India
 

to 29 Mar 1858  Moghul Empire             20 Oct 1774 - 22 Jul 1947  British India                  c.1885 - 1947  Flag of Governor-general                11 Nov 1928 - 22 Jul 1947 Unofficial                     Adopted 22 Jul 1947    Map of India Hear National Anthem "Jana-Gana-Mana" (Thou Art the Ruler of the Minds of All People) Text of National Anthem Adopted 24 Jan 1950 Constitution (26 Jan 1950) Capital: New Delhi (Delhi  1192-1327, 1344-1501, 1648-1858; Daulatabad  1327-1344; Agra 1501- 1540, 1599-1613, 1616-1648; Fatehpur Sikri 1570-1585; Lahore 1585-1599; Ajmer 1613-1616) (British India: New Delhi from 1911; Calcutta 1774-12 Dec 1911; Summer capital: Simla 1911-1947) Currency: Indian Rupee (INR)  National Holiday: 26 Jan (1950) Republic Day Population: 1,147,995,904 (2008) GDP: $3.26 trillion (2008) Exports: $175.7 billion (2008) Imports: $287.5 billion (2008) Ethnic groups: Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%,  Mongoloid and other 3% (2000)  Total Active Armed Forces: 1,325,000 (2006) Declared Nuclear Power (1998): est. 40-95 weapons (2005) Merchant marine: 501 ships (2008) Religions: Hindu 72.04%, Muslim 12.26% (of which Sunni 8.06%, Shi'i 4.20%), Christian 6.81% (Protestant 1.74%,  Roman Catholic 1.62%, Orthodox 0.22%, other Christian 3.22%),   traditional beliefs 3.83%, Sikh 1.87%, Buddhist 0.67%,  Jain 0.51%, Baha'i 0.17%, Parsi (Zoroastrian) 0.02%, nonreligious 1.22%, atheist 0.17%, other 0.43% (2005)  International Organizations/Treaties: ACS (observer), AfDB (nonregional), ADB, AL (observer), ANT, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIMSTEC, BIS, BTWC, C, CERN (observer), CP, EAS, ENMOD, FAO, G- 6, G-15, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, IOC, IOM, Interpol, Intersputnik, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, KP, MIGA, NAM, NTBT, OAS (observer), OPCW, PCA, PIF (partner), SAARC, SACEP, SCO (observer), UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO India Index Chronology 3300 BC - 1700 BC          Indus Valley Civilization. 1700 Bc - 1300 BC          Late Harappan Culture. 1500 BC - 500 Bc           Vedic Civilization. 1200 BC - 316 BC           Kuru dynasty. 700 BC - 321 BC            Maha Janapadas 684 BC - 321 BC            Madadha Empire  321 Bc - 85 BC             Mauryan Empire c.240 - 550 AD             Gupta Empire 848 - 1279                 Chola Empire (in the south). 1000 - 1346                Hoysala Empire (in the south). 1210 - 19 Apr 1526         Delhi Sultanate (in the north). 1347 - 1518                Bahmani Sultanate (in the south). 1336 - 23 Jan 1565         Vijayanagara Empire (in the south).  27 May 1526                Babur founds the Empire of Hind (usually                               referred to by historians as the Mughal                               [Moghul] Empire). 17 May 1540                The Mughal rulers are expelled and superseded by                              the Afghan Suri dynasty. 23 Jul 1555                Empire of Hind under the Mughal rulers restored. 18 Feb 1665                Bombay ceded to England by Portugal. c.1690                     Calcutta founded by England. 12 Aug 1765                British take over administration of Bengal                               (under British East India Company rule). 20 Oct 1774                Union of all East India Company settlements.  29 Mar 1858                The last Mughal ruler is deposed.  2 Aug 1858                British Act of Parliament annexes the Empire,                               creating British India (effective 1 Nov 1858). 28 Apr 1876                By proclamation, the Queen of Britain takes the                               style "Empress of India" (proclaimed in India                              on 1 Jan 1877). Mar 1942 - Aug 1945        Japanese occupy Andaman and Nicobar Islands. 21 Oct 1943 - 18 Aug 1945  Provisional Government of Free India¹ proclaimed                              (Arzi Hukumate-e-Azad Hind) at Singapore                              (administering the Andaman and Nicobar Islands                              only Dec 1943-Aug 1945). 25 Aug 1946                India granted limited self rule. 15 Aug 1947                British India, together with acceded states, is                               partitioned into Dominion of India and                               Dominion of Pakistan; style "Emperor of India"                              is abandoned (retroactive proclamation that                               is dated 22 Jun 1948). 27 Oct 1947                Jammu and Kashmir accede to India. 17 Sep 1948                Hyderabad annexed by India. 26 Jan 1950                Republic of India, styled "India, that                               is Bharat."   1 Nov 1954                French India incorporated into India. 26 Jan 1957                The incorporation of Jammu and Kashmir is                               declared to be complete. 16 Mar 1962                Goa annexed by India. 21 Nov 1962                China occupies Aksai Chin region of Kashmir. 26 Apr 1975                Annexation of Sikkim. Indian States (since 1947) Princely states A - J - K - Z British India Provinces Free India in Exile (1943-1945) British East India Company (1783-1858) Jammu & Kashmir Jammu Ladakh   Danish India (1620-1845)   Dutch India (1608-1825)   French India (1673-1954) Ostend Company (1719-1744)  Portuguese India (1505-1962) Sikkim (1642-1975) Map of British India (1934-1947) Historical Maps of India

Emperors (title Padshah, sometimes Padshah-i Hind - emperor of India)

31 Jul 1658 -  2 Mar 1707  Mohyi ad-Din Abu'l Mozaffar        (b. 1618 - d. 1707)

                             Mohammad Awrangzib Bahadur 

                             `Alamgir Padshah-e Ghazi

14 Mar 1707 - 27 Apr 1707  Qotb ad-Din Abu'l Fayaz            (b. 1653 - d. 1707) 

                             Mohammad A`zam Shah Padshah-e 

                             Ghazi 

                            (continues in rebellion to 18 Jun 1707)

27 Apr 1707 - 27 Feb 1712  Qotb ad-Din Abu'n Nasr Sayyed      (b. 1643 - d. 1712)

                             Mohammad Shah `Alam I Bahadur 

                             Shah Padshah-e Ghazi             (b. 1643 - d. 1712)

                            (retroactive to 23 Mar 1707)

27 Apr 1707 - 13 Jan 1709  Mohammad Kam Bakhsh-e Dinpanah 

                             ebn Awrangzib `Alamgir Padshah   (b. 1666 - d. 1709)

                             (in rebellion)

29 Feb 1712 - 17 Mar 1712  Mohammad `Azim ash-Shan ebn 

                             Bahadur Shah Padshah             (b. 16.. - d. 1712)

29 Feb 1712 - 28 Mar 1712  Mohammad Rafi` ash-Shan ebn        (b. 16.. - d. 1712)

                             Bahadur Shah Padshah 

                             (in rebellion)

29 Feb 1712 - 27 Mar 1712  Jahan Shah ebn Bahadur Shah        (b. 16.. - d. 1712)

                             Padshah "Khojestan Akhtar" 

                             (in rebellion)

30 Mar 1712 - 11 Jan 1713  Mo`ezz ad-Din Abu'l Fath           (b. 1661 - d. 1713)

                             Mohammad Jahandar Shah Padshah

11 Jan 1713 -  1 Mar 1719  Mo`in ad-Din (or Jalal ad-Din)     (b. 1687 - d. 1719)

                             Abu'l Mozaffar Mohammad 

                             Farrokhsiyar Padshah

 1 Mar 1719 -  7 Jun 1719  Shams ad-Din Abu'l Barakat         (b. c.1699 - d. 1719)

                             Soltan Mohammad Rafi` ad-Darjat 

                             Padshah-e Ghazi

30 Mar 1719 - 13 Aug 1719  Mohammad Shah Nikusiyar 

                             (in rebellion)

 8 Jun 1719 -  6 Sep 1719  Mohammad Shah Jahan II Sani        (b. c.1700 - d. 1719)

                             Padshah (Mohammad Rafi` ad-Dawla)

28 Sep 1719 - 26 Apr 1748  Naser ad-Din Abu'l Fath            (b. 1702 - d. 1748)

                            (from 1722 Abu'l-Mozaffar)

                             Mohammad Shah Padshah-e Ghazi 

                             "Rawshan Akhtar"

12 Oct 1720 - 19 Nov 1720  Zahir ad-Din Abu'l Fath Mohammad   (d. 1720)

                             Ebrahim Shah Padshah 

                              (in rebellion)

29 Apr 1748 -  3 Jun 1754  Mojahed ad-Din Abu'n Nasr Ahmad    (b. 1725 - d. 1775)

                             Shah Bahadur Padshah-e Ghazi

 3 Jun 1754 - 29 Nov 1759  `Aziz ad-Din Abu'l-`Adl Mohammad   (b. 1699 - d. 1759)

                             `Alamgir Padhsh-e Ghazi

11 Dec 1759 - 25 Dec 1759  Mohyi-e Millat (or Mohyi ad-Din) 

                             Shah Jahan III Sani ebn Mohyi-e 

                             Sannat Mohammad

25 Dec 1759 -  1 Aug 1788  Jalal ad-Din Abu´l Mozaffar

                             Mohammad Shah `Alam II Padshah

                             "Ham-e Din" (1st time)           (b. 1728 - d. 1806)

 1 Aug 1788 -  9 Oct 1788  Mohammad Bidarbakht ebn Ahmad Shah

16 Oct 1788 - 10 Nov 1806  Jalal ad-Din Abu´l Mozaffar

                             Mohammad Shah `Alam II Padshah

                             "Ham-e Din" (2nd time)           (s.a.)

18 Nov 1806 - 28 Sep 1837  Mo`in ad-Din Abu´n Nasr Mohammad   (b. 1759 - d. 1837)

                             Akbar Padshah Saheb Qiran-e Sani

29 Sep 1837 - 29 Mar 1858  Seraj ad-Din Abu´l Mozaffar        (b. 1775 - d. 1862)

                             Mohammad Bahadur Shah Padshah II

                             (10 May 1857 - 22 Mar 1858, in 

                             in rebellion against British rule)

Emperors (also monarchs of Great Britain)

 1 Jan 1877 - 22 Jan 1901  Victoria -Empress                  (b. 1819 - d. 1901)

22 Jan 1901 -  6 May 1910  Edward VII                         (b. 1841 - d. 1910)

 6 May 1910 - 20 Jan 1936  George V                           (b. 1865 - d. 1936)

20 Jan 1936 - 10 Dec 1936  Edward VIII                        (b. 1894 - d. 1972)

12 Dec 1936 - 22 Jun 1948  George VI                          (b. 1895 - d. 1952)

Governors-general (of the British East India Company)

20 Oct 1774 -  1 Feb 1785  Warren Hastings                    (b. 1732 - d. 1818)

 1 Feb 1785 - 12 Sep 1786  John Macpherson (acting)           (b. 1745 - d. 1821)

12 Sep 1786 - 28 Oct 1793  Charles Mann Cornwallis,           (b. 1738 - d. 1805)

                             Earl of Cornwallis (1st time) 

28 Oct 1793 - Mar 1798     Sir John Shore                     (b. 1751 - d. 1834)

Mar 1798 - 18 May 1798     Sir Alured Clarke (acting)         (b. 1745 - d. 1832)

18 May 1798 - 30 Jul 1805  Richard Colley Wellesley,          (b. 1760 - d. 1842)

                             Baron Wellesley (from 1799, Richard

                             Colley Wellesley, Marquess Wellesley) 

30 Jul 1805 -  5 Oct 1805  Charles Cornwallis,                (s.a.)

                             Marquess Cornwallis (2nd time) 

10 Oct 1805 - 31 Jul 1807  Sir George Hilario Barlow (acting) (b. 1762 - d. 1846)

31 Jul 1807 -  4 Oct 1813  Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound,

                             Baron Minto                      (b. 1751 - d. 1814)

 4 Oct 1813 -  9 Jan 1823  Francis Rawdon-Hastings,           (b. 1754 - d. 1826)

                             Earl of Moira (from 1817, Francis 

                             Rawdon-Hastings, Marquess of Hastings) 

 9 Jan 1823 -  1 Aug 1823  John Adam (acting)                 (b. 1779 - d. 1825)

 1 Aug 1823 - 13 Mar 1828  William Pitt Amherst,              (b. 1773 - d. 1857)

                             Baron Amherst (from 1826, William 

                             Pitt Amherst, Earl Amherst) 

13 Mar 1828 -  4 Jul 1828  William Butterworth Bayley         (b. 1782 - d. 1860)

                             (acting)

 4 Jul 1828 - 20 Mar 1835  William Henry Cavendish-Bentinck,  (b. 1774 - d. 1839)

                             Lord Bentinck 

20 Mar 1835 -  4 Mar 1836  Sir Charles Theophilus Metcalfe    (b. 1785 - d. 1846)

                             (acting) 

 4 Mar 1836 - 28 Feb 1842  George Eden, Baron Auckland        (b. 1784 - d. 1849)

                             (from 11 Dec 1839, George Eden, Earl of Auckland) 

28 Feb 1842 - Jun 1844     Edward Law, Baron Ellenborough     (b. 1790 - d. 1871)

Jun 1844 - 23 Jul 1844     William Wilberforce Bird (acting)  (b. 1784 - d. 1857)

23 Jul 1844 - 12 Jan 1848  Henry Hardinge, (from 21 Apr 1846) (b. 1785 - d. 1856)

                             Viscount Hardinge 

12 Jan 1848 - 28 Feb 1856  James Andrew Broun Ramsay,         (b. 1812 - d. 1860)

                            (from 4 Jun 1849, Marquess and) 

                             Earl of Dalhousie 

28 Feb 1856 -  1 Nov 1858  Charles John Canning,              (b. 1812 - d. 1862)

                             Viscount Canning 

Viceroys and Governors-general

 1 Nov 1858 - 21 Mar 1862  Charles John Canning,              (s.a.)

                             Viscount Canning (from 12 May 1859, 

                             Charles John Canning, Earl Canning) 

21 Mar 1862 - 20 Nov 1863  James Bruce, Earl of Elgin         (b. 1811 - d. 1863)

21 Nov 1863 -  2 Dec 1863  Sir Robert Cornelis Napier         (b. 1810 - d. 1890)

                             (acting)

 2 Dec 1863 - 12 Jan 1864  Sir William Thomas Denison         (b. 1804 - d. 1871)

                             (acting)

12 Jan 1864 - 12 Jan 1869  Sir John Laird Mair Lawrence       (b. 1811 - d. 1879)

12 Jan 1869 -  8 Feb 1872  Richard Southwell Bourke,          (b. 1822 - d. 1872)

                             Earl of Mayo 

 9 Feb 1872 - 23 Feb 1872  Sir John Strachey (acting)         (b. 1823 - d. 1907)

24 Feb 1872 -  3 May 1872  Francis Napier, Baron of Ettrick   (b. 1819 - d. 1898)

                             (acting)

 3 May 1872 - 12 Apr 1876  Thomas George Baring,              (b. 1826 - d. 1904)

                             Viscount Baring of Lee 

12 Apr 1876 -  8 Jun 1880  Robert Bulwer-Lytton, Baron Lytton (b. 1831 - d. 1891)

 8 Jun 1880 - 13 Dec 1884  George Frederick Samuel Robinson,  (b. 1827 - d. 1909)

                             Marquess of Ripon 

13 Dec 1884 - 10 Dec 1888  Frederick Temple Hamilton-Temple-  (b. 1826 - d. 1902)

                             Blackwood, Earl of Dufferin 

10 Dec 1888 - 11 Oct 1894  Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice,           (b. 1845 - d. 1927)

                             Marquess of Lansdowne

11 Oct 1894 -  6 Jan 1899  Victor Alexander Bruce,            (b. 1849 - d. 1917)

                             Earl of Elgin 

 6 Jan 1899 - 18 Nov 1905  George Nathaniel Curzon            (b. 1859 - d. 1925)

18 Nov 1905 - 23 Nov 1910  Gilbert John Elliot-Murray-        (b. 1845 - d. 1914)

                             Kynynmound, Earl of Minto 

23 Nov 1910 -  4 Apr 1916  Charles Hardinge, Baron Hardinge   (b. 1858 - d. 1944)

                             of Penshurst 

 4 Apr 1916 -  2 Apr 1921  Frederic John Napier Thesiger,     (b. 1868 - d. 1933)

                             Baron Chelmsford

 2 Apr 1921 -  3 Apr 1926  Rufus Daniel Isaacs,               (b. 1860 - d. 1935)

                             Baron Reading of Erleigh 

10 Apr 1925 -  8 Aug 1925   Victor Alexander George Robert    (b. 1876 - d. 1947)

                             Bulwer-Lytton, Earl of Lytton 

                             (viceroy and acting governor-general)

 3 Apr 1926 - 29 Jun 1929  Edward Frederick Lindley Wood,     (b. 1881 - d. 1959)

                             Baron Irwin 

29 Jun 1929 - 18 Apr 1931  George Joachim Goschen,            (b. 1866 - d. 1952)

                             Viscount Goschen of Hawkhurst 

18 Apr 1931 - 18 Apr 1936  George Freeman Freeman-Thomas,     (b. 1866 - d. 1941)

                             Earl of Willingdon 

18 Apr 1936 -  1 Oct 1943  Victor Alexander John Hope,        (b. 1887 - d. 1952)

                             Marquess of Linlithgow 

 1 Oct 1943 - 21 Feb 1947  Archibald Percival Wavell,         (b. 1883 - d. 1950)

                             Viscount Wavell 

21 Feb 1947 - 15 Aug 1947  Louis Francis Mountbatten,         (b. 1900 - d. 1979)

                             Viscount Mountbatten of Burma 

Governors-general (representing the British monarch as head of state)

15 Aug 1947 - 21 Jun 1948  Louis Francis Mountbatten,         (s.a.)

                             Earl Mountbatten of Burma 

21 Jun 1948 - 26 Jan 1950  Chakravarti Rajagopalachari        (b. 1878 - d. 1972)

Presidents

26 Jan 1950 - 13 May 1962  Rajendra Prasad                    (b. 1884 - d. 1963)INC/Non-party

13 May 1962 - 13 May 1967  Sir Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan       (b. 1888 - d. 1975)  Non-party

13 May 1967 -  3 May 1969  Zakir Husain                       (b. 1897 - d. 1969)  Non-party

 3 May 1969 - 20 Jul 1969  Varahagiri Venkata Giri (1st time) (b. 1894 - d. 1980)  Non-party 

                             (acting) 

20 Jul 1969 - 24 Aug 1969  Muhammad Hidayat Ullah (acting)    (b. 1905 - d. 1992)  Non-party

24 Aug 1969 - 24 Aug 1974  Varahagiri Venkata Giri (2nd time) (s.a.)               Non-party

24 Aug 1974 - 11 Feb 1977  Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed               (b. 1905 - d. 1977)INC/Non-party

11 Feb 1977 - 25 Jul 1977  Basappa Danappa Jatti (acting)     (b. 1912 - d. 2002)  Non-party

25 Jul 1977 - 25 Jul 1982  Neelam Sanjiva Reddy               (b. 1913 - d. 1996)INc/Non-party

25 Jul 1982 - 25 Jul 1987  Giani Zail Singh                   (b. 1916 - d. 1994)INC/Non-party

25 Jul 1987 - 25 Jul 1992  Ramaswamy Venkataraman             (b. 1910 - d. 2009)INC/Non-party

25 Jul 1992 - 25 Jul 1997  Shankar Dayal Sharma               (b. 1918 - d. 1999)INC/Non-party

25 Jul 1997 - 25 Jul 2002  Kocheril Raman Narayanan           (b. 1920 - d. 2005)  Non-party

25 Jul 2002 - 25 Jul 2007  Aavul Pakkiri Jainulabidin (A.P.J.)(b. 1931)            Non-party

                             Abdul Kalam
25 Jul 2007 -              Pratibha Devisingh Patil (f)       (b. 1934)          INC/Non-party

 

Secretaries of State for India (and from 1937, for Burma)(in London)

 2 Sep 1858 - 18 Jun 1859  Edward Henry Stanley,              (b. 1826 - d. 1893)

                             Lord Stanley

18 Jun 1859 - 16 Feb 1866  Sir Charles Wood                   (b. 1800 - d. 1885)

16 Feb 1866 -  6 Jul 1866  George Frederick Samuel Robinson, 

                             Earl of Ripon

 6 Jul 1866 -  8 Mar 1867  Robert Arthur Talbot               (b. 1830 - d. 1903)

                             Gascoyne-Cecil,

                             Viscount Cranborne (1st time) 

 8 Mar 1867 -  9 Dec 1868  Sir Stafford Henry Northcote       (b. 1818 - d. 1887)

 9 Dec 1868 - 21 Feb 1874  George Douglas Campbell,           (b. 1823 - d. 1900)

                             Duke of Argyll

21 Feb 1874 -  2 Apr 1878  Robert Arthur Talbot               (s.a.)

                             Gascoyne-Cecil,

                             Marquess of Salisbury (2nd time) 

 2 Apr 1878 - 28 Apr 1880  Gathorne Hardy, Viscount Cranbrook (b. 1814 - d. 1906)

28 Apr 1880 - 16 Dec 1882  Spencer Compton Cavendish,         (b. 1833 - d. 1908)

                             Marquess of Hartington

16 Dec 1882 - 24 Jun 1885  John Woodhouse, Earl of Kimberley  (b. 1826 - d. 1902) 

                             (1st time)

24 Jun 1885 -  6 Feb 1886  Randolph Henry Spencher Churchill  (b. 1849 - d. 1895)

 6 Feb 1886 -  3 Aug 1886  John Woodhouse, Earl of Kimberley  (s.a.)

                             (2nd time)

 3 Aug 1886 - 18 Aug 1892  Sir Richard Assheton, Viscount     (b. 1823 - d. 1914)

                             Cross

                            (from 18 Aug 1886, Richard Assheton

                             Cross, Viscount Cross) 

18 Aug 1892 - 10 Mar 1894  John Woodhouse, Earl of Kimberley  (s.a.)

                             (3rd time)

10 Mar 1894 -  4 Jul 1895  Henry Hartley Fowler               (b. 1830 - d. 1911)

 4 Jul 1895 -  9 Oct 1903  Lord George Francis Hamilton       (b. 1845 - d. 1927)

 9 Oct 1903 - 11 Dec 1905  William St.John Fremantle Brodrick (b. 1856 - d. 1942)

11 Dec 1905 -  3 Nov 1910  John Morley, (from 5 May 1908)     (b. 1838 - d. 1923) 

                             Viscount Morley of Blackburn 

 7 Nov 1910 - 27 May 1915  Robert Crewe-Milnes, Earl of Crewe (b. 1858 - d. 1945)

                             (from 20 Jun 1911, Robert

                             Crewe-Milnes, Marquess of Crewe) 

 7 Mar 1911 - 25 May 1911  John Morley, Viscount Morley 

                             of Blackburn (acting for Crewe)  (s.a.)

25 May 1915 - 17 Jul 1917  Joseph Austen Chamberlain          (b. 1863 - d. 1937)

17 Jul 1917 - 10 Mar 1922  Edwin Samuel Montagu               (b. 1879 - d. 1924)

21 Mar 1922 - 23 Jan 1924  William Robert Wellesley Peel,     (b. 1867 - d. 1937)

                             Viscount Peel (1st time)

23 Jan 1924 -  7 Nov 1924  Sir Sydney Haldane Olivier,        (b. 1859 - d. 1943)

                             (from 12 Feb 1924, Sydney Haldane

                             Olivier, Baron Olivier) 

 7 Nov 1924 - 22 Oct 1928  Frederick Edwin Smith,             (b. 1872 - d. 1930)

                             Earl of Birkenhead 

 1 Nov 1928 -  7 Jun 1929  William Robert Wellesley Peel,     (s.a.)

                             Viscount Peel (2nd time)

 8 Jun 1929 - 26 Aug 1931  William Wedgwood Benn              (b. 1877 - d. 1966)

26 Aug 1931 -  7 Jun 1935  Sir Samuel John Gurney Hoare       (b. 1880 - d. 1958)

 7 Jun 1935 - 15 May 1940  Lawrence John Lumbey Dundas,       (b. 1876 - d. 1961)

                             Marquess of Zetland

15 May 1940 -  3 Aug 1945  Leopold Charles Maurice Stennett   (b. 1873 - d. 1955)

                             Amery 

 3 Aug 1945 - 23 Apr 1947  Frederick William Pethick-Lawrence,(b. 1871 - d. 1961)

                             Baron Pentick-Lawrence of Peaslake

23 Apr 1947 - 15 Aug 1947  William Francis Hare,              (b. 1906 - d. 1967)

                             Earl of Listowel (to 4 Jan 1948 for Burma)

Prime ministers

25 Aug 1946 - 27 May 1964  Jawaharlal Nehru                   (b. 1889 - d. 1964)  INC 

27 May 1964 -  9 Jun 1964  Gulzarilal Nanda (1st time)        (b. 1898 - d. 1998)  INC

 9 Jun 1964 - 11 Jan 1966  Lal Bahadur Shastri                (b. 1904 - d. 1966)  INC 

11 Jan 1966 - 19 Jan 1966  Gulzarilal Nanda (2nd time)        (s.a.)               INC

19 Jan 1966 - 24 Mar 1977  Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi (f)    (b. 1917 - d. 1984)  INC 

                             (1st time)

24 Mar 1977 - 28 Jul 1979  Morarji Ranchhodji Desai           (b. 1896 - d. 1995)  JP 

28 Jul 1979 - 14 Jan 1980  Choudhary Charan Singh             (b. 1902 - d. 1987)  JP/BLD

14 Jan 1980 - 31 Oct 1984  Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi (f)    (s.a.)               INC-I 

                             (2nd time)

31 Oct 1984 -  2 Dec 1989  Rajiv Gandhi                       (b. 1944 - d. 1991)  INC-I 

 2 Dec 1989 - 10 Nov 1990  Vishwanath Pratap Singh            (b. 1931 - d. 2008)  JD

10 Nov 1990 - 21 Jun 1991  Chandra Shekhar                    (b. 1927 - d. 2007)  JD-S

21 Jun 1991 - 16 May 1996  Pamulaparthi Venkata Narasimha Rao (b. 1921 - d. 2004)  INC-I

16 May 1996 -  1 Jun 1996  Atal Bihari Vajpayee (1st time)    (b. 1924)            BJP 

 1 Jun 1996 - 21 Apr 1997  Haradanahalli Dodde Gowda Deve     (b. 1933)            JD-NF

                             Gowda

21 Apr 1997 - 19 Mar 1998  Inder Kumar Gujral                 (b. 1919)            JD-NF

19 Mar 1998 - 22 May 2004  Atal Bihari Vajpayee (2nd time)    (s.a.)               BJP

22 May 2004 -              Manmohan Singh                     (b. 1932)            INC

British Residents to the Mughal Empire (in Delhi)
1803 - Apr 1806            David Ochterlony (1st time)        (b. 1758 - d. 1825)
Apr 1806 - 1810            Archibald Seton                    (b. c.1782 - d. 1818)
25 Feb 1811 - 1818         Charles Theophilus Metcalfe        (s.a.)
                             (1st time)       
1818 - 1820                David Ochterlony (2nd time)        (s.a.)
1820 - 1823                Alexander Ross                     (b. 1777 - d. 18..)
1823                       William Fraser (1st time)(acting)  (b. 1784 - d. 1835)
1823 - Oct 1825            C. Elliott 
26 Aug 1825 - Aug 1827     Sir Charles Theophilus Metcalfe    (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
1827 - 1828                Sir Edward Colebrooke 
1828  (6 weeks)            William Fraser (2nd time)(acting)  (s.a.)
1828 - Nov 1830            Francis James Hawkins              (b. 1806 - d. 1860)
Nov 1830 - 1832            B. Martin 
1832 - 22 Mar 1835         William Fraser (3rd time)          (s.a.)
1835 - 1853                Sir Thomas Theophilus Metcalfe     (b. 1795 - d. 1853)
Nov 1853 - 11 May 1857     Simon Fraser                       (d. 1857)

 

Provisional Government of Free India 

 

        21 Oct 1943 - 18 Aug 1945

   

 

Hear National Anthem "Jana-Gana-Mana" (Thou Art the Ruler of the Minds of All People)

Provisional Capital: Port Blair (Nicobar Islands)

Indian National Army (1945) : 40,000 est.

 

Head of State and Prime minister of Provisional Government of Free India¹

21 Oct 1943 - 18 Aug 1945  Subhas Chandra Bose                (b. 1897 - d. 1945)  AIFB

                            (styled Netaji [the leader], recognized by Axis powers;

                            in exile 21 Oct 1943 - 18 Aug 1945 [in Singapore

                            to Nov 1943, Nov 1944 - 10 Jan 1945; Nov 1943 -

                            Nov 1944, Jan 1945 - 24 Apr 1945 in Rangoon, Burma;

                            Apr - May 1945 in Bangkok, Thailand; Kuala Lumpur,

                            Malaya May - 12 Aug 1945; then in Singapore])

 

 ¹the Provisional Government of Free India was eventually recognized by nine Axis powers: Germany, Japan, Italy (Mussolini), Croatia, China (Wang Jing Wei), Thailand, Burma (Ba Maw), Manchukuo, and The Philippines (José Laurel).

 

Territorial Disputes: since China and India launched a security and foreign policy dialogue in 2005, consolidated discussions related to the dispute over most of their rugged, militarized boundary, regional nuclear proliferation, Indian claims that China transferred missiles to Pakistan, and other matters continue; various talks and confidence-building measures have cautiously begun to defuse tensions over Kashmir, particularly since the Oct 2005 earthquake in the region; Kashmir nevertheless remains the site of the world's largest and most militarized territorial dispute with portions under the de facto administration of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas); India and Pakistan have maintained the 2004 cease fire in Kashmir and initiated discussions on defusing the armed stand-off in the Siachen glacier region; Pakistan protests India's fencing the highly militarized Line of Control and construction of the Baglihar Dam on the Chenab River in Jammu and Kashmir, which is part of the larger dispute on water sharing of the Indus River and its tributaries; UN Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) has maintained a small group of peacekeepers since 1949; India does not recognize Pakistan's ceding historic Kashmir lands to China in 1964; to defuse tensions and prepare for discussions on a maritime boundary, India and Pakistan seek technical resolution of the disputed boundary in Sir Creek estuary at the mouth of the Rann of Kutch in the Arabian Sea; Pakistani maps continue to show its Junagadh claim in Indian Gujarat State; discussions with Bangladesh remain stalled to delimit a small section of river boundary, to exchange territory for 51 Bangladeshi exclaves in India and 111 Indian exclaves in Bangladesh, to allocate divided villages, and to stop illegal cross-border trade, migration, violence, and transit of terrorists through the porous border; Bangladesh protests India's attempts to fence off high-traffic sections of the border; dispute with Bangladesh over New Moore/South Talpatty/Purbasha Island in the Bay of Bengal deters maritime boundary delimitation; India seeks cooperation from Bhutan and Burma to keep Indian Nagaland and Assam separatists from hiding in remote areas along the borders; Joint Border Committee with Nepal continues to examine contested boundary sections, including the 400 square kilometer dispute over the source of the Kalapani River; India maintains a strict border regime to keep out Maoist insurgents and control illegal cross-border activities from Nepal.

Party abbreviations: BJP = Bharatiya Janata Party (Indian People's Party, extreme Hinduist);
INC = Indian National Congress ("Congress Party", populist, socialist, est.1885); JD = Janata Dal (People's Party, social-democratic); JD-S = Janata Dal-Shekhar (People's Party-Chandra Shekhar faction, social-democratic, split from JD); NF = National Front (formerly National Front-Left Front, leftist coalition inludes CPI, CPI-M, DMK, JD, JKNC, Socialist Party, Telugu Desam, DMK, et.al.);
- Former parties: AIFB = All India Forward Bloc (left-wing Indian nationalist, est.1939, bySubhas Chandra Bose [formerly of INC], pro-independence, pro-Japan); BLD = Bharatiya Lok Dal (Indian People's Party); INC-I = Congress Party-Indira (INC Indira Ghandi faction, personalist, populist, socialist, 1980s-1990s)

---

British East India Company

Chairmen of the British East India Company (in London)
Apr 1783 - Nov 1783        Sir Henry Fletcher (1st time)      (b. 1727 - d. 1807)
Nov 1783 - Apr 1785        Nathaniel Smith (1st time)         (b. 1730 - d. 1794)
Apr 1785 - Apr 1786        William Devaynes (1st time)        (b. 1730 - d. 1809)
Apr 1786 - Apr 1787        John Michie                        (d. 1788) 
Apr 1787 - Apr 1788        John Motteux 
Apr 1788 - Dec 1788        Nathaniel Smith (2nd time)         (s.a.)
Dec 1788 - Apr 1790        William Devaynes (2nd time)        (s.a.)
Apr 1790 - Apr 1791        Stephen Lushington (1st time)      (b. 1744 - d. 1804)
Apr 1791 - Apr 1792        John Smith Burgess
Apr 1792 - Apr 1793        Francis Baring                     (b. 1740 - d. 1810)
Apr 1793 - Apr 1795        William Devaynes (3rd time)        (s.a.)
Apr 1795 - Apr 1796        Stephen Lushington (2nd time)      (s.a.)
Apr 1796 - Apr 1797        David Scott (1st time)             (b. 1746 - d. 1805)
Apr 1797 - Apr 1798        Hugh Inglis (1st time)             (b. 1744 - d. 1822)
Apr 1798 - Apr 1799        Jacob Bosanquet (1st time)         (b. 1758 - d. 1828)
Apr 1799 - Apr 1800        Stephen Lushington (3rd time)      (s.a.)
Apr 1800 - Apr 1801        Hugh Inglis (2nd time)             (s.a.)
Apr 1801 - Sep 1801        David Scott (2nd time)             (s.a.)
Sep 1801 - Apr 1802        Charles Mills
Apr 1802 - Apr 1803        John Roberts
Apr 1803 - Apr 1804        William Fullerton Elphinstone      (b. 1740 - d. 1834)
                             (1st time)
Apr 1804 - Apr 1805        Charles Grant (1st time)           (b. 1778 - d. 1866)
Apr 1805 - Apr 1806        William Fullerton Elphinstone      (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
Apr 1806 - Apr 1809        Edward Parry
Apr 1809 - Apr 1810        Charles Grant (2nd time)           (s.a.)
Apr 1810 - Apr 1811        William Astell (1st time)          (b. 1774 - d. 1847)
Apr 1811 - Apr 1812        Jacob Bosanquet (2nd time)         (s.a.)
Apr 1812 - Apr 1813        Jacob Inglis (3rd time)            (s.a.)
Apr 1813 - Apr 1814        Robert Thornton
Apr 1814 - Apr 1815        William Fullerton Elphinstone      (s.a.)
                             (3rd time) 
Apr 1815 - Apr 1816        Charles Grant (3rd time)           (s.a.)
Apr 1816 - Apr 1817        Thomas Reid (1st time)
Apr 1817 - Apr 1818        John Bebb
Apr 1818 - Apr 1819        James Pattison (1st time)
Apr 1819 - Apr 1820        Campbell Majoribanks (1st time)    (b. 1769 - d. 1840)
Apr 1820 - Apr 1821        George Abercrombie Robinson        (b. 1758 - d. 1832) 
                             (1st time)
Apr 1821 - Apr 1822        Thomas Reid (2nd time)
Apr 1822 - Apr 1823        James Pattison (2nd time)
Apr 1823 - Apr 1824        William Wigram
Apr 1824 - Apr 1825        William Astell (2nd time)          (s.a.)
Apr 1825 - Apr 1826        Campbell Majoribanks (2nd time)    (s.a.)
Apr 1826 - Apr 1827        George Abercrombie Robinson        (s.a.) 
                             (2nd time)
Apr 1827 - Apr 1828        Hugh Lindsay                       (b. 1765 - d. 1844)
Apr 1828 - Apr 1829        William Astell (3rd time)          (s.a.)
Apr 1829 - Apr 1830        John Loch                          (b. 1781 - d. 1868)
Apr 1830 - Apr 1831        William Astell (4th time)          (s.a.)
Apr 1831 -  2 Sep 1858     ....

Presidents of the Board of Control of the East India Company (in London)
 3 Sep 1784 - 12 Mar 1790  Thomas Townshend, Baron Sydney     (b. 1733 - d. 1800)
12 Mar 1790 - 28 Jun 1793  William Wyndham Grenville,         (b. 1759 - d. 1834)
                             Baron Grenville of 
                             Wotton-under-Bernewood 
28 Jun 1793 - 19 May 1801  Henry Dundas                       (b. 1742 - d. 1811)
19 May 1801 - 12 Jul 1802  George Legge, Earl of Dartmouth    (b. 1755 - d. 1810)
12 Jul 1802 - 12 Feb 1806  Robert Stewart, Viscount           (b. 1769 - d. 1822)
                             Castlereagh
12 Feb 1806 - 16 Jul 1806  Gilbert Elliot 
16 Jul 1806 -  1 Oct 1806  Thomas Grenville                   (b. 1755 - d. 1846)
 1 Oct 1806 -  6 Apr 1807  George Tierney                     (b. 1761 - d. 1830)
 6 Apr 1807 - 17 Jul 1809  Robert Saunders-Dundas (1st time)  (b. 1771 - d. 1851) 
17 Jul 1809 - 13 Nov 1809  Dudley Ryder, Earl of Harrowby     (b. 1762 - d. 1847)
13 Nov 1809 -  7 Apr 1812  Robert Saunders-Dundas,            (s.a.)
                             Viscount Melville (2nd time)
 7 Apr 1812 - 20 Jun 1816  Robert Hobart,                     (b. 1760 - d. 1816)
                             Earl of Buckinghamshire
20 Jun 1816 - 16 Jan 1821  George Canning                     (b. 1770 - d. 1827)
16 Jan 1821 -  8 Feb 1822  Charles Bragge Bathurst            (b. 1751 - d. 1831) 
 8 Feb 1822 - 31 Jul 1828  Charles Watkin Williams Wynn       (b. 1775 - d. 1850)
31 Jul 1828 - 24 Sep 1828  Robert Saunders-Dundas,            (s.a.)
                             Viscount Melville (3rd time)
24 Sep 1828 -  1 Dec 1830  Edward Law, Lord Ellenborough      (b. 1790 - d. 1871)
                             (1st time)
 1 Dec 1830 - 18 Dec 1834  Charles Grant                      (b. 1778 - d. 1866)
18 Dec 1834 - 23 Apr 1835  Edward Law, Lord Ellenborough
                             (2nd time)
23 Apr 1835 -  4 Sep 1841  Sir John Cam Hobhouse (1st time)   (b. 1786 - d. 1869)
 4 Sep 1841 - 23 Oct 1841  Edward Law, Lord Ellenborough      (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)
23 Oct 1841 - 17 May 1843  William Vesey-FitzGerald,          (b. 1783 - d. 1857)
                             Lord Fitzgerald
17 May 1843 -  8 Jul 1846  Frederick John Robinson,           (b. 1782 - d. 1859)
                             Earl of Ripon
 8 Jul 1846 -  5 Feb 1852  Sir John Cam Hobhouse (2nd time)   (s.a.)
 5 Feb 1852 - 28 Feb 1852  Fox Maule-Ramsey, Baron Panmure    (b. 1801 - d. 1874)
28 Feb 1852 - 30 Dec 1852  John Charles Herries               (b. 1778 - d. 1855)
30 Dec 1852 -  3 Mar 1855  Sir Charles Wood                   (b. 1800 - d. 1885)
 3 Mar 1855 -  6 Mar 1858  Robert Vernon Smith
 6 Mar 1858 -  5 Jun 1858  Edward Law, Earl of Ellenborough   (s.a.)
                             (4th time)
 5 Jun 1858 -  2 Sep 1858  Edward Henry Stanley,              (b. 1826 - d. 1893)
                             Earl of Derby

....                       Kingdom of Kashmir established in remote (legendary) antiquity.
Early Middle Ages          State of Jammu established.
28 Jul 1589                Kashmir incorporated into (Mughal) Empire of Hind.
May 1752                   Kashmir conquered by the newly founded Afghan kingdom.
1816                       Jammu annexed to the Punjab.
 5 Jul 1819                Kashmir annexed to the Punjab.
17 Jun 1822                Independence of Jammu restored.
15 Mar 1846                U.K. government cedes Kashmir to the ruler of Jammu,
                             thus creating the state of Jammu and Kashmir.
16 Mar 1846 - 15 Aug 1947  Jammu and Kashmir a British protectorate.
27 Oct 1947                The ruler of Jammu and Kashmir declares the accession of the 
                             state to India in the face of tribal invasion from Pakistan
                             (Azad Kashmir annexed to Pakistan).
26 Jan 1957                The incorporation of Jammu and Kashmir into India is
                             declared to be complete.
21 Nov 1962                China occupies Aksai Chin region of Ladakh.

Jammu

Rajas
1686 - 1703                Gujai Dev                          (d. 1703)
1703 - 1725                Dhruv Dev                          (d. 1725)
1725 -  4 Apr 1782         Ranjit Dev                         (d. 1782)
 4 Apr 1782 - 1787         Brij Raj Dev                       (d. 1787)
1787 - Jun 1797            Sampuran Singh                     (b. 1786 - d. 1797)
1787 - Jun 1797            Mian Mota -Regent
Jun 1797 - 1816            Jit Singh                          (d. 1816)
1816 - 1820                Interregnum
1820 - 1822                Kishore Singh                      (d. 1822)
 4 May 1822 - 15 Mar 1846  Gulab Singh                        (b. 1792 - d. 1857)

Kashmir

Afghan Governors
1753  (5 months)           Ishak Aqasi
1753                       Abdullah Khan Kabuli
1753 - 1762                Raja Sukh Jiwan Mal
1762  (3 months)           Nur-ud-din Khan Bamzai (1st time)
1762 - 1764                Buland Khan Bamzai
1764 - 1765                Nur-ud-din Khan Bamzai (2nd time)
1765 - 1766                Jan Muhammad Khan
1766                       Lal Khan Khatak (1st time)
1766 - 1767                Khurram Khan
1767                       Faqir Ullah Kanth
1767 - 1770                Nur-ud-din Khan Bamzai (3rd time)
1770 - 1771                Lal Khan Khatak (2nd time)
1771  (6 months)           Khurram Khan
1771 - 1776                Amir Khan Jawansher
1778 - 1783                Haji Karimdad Khan
1783 - 1785                Azad Khan                          (d. 1785)
1785 - 1786                Madad Khan
1786 - 1788                Mirdad Khan
1788                       Mulla Ghafar Khan
1788 - 1792                Juma Khan Alokzai
1792 - 1793                Mirza Khan
1793 - 1794                Mir Hazar Khan
1794                       Rahmatullah Khan
1794 - 1795                Kifayat Khan
1795                       Muhammad Khan Jawansher
29 Sep 1795 - Dec 1795     Sher Muhammad Khan
1795 - 1801                Abdullah Khan Alokzai (1st time)
1801                       Vakil Khan
1801 - 1812                Abdullah Khan Alokzai (2nd time)
1812  (5 months)           Sher Muhammad Khan
1813 - 1819                Atta Muhammad Khan

Raja
15 Mar 1846 -  9 Nov 1846  Gulab Singh                        (s.a.)
Maharajas
 9 Nov 1846 - 20 Feb 1856  Gulab Singh                        (s.a.)
20 Feb 1856 - 12 Sep 1885  Ranbir Singh                       (b. 1830 - d. 1885)
12 Sep 1885 - 17 Apr 1889  Pratap Singh (1st time)            (b. 1848 - d. 1925)
17 Apr 1889 - 1898         Amar Singh                         (b. 1864 - d. 1909)
                             (chairman regency council)
1898 -  7 Sep 1925         Pratap Singh (2nd time)            (s.a.)
                             (chairman regency council to Oct 1905)
 7 Sep 1925 - 17 Nov 1952  Hari Singh                         (b. 1895 - d. 1961)
20 Jun 1949 - 17 Nov 1952  Karan Singh -Regent                (b. 1931)
Sadr-e Riyasat (roughly, "head of state")
17 Nov 1952 - 30 Mar 1965  Karan Singh                        (s.a.)
Governors
30 Mar 1965 - 15 May 1967  Karan Singh                        (s.a.)
15 May 1967 -  3 Jul 1973  Bhagwan Sahay                      (b. 1905)
 3 Jul 1973 - 22 Feb 1981  Lakshmi Kant Jha                   (b. 1913 - d. 1988)
22 Feb 1981 - 26 Apr 1984  Braj Kumar Nehru                   (b. 1909 - d. 2001)
26 Apr 1984 - Jul 1989     Jagmohan (1st time)                (b. 1927)
Jul 1989 - 19 Jan 1990     K.V. Krishna Rao (1st time)        (b. 1923)
19 Jan 1990 - 26 May 1990  Jagmohan (2nd time)                (s.a.)
26 May 1990 - 12 Mar 1993  Girish Chandra Saxena (1st time)   (b. 1928)
12 Mar 1993 -  2 May 1998  K.V. Krishna Rao (2nd time)        (s.a.) 
 2 May 1998 -  4 Jun 2003  Girish Chandra Saxena (2nd time)   (s.a.)
 4 Jun 2003 - 25 Jun 2008  S.K. Sinha                         (b. 1926)
25 Jun 2008 -              Narinder Nath Vohra                (b. 1936)

Chief ministers (Dewan)
1823 - 1836                Amir Chand (in Jammu)
1836 - 1865                Jawala (Jwala) Sahai
1865 - 1875/76             Kirpa Ram
1875/76 - c.1879           Wazir Punnu
18.. - 1885                Anant Ram
1885 - 1886                Gobind Sahai
1886 - 1889                Lachman Das
1889 - 1909                Raja Amar Singh                    (s.a.)
1909 - 1917                Amar Nath
1917 - 1921                Raja Daljit Singh
Mar 1921 - Apr 1922        Bishandas
1922 - 1925                Raja Hari Singh                    (s.a.)
Prime ministers
1925 - 1927                Raja Hari Singh                    (s.a.)
23 Jan 1927 - Mar 1929     Sir Albion Banerjee                (b. 1871 - d. 1950)
1929 - 25 Jul 1931         G.E.C. Wakefield                   (b. 1883 - d. 1950)
1931 - 1933                Sir Hari Kishan Kaul               (b. 1881 - d. 1949)
1933 - 1936                Elliot James Dowell Colvin         (b. 1885 - d. 1950)
1936                       Sir Barjor J. Dalal (acting)       (b. 1871 - d. 19..)
1936 - Jul 1943            N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar            (b. 1882 - d. 1953)
                             (from 1 Jan 1941, Sir N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar)
Jul 1943 - Feb 1944        Kailas Narain Haksar               (b. 1878 - d. 1953)
Feb 1944 - 28 Jun 1945     Sir Benegal Narsing Rau            (b. 1887 - d. 1953)
28 Jun 1945 - 11 Aug 1947  Ram Chandra Kak                    (b. 1893 - d. 1983)
11 Aug 1947 - 15 Oct 1947  Janak Singh (acting)
15 Oct 1947 -  5 Mar 1948  Mehr Chand Mahajan                 (b. 1889 - d. 1967)
30 Oct 1947 -  9 Aug 1953  Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah           (b. 1905 - d. 1982)  JKNC 
                            "the Lion of Kashmir"
                            (to 5 Mar 1948, head of the emergency administration)
 9 Aug 1953 - 12 Oct 1963  Bakshi Ghulam Muhammad             (b. 1907 - d. 1972)  JKNC
12 Oct 1963 - 29 Feb 1964  Khwaja Shams-ud-Din                (b. 1922 - d. 1999)  INC
29 Feb 1964 - 30 Mar 1965  Ghulam Muhammad Sadiq              (b. 1912 - d. 1971)  INC
Chief ministers
30 Mar 1965 - 12 Dec 1971  Ghulam Muhammad Sadiq              (s.a.)               INC
12 Dec 1971 - 25 Feb 1975  Seyd Mir Qasim                     (b. 1921 - d. 2004)  INC
25 Feb 1975 - 26 Mar 1977  Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah           (s.a.)               JKNC
                             (1st time)
26 Mar 1977 -  9 Jul 1977  President's Rule
 9 Jul 1977 -  8 Sep 1982  Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah           (s.a.)               JKNC
                             (2nd time)
 8 Sep 1982 -  2 Jul 1984  Farooq Abdullah (1st time)         (b. 1936)            JKNC
 2 Jul 1984 -  6 Mar 1986  Ghulam Mohammad Shah               (b. 1920 - d. 2009)  ANC
 6 Mar 1986 -  7 Nov 1986  President's Rule
 7 Nov 1986 - 19 Jan 1990  Farooq Abdullah (2nd time)         (s.a.)               JKNC
19 Jan 1990 -  9 Oct 1996  President's Rule
 9 Oct 1996 - 18 Oct 2002  Farooq Abdullah (3rd time)         (s.a.)               JKNC
18 Oct 2002 -  2 Nov 2002  President's Rule
 2 Nov 2002 -  2 Nov 2005  Mufti Mohammad Sayeed              (b. 1936)            PDP
 2 Nov 2005 - 10 Jul 2008  Ghulam Nabi Azad                   (b. 1949)            CLP
10 Jul 2008 -  5 Jan 2009  President's Rule
 5 Jan 2009 -              Omar Abdullah                      (b. 1970)            JKNC

British Residents (to 1885 in Hunza, then in Srinagar)
15 Mar 1846 - 1877         None
1877 - 1880                John Biddulph                      (b. 1840 - d. 1922)
1880 - 1883                Vacant
1883 - 1886                Sir Oliver Beauchamp Coventry      (b. 1837 - d. 1891)
                             St. John 
1886 - Jan 1889            Trevor John Chichele               (b. 1846 - d. 1905)
                             Chichele-Plowden 
1889 - 1892                Robert Parry Nisbet                (b. 1839 - d. 1916)
1892 - 1894                David William Keith Barr           (b. 1846 - d. 1916)
1894 - 1896                Hugh Shakespear Barnes             (b. 1853 - d. 1940)
1896 - 1900                Sir Adelbert Cecil Talbot          (b. 1845 - d. 1920)
1900 - 1901                Harold Arthur Deane                (b. 1854 - d. 1908)
1901 - 1903                Louis William Dane                 (b. 1856 - d. 1946)
1903 - 1905                Elliot Graham Colvin               (b. 1861 - d. 1940)
1906 - 1909                Sir Francis Edward Younghusband    (b. 1863 - d. 1942)
1910 - 1911                John Ramsay                        (b. 1862 - d. 1942)
1911 - 1914                Stuart Mitford Fraser              (b. 1864 - d. 1963)
1914 - 1915                Henry Venn Cobb                    (b. 1864 - d. 1949)
1916 - 1917                John Manners Smith                 (b. 1864 - d. 1920)
1917 - 1921                Arthur D'Arcy Gordon Bannerman     (b. 1866 - d. 1955)
1921 - 1923                Charles Joseph Windham             (b. 1867 - d. 1941)
1923 - 1927                Sir John Barry Wood                (b. 1870 - d. 1933)
1927 - 1929                Evelyn Berkeley Howell             (b. 1877 - d. 1971)
1929 - 1931                George Drummond Ogilvie            (b. 1882 - d. 1966)
1931 - 1932                Courtenay Latimer                  (b. 1880 - d. 1944)
Jul 1932 - 1935            Frederick Marshman Bailey          (b. 1882 - d. 1967)
1925 - 1938                Lionel Edward Lang                 (b. 1885 - d. 1956)
1938 - 1941                Denholm Fraser                     (b. 1889 - d. 1956)
1941 - 1943                Leslie Eric Barton                 (b. 1889 - d. 1952)
1943 - 1945                James Glasgow Acheson              (b. 1889 - d. 1973)
1945 - 1947                Wilfred Francis Webb               (b. 1897 - d. 1973)

Party abbreviations: ANC = Jammu and Kashmir Awami National Conference; CLP = Congress Legislature Party; INC = Indian National Congress Party; JKNC = All Jammu and Kashmir National Conference (Kasmir unity, pro-autonomy,est.1939); PDP = People's Democratic Party

c.900                      Mnga'-ris-skor-gsum (Ladakh) established by a
                             West-Tibetan branch of the Yar-lung dynasty.
1200's - 1300's            Under Mongol suzerainty.
1644 - 1685                Tributary of the (Mughal) Empire of Hind.
1690's - 1700's            Vassal state of Kashmir.
1783 - 17 Sep 1842         Tributary of Tibet (which itself is under suzerainty of China).
17 Sep 1842                Ladakh incorporated into the Jammu state, succeeded
                             by Jammu and Kashmir (with some nominal autonomy).
21 Nov 1962                China occupies Aksai Chin region.
28 Aug 1995                Ladakh Hill Area Development Council created.
29 Dec 2002                Autonomy increased.

Kings (title Chos-rgyal-chen-po)¹
1694 - 1729                Nyi-ma rNam-rgyal
1729 - 20 Mar 1739         bDe-skyong rNam-rgyal
1739 - 1753                Phun-tshogs rNam-rgyal
1753 - 1782                Tshe-dbang rNam-rgyal II
1782 - 1802                Mi-jigs-tshe-brtan rNam-rgyal
1802 - 1837                Tshe-dpal-mi-'gyur-don-grub        (d. 1840)
                             rNam-rgyal (1st time)
1837 - 1839                dNgos-grub-bstan-'dzin -Regent
                            (styled rGyal-tsab or sRid-skyong)
1839 - 1840                Tshe-dpal-mi-'gyur-don-grub        (s.a.)
                             rNam-rgyal (2nd time)
Jun 1840 - Jul 1840        'Jigs-med rNam-rgyal (1st time)    (b. 1833 - d. ....)
1840 - 1842                Kun-dga' rNam-rgyal II             (b. c.1832 - d. ....)
1842 - 17 Sep 1842         'Jigs-med rNam-rgyal (2nd time)    (s.a.)
Chairmen and Chief Executive Councillors of the Ladakh Hill Area Development Council
 2 Sep 1995 - 2003         Thupstan Chhewang                  (b. 1947)             Non-party
2003 - 2005                Tsering Dorjay (1st time)                                LUTF
                             (Chering Dorjey)
2005 - 2007                Rigzin Spalbar                                           INC
2007 -                     Tsering Dorjay (2nd time)                                LUTF

 ¹From 1683 every ruler also used the name Aqibat Mahmud Khan.

Party abbreviations: INC = Indian National Congress ("Congress Party", populist, socialist); LUTF = Ladakh Union Territory Front (pro-Ladakh as separate Union Territory, est.2002)

 19 Nov 1620 - 7 Nov 1845

 

Map of Danish India

Capital: Tranquebar

19 Nov 1620                Tranquebar (Dansborg) a Danish possession.
1636 - 1643                Balasore a Danish possession.
1696 - 1722                Oddeway Torre (on Malabar coast) a Danish possession. 
1698 - 1714                Gondalpara (Dannemarksnagore) southeast of Chandernagore
                             a Danish possession.
1752 - 1791                Calicut a Danish possession.
1755 - 1824                Colachel (on Malabar coast) a Danish possession. 
 1 Jan 1846                Frederik Islands (Nicobar Islands) a Danish colony.
                             (subordinated to Tranquebar).
 8 Oct 1755                Serampore (Frederiksnagore) a Danish possession.
1763                       Balasore a Danish possession.
1779                       Danish crown colony.
1784 - 1807/09             Nicobar islands abandoned.
12 May 1801 - 17 Aug 1802  British occupy Danish India.
1807 - 1814                British occupy Nicobar Islands.
13 Feb 1808 - 20 Sep 1815  British occupy Danish India.
20 Sep 1815                Restored to Denmark.
11 Oct 1845                Frederiksnagore sold to Britain.
 7 Nov 1845                Tranquebar and remaining Danish India settlements
                             sold to Britain, part of British India.
16 Oct 1868                Danish rights to the Nicobar Islands sold to Britain,
                             which become part of British India.

Governors (of the Danish East India Company to 1779)
11 Oct 1620 - 13 Feb 1621  Ove Gedde                          (b. 1594 - d. 1660)
14 Feb 1621 -  9 Nov 1636  Roland Crappè                      (d. 1644)
 9 Nov 1636 -  5 Sep 1643  Bernt Pessart
 5 Sep 1643 - 1648         Willem Leyel                       (b c.1593 - d. 1654)
1648 -  7 Sep 1655         Poul Hansen Korsør                 (d. 1655)
 7 Sep 1655 - 1669         Eskild Andersen Kongsbakke         (b. 1615 - d. 1674)
1669 - 1673                Henrik Eggers
1673 - Oct 1682            Sivart Adeler
Oct 1682 -  9 Jul 1686     Axel Juel                          (d. 1720)
 9 Jul 1686 - Oct 1687     Wolff Heinrich von Calnein
Oct 1687 - 1689            Christian Porck (1st time)
1689 - 1690                Moritz Hartmann                    (b. 1656 - d. 1695)
1690 - 1694                Christian Porck (2nd time)
1694 - 19 May 1701         Claus Vogdt
19 May 1701 - 1701         Andreas Andreæ                     (d. 1701)
1701 - 1702                Mikkel Knudsen Crone               (d. 1716)
Jul 1702 - 1704            Jørgen Hermansen Bjørn             (b. 1652 - d. 1704)
 1 Jul 1704 - 20 Oct 1716  Johan Sigismund Hassius            (b. 1664 - d. 1729)
20 Oct 1716 - 21 Jan 1720  Christen Brun-Lundegaard           (d. 1724)
23 Jan 1720 - 12 Oct 1726  Christian Ulrich von Nissen        (b. 1691 - d. 1756)
12 Oct 1726 -  8 Aug 1730  Rasmus Hansen Attrup               (d. 1745)
 8 Aug 1730 -  1 Aug 1733  Diderich Mühlenport                (d. 1746)
 1 Aug 1733 - 13 Jul 1741  Poul Krisk Panck                   (b. 1690 - d. 1747)
13 Jul 1741 - 17 Sep 1744  Ivar Bonsack                       (d. 1748)
17 Sep 1744 -  5 Sep 1754  Hans Ernst Bonsack
 5 Sep 1754 - 10 Aug 1759  Hans Georg Krog                    (b. 1720 - d. 1796)
 9 May 1759 -  4 Jul 1760  Christian Frederik Høyer           (d. 1763)
 4 Jul 1760 - 27 Apr 1761  Herman Jacob Forck                 (d. 1761)
29 Apr 1761 - 14 Feb 1775  Peter Hermann Abbestee (1st time)  (b. 1728 - d. 1794)
14 Feb 1775 - 17 Jan 1779  David Brown                        (d. 1784)
17 Jan 1779 - 17 May 1788  Peter Hermann Abbestee (2nd time)  (s.a.)
17 May 1788 -  7 Feb 1806  Peter Anker                        (b. 1744 - d. 1832)
 7 Feb 1806 - 13 Feb 1808  Johan Peter Hermannson (1st time)  (d. 1822)
13 Feb 1808 - 20 Sep 1815  British occupation
20 Sep 1815 - 19 Nov 1816  Gerhard Sievers Bille              (b. 1765 - d. 1816)
19 Nov 1816 - 15 Feb 1822  Johan Peter Hermannson (2nd time)  (s.a.)
16 Feb 1822 -  7 May 1823  Jens Kofoed                        (b. 1775 - d. 1833)
 7 May 1823 -  7 Mar 1825  Ulrich Anton Schönheyder           (b. 1775 - d. 1858)
 7 Mar 1825 - 26 Mar 1829  Hans Diderich Brinck-Seidelin      (b. 1779 - d. 1859)
26 Mar 1829 - 14 May 1832  Lauritz Christensen                (b. 1793 - d. 1832)
17 May 1832 -  1 May 1838  Conrad Emil Mourier                (b. 1795 - d. 1865)
 1 May 1838 - 18 Jun 1841  Johannes von Rehling               (b. 1775 - d. 1841)
18 Jun 1841 - 15 Sep 1841  Christian Tiemroth                 (b. 1799 - d. 1888)
16 Oct 1841 -  7 Nov 1845  Peder Hansen                       (b. 1798 - d. 1880)

         1608 - 1 Mar 1825 

1608                       Dutch rule
1610 - 20 May 1784         Pulicat a Dutch possession.
1658 - 20 Oct 1795         Tuticorin a Dutch possession.
23 Jul 1658 - 1781         Negapatnam a Dutch possession.
1780 - 20 May 1784         Coromandel Coast occupied by Britain.
20 Oct 1795 - 1818         British occupation of Dutch India settlements.
20 Sep 1817                Coromandel settlements restored to Netherlands,
                             Malabar annexed to British India.
 1 Mar 1825                Dutch Coromandel ceded to Britain, part of British India.

Coromandel Coast

Governors
1608 - 1610                Pieter Issack Eyloff
1610 - 1612                Johan van Wesicke
1612 - 1615                Wemmer van Berchem
1616                       Hans de Haze (1st time)
1616 - 1617                Samuel Kint
1617 - 1619                Adolf Thomassen
1619 - 1620                Hans de Haze (2nd time)
1620 - 1622                Andries Soury (1st time)
1622 - 1624                Abraham van Uffelen
1624 - 1626                Andries Soury (2nd time)
1626 - 1632                Maerten Isbrantszoon (1st time)
1632                       Arent Gardenijs (1st time)
1632 - 1633                David Pieterszoon
1633 - 1636                Maerten Isbrantszoon (2nd time)
1636 - 1638                Carel Reyniersz                    (b. 1604 - d. 1653)
1638 - 1643                Arent Gardenijs (2nd time)
1643 - 1650                Arnold Heussen
1650 - 1651                Laurens Pit (1st time)
1651                       Jacob de With
1652 - 1663                Laurens Pit (2nd time)
12 Jun 1663 - 1665         Cornelis Speelman                  (b. 1628 - d. 1684)
1665 - 1676                Anthonie Paviljoen
1676 - 1679                Jacques Caulier
1679 - 1681                Willem Carel Hartsinck
1681 - 1686                Jacob Joriszoon Pits
1686 - 1698                Laurens Pits de jonge
1698 - 1705                Dirk Coomans
1705 - 1710                Johannes van Steelandt
1710 - 1716                Daniel Bernard Guilliams
1716 - 1719                Adriaan de Visscher
1719 - 1723                Gerard van Westrenen
1723 - 1729                Dirck van Cloon                    (b. 1688 - d. 1735)
1729 - 1733                Adriaan Pla
1733 - 1737                Elias Guillot
1738 - 1743                Jacob Mossel                       (b. 1704 - d. 1761)
1743 - 1747                Galenus Mersen
1747 - 1753                Librecht Hooreman
1753 - 1758                Steven Vermont
1758 - 1761                Lubbert Jan van Eck                (b. 1719 - d. 1765)
1761 - 1765                Christiaan van Teylingen
1765 - 1773                Pieter Haksteen
1773 - 1780                Reynier van Vlissingen
1780 - 1784                British occupation
1784 - 1789                Willem Blauwkamer
1790 - 20 Oct 1795         Jacob Eilbracht
1795 - 1818                British occupation
1818 - 1824                F.C. Regel
1824 -  1 Mar 1825         Henry François von Söhsten

29 Dec 1658 - 14 Apr 1659  Quilon occupied by Dutch.
24 Dec 1661                Quilon a Dutch possession.
15 Jan 1662                Cranganore a Dutch possession.
 8 Jan 1663                Cochin a Dutch possession.
15 Feb 1663                Cannanore a Dutch possession.
20 Oct 1795 - 1818         British occupation.
1818                       Annexed to British India.

Commanders
1663 - 1665                Ludolph van Coulster
1665 - 1667                Ijsbrand Goske                     (b. c.1626 - d. 1689)
1667 - 1669                Lucas van der Dussen
1669 - 1676                Hendrik Adriaan van Reede          (b. 1636 - d. 1691)
                             tot Drakestein
1677 - 1678                Jacob Lobs
1678 - 1683                Marten Huysman
1683 - 1687                Gelmer Vosburgh
1688 - 1693                Issack van Dielen
1693 - 1694                Alexander Wigman
1694 - 1697                Adriaan van Ommen
1697 - 1701                Magnus Wichelman
1701 - 1704                Abraham Vink
1704 - 1708                Willem Moerman                     (b. 16.. - d. 1717)
1708 - 1709                Adam van der Duyn
1709 - 1716                Barend Ketel
1716 - 1723                Johannes Hertenberg
1723 - 1731                Jacob de Jong
1731                       Wouter Hendriks
1731 - 1734                Adriaan Maten
1734 - 1742                Julius Valentyn Stein van
                             Gollonesse
1742 - 1747                Reinierus Siersma
1747 - 1751                Corijn Stevens
1751                       Abraham Cornelis de la Haye
1751 - 1756                Frederik Cunes
1756 - 1761                Casparus de Jong
1761 - 1765                Godefried Weyerman
1765 - 1768                Cornelis Breekpot
1768 - 1770                Christiaan Lodewijk Senff
1770 - 1781                Adriaan Moens
1781 - 1793                Johan Gerard van Angelbeek         (b. 1727 - d. 1799)
1793 - 20 Oct 1795         Jan Lambertus van Spall            (b. 1748 - d. 1816)
20 Oct 1795 - 1818         British occupation

1635                       Dutch factories at Pipley and Hougli (to 1676). 
1635 - 1655                Administered by Coromandel.
1676                       Dutch factories at Patna and Baleshwar (Bellasoor).
1710 - 1759                Dutch post at Murshidabad.
1781 - 20 May 1784         British occupation.
1795                       Annexed to British India.

Directors
1635 - 1655                the governors of Coromandel
1655 - 1658                Pieter Sterthemius
1658 - 1663                Mattheus van den Broucke           (b. 1620 - d. 1685)
1663 - 1665                Rogier van Heyningen
1665 - 1669                Vacant
1669 - 1673                Constantijn Ranst de jonge
1673 - 1676                François de Haze
1677 - 1678                Willem Volger
1678 - 1680                Jacob Verburgh
1681 - 1683                Nicolaas Baukes
1683 - 1685                Marten Huysman
1685 - 1688                Nicolaas Schaghen
1688                       Pieter Willeboorts
1688 - 1696                Arnoldus Muykens
1696 - 1701                Pieter van Dishoeck
1701 - 1705                Jacob Pelgrom
1705 - 1710                Willem de Roo
1710 - 1716                Anthony Huysman
1717 - 1722                Ewout van Dishoeck
1722 - 1724                Pieter Vuyst
1724 - 1727                Abraham Patras                     (b. 1671 - d. 1737)
1727 - 1731                Jacob Sadelijn
1731 - 1733                Rogier Beernards
1734 - 1744                Jan Albert Sichterman
1744 - 1750                Jan Huyghens
1750 - 1755                Jan Kersseboom
1755                       Louis Taillefert (1st time)
1755 - 1760                Adriaan Bisdom
1760 - 1763                Louis Taillefert (2d time)
1763 - 1769                George Lodewijk Vernet
1769 -  6 May 1770         Boudewijn Versewel Faure           (b. 1734 - d. 1770)
1771 - 1776                Johannes Bacheracht
1776 - 1781                Johannes Mattheus Ross
1781 - 1784                British occupation
1784 - 1785                Gregorius Herklots (acting)
1785 - 1792                Isaac Titsing
1792 - 1795                Cornelis van Citters Aarnoutszoon
1795                       Johan Willem Salomon von Haugwitz 
                             (acting)

   26 Sep 1816  - 1 Nov 1954

1688 - 1720                French factory at Surat.
 4 Feb 1673                Chandernagor (Chandernagore) a French possession.
1674                       Pondicherry (Pondichéry) a French possession.
 6 Sep 1693 - Sep 1699     Dutch occupation (see Dutch Coromandel).
 2 Apr 1721 - Feb 1725     Mahe (Mahé) a French possession.
1731                       Yanam (Yanaon) a French possession (confirmed 1750).
Dec 1725                   Mahé a French possession.
14 Feb 1739                Karikal a French possession.
10 Sep 1746 - Aug 1749     French occupy Madras.
1750 - 22 Jan 1760         Masulipatam a French possession.
16 Jan 1761 - May 1765     British occupation (Changernagor from 23 Mar 1757).
18 Sep 1778 - 10 Mar 1783  British occupation (Changernagor from 6 Jul 1778, 
                             Mahe from 19 Mar 1779).
23 Aug 1793 - 11 Jul 1803  British occupation, administered as part of Madras.
25 Oct 1797 - 19 Apr 1801  French India nominally organized as Indes-Orientales département
                             of France (not effected because of British occupation).
11 Jul 1803 - 11 Sep 1803  Brief restoration of French rule according to Treaty of Amiens.
 1 Oct 1803 - 26 Sep 1816  British occupation (s.a.).
26 Sep 1816                Chandernagore, Pondicherry, Karikal, Yanaon, and Mahé 
                             restored to France (Établissements Français dans l'Inde).
16 Jun 1940 -  9 Sep 1940  Administration loyal to Vichy France (from 9 Sep 1940, under
                             Free French; Chandernagore separately from 20 Jun 1940).
 2 May 1950                Chandernagor transferred to India (formally on 11 Apr 1952)
                             (see under Indian states).
13 Jun 1954                Yanaon taken by Indian military police.
15 Jul 1954                Mahé taken by pro-Indian groups.
 1 Nov 1954                Remaining territories (Pondichéry and Karikal) transferred
                             to India de facto (see under Indian states).
16 Aug 1962                De jure transfer of French India to India.

Commissioners
1668 - 1672                François Caron                     (b. 1600 - d. 1673)
1672 - 1681                François Baron
1681 -  6 Sep 1693         François Martin                    (b. 1634 - d. 1706)
 6 Sep 1693 - Sep 1699     Dutch occupation
Governors
Sep 1699 - 30 Dec 1706     François Martin (governor-general) (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1707 - Jul 1708     Pierre Dulivier (1st time)
                             (acting for Martin from 15 Jun 1705)
Jul 1708 - 1712            Guillaume André d'Hébert 
                             (1st time)
 7 Oct 1713 - 1715         Pierre Dulivier (2nd time)
Aug 1715 - 1718            Guillaume André d'Hébert 
                             (2nd time)
19 Aug 1718 - 11 Oct 1721  Pierre André Prévost de La         (d. 1721)
                             Prévostière
11 Oct 1721 - 1723         Pierre Christoph Le Noir 
                             (1st time)(acting)
 6 Oct 1723 - 1726         Joseph Beauvollier de Courchant
 4 Sep 1726 - 1735         Pierre Christoph Le Noir 
                             (2nd time)
19 Sep 1735 - 1741         Pierre Benoît Dumas                (b. 1668 - d. 1745)
14 Jan 1742 - 1754         Joseph François Dupleix            (b. 1697 - d. 1763)
 2 Aug 1754 - 1755         Charles Robert Godeheu de Zaimont
                             (acting)
10 Feb 1755 - 1758         Georges Duval de Leyrit
28 Apr 1758 - 16 Jan 1761  Thomas Arthur,                     (b. 1702 - d. 1766)
                             comte de Lally-Tollendal
16 Jan 1761 - May 1765     British occupation
May 1765 - 1766            François Nicolas (acting)
May 1766 - 1767            Antoine Boyelleau (acting)
Mar 1767 - 1778            Jean Law de Lauriston              (b. 1719 - d. 1797)
Jan 1777 - 1778            Guillaume Léonard de Bellecombe,   (b. 1728 - d. 1792)
                             seigneur de Teirac (1st time)
28 Jan 1778 - 1778         Louis Alexandre d'Albignac,        (b. 1739 - d. 1825) 
                             baron d'Albignac d'Arre (acting)
Jul 1778 - 18 Sep 1778     Guillaume Léonard de Bellecombe,   (s.a.)
                             seigneur de Teirac (2nd time) 
18 Sep 1778 - 10 Mar 1783  British occupation
10 Mar 1783 -  7 Jan 1785  Charles Joseph Pâtissier,
                             marquis de Bussy-Castelnau       (b. 1718 - d. 1785)
 8 Jan 1775 - 1785         de Coutenceau (acting)
21 May 1785 - 1785         François, vicomte de Souillac      (b. 1732 - d. 1803)
24 Sep 1785 - 1787         David Charpentier de Cossigny      (b. 1740 - d. 1801)
20 Sep 1787 - 1789         Thomas, comte de Conway            (b. 1733 - d. c.1800)
Oct 1789 - 1793            Camille Charles Leclerc,
                             chevalier de Fresne
 5 Feb 1793 - 1793         L. Leroux de Touffreville (acting)
18 Feb 1793 - Aug 1793     Dominique Prosper de Chermont      (b. 1741 - d. 1798)
23 Aug 1793 - 11 Jul 1803  British occupation
Aug 1793 - 1793            James Braithwaite (British commander)
1793 - 1802?               Dixon (British commander)
1802 - 1803                De Méron (British officer)
11 Jul 1803 -  1 Oct 1803  Charles Matthieu Isidore,          (b. 1769 - d. 1832)
                             comte Decaen
                            (appointed 18 Jun 1802)
Aug 1803 -  1 Oct 1803     Binot (acting for comte Decaen)
13 Jul 1803 -  1 Oct 1803  Benoît Mottet de La                (b. 1745 - d. 1820)
                             Fontaine -Prefect
 1 Oct 1803 - 26 Sep 1816  British occupation
1804 - 1805                Keith (British commander)
1805 - 1811                E.W. Fallofield (British commander)
1811 - 1812                Lockhart (British commander)
1812 - 26 Sep 1816         James Stuart Fraser                (b. 1783 - d. 1869)
                             (British commandant)
26 Sep 1816 - Oct 1825     André Julien, comte Dupuy          (b. 1753? - d. 18..)
15 Oct 1825 - 19 Jun 1826  Joseph Cordier (1st time) (acting) (b. 1773 - d. 18..) 
19 Jun 1826 -  2 Aug 1828  Eugène Panon, comte                (b. 1800 - d. 1859)
                             Desbassayns de Richemont
12 Aug 1828 - 14 Aug 1828  Scipion (acting)
14 Aug 1828 - 10 Apr 1829  Joseph Cordier (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.)
10 Apr 1829 -  3 May 1835  Auguste Jacques Nicolas Peureux
                             de Mélay
 3 May 1835 - Apr 1840     Henri Jean Victor,                 (b. 1782 - d. 1865)
                             marquis de Saint-Simon
27 Apr 1840 - 1844         Paul de Nourquer du Camper
10 Nov 1844 - 1849         Louis Pujol
 5 Jan 1849 - 14 Jun 1850  Hyacinth Marie de Lalande de Calan (b. 1802 - d. 1850)
14 Jun 1850 -  6 Jan 1851  Malassis (1st time)(acting)
 6 Jan 1851 - 1851         Philippe Achille Bédier            (b. 1791 - d. 1865)
 1 Dec 1851 - 1852         Malassis (2nd time)(acting)
29 Jul 1852 - Apr 1857     Raymond Jean Baptiste de Verninac  (b. 1794 - d. 1873)
                             de Saint-Maur
 1 Apr 1857 - Jan 1863     Alexandre Jean Baptiste Joseph 
                             Jacques de Verninac Durand d'Ubraye
18 Jan 1863 - Jun 1871     Napoléon Joseph Louis Bontemps     (b. 1813 - d. 1872)
Jun 1871 - Nov 1871        Michaux
Nov 1871 - 1875            Pierre Aristide Faron              (b. 1814 - d. 1879)
1875 - 1878                Adolphe Joseph Antoine Trillard    (b. 1826 - d. ....)
1878 - Feb 1879            .... (acting)
Feb 1879 - Apr 1881        Léonce Laugier                     (b. 1829 - d. ....)
1881 - Oct 1884            Julien Théodore Drouet             (b. 1817 - d. 1904)
Oct 1884 - 1886            Étienne Antoine Guillaume Richaud  (b. 1841 - d. 1889)
1886 - 1888                Louis Evenor Édouard Manès
1888 - 1889                Georges Jules Piquet               (b. 1839 - d. 1923)
1889 - 1891                Louis Hippolyte Marie Nouet        (b. 1844 - d. 1933)
1891 - 1896                Léon Émile Clément-Thomas
1896 - Feb 1898            Louis Jean Girod
Feb 1898 - 11 Jan 1902     François Pierre Rodier             (b. 1854 - d. 19..)
11 Jan 1902 - 1902         Pelletan (acting)
1902 - 1904                Victor Louis Marie Lanrezac        (b. 1854 - d. 19..)
Aug 1904 - Apr 1905        Philema Lemaire                    (b. 1856 - d. 1932)
Apr 1905 - Oct 1906        Joseph Pascal François             (b. 1853 - d. 19..)
Oct 1906 -  3 Dec 1907     Gabriel Louis Angoulvant           (b. 1872 - d. 1932)
1908 - 1909                Adrien Jules Jean Bonhoure         (b. 1860 - d. 19..)
1909 -  9 Jul 1910         Ernest Fernand Lévecque            (b. 1852 - d. 19..)
 9 Jul 1910 - Jul 1911     Alfred Albert Martineau (1st time) (b. 1857 - d. 1941)
Jul 1910 - Nov 1913        Pierre Louis Alfred Duprat         (b. 1880 - d. 1953)
Nov 1913 - 29 Jun 1918     Alfred Albert Martineau (2nd time) (s.a.)
29 Jun 1918 - 21 Feb 1919  Maurice Pierre Lapalud (acting)    (b. 1868 - d. 19..)
21 Feb 1919 - 11 Feb 1926  Louis Martial Innocent Gerbinis    (b. 1871 - d. 1954)
1926 - 1928                Pierre Jean Henri Didelot          (b. 1870 - d. 19..)
1928 - 1931                Robert Paul Marie de Guise
1931 - 1934                François Adrien Juvanon            (b. 1875 - d. 19..)
Aug 1934 - 1936            Léon Solomiac                      (b. 1884 - d. 1960)
1936 - 1938                Horace Valentin Crocicchia
26 Sep 1938 - 1945         Louis Alexis Étienne Bonvin        (b. 1886 - d. 1946)
1945 - 1946                Nicolas Ernest Marie Maurice       (b. 1886 - d. 19..)
                             Jeandin
20 Mar 1946 - 20 Aug 1947  Charles François Henri Baron       (b. 1900 - d. 1980)
Commissioners
20 Aug 1947 - 1949         Charles François Marie Baron       (s.a.)
May 1949 - 1950            Charles Chambon                    (b. 1896 - d. 1965)
31 Jul 1950 - Oct 1954     André Ménard                       (b. 1907 - d. 1988)
Oct 1954 -  1 Nov 1954     Georges Escargueil (acting)        (b. 1907 - d. 1990)

23 Aug 1719                Cabelon post (on Coromandel coast) acquired.
19 Dec 1722                Ostend East India Company, an association of Flemish merchants 
                             from the Austrian Netherlands (Belgium) trading in the east
                             is granted a charter by Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI.
Jul 1723                   Banquibazar factory (in Bengal) opened.
May 1727                   Charter of Otsend Company suspended by the Emperor.
 5 Jul 1727                Banquibazar officially ceded to Austria.
16 Mar 1731                Ostend Company dissolved by (Second) Treaty of Vienna.
Oct? 1744                  Banquibazar factory lost.

Banquibazar

Governors-general
Jul 1723 - 27 Jun 1724     Jacques André Cobbé                (d. 1724)
27 Jun 1724 - 30 Jun 1724  Martin van Snaer 
                           + Pierre Sneyers
                           (acting)
30 Jun 1724 -  6 Feb 1726  Commanders
                           - T. Kint (to 18 Jul 1724)
                           - Vincent Parraber 
                             (from 18 Jul 1724)
 6 Feb 1726 - 29 Aug 1726  Commanders
                           - Jean Bos 
                           - François de Schonamille          (d. 1744)
                             (1st time)
                           - Jean Ray
29 Aug 1726 - Dec 1730     Alexandre Hume
Commander
Dec 1730 - Oct 1744        François de Schonamille            (s.a.)
                             (2nd time) 

13 Aug 1719                Cabelon factory on Coromandel coast opened.
1750?                      Cabelon lost.

Commanders
13 Aug 1719 - 1719         Godefroid de la Merveille
1719 - 23 Jul 1726         Louis de la Peña
23 Jul 1726 - 17..         Joseph Merat
c.1730                     Cointrel

20 May 1498                Vasco da Gama arrives in India.
27 Sep 1503 -  7 Jan 1663  Cochin a Portuguese possession.
1502 – 15 Feb 1663         Cannanore a Portuguese possession.
1502 – 24 Dec 1661         Quilon a Portuguese possession
                             (Dutch occupation 29 Dec 1658 - 14 Apr 1659).
 4 Mar 1510 - 20 May 1510  Portuguese occupy Goa. 
23 Nov 1510                Goa a Portuguese colony.
1523 - 1662                Portuguese settlement of São Tomé de Meliapore.
23 Dec 1534                Baçaim (Bassein) and its dependencies: Salcete, Bombaim (Bombay),
                             Caranja, Chaul, Quelme, Siao, Parel, Vorli, Vadala, Mazagao, 
                             Danu, Thana, Mahim, Versova, and Açarim (Asserim)(from 1556) 
                             ceded to Portugal; organized as the Northern Provinces.
21 Dec 1535                Diu acquired by Portugal.
1536 – 15 Jan 1662         Cranganore a Portuguese possession.
1559                       Damão (Daman) acquired by Portugal (occupied since 1531).
15 Jul 1580 -  1 Dec 1640  Portuguese India along with Portugal a Spanish possession.
23 Jun 1661                Bombaim (Bombay) and its dependencies (s.a.) ceded to England.
18 Feb 1665                Final cession of Bombay to England (without its dependencies).
1687 - 21 Oct 1749         São Tomé de Meliapore re-occupied by Portuguese.
23 May 1739                Baçaim lost (Thana and Salcete 1737; Danu on Nov 1738; Mahim
                             20 Jan 1739; Asserim and Quelme on 13 Feb 1739; Caranja 
                             28 Mar 1739; and Chaul on 18 Sep 1740).
17 Dec 1779                Dadra, Nagar and Haveli acquired by Portugal.
 7 Sep 1799 -  2 Apr 1813  British troops garrison Goa, Portuguese rule continues.
18 Dec 1946                Overseas province of Portugal.
21 Jul 1954                Dadra then Nagar and Haveli (2 Aug 1954) occupied 
                             by Indian nationalists (Aug 1961 annexed by India).
19 Dec 1961                Goa, Damão, and Diu occupied by India.
16 Mar 1962                Annexed by India (see under Indian states).
31 Dec 1974                Annexation recognized by Portugal.

Viceroy
1505 - 1509                Francisco de Almeida               (b. c.1450 - d. 1510)
Governors-general
1509 - 16 Dec 1515         Afonso de Albuquerque              (b. 1453 - d. 1515)
1515 - 1518                Lopo Soares de Albergaria          (b. c.1450 - d. 15..)
1518 - 1522                Diogo Lopes de Sequeira            (b. 1466 - d.d 15..)
1522 - 1524                Duarte de Meneses  
1524 - 24 Dec 1524         Vasco da Gama, conde de            (b. 1460 - d. 1524)
                             Vidigueira -Viceroy
1524 -  2 Feb 1526         Henrique de Meneses                (b. 1496 - d. 1526)
1526 - 1529                Lopo Vaz de Sampaio                (b. c.1480  - d. 1538)
1529 -  5 Mar 1538         Nunho da Cunha                     (b. 1487 - d. 1539)
1538 -  3 Apr 1540         Garcia de Noronha -Viceroy         (b. 1480 - d. 1540)
1540 - 1542                Estevão da Gama                    (b. c.1510 - d. 1575)
1542 - 1545                Martim Afonso de Sousa             (b. 1500 - d. 1564)
1545 -  6 Jun 1548         João de Castro -Viceroy            (b. 1500 - d. 1548)
1548 - 13 Jun 1549         Garcia de Sá                       (b. c.1460 - d. 1549)

1549 - 1550                Jorge Cabral                       (b. c.1500 - d. 15..)
Viceroys
1550 - 1554                Afonso de Noronha                  (b. c.1510 - d. 15..)
1554 - 23 Jun 1555         Pedro Mascarenhaa                  (b. c.1480 - d. 1555)
1555 - 1558                Francisco Barreto -Governor        (b. 1520 - d. 1575)
1558 - 1561                Constantino de Bragança            (b. 1532 - d. 1575)
1561 - 1564                Francisco Coutinho, conde do       (b. 1517 - d. 1564)
                             Redondo
1564                       João de Mendonça -Governor         (b. c.1530 - d. ....)
1564 - 1568                Antão de Noronha                   (b. c.1520 - d. 1569)
1568 - 1571                Luís de Ataíde, conde              (b. 1517 - d. 1580)
                             de Atouguia (1st time)
1571 - 1573                António de Noronhe                 (b. c.1510 - d. c.1574)
Governors
1573 - 1576                António Moniz Barreto              (b. c. 1530 - d. ....)
1576 - 1578                Diogo de Meneses                   (b c.1540 - d. 1580)
Viceroys
1578 - 10 Mar 1580         Luís de Ataíde, conde              (s.a.)
                             de Atouguia (2nd time)
1581                       Fernão Teles de Meneses, conde     (b. c.1530 - d. 1605)
                             de Vilar Maior -Governor
1581 - 1584                Francisco Mascarenhas, conde       (b. c.1530 - d. 1608)
                             de Santa Cruz
1584 - 15 May 1588         Duarte de Meneses, conde de        (b. 1537 - d. 1588)
                             Tarouca
1588 - 1591                Manuel de Sousa Coutinho -Governor (b. c.1540 - d....)
1591 - 1597                Matias de Albuquerque              (d. 1609)
1597 - 1600                Francisco da Gama, conde de        (b. 1565 - d. 1632)
                             Vidigueira (1st time)
1600 - 1605                Aires de Saldanha                  (b. 1542 - d. 1605)
1605 - 1607                Martim Afonso de Castro            (b. c.1560 - d. 1649)
1607 - 1609                Aleixo de Menezes, arcebispo       (b. 1559 - d. 1617)
                             de Braga -Governor
1609                       André Furtado de Mendonça -Governor(d. 1610)
1609 - 1612                Rui Lourenço de Tavora             (b. 1566 - d. 1616)
1612 - 1617                Jerónimo de Azevedo                (b. c.1540 - d. 16..)
1617 - 1619                João Coutinho, conde de Redondo    (b. c.1540 - d. 16..)
1619 - 1622                Fernão de Albuquerque -Governor    (b. c.1540 - d. 1632)
1622 - 1627                Francisco da Gama, conde de        (s.a.)
                             Vidigueira (1st time)
1627 - 1628                Fray Luis de Brito e               (b. c.1570 - d. 1629)
                             Meneses -Governor
1628 - 1629                Governing Commission
                           - Nuno Alvares Botelho
                           - Lourenço da Cunha
                           - Gonçalo Pinto da Fonseca
1629 - 1635                Miguel de Noronha, conde de        (b. c.1585 - d. 1647)
                             Linhares
1635 - 24 Jun 1639         Pedro da Silva                     (b. c.1580 - d. 1639)
1639 - 1640                António Teles de Menezes, conde    (b. c.1600 - d. 1657)
                             de Vila Pouca de Aguiar -Governor
1640 - 1645                João da Silva Telo de Meneses,     (b. c.1600 - d. 1650)
                             conde de Aveiras
1645 - 1651                Filipe Mascarenhas                 (b. c.1580 - d. 16..)
1651 - 1652                Governing Commission
                           - Fray Francisco dos Martyres
                           - Francisco de Melo de Castro
                           - Antonio de Sousa Coutinho
1652 - 1653                Vasco Mascarenhas, conde           (b. c.1605 - d. 1678)
                             de Óbidos
1653 - 1655                Brás de Castro -Governor
1655 -  3 Jan 1656         Rodrigo Lobo da Silveira, conde    (b. c.1600 - d. 1656)
                             de Sarzedas
1656 - 1661                Governing Commission
                           - Manoel Mascarenhas Homem
                           - Francisco de Melo de Castro
                           - Antonio de Sousa Coutinho
1661 - 1662                Governing Commission
                           - Luis de Mendonça Furtado
                           - Pedro de Lancastre
1662 - 1666                António de Melo Castro             (b. c.1640 - d. ....)
1666 - 1668                João Nunes da Castro, conde de     (b. 1619 - d. 1668)
                             São Vicente
1668 - 1671                Governing Commission
                           - Antonio de Melo e Castro
                           - Luis de Miranda Henriques
                           - Manoel Corte-Real de Sampaio
1671 - 1677                Luís de Mendonça Furtado e         (b. c.1610 - d. 1677) 
                             Albuquerque, conde de Lavradio
1677 - 1678                Pedro de Almeida, conde de Assumar (b. 1630 - d . 1679)
1679 - 1681                Governing Commission
                           - Fray Antonio Brandio
                           - Antonio Paes de Sande
                           - Francisco Cabral de Almada
1681 - 1686                Francisco de Tavora, conde de      (b. 1646 - d. 1710)
                             Alvor
1686 - 23 Jul 1690         Rodrigo da Costa -Governor         (b. c.1640 - d. 1690)
1690 - 1691                Miguel de Almeida -Governor        (b. c.1640 - d. ....)
1691 - 1693                Governing Commisison
                           - Fernando Martins Mascarenhas de
                              Lancastre
                           - Fray Agostinho de Annunciação
                           - Luis Gonçalves Cotta (to 1691)
1693 - 1698                Pedro António de Noronha           (b. 1661 - d. 1731)
                             Albuquerque e Sousa, marquês
                             de Angeja
20 Sep 1698 - 1701         António Luís Gonçalves da Câmara   (b. 1638 - d. 1702)
                             Coutinho
1701 -  2 Oct 1703         Governing Commission
                           - Fray Agostinho da Annunciação
                           - Vasco Luís Coutinho
 2 Oct 1703 - 28 Oct 1707  Caetano de Melo e Castro           (b. c.1680 - d. 1718)
28 Oct 1707 - 21 Sep 1712  Rodrigo da Costa                   (b. 1657 - d. 1722)
21 Sep 1712 - 13 Jan 1717  Vasco Fernandes César de Meneses   (b. 1673 - d. 1743)
13 Jan 1717 - 16 Oct 1717  Sebastião de Andrade Pessanha      (b. c.1670 - d. 1737)
                             arcebispo primaz de Goa -Governor
16 Oct 1717 - 14 Sep 1720  Luís Carlos Inácio Xavier          (b. 1689 - d. 1742)
                             de Meneses, conde de Ericeira
                             (1st time) 
14 Sep 1720 - 13 Jul 1723  Francisco José de Sampaio e Castro (b. c.1675 - d. 1723)
13 Jul 1723 -  3 Sep 1723  Cristóvão de Melo                  (b. 1672 - d. 1734)
 3 Sep 1723 - 28 Oct 1725  Governing Commission
                           - Cristóvão de Melo (1st time)     (s.a.)
                           - Fray Ignacio de Santa Theresa
                               (1st time)
                           - Cristóvão Luís de Andrade
28 Oct 1725 - 1732         João de Saldanha da Gama           (b. 1674 - d. 1752)
1732 -  7 Oct 1732         Governing Commission
                           - Cristóvão de Melo (2nd time)     (s.a.)
                           - Fray Ignacio de Santa Theresa
                             (2nd time)
 7 Oct 1732 - 18 May 1741  Pedro Mascarenhas, conde de        (b. 1670 - d. 1745)
                             Sandomil
18 May 1741 - 12 Jun 1742  Luís Carlos Inácio Xavier          (s.a.) 
                             de Meneses, conde de Ericeira
                             (2nd time) 
Jun 1742 - 24 Sep 1744     Governing Commission
                           - Francisco de Vasconcellos        (d. 1743)
                             (to 30 Mar 1743)
                           - Luís Caetano de Almeida
                           - Lourenço de Noronha
                             (from 18 May 1743)
24 Sep 1744 - 27 Sep 1750  Pedro Miguel de Almeida, conde     (b. 1688 - d. 1756)
                             de Assumar, marquês de Castelo
                             Novo, marquês de Alorna
27 Sep 1750 - 18 Sep 1754  Francisco de Assis da Tavora,      (b. 1703 - d. 1759)
                             marquês de Tavora
18 Sep 1754 - 24 Jun 1756  Luís Mascarenhas, conde de Alva    (b. c.1685 - d. 1756)
Jun 1756 - 23 Sep 1756     Governing Commission
                           - António Taveira da Neiva da
                               Silveira (1st time)
                           - João de Mesquita Matos Teixeira
                           - Filippe de Valladares Souto
                               Maior
23 Sep 1756 - 19 Oct 1765  Manuel de Saldanha de Albuquerque  (b. 1712 - d. 1771)
                             e Castro, conde da Ega
19 Oct 1765 - 12 Mar 1768  Governing Commission
                           - António Taveira da Neiva da
                               Silveira (2nd time)
                           - João Baptista Vaz Pereira
                           - João José de Melo                (b. c.1700 - d. 1774)
Governors 
12 Mar 1768 - 10 Jan 1774  João José de Melo                  (s.a.)
 4 Feb 1774 - 24 Sep 1774  Filippe de Valladares Souto-Maior  (b. 1691 - d. 1775)
24 Sep 1774 - 26 Jun 1779  José Pedro da Câmara               (b. 1721 - d. 1789)
26 Jun 1779 -  3 Nov 1786  Federico Guilherme de Sousa        (b. 1737 - d. 1790)
 3 Nov 1786 - 22 May 1794  Francisco da Cunha e Meneses       (b. 1747 - d. 1812)
22 May 1794 - 30 May 1807  Francisco António da Veiga Cabral  (b. 1733 - d. 1810)
                             da Câmara Pimentel
 7 Sep 1799 - Jan 1806     William Clarke                     (d. 1808)
                            (commander of British forces)
Jan 1806 -  2 Apr 1813     .... -British commanders
Viceroys
30 May 1807 - 29 Nov 1816  Bernardo José da Silveira e Lorena,(b. 1756 - d. 1818)
                             conde de Sarzedas
29 Nov 1816 - 16 Sep 1821  Diogo de Sousa, conde de Rio Pardo (b. 1755 - d. 1829)
16 Sep 1821 - Dec 1822     Governing Commission
                           - Manuel Godinho da Mira
                           - Joaquim Manuel Correia da Silva
                               e Gama
                           - Gonçalo de Magalhães Teixeira
                           - Manuel Duarte Leitão
Dec 1822 - 18 Nov 1823     Governing Commission
                           - Manuel Maria Gonçalves Zarco da (b. 1789 - d. 1825)
                               Câmara 
                           - Fray Paulo de San Thomé de Aquino
                           - António de Mello Souto Maior
                           - João Carlos Leal
                           - António José de Lima Leitão
18 Nov 1823 - 1825         Manuel Maria Gonçalves Zarco da   (s.a.) 
                             Câmara (governor to 22 Aug 1824)
1825 -  9 Oct 1827         Governing Commission
                           - Fray Manuel de San Galdino
                           - Candido José Mourão Garcez Palha
                           - António Ribeiro de Carvalho
 9 Oct 1827 - 14 Jan 1835  Manuel Francisco de Portugal e     (b. 1787 - d. 1854) 
                             Castro (governor to 7 Apr 1830)
Prefect
14 Jan 1835 - 31 Jan 1835  Bernardo Peres da Silva            (b. 1775 - d. 1846)
Chairman Provincial Committee
Feb 1835 -  3 Mar 1835     Joaquim Manuel Correia da Silva 
                             e Gama
Chairmen of the Provisional Government
 3 Mar 1835 - Dec 1836     João C. da Rocha Vasconcellos
                           + Manuel José Ribeiro              (d. 1837)
                           + Fray Constantino de Santa Rita
Dec 1836 - Apr 1837        João Cabral de Estifique
                           + António Maria de Mello
                           + Joaquim António de Moraes 
                             Carneiro
Apr 1837 -  7 Dec 1837     José António de Lemos
                           + António Mariano de Azevedo       (d. 1838)
Governors-general
 7 Dec 1837 - 14 Oct 1838  Simão Infante de Lacerda de Sousa  (b. 1793 - d. 1838)
                             Tavares, barão de Sabroso 
Oct 1838 -  5 Mar 1839     Governing Council (acting)
                           - António Feliciano de Santa Rita
                           - José António Vieira da Fonseca   (b. 1793 - d. 1863)
                           - José Cancio Freire de Lima
                           - Domingo José Mariano Luiz
 5 Mar 1839 - 15 Nov 1839  José António Vieira da Fonseca     (s.a.)
                             (acting)
15 Nov 1839 - 18 Apr 1840  Manuel José Mendes, barão de       (b. 1787 - d. 1840)
                             Candal
Apr 1840 - 24 Sep 1840     Governing Council (acting)
                           - José António Vieira da Fonseca   (s.a.)
                           - José Carneiro Freire de Lima
                           - António João de Athaíde
                               (1st time)
                           - Domingo José Mariano Luiz
                           - José da Costa Campos (1st time)
                           - Caetano de Sousa e Vasconcellos
                               (1st time)
24 Sep 1840 - 27 Apr 1842  José Joaquim Lopez de Lima (acting)(b. c.1797 - d. 1852)
27 Apr 1842 - 19 Sep 1842  Governing Council (acting)
                           - António Ramalho da Sá
                           - José de Mello Souta Maior Telles
                           - António João de Athaíde
                               (2nd time)
                           - José da Costa Campos (2nd time)
                           - Caetano de Sousa e Vasconcellos 
                               (2nd time)
19 Sep 1842 - 25 Apr 1843  Francisco Xavier da Silva Pereira, (b. 1793 - d. 1852)
                             conde das Antas
25 Apr 1843 - 20 May 1844  Joaquim Mourão Garcês Palha        (b. 1775 - d. 1850)
20 May 1844 - 15 Jan 1851  José Ferreira Pestana (1st time)   (b. 1795 - d. 1885)
15 Jan 1851 - 1855         José Joaquim Januario Lapa, 
                             barão de Villa Nova de Ourém     (b. 1796 - d. 1859)
1855 -  6 May 1855         Governing Council (acting)
                           - Joaquim de Santa Rita Botelho
                           - Luís da Costa Campos
                           - Francisco Xavier Peres
                           - Bernardo Hector da Silveira
                           - Victor Anastacio Mourão Garcês
                               Palha
 6 May 1855 - 25 Dec 1864  António César de Vasconcellos      (b. 1797 - d. 1865) 
                             Correia, visconde de Torres Novas
25 Dec 1864 -  7 May 1870  José Ferreira Pestana (2nd time)   (s.a.)
 7 May 1870 - 10 Dec 1871  Januario Correia de Almeida,       (b. 1829 - d. 1901) 
                             visconde de São Januario
10 Dec 1871 - 10 May 1875  Joaquim José de Macedo e Couto     (b. 1810 - d. 1879)
10 May 1875 - 24 Jul 1877  João Tavares de Almeida            (b. 1816 - d. 1877)
25 Jul 1877 -  3 May 1878  António Sérgio de Sousa,           (b. 1809 - d. 1878)
                             visconde de Sérgio de Sousa
May 1878 -  3 Dec 1878     Governing Council (acting)
                           - Ayres de Oruellas e Vasconcellos
                           - João Caetano da Silva Campos
                           - Francisco Xavier Soares da Veiga
                               (to ... 1878)
                           - Thomas Nunes da Serva e Moura 
                               (from ... 1878)
                           - António Sergio de Sousa          (b. 1842 - d. 1906)
                           - Eduardo Augusto Pinto Balsemão
 3 Dec 1878 - Nov 1881     Caetano Alexandre de Almeida e     (b. 1824 - d. 1916)
                             Albuquerque
Nov 1881 - Dec 1885        Carlos Eugénio Correia da Silva,   (b. 1834 - d. 1905)
                             visconde de Paço de Arcos
Dec 1885 - Oct 1886        Francisco Joaquim Ferreira do      (b. 1843 - d. 1923)
                             Amaral
Oct 1886 - Apr 1889        Augusto César Cardoso de Carvalho  (b. 1836 - d. 1905)
Apr 1889 -  8 Jan 1891     Vasco Guedes de Carvalho e Meneses (b. 1824 - d. 1905)
 8 Jan 1891 -  4 Feb 1892  Francisco Maria da Cunha           (b. 1832 - d. 1909)
 4 Feb 1892 - 11 Mar 1893  Francisco Teixeira da Silva        (b. 1826 - d. 1894)
11 Mar 1893 - 1894         Raphael Jácome Lopes de Andrade    (b. 1851 - d. 1900) 
                             (1st time)
1894 - 1895                Elesbão José de Betencourt Lapa,   (b. 1831 - d. 1899)
                             visconde de Vila Nova de Ourém
1895 - 1896                Raphael Jácome Lopes de Andrade    (s.a.) 
                             (2nd time)
1896                       Afonso Henriques de Bragança,      (b. 1865 - d. 1920)
                             duque de Pôrto -Viceroy
1896 - 1897                João António de Brissac das Neves  (b. 1846 - d. 1902)
                             Ferreira
1897 - 1900                Joaquim José Machado               (b. 1847 - d. 1925)
1900 - 1905                Eduardo Augusto Rodrigues Galhardo (b. 1845 - d. 1908)
1905 - 1907                Arnoldo de Novais Guedes Rebelo    (b. 1847 - d. 19..)
1907 - 1910                José Maria de Sousa Horta e Costa  (b. 1858 - d. 1927)
12 Oct 1910 -  3 Jul 1917  Francisco Manuel Couceiro da Costa (b. 1870 - d. 1925)
 3 Jul 1917 - 17 Jul 1917  Francisco Maria Peixoto Vieira 
                             (1st time) (acting)
18 Jul 1917 - 24 Nov 1917  Governing Council
24 Nov 1917 - 12 Jun 1919  José de Freitas Ribeiro            (b. 1868 - d. 1929)
12 Jun 1919 - 11 Nov 1919  Augusto de Paiva Bobelo da Mota    (b. 1879 - d. 1931)
                             (acting)
12 Nov 1919 -  7 Apr 1925  Jaime Alberto da Castro Morais     (b. 1882 - d. 1973)
 7 Apr 1925 -  7 Jul 1925  Francisco Maria Peixoto Vieira
                             (2nd time) (acting)
 7 Jul 1925 - Jun 1926     Mariano Martins                    (b. 1880 - d. 1943)
Jun 1926 -  4 Aug 1926     Tito Augusto de Morais (acting)    (b. 1880 - d. 1963)
 4 Aug 1926 - 15 Aug 1926  Acúrsio Mendes da Rocha Dinis      (b. 1885 - d. 1943) 
                             (acting)
15 Aug 1926 - 17 Apr 1929  Pedro Francisco Massano de Amorim  (b. 1862 - d. 1929)
17 Apr 1929 - 12 Jul 1929  Alfredo Pedro de Almeida           (b. 1888 - d. 1960) 
                             (acting)
25 Aug 1929 - 17 Sep 1936  João Carlos Craveiro Lopes         (b. 1871 - d. 1945)
17 Sep 1936 - 12 Jul 1938  Francisco Higino Craveiro Lopes    (b. 1894 - d. 1964)
12 Jul 1938 - Jul 1945     José Ricardo Pereira Cabral        (b. 1879 - d. 1956)
Jul 1945 -  8 Apr 1946     Paulo Bénard Guedes (1st time)     (b. 1892 - d. 1960)
                             (acting)
 8 Apr 1946 -  3 Aug 1947  José Silvestre Ferreira Bossa      (b. 1894 - d. 1970)
 3 Aug 1947 - 27 Jun 1948  Fernando Quintanilha Mendonça      (b. 1898 - d. 1992) 
                             Dias (1st time) (acting)
27 Jun 1948 - 23 Dec 1948  José Alves Ferreira (acting)       (b. 1891 - d. ....)
23 Dec 1948 - 1952         Fernando Quintanilha Mendonça      (s.a.) 
                             Dias (2nd time)(acting)
1952 - 1958                Paulo Bénard Guedes (2nd time)     (s.a.)
1958 - 16 Mar 1962         Manuel António Vassalo e Silva     (b. 1899 - d. 1985) 
                             (from 19 Dec 1961 in name only)
Indian Military Governor
19 Dec 1961 -  6 Jun 1962  Kenneth P. Candeth                 (b. 1916 - d. 2003)

1642                       'Bras-ljongs (Sikkim) kingdom established.
1706                       Briefly occupied by Bhutan.
1730                       Tributary of Tibet.
bf.1793 - 1817             Annexed by Nepal.
10 Feb 1817                Sikkim a protectorate of British India.
 1 Feb 1835                Darjeerling leased to British India.
Feb 1850                   Southern Sikkim and Darjeerling annexed by British India.
28 Mar 1861 - 15 Aug 1947  Sikkim a British protectorate.
17 Mar 1890                China formally recognizes British protectorate.
 7 Sep 1904                Tibet formally recognizes British protectorate.
1918                       Full internal autonomy granted.
15 Aug 1947                Independence declared.
15 Aug 1947 - 16 May 1975  Protectorate of India (formally from 5 Dec 1950).
16 May 1975                Annexed to India (retroactive to 26 Apr 1975)
                             (see under Indian states).

Kings (title Sri Sri Sri Sri Sri Maharaja; from 11 Mar 1965 Mi-dbang Chos-rgyal-chen-po [Chogyal])
1642 - 1670                Phun-tshogs rNam-rgyal I           (b. 1604 - d. 1670)
                            [Phuntso Namgyal I]
1670 - 1700                bsTan-srung rNam-rgyal             (b. 1644 - d. 1700)
                            [Tensung Namgyal]
1700 - 1716                Phyag-dor rNam-rgyal               (b. 1686 - d. 1716)
                            [Chhagdor Namgyal]
1716 - 1733                'Gyur-med rNam-rgyal               (b. 1707 - d. 1733)
                            [Gyurmed Namgyal]
1716 - 17..                Lama Jigme Pao -Regent
1733                       Phun-tshogs rNam-rgyal II          (b. 1733 - d. 1780)
                            [Phuntso Namgyal II] (1st time)
1733 - 1736                Chan-dzod rTa-mgrin
                            [Chandzod Tamding] (usurper)
1736 - 1780                Phun-tshogs rNam-rgyal II          (s.a.)
                            [Phuntso Namgyal II] (2nd time)
1736 - 17..                Rabden Sharpa -Regent
1780 - 1793                bsTan-'dzin rNam-rgyal             (b. 1769 - d. 1793)
                            [Tenzing Namgyal]
                            (in exile from 17..)
1793 - 1862                gTsug-phud rNam-rgyal              (b. 1785 - d. 1863)
                            [Tsugphud Namgyal]
                            (in exile ....-1817)
1862 - Apr 1874            Srid-skyong Sprul-sku rNam-rgyal I (b. 1819 - d. 1874)
                            [Sidkeong Trulku Namgyal I]
                            (regent 1861-62)
Apr 1874 - 10 Feb 1914     mThu-stobs rNam-rgyal              (b. 1860 - d. 1914)
                            [Thutob Namgyal (from 12 Dec 1911, Sir Thutob Namgyal)] 
                            (in exile in Tibet 1892-93 and in India 1893-95)
11 Feb 1914 -  5 Dec 1914  Srid-skyong Sprul-sku rNam-rgyal II(b. 1879 - d. 1914)
                            [Sidkeong Trulku Namgyal II]     
 5 Dec 1914 -  2 Dec 1963  bKra-shis rNam-rgyal               (b. 1893 - d. 1963)
                            [Tashi Namgyal (from 1 Jan 1923, Sir Tashi Namgyal)]
 3 Dec 1963 - 14 Apr 1975  dPal-ldan Don-grub rNam-rgyal      (b. 1923 - d. 1982)
                            [Palden Thondup Namgyal] (briefly in exile in 1973)
Chief Executive
14 Apr 1975 - 16 May 1975  Bipen Buhari Lal                   (b. 1917)

President of the State Council
1944 - 1949                Palden Thondup Namgyal             (s.a.)                Non-party
Chief ministers
 9 May 1949 -  6 Jun 1949  Tashi Tshering                                           SCP
 6 Jun 1949 - 11 Aug 1949  Harishwar Dayal (interim)          (b. 1915 - d. 1964)
Dewans
11 Aug 1949 - 1954         John S. Lall                       (b. 1914 - d. 2002)
1954 - 1959                Nari Kaikhosru Rustomji            (b. 1919)
22 Aug 1959 - 1963         Baleshwar Prasad                   (b. 1914)
Principal administrative officers
1963 - Apr 1968            Ramdas Narayan Haldipur (1st time) (b. 1921 - d. 2003)
Apr 1968 - Nov 1968        Netuk Tshering                                           SCP
Nov 1968 - 1969            Ramdas Narayan Haldipur (2nd time) (s.a.)
Sidlon
1969 - Jul 1972            Inder Sen Chopra                   (b. 1909 - d. 19..)
Chief administrative officer
 9 Apr 1973 - 23 Jul 1974  B.S. Das
Prime minister (Kazi)
23 Jul 1974 - 16 May 1975  Lhendup Dorjee Khangsarpa          (b. 1904 - d. 2007)   NCP
                             (Kazi Lhendup Dorji)

British Political Officers
1889 - 1908                John Claude White                  (b. 1853 - d. 1918)
1908 - 1920                Charles A. Bell (1st time)         (b. 1870 - d. 1945)
1920                       John Bartley                       (b. 1886 - d. 1954)
Jan 1920 - Jan 1921        Charles A. Bell (2nd time)         (s.a.)
Jan 1921 - Mar 1921        W.F. O'Connor
Mar 1921 - Jun 1921        D. Macdonald
Jun 1921 - Oct 1928        Frederick Marshman Bailey          (b. 1882 - d. 1967)
Oct 1928 - Jan 1933        Leslie Weir                        (b. 1883 - d. 1950)
Jan 1933 - Nov 1935        Frederick Williamson               (b. 1891 - d. 1935)
Nov 1935 - Dec 1935        R.K.M. Battye
Dec 1935 - Jun 1945        Basil J. Gould                     (b. 1883 - d. 1956)
                             (from 1941, Sir Basil J. Gould) 
Jun 1945 - 15 Aug 1947     Arthur John Hopkinson              (b. 1894 - d. 1953)
Indian Political Officers
15 Aug 1947 - 1948         Arthur John Hopkinson              (s.a.)
1948 - 1952                Harishwar Dayal                    (s.a.)
Mar 1952 - 1955            Balraj Krishna Kapur               (b. 1910)
1955 - 1961                Apa Parshuram Rao Pant             (b. 1912 - d. 1992) 
Oct 1961 - Dec 1963        Inder Jeet Bahadur Singh           (b. 1914 - d. 1987)
1964 - 1966                Avtar Singh                        (b. 1921) 
1966 - 1967                Vincent Herbert Coelho             (b. 1917)
1967 - 1969                Nedyam Balachandran Menon          (b. 1921 - d. 2006)
1969 - Jul 1972            Inder Sen Chopra                   (s.a.)
1972 - 1974                Kayatyani Shankar Bajpai           (b. 1928)
1974 - 16 May 1975         Gurbachan Singh                    (b. 1923)

Territorial Dispute: China did not formally recognize the 16 May 1975 incorporation of Sikkim into India until 11 Apr 2005.

Party abbreviations (none before 1947): NCP = Sikkim National Congress Party (est.1960, mainly Nepali, pro-India); SCP = Sikkim State Congress Party (est.1949, social-democratic); SNP = Sikkim National Party (mainly non-Nepali, pro-independence)