Country Papua)	Text of National Anthem (1 Dec 1961 - 1 Oct 1962, Region anthem from 2003)	Constitution (None)
Capital: Jayapura (Manokwari 1942-1945; Hollandia 1945 - 10 Jan 1962; Kotabaru 10 Jan 1962 - 1 May 1963; Sukarnopura 1 May 1963 - 1968)	Currency: 1963-1971 Irian Barat Rupiah (IDIR); 1950-1963 Netherlands New Guinea Guilder (NNGG)	National Holiday: 1 Dec (1961) National Day	Population: 730,000 (1962)
GDP: $NA (1962)	Exports: $147 million (1962) Imports: $167 million (1962)	Ethnic groups: Papuan, Javanese, Melanesian	Religions: Protestant, Roman Catholic, Muslin, Hindu, Buddhist, traditional beliefs
International Organizations/Treaties 1949-1963: UPU, WMO; from 1975: MSG (ULMWP)(observer), UNPO (from 1991)

Japanese Commanders
Apr 1942 - 1942            Ruitarō Fujita                    (b. 1887 - d. 1947)
22 Dec 1942 - 15 Oct 1943  Nobumasa Tominaga                 (b. 1888 - d. 1943)
15 Oct 1943 -  1 Mar 1945  Kenzō Kitano                      (b. 1889 - d. 1960) 
Mar 1945 -  9 Aug 1945     Fusatarō Teshima                  (b. 1889 - d. 1979)
General Manager of the Civil Government of New Guinea (at Manokwari) 
Oct 1942 - Feb 1944        Kichijirō Hamada                  (b. 1883 - d. 1967)
Dutch Senior Officer of Netherlands Indies Civil Affairs (at Merauke)
Oct 1944 - Aug 1945        Raden Abdulkadir Widjojoatmodjo   (b. 1904 - d. 1992)
Resident
Aug 1945 - 29 Dec 1949     Jan Pieter Karel van Eechoud      (b. 1904 - d. 1958)
Governors
29 Dec 1949 -  8 Feb 1950  Jan Pieter Karel van Eechoud      (s.a.)
                             (acting)    
 8 Feb 1950 - 24 Apr 1953  Simon Lodewijk Johan van          (b. 1900 - d. 1975)
                             Waardenburg
24 Apr 1953 - 31 Mar 1958  Jan van Baal                      (b. 1909 - d. 1992)
31 Mar 1958 -  1 May 1958  Jan Christoffel Baarspul (acting) (b. 1910 - d. 1988)
 1 May 1958 - 28 Sep 1962  Pieter Johannes Platteel          (b. 1911 - d. 1978)
28 Sep 1962 -  1 Oct 1962  Hendrik "Henk" Veldkamp (acting) 
United Nations Administrators
 1 Oct 1962 - 15 Nov 1962  José Rölz Bennett (Guatemala)     (b. 1918 - d. 1972)
                             (acting)
15 Nov 1962 -  1 May 1963  Djalal Abdoh (Iran)               (b. 1910 - d. 1992)

Chairman of the New Guinea (from 1 Dec 1961, West Papua) Council
 5 Apr 1961 - 1962         Johan Herman Frederik "Frits"     (b. 1922 - d. 2013)
                             Sollewijn Gelpke 
Vice-chairmen of the New Guinea (from 1 Dec 1961, West Papua) Council
 5 Apr 1961 - 1962         Nicolaas Jouwe                    (b. 1923 - d. 2017)  GPNG
1962 - Dec 1962            Markus Wonggor Kaisiëpo           (b. 1913 - d. 2000)
Chairman of the Board of Delegates
23 Apr 1963 -  1 May 1963  Thontje Meset

West Papua in Exile Governments

Map of South Moluccas	National Anthem "Maluku, Tanah Airku" (Moluccas, My Homeland) Adopted 31 Mar 1960	Former Anthem "Hena Masa Waja" (Who Am I) (25 Apr 1950-1960)	Provisional Constitution (4 Sep 1950; in Dutch and Indonesian)
Capital: Ambon City	Currency: Indonesia Guilder (IDG)	National Holiday: 25 Apr (1950) Independence Day	Population: 240,000 (1930)
GDP: $N/A	Total Armed Forces: 2,800 (1950)	Ethnic Groups: Melanesian 97%, Indo-European 1%, Chinese 1%, others 1% (1930)	Religions: Protestant, Roman Catholic, Muslim
International Organizations/Treaties: None; Exile: UNPO (from 1991),

25 Apr 1950                Republic of the South Moluccas (Republik Maluku Selatan) proclaimed
                             (Amboina, Buru, Ceram and adjoining islands).
28 Sep 1950                Government moved to Ceram Island.
 5 Nov 1950                Indonesian forces occupy Ambon.
17 Oct 1952                Extinguished by Indonesia.

Presidents
25 Apr 1950 -  3 May 1950  Johanes Herman Manuhutu (acting)    (b. 1908 - d. 1984)
 3 May 1950 - 17 Oct 1952  Christopel Robert Stephen Soumokil  (b. 1905 - d. 1966)
                             (in hiding on Ceram from Dec 1950)

Prime minister
25 Apr 1950 - 30 Oct 1950  Albert Wairisal                     (b. 1909 - d. 1990)
                             (Indonesian prisoner 1955-1958)

Republic of South Moluccas in Exile

Presidents
17 Oct 1952 - 12 Apr 1966  Christopel Robert Stephen Soumokil   (s.a.)
                            (Indonesian prisoner from 2 Dec 1962)
1966 - 10 Apr 1993         Johannes Alvarez Manusama            (b. 1910 - d. 1995)
                            (in Netherlands exile)
10 Apr 1993 - 17 Apr 2010  Frans Lodewijk Johannis Tutuhatunewa (b. 1923 - d. 2016)
                            (in Netherlands exile)
17 Apr 2010 -              Johannes "John" Gerardus Wattilete   (b. 1955)
                            (in Netherlands exile)

1522 - 15 Jul 1575         Portuguese settlements on Ternate Island.
 6 Jan 1578 - May 1605     Portuguese colony on Tidore Island.
May 1605                   Dutch seize Portuguese Tidore settlements.
Apr 1606 -  2 May 1663     Spanish colony on Tidore and Gammalamma, Forts Peter and Paul
                             on Ternate.
Jun 1607                   Dutch build Fort Malayu (renamed Fort Oranje 1609) on Ternate.
1610 - 1619                Ternate (alternating with Ambon) is the seat of the
                             governors-general of the Dutch East Indies.
21 Jun 1801 - 1803         British occupy the Molucca Islands.
Feb 1810 - Apr 1817        British occupy the Molucca Islands.
Mar 1942 - Sep 1945        Japanese occupy the Moluccas, with all islands of east of Borneo
                             administered by the Imperial Navy at Makassar, Sulawesi.

Moluccas 

Portuguese Captains (at Ternate)
1522 - 1525                António de Brito 
1525 - 1527                García Henriques 
1527 - 1530                Jorge de Meneses 
1530 - 1531                Gonçalo Pereira                    (d. 1531) 
1531 - 1534                Vicente da Fonseca
1534 - 1536                Tristão de Ataíde 
1536 - 1540                António Galvão 
1540 - 1544                Jorge de Castro 
1544 - 1547                Jordão de Freitas 
1547 - 1549                Bernardim de Sousa (1st time)
Oct 1549 - Oct 1550        Cristóvão de Sá 
1550 - 1552                Bernardim de Sousa (2nd time)
1552                       Baltasar Veloso
1552 - 1553                Francisco Lopes de Sousa           (d. 1554)
1553 - Nov 1555            Cristóvão de Sá (2nd time)
1555 - Dec 1558            Duarte d'Eça
Dec 1558 - Oct 1560        António Pereira Brandão (acting)
Oct 1560 - 1561            Manoel de Vasconcellos             (d. 1561)
1561 - Mar 1562            Bastião Machado (acting)
Mar 1562 - 1564            Henrique de Sá 
1564 - 1566                Álvaro de Mendonça 
1566 - 1571                Diogo Lopes de Mesquita 
1571 - Dec 1574            Álvaro de Ataíde 
Dec 1574 - 28 Dec 1575     Nuno Pereira de Lacerda
Portuguese Captains-major
1575 - 1578                Sancho de Vasconcellos             (d. 1599)
1578 - Oct 1582            Diogo de Azambuja (1st time)
Oct 1582 - Dec 1582        Alvaro de Castro                   (d. 1582)
Dec 1582 - Jan 1586        Diogo de Azambuja (2nd time)
Jan 1586 - 1589            Duarte Pereire de Sampaio
1589 - 1592                Rui Dias da Cunha
1592 - 1595                Tristão de Sousa
1595 - 20 Nov 1598         Julião de Noronha
20 Nov 1598 - 1601         Rui Gonçalves de Sequeira
1601 - 1603                Manuel de Melo
1603                       André Furtado de Mendonça          (b. 1558 - d. 1610)
1603 - 19 May 1605         Pedro Alvares de Abreu             (d. 1624)
Spanish Governors
1606 - 1609                Juan de Esquivel
1609 - 1610                Lucas de Vergara Gaviria (1st time)
                             (acting)
1610 - 1612                Cristobál de Azcueta Menchaca
                             (acting)
1612 - 1617                Jerónimo de Silva
1617 - 1620                Lucas de Vergara Gaviria (2nd time)
1620 - 1623                Luis de Bracamonte (acting)
1623 - 1636                Pedro de Heredia
1636 - 1640                Pedro Muñoz de Carmona y
                             Mendiola (acting)
1640 - 1642                Francesco Suárez de Figueroa
1642 - 1643                Pedro Fernández del Río (1st time)
                             (acting)
1643 - 1652                Lorenzo de Olaso y Achotegui
1652                       Pedro Fernández del Río (2nd time)
1652 - 1656                Francesco de Esteybar (1st time)
1656 - 1658                Diego Sarria Lascano
1658 - 1659                Francesco de Esteybar (2nd time)
1659 - 1660                Francesco de Atienza Ibañez
                             (1st time)
1660 - 1661                Juan de Chaves
1661 - 1663                Agustín de Cepeda Carnacedo
1663                       Francesco de Atienza Ibañez
                             (2nd time)
Dutch Governors (Landvoogden der Molukken)(at Ternate)
1599 - c.1602              Frank van der Does                 (b. c.1569 - d. 1645)
Jan 1601 - 160.            Jan Pieterszen Snyer (or Suyer)
                             (chief factor)
c.Sep 1602 - 1604?         Christiaen Adriaenszoon den Dorst
                             (factor)
1604? - Apr 1605           Anthonio van Suylen van Nyevelt    (d. 1605)
                             (acting)
Jul 1605 - Mar 1606        Adriaan Antoniszen
1607 - 1608?               Gerrit Gerritszen van der Buis
                           + Pieter Janszen Boenen (factor)
Jul? 1608 - 1610?          Adriaan Wouterszoon Stoop
 1/6 Jun 1610 - 1612       Paulus van Caerden                 (b. c.1569 - d. 1615/16) 
1612 -  6 Nov 1614         Pieter Both                        (b. 1568 - d. 1615)
1615 - 1616                Laurens Reaal                      (b. 1583 - d. 1637)
1616 - 1623                Frederik Houtman                   (b. 1571 - d. 1627)
1623 - 1627                Jacques le Fèbre
1627 - 1629                Gilles van Zeijst
1629 - 1633                Gijsbert van Lodestein
1633 - 1635                Johan Ottens
1635 - 1640                Jan van Broekom
25 Feb 1640 - 20 Feb 1642  Anthonij Caen                      (b. 1621 - d. 1648)
1642 - 1648                Wouter Seroijen
1648 - 1653                Gaspar van den Bogaerde            (b. 1604 - d. 1668)
1653 - May 1656            Jacob Hustaert                     (b. 1616 - d. 1695)
1656 - 1662                Simon Cos                          (b. 1614 - d. 1664)
1662 - 1667                Anthonij van Voorst                (d. 1680)
1667 - 1669                Maximilian de Jong
1669 - 1672                Abraham Verspreet                  (b. 1588 - d. 1694)
1672 - 1675                Cornelis Franks
1675 - 1676                Willem Korput
1676 - 1677                Willem Harthouwer
1677 - 1682                Robert Padtbrugge                  (b. 1638 - d. 1703)
1682 - 1686                Jacob Lobs
1686 - 1689                Johan Henrik Thim                  (d. 1695)
1689 - 1692                Johannes Cops
1692 - 1696                Cornelis van der Duin
1696 - 1700                Salomon Le Sage                    (b. 1635 - d. 1700)
1701 - 1706                Pieter Rooselaar                   (b. 1660 - d. 1716)
1706 - 1710                Jacob Claaszoon
1710 - 1715                David van Petersom
1715 - 1720                Jacob Bottendorp
1720 - 1723                Anthonie Heinsius                  (b. 1669 - d. 1723)
1723 - 1724                Jacob Cloeck 
1724 - 1728                Johan Happon 
1728 - 1731                Jacob Christiaen Pielat            (b. 1692 - d. 1470) 
1731 - 1735                Elias de Haeze                     (b. 1689 - d. 1752)
1735 - 1737                Paulus Rouwenhoff 
1737 - 1739                Martinus Storm                     (b. 1698 - d. 1746)
1739 - 1744                Marten Lelievelt 
1744 - 1748                Gerrard van Brandwijk van Blokland (b. 1695 - d. 1755)
30 Sep 1748 - 16 Dec 1755  Johan Elias van Mylendonk          (b. 1693 - d. 1775)
1755 - 1758                Abraham Abeleven                   (b. 1714 - d. 1776) 
1758 - 1766                Jacob van Schoonderwoert           (d. 1767)
1766 - 1767                Hendrik Breton                     (d. 1780) 
1767 - 1771                Hermanus Munnik 
1771 - 1778                Paulus Jacob Valckenaer (Walckenaer)
1778 - 1780                Jacob Roeland Thomaszen            (b. 1736 - d. 1780)
1780 - 1793                Alexander Cornabé                  (b. c.1737 - d. 1813) 
1793 - 1795                Johannes Ekenholm 
1795 - 1799                Johan Godfried Budach              (b. 1750 - d. 1800)
13 Sep 1799 - 1803         Willem Jacob Cranssen              (b. 1762 - d. 1821)
British Residents
21 Jun 1801 - 1801         Robert Townsend Farquhar           (b. 1776 - d. 1830)
1801 - 1803                Henry Webber                       (b. 1762 - d. 1833)
Dutch Governors (Landvoogden der Molukken)
1803 - 1804                Petrus Adrianus Goldbach           (b. 17.. - d. 1815) 
1804 - 1809                Carel Lodewijk Wieling             (b. 1775 - d. 1809) 
1809 - 1810                Roelof Coop à Groen -Commissioner  (b. 1762 - d. 1826)
1809 - 1810                Johann von Mittmann
                             (civil and military commissioner)
British Military Commandants at Ternate
1810 - 21 Dec 1811         Samuel Kelly                       (b. 1763? - d. 1811)
1810 - 1811                Edward Tucker                      (b. 1777 - d. 1864) 
1811                       David Forbes                       (b. 17.. - d. 1815)
Dec 1811 - Apr 1817        Thomas Ramsay                      (b. 1786 - d. 1857)
British Residents in the Moluccas (at Ternate)
1813 - 1815                William Gordon McKenzie (1st time) (b. 1785 - d. 1842)  
1815 - 1816                Robert Stuart                      (b. 17.. - d. 1820)
1816 - 20 Apr 1817         William Gordon McKenzie (2nd time) (s.a.)
Japanese Civil Administrators in Sulawesi
Jul 1942 - Mar 1944        Fumihide Okada                     (b. 1892 - d. 1989)
Mar 1944 - c.1944          Iwao Yamazaki                      (b. 1894 - d. 1968)

25 Mar 1576 - 23 Feb 1605  Portuguese settlements on Ambon Island.
1600                       First Dutch garrison in Kaitetu near Hila on Ambon.
22 Feb 1605                Second Dutch second Ambon expedition the fort on Hila bay built
                             by the Portuguese in 1575 is renamed Fort Victoria.
1605 - 1796                Government of Ambon (Gouvernement Amboyna)
1611 - 1619                Ambon (alternating with Ternate) is the seat of the governor-
                             general of the Dutch East Indies (from 1619 at Batavia).
1637                       Fort Amsterdam built in Hila Bay on Ambon.
17 Feb 1796 -  4 Mar 1803  British occupation.
19 Feb 1810 - 25 Mar 1817  British occupation (subordinated to Bengal).

Portuguese Captains
1562 - bf.Apr 1564         Antonio Pais                          (d. 1564)
1565 – Mar 1571            Gonçalo Pereira Marramaque            (d. 1571)
1571                       Duarte de Meneses
1572 - 1591                Sancho de Vasconcelos                 (d. 1599)
1592 - 1596                Antonio Pereira Pinto
1596/97 - 1599             João Caiado de Gamboa
 2 Mar 1599 - 1602         Estevão Teixeira de Macedo
1602 - 1605                Gaspar de Melo
Dutch Governors (Landvoogden van Ambon)
1605 - 1611                Frederik de Houtman                   (b. 1571 - d. 1627)
1611 - 1615                Caspar Janszoon
1615 - 1616                Adriaan Block Maertenszoon            (b. c.1582 - d. 1661)
1616 - 1618                Steven van der Hagen                  (b. 1563 - d. 1621)
1618 - 1625                Herman van Speult                     (d. 1626)
1625 - 1628                Jan van Gorcum
1628 - 1631                Philip Lucaszoon
1631 - 1634                Artus Gysels (Gijsels)                (b. 1593 - d. 1676)
1634 - 1635                Anthonie van den Heuvel
1635 - 1637                Jochim Roelofszoon van Deutecom
1637 - 1641                Johan Ottens
1641 - 1642                Simon Jacobszoon Dompkens (acting)
20 Feb 1642 - 13 Sep 1642  Antonij Caen (acting)                 (b. 1621 - d. 1648)
1642 - 1647                Gerard Demmer
1647 - 1650                Arnout de Vlamingh van Oudtshoorn     (b. 1618 - d. 1662)
                             (Vlaming van Oudshoorn)
1650 - 1651                Simon Cos (1st time) (acting)         (b. 1614 - d. 1664)
1651 - 1654                Willem Verbeek
1654 - 1656                Simon Cos (2nd time) (acting)         (s.a.)
May 1656 - Jul 1662        Jacob Hustaert                        (b. 1616 - d. 1695)
1662 - 1664                Simon Cos (3rd time)                  (s.a.)
1664                       Maximiliaan de Jong (1st time)(acting)
1664 - 1665                Johan van Dam
1665 - 1666                Maximiliaan de Jong (2nd time)(acting)
1666 - 1667                Pieter de Marville
1667 - 1669                Anthonio Hurdt (1st time)(acting)     (b. c. 1630 - d. 1689)
1669 - 1672                Jacob Cops                            (b. 1621 - d. 1684)
1672 - 1678                Anthonio Hurdt (2nd time)             (s.a.)
1678 - 1682                Robert de Vicq
1682 - 1683                Jeremias van Vliet (acting)
1683 - 1687                Robert Padtbrugge                     (b. 1638 - d. 1703)
1687 - 1691                Dirk de Haas                          (b. 16.. - d. 1701)
1691 - 1696                Nicolaas Schaghen (Schagen)           (d. 1696)
1696 - 1697                Cornelis Stull (acting)
1697 - 1701                Willem van Wijngaarden
11 Jun 1701 - 1706         Balthasar Coyett                      (b. 1652 - d. 1725)
1706 - 1720                Simon van der Stel                    (b. 1639 - d. 1712) 
1720 - 1721                Rochus Hollaar (acting)
1721 - 1725                Pieter Gabrij
1725 - 1727                Stephanus Versluys                    (b. 1694 - d. 1736)
1727 - 1733                Johannes Bernard
1733 - 1738                David Johan Bake                      (b. 1689 - d. 1738)
1738 - 1743                Jacob de Jong                         (b. c.1700 - d. c.1764)
1743 - 1748                Nathaniël Steinmetz 
1748 - 1750                Cornelis Rosenboom
1750 - 1752                Nicolaas Jongsma
1752                       Goderd Ludolf van Beusechem
                             (1st time)(acting)
1752 - 1757                Gerard Cluysenaar
1757 - 1763                Meyert Johan van Idsinga              (b. 1716 - d. 1763) 
1763                       Goderd Ludolf van Beusechem
                             (2nd time)(acting)
1763 - 1764                Josias Alexander de Villeneuve     
                             (acting)
1764 - 30 Sep 1767         Willem Fockens                        (d. 1780)
1767 - 1770                Hendrik Breton                        (b. 1722 - d. 1792)
1770 - 1775                Johan Abraham van der Voort
1775 - 1785                Bernardus van Pleuren                 (b. 1735 - d. 1786) 
1785 - 1788                Adriaan de Bock 
1788 - 1794                Johan Adam Schilling 
1794                       Balthasar Smissaerd (acting)          (b. 1747 - d. 1813)
1794 - 1796                Alexander Cornabé                     (b. c.1737 - d. 1813) 
British Residents
17 Feb 1796 - Dec 1796     Peter Rainier (British commander)     (b. 1741 - d. 1808)
Dec 1796 -  1 Feb 1799     William Jones 
 1 Feb 1799 - 16 Jan 1802  Robert Townsend Farquhar              (b. 1776 - d. 1830)
16 Jan 1802 -  4 Mar 1803  James Oliver
Dutch governors
1803 - 1804                Carel Lodewijk Wieling                (b. 1775 - d. 1809) 
1804 - 1808                Willem Jacob Cranssen                 (b. 1762 - d. 1821)
1808 - Mar 1809            Eugenius von Jet 
Mar 1809 - 19 Feb 1810     Jean-Philippe-François Filz           (b. 1771 - d. 1810)
British Governors of Ambon (subordinated to governors of Bengal)
19 Feb 1810 - Jun 1810     Edward Tucker                         (b. 1777 - d. 1864) 
Jun 1810 - Feb 1811        M. Henry Court (civil governor)
1811 - 25 Mar 1817         William Byam Martin (resident)        (b. 1781 - d. 1869)

1512                       Discovered and annexed for the Portuguese by Antonio d'Abreu.
17th cent.                 Portuguese expelled by the Dutch.
1608                       English build a factory on Wai, which is demolished by the 
                             Dutch as soon as the English vessel left. 
23 Dec 1616                English occupy the Banda Island of Run.
 6 Jul 1621                Dutch Governor-general John Pieterszoon Coen takes Banda Islands.
21 Jul 1667                England formally cedes claim to the Dutch, by Treaty of Breda.
 7 Feb 1796 - 1800         British occupation.
 9 Aug 1810                British seize Dutch Fort Belgica, on Neira, gaining control
                             of the Banda Islands. 
 2 Apr 1817                Islands are restored to the Dutch.

Commander
23 Dec 1616 - 20? Oct 1620 Nathaniel Courthope                   (b. 1585 - d. 1620)
British Deputy Residents
(subordinated to the Residents on Ambon)
 9 Aug 1810 - 15 Aug 1810  Christopher Cole (commander)          (b. 1770 - d. 1836)
15 Aug 1810 - Feb? 1811    Charles Foote (governor)              (b. 1780 - d. 1811)
Feb? 1811 - Apr 1812       M. Henry Court
                             (resident on Banka Island Jul 1813 - Dec 1816)
1812 -  8 Apr 1815         David Forbes                          (b. 17.. - d. 1815)
May 1815 -  2 Apr 1817     Serjeant (Sargent)(acting)