Nepal
 

c.1847 - 1923 Flag of the Kings      c.1847 - 1923 Flag of Rana Prime ministers          1923 - 12 Dec 1962      Adopted 12 Dec 1962   Map of Nepal Hear National Anthem "Sayaun Thunga Phool Ka" (Hundreds of Flowers) Adopted 3 Aug 2007 Former National Anthems "Ras Triya Gaan" (National Song) (1899 - 19 May 2006) [1899-1962 titled "Shree Paanchko Salaami"] ----------------------------------------- "Shree Teenko Salaami" (1899-1951; Anthem of the Hereditary Rana Prime ministers) Constitution (15 Jan 2007; interim) ---------------------------------- Former Constitution (9 Nov 1990 -15 Jan 2007) Capital: Kathmandu Currency: Nepalese Rupee (NPR)  National Holiday: 29 May (2008) Republic Day ---------------------------------------- 2001-2006: 7 Jul (1947) Birthday of King Gyanendra (abolished 2006) Population: 29,519,114 (2008) GDP: $31.09 billion (2008)  Exports: $868 million (2008) Imports: $3.22 billion (2008) Ethnic groups: Nepalese 55.8%, Maithili 10.8%, Bhojpuri 7.9%, Tharu 4.4%, Tamang 3.6%, Newar 3%,  Magar 2.5%, Awadhi 2.7%, Gurkha 1.7%, others 7.6% (2000) Total Active Armed Forces: 69,000 (2006) Merchant marine: None (2008) Religions: Hindu 80.6%, Buddhist 10.7%, Muslim 4.2%, Kirant (traditional belief) 3.6%, Christian 0.5%, Jain and other 0.4% (2001)  International Organizations/Treaties: ADB, BIMSTEC, BTWC (signatory), CP, CTBT (signatory), CWC, ESCR, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, IRENA (signatory), ISA, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC, KP, MIGA, NAM, NPT, NTBT, OPCW, SAARC, SACEP, UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Nepal Index Chronology 643                        Licchavi (Suryavamsa) dynasty restored; usually                              called Malla dynasty after reign of                               Jayasthitirajamalladeva (1382-95). 1484                       Joint rulers divide the state into three kingdoms,                              named after their capitals Bhaktapura                               (Bhatgaon), Banikapura (Banepa), and Kantipura                              (Kathmandu). 1546                       Additional division creates kingdom of Lalitapura                              (Lalitapatan). 16..                       Banikapura annexed by Bhaktapura. 25 Sep 1768                The last ruler of Gorkha unifies the Kingdom of                              Nepal under the Shah (Saha) dynasty. 1803 - 1815                Nepal invades and occupies the Indian princely                               states of Baghal, Balsan, Bashahr, Bhajji, Bija,                              Darkoti, Dhami, Jubbal, Keonthal (to 1814),                               Kumharsain (to 1816), Kunihar, Kuthar, Mahlog,                              Mangal, Nalagarh, Sangri, Sikkim (bf.1793-1817),                              Sirmur, (Tehri-)Garhwal (from 1804) and Tharoch. 1792 - 1908                Nominally a tributary of China. 15 Mar 1816 - 21 Dec 1923  De facto British protectorate. Oct 1959                   Autonomy of principalities (rajya) in the western                              hills abolished. 15 Jan 2007                State of Nepal 28 May 2008                Monarchy is abolished, a republic declared                              (Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal). Nepal (from 1768) Bhaktapura (1696-1769) Kantipura (1687-1768) Lalitapura (1684-1768)  Gorkha (1669-1768) Mustang (1656-2008) Jumla (1528-1787) Map of Ethnic Groups in Nepal

Bhaktapura (Bhatgaon)

Kings¹
1696 - 1722                Sri Jayabhupatindramalla
1722 - 13 Nov 1769         Jyaranajitamalla

Kings¹
1687 - 1700                Jayabhupalendramalla
                             (Jayamahipatindramalla)
1700 - 1722                Jayabhaskaramalla
                             (Jayamahendrasimhamalla)
1722 - 1734                Jayajagajjayamalla
1735 - 1746                Jayaprakasamalla (1st time)
1746 - 1752                Jayajyotiprakasamalla
1752 - 25 Sep 1768         Jayaprakasamalla (2nd time)

Kings¹
1684 - 1705                Jayayoganarendramalla
1705 - 1706                Jayalokaprakasamalla
1706 - 1709                Jayendramalla
1709                       Jayamahendramalla (1st time)
1709                       Jayaviranarasimhamalla
1709 - 1714                Jayamahendramalla (2nd time)
1715 - 1717                Jayariddhinarasimhamalla
1717 - 1722                Jayabhaskaramalla
                             (Jayamahendrasimhamalla)
1722 - 1729                Jayayogaprakasamalla
1729 - 1745                Sri Jayavishnumalla
1745 - 1758                Jayarajyaprakasamalla
1758 - 1760                Jayavisvajitmalla
1760 - 1762                Jayaprakasamalla (1st time)
1762 - 1763                Jayaranajitmalla
1763                       Jayaprakasamalla (2nd time)
1764 - 1765                Dalamardana Saha
                             (usurper, Saha dynasty of Gorkha)
1765 - Oct 1768            Jayatejanarayanasimhamalla

Rajas
1669 - 1716                Prithvipati Saha                   (d. 1716)
1716 - 1742                Narabhpati Saha                    (d. 1742)
1742 - 25 Sep 1768         Prithvinarayana Saha               (b. 1723 - d. 1775)

Kings (title Maharajadhiraja)
25 Sep 1768 - 11 Jan 1775  Prithivi Narayan Shah Deva         (s.a.)
11 Jan 1775 - 17 Nov 1777  Sinha Pratap Shah Deva             (b. 1751 - d. 1777)
17 Nov 1777 - 23 Mar 1799  Rana Bahadur Shah Deva             (b. 1775 - d. 1806)
17 Nov 1777 - 31 Aug 1778  Maharani Rajendra Rajya Lakshmi    (d. 1785)
                             Devi -Regent (1st time)
 2 Sep 1778 - 20 Jun 1779  Bahadur Shah -Regent (1st time)    (b. 1757 - d. 1797)
20 Jun 1779 - 13 Jul 1785  Maharani Rajendra Rajya Lakshmi    (s.a.)
                             Devi -Regent (2nd time)
13 Jul 1785 -  6 Jun 1794  Bahadur Shah -Regent (2nd time)    (s.a.)
23 Mar 1799 - 20 Nov 1816  Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah Deva     (b. 1797 - d. 1816)
23 Mar 1799 - Apr 1800     Maharani Raj Rajeshwari            (b. 17.. - d. 1806)
                             Devi (f) -Regent (1st time)
Apr 1800 - 1802            Maharani Subarna Prabha            (b. 1779 - d. 1804)
                             Devi (f) -Regent   
1802 - 1804                Maharani Raj Rajeshwari            (s.a.)
                             Devi (f) -Regent (2nd time)
1804 - 25 Apr 1806         Rana Bahadur Shah Deva -Regent     (s.a.)
25 Apr 1806 -  6 Apr 1832  Maharani Lalit Tipura Sundari      (b. 1794 - d. 1832)
                             Devi (f) -Regent
20 Nov 1816 - 12 May 1847  Rajendra Bikram Shah Deva          (b. 1813 - d. 1881)
 5 Jan 1843 - Nov 1846     Kancha Maharani Rajya Lakshmi      (b. c.1814 - d. bf.1900)
                             Devi (f) -Regent 
                            (de facto regent 1841 - 5 Jan 1843)
12 May 1847 - 17 May 1881  Surendra Bikram Shah Deva          (b. 1829 - d. 1881)
17 May 1881 - 11 Dec 1911  Prithivi Bir Bikram Shah Deva      (b. 1875 - d. 1911)
17 May 1881 -  8 Aug 1893  Kancha Maharani Lalit Rajeshwori   (b. 1854 - d. 1917) 
                             Rajya Lakshmi Devi (f) -Regent
11 Dec 1911 -  7 Nov 1950  Tribhuvana Bir Bikram Shah Deva    (b. 1906 - d. 1955)
                             (1st time)
                             (in India exile 7 Nov 1950 - 7 Jan 1951)
11 Dec 1911 - c.1918       Maharani Revati Raman Rajya        (b. 1878 - d. 1926) 
                             Lakshmi Devi Shahamam Sada
                             Sabhajnabtinam (f) -Regent
 7 Nov 1950 -  7 Jan 1951  Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah Deva     (b. 1947)
                             (1st time)
 7 Jan 1951 - 13 Mar 1955  Tribhuvana Bir Bikram Shah Deva    (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
14 Mar 1955 - 31 Jan 1972  Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah Deva      (b. 1920 - d. 1972)
31 Jan 1972 -  1 Jun 2001  Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Deva      (b. 1945 - d. 2001)
 1 Jun 2001 -  4 Jun 2001  Dipendra Bir Bikram Shah Deva      (b. 1971 - d. 2001)
 4 Jun 2001 - 28 May 2008  Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah Deva     (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
                             (regent for Dipendra 2-4 Jun 2001;
                             suspended from 15 Jan 2007)
Presidents
15 Jan 2007 - 23 Jul 2008  Girija Prasad Koirala              (b. 1925 - d. 2010)   NCP
                             (acting head of state)
23 Jul 2008 -              Ram Baran Yadav                    (b. 1947)             NCP

Prime ministers
1799 - 1804                Damodar Pande                      (b. 17.. - d. 1804)
1804 - 25 Apr 1806         Rana Bahadur Shah Deva             (s.a.)
Apr 1806 - 1837            Bhimsen Thapa                      (b. 1775 - d. 1839)
1837                       Rana Jang Pande (1st time)         (d. 1843)
Dec 1837 - Aug 1838        Ranga Nath Poudyal (1st time)      (b. 1773 - d. 18..)
Aug 1838 - 1839            Puskar Shah                        (b. 1784 - d. af.1841)
1839 - Nov 1840            Rana Jang Pande (2nd time)         (s.a.)
Nov 1840                   Ranga Nath Poudyal (2nd time)      (s.a.)
Nov 1840 - Jan 1843        Fateh Jang Chautaria (1st time)    (b. 1805 - d. 1846)
28 Nov 1843 - 17 May 1845  Madhabar Singh Thapa               (b. 1798 - d. 1845)
Sep 1845 - 14 Sep 1846     Fateh Jang Chautaria (2nd time)    (s.a.)
15 Sep 1846 -  1 Aug 1856  Jang Bahadur Kunwar (1st time)     (b. 1817 - d. 1877)
                             (from 5 May 1848, Jang Bahadur Rana)
 1 Aug 1856 - 25 May 1857  Bam Bahadur Kunwar Rana            (b. 1818 - d. 1857)
25 May 1857 - 28 Jun 1857  Krishna Bahadur Kunwar Rana        (b. 1823 - d. 1863)
                             (acting)
28 Jun 1857 - 25 Feb 1877  Jang Bahadur Rana (2nd time)       (s.a.)
27 Feb 1877 - 22 Nov 1885  Ranaudip Singh                     (b. 1825 - d. 1885)  Non-party
22 Nov 1885 -  5 Mar 1901  Bir Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana     (b. 1852 - d. 1901)  Non-party
 5 Mar 1901 - 27 Jun 1901  Deva Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana    (b. 1862 - d. 1914)  Non-party
27 Jun 1901 - 26 Nov 1929  Chandra Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana (b. 1863 - d. 1929)  Non-party
Nov 1929 -  1 Sep 1932     Bhim Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana    (b. 1865 - d. 1932)  Non-party
 1 Sep 1932 - 29 Nov 1945  Juddha Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana  (b. 1875 - d. 1952)  Non-party
29 Nov 1945 - 30 Apr 1948  Padma Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana   (b. 1882 - d. 1961)  Non-party
30 Apr 1948 - 12 Nov 1951  Mohan Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana   (b. 1885 - d. 1967)  Non-party
16 Nov 1951 - 14 Aug 1952  Matrika Prasad Koirala (1st time)  (b. 1912 - d. 1997)  NCP 
14 Aug 1952 - 15 Jun 1953  King Tribhuvana Bir Bikram Shah    (s.a.)               Non-party
                             Deva
15 Jun 1953 - 14 Apr 1955  Matrika Prasad Koirala (2nd time)  (s.a.)               RPP
14 Apr 1956 - 27 Jan 1956  King Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah Deva (s.a.)               Non-party
27 Jan 1956 - 26 Jul 1957  Tanka Prasad Acharya               (b. 1912 - d. 1992)  NPP
26 Jul 1957 - 15 Nov 1957  Kunwar Indrajit Singh              (b. 1906 - d. 1982)  UDP
15 May 1958 - 27 May 1959  Subarna Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana (b. 1910 - d. 1977)  Non-party
27 May 1959 - 15 Dec 1960  Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala         (b. 1914 - d. 1982)  NCP
15 Dec 1960 -  2 Apr 1963  King Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah Deva (s.a.)               Non-party
                             (1st time)
26 Dec 1960 - 23 Dec 1963  Tulsi Giri (1st time)              (b. 1926)            Non-party
                             (first minister to 2 Apr 1963) 
23 Dec 1963 - 26 Feb 1964  Surya Bahadur Thapa (1st time)     (b. 1928)            Non-party
26 Feb 1964 - 26 Jan 1965  Tulsi Giri (2nd time)              (s.a.)               Non-party
26 Jan 1965 -  7 Apr 1969  Surya Bahadur Thapa (2nd time)     (s.a.)               Non-party
 7 Apr 1969 - 13 Apr 1970  Kirti Nidhi Bista (1st time)       (b. 1927)            Non-party
13 Apr 1970 - 14 Apr 1971  King Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah Deva (s.a.)               Non-party
                             (2nd time)
13 Apr 1970 - 14 Apr 1971  Gehendra Bahadur Rajbhandari       (b. 1923 - d. ....)  Non-party
                             (first minister) 
14 Apr 1971 - 16 Jul 1973  Kirti Nidhi Bista (2nd time)       (s.a.)               Non-party
16 Jul 1973 -  1 Dec 1975  Nagendra Prasad Rijal (1st time)   (b. 1927 - d. 1994)  Non-party
 1 Dec 1975 - 12 Sep 1977  Tulsi Giri (3rd time)              (s.a.)               Non-party
12 Sep 1977 - 30 May 1979  Kirti Nidhi Bista (3rd time)       (s.a.)               Non-party
30 May 1979 - 12 Jul 1983  Surya Bahadur Thapa (3rd time)     (s.a.)               Non-party
12 Jul 1983 - 21 Mar 1986  Lokendra Bahadur Chand (1st time)  (b. 1940)            Non-party
21 Mar 1986 - 15 Jun 1986  Nagendra Prasad Rijal (2nd time)   (s.a.)               Non-party
                             (acting) 
15 Jun 1986 -  6 Apr 1990  Marich Man Singh Shrestha          (b. 1942)            Non-party
 6 Apr 1990 - 19 Apr 1990  Lokendra Bahadur Chand (2nd time)  (s.a.)               Non-party
19 Apr 1990 - 26 May 1991  Krishna Prasad Bhattarai (1st time)(b. 1924 - d. 2011)  NCP
26 May 1991 - 30 Nov 1994  Girija Prasad Koirala (1st time)   (s.a.)               NCP 
30 Nov 1994 - 12 Sep 1995  Man Mohan Adhikari                 (b. 1920 - d. 1999)  CPN-UML
12 Sep 1995 - 12 Mar 1997  Sher Bahadur Deuba (1st time)      (b. 1946)            NCP 
12 Mar 1997 -  7 Oct 1997  Lokendra Bahadur Chand (3rd time)  (s.a.)               RPP 
 7 Oct 1997 - 15 Apr 1998  Surya Bahadur Thapa (4th time)     (s.a.)               RPP
15 Apr 1998 - 31 May 1999  Girija Prasad Koirala (2nd time)   (s.a.)               NCP 
31 May 1999 - 22 Mar 2000  Krishna Prasad Bhattarai (2nd time)(s.a.)               NCP 
22 Mar 2000 - 26 Jul 2001  Girija Prasad Koirala (3rd time)   (s.a.)               NCP 
26 Jul 2001 -  4 Oct 2002  Sher Bahadur Deuba (2nd time)      (s.a.)               NCP 
 4 Oct 2002 - 11 Oct 2002  King Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah     (s.a.)               Non-party
                             Deva (1st time)
11 Oct 2002 -  5 Jun 2003  Lokendra Bahadur Chand (4th time)  (s.a.)               RPP
 5 Jun 2003 -  3 Jun 2004  Surya Bahadur Thapa (5th time)     (s.a.)               RPP
 3 Jun 2004 -  1 Feb 2005  Sher Bahadur Deuba (3rd time)      (s.a.)               NCP 
 1 Feb 2005 - 30 Apr 2006  King Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah     (s.a.)               Non-party
                             Deva (2nd time)
30 Apr 2006 - 18 Aug 2008  Girija Prasad Koirala (4th time)   (s.a.)               NCP
18 Aug 2008 - 25 May 2009  Pushpa Kamal Dahal "Prachanda"     (b. 1954)            CPN-M
25 May 2009 -  6 Feb 2011  Madhav Kumar Nepal                 (b. 1953)            CPN-UML
 6 Feb 2011 - 29 Aug 2011  Jhalanath Nath Khanal              (b. 1950)            CPN-UML
29 Aug 2011 - 14 Mar 2013  Baburam Bhattarai                  (b. 1954)            CPN-M
14 Mar 2013 -              Khil Raj Regmi                     (b. 1949)            Non-party

British Residents
1802 - Mar 1803            William Hunter Douglas Knox        (b. 1762 - d. 1829)
1803 - 1816                Vacant 
17 Apr 1816 - 1816         John Peter Boileau (acting)        (b. 1790 - d. 1818) 
1816 - 1829                Edward Gardner                     (b. 1784 - d. 1861)
1829 - 1831                Brian Houghton Hodgson (1st time)  (b. 1800 - d. 1894)
                             (acting)
1831 - 1833                Thomas Herbert Maddock             (b. 1790 - d. 1870)
1833 - 1843                Brian Houghton Hodgson (2nd time)  (s.a.)
1843 - 1845                Henry Lawrence                     (b. 1806 - d. 1857)
1845 - 1847                John Russell Colvin                (b. 1807 - d. 1857)
1847 - 1850                Charles Thoresby                   (d. 1862)
1850 - 1852                James Claudius Erskine             (b. 1821 - d. 1893)
1852 - 1867                George Ramsay                      (b. 1812 - d. 1887)
1867 - 1872                Richard Charles Lawrence           (b. 1817 - d. 1896) 
1872 - 1888                Charles Edward Ridgway Girdlestone (b. 1839 - d. 1889)
1888 - 1891                Edward Law Durand                  (b. 1845 - d. 1920) 
1891 - 1899                Henry Wylie                        (b. 1844 - d. 1918)
1899                       Archibald Mungo Muir               (b. 1847 - d. 1899)
1899 - 1901                William Loch                       (b. 1845 - d. 1912)
1901 - 1902                Thomas Caldwell Pears              (b. 1851 - d. 1921)
1902 - 1905                Charles Withers Ravenshaw          (b. 1851 - d. 1935)
1905 - 1916                John Manners Smith                 (b. 1864 - d. 1920)
1912 - 1914                Herbert Lionel Showers             (b. 1861 - d. 1916)
                             (acting for Smith)
1916 - 1918                Steuart Farquharson Bayley         (b. 1863 - d. 1938)
1918 - 1923                William Frederick Travers          (b. 1870 - d. 1943)
                             O'Connor (from 1920, Envoy) 

 ¹Style of Licchavi rulers from c.1200: Rajadhiraja Paramesvara Paramabhattaraka Sri Sri N.N. Vijayarajye Nepala.

Territorial Disputes: Joint border commission continues to work on contested sections of boundary with India, including the 400 square kilometer dispute over the source of the Kalapani River; India has instituted a stricter border regime to restrict transit of Maoist insurgents and illegal cross-border activities; approximately 106,000 Bhutanese Lhotshampas (Hindus) have been confined in refugee camps in southeastern Nepal since 1990.

Party abbreviations (political parties banned 15 Dec 1960 - 19 Apr 1990): CPN-M = Communist Party of Nepal - Maoist (communist, Marxist-Leninist-Maoist, est.1995); CPN-UML = Nepal Kamyunist Parti - Ekikrit Marksvadi ra Leninvadi (Communist Party of Nepal-Unified Marxist-Leninist, communist, est.1991); NCP = Nepalese Congress Party (social-democratic, anti-Rana, leftist, est.1950); RJP = Rastriya Janata Parishad (National People's Council); 
- Former parties: NPP = Nepal Praja Parishad (Nepal People's Council, anti-Rana, social-democratic, 1936-1960); RPP = Rastriya Praja Party (National People's Party, conservative, est.by B.P. Koirala, 1953-59); UDP = United Democratic Party

Former Royal Flag

Map of Mastang	Hear Local Anthem None	National Anthem (the anthem of Nepal)	Constitution (the constitution of Nepal)
Capital: Lo (Lo Manthang)	Currency: Nepalese Rupee (NPR)	Former Local Holiday:  .. ...  (1930) Birthday of King Bista	Population: 15,869 (2008)
GDP: $ N/A (included in Nepal figure)	Exports: $N/A Imports: $N/A (included in Nepal figures)	Ethnic groups: Thakali, Tibetan
Total Armed Forces: None Defense was the Responsibility of Nepal Merchant marine: None		Religions: Buddhist 100%
International Organizations/Treaties: None

c.1350                     Kingdom of Mastang under the alternating
                             suzerainty of Tibet and Jumla (from 1789, Nepal).
1544 - 1560                Occupied by Jumla.
 5 Oct 1961                Nepal-China boundary treaty confirms inclusion within Nepal.
 7 Oct 2008                Traditional kingship abolished by Nepal.

Kings (title Glo rgyal-po)
1656 - 1710                Sa-dbang                           (b. c.1639 - d. 17..)
1711 - 1723                Tshe-dbang (Je Ang)                (d. bf.1725)
1723 - c.1728              bKra-shis-rnam-rgyal               (d. c.1728)
                             (Krathis Namgyal)
c.1728 - c.1750            bsTan-'dzin-dbang-rgyal            (b. c.1717 - d. c.1750)
                             (Tenzing Anjia)
c.1728 - 1734              Nor-dzin bde-legs                  (d. af.1735)
                             dbang-mo (f) -Regent
c.1750 - 1797              dBang-rgyal-rdo-rje (Anjia Dorje)  (b. c.1738 - d. 1797)
1797 - 1815                bKra-shis-sñin-po (Krathis Ningpo)
1815 - 1837                'Jam-dpal-dgra-'ldus               (d. 1837)
                             (Jampel Traldus)
1837 - 1857                Kun-dga'-nor-bu (Kunga Norbu)      (d. 1857)
1857 - 1863                'Jam-dbyangs-dban-'dus             (d. 1863)
                             (Jamian Angdu) 
1857 - 1863                rGyal-mo bKra-shis 
                             bu-khrid (f) -Regent
1863 - 1893                dNgos-grub-dpal-'bar               (d. 1893)
1863 - 1868                rGyal-mo Tshe-mchog                (d. 1871)
                             sGrol-ma (f) -Regent
1893 - 1935                'Jam-dbyangs-dpal-'bar             (d. 1935)
                             (Jambian Pelbar)
1935 - 1955                A-mgon-bsTan-'dzin-dgra-'dul       (b. 1923 - d. 1964)
                             (1st time)(Angun Tenzing Trandul) 
1955 - 1958                A-ngdu-sñin-po (Angdu Nyingpo)     (b. 19.. - d. 1958)
1958 - 1964                A-mgon-bsTan-'dzin-dgra-'dul       (s.a.)
                             (2nd time) 
1964 -  7 Oct 2008         'Jigs-med-rdo-rje-dgra-'dul        (b. 1930)
                             ('Jigs-med-dpal-'bar Bista) 
                             (Jigme Pelbar Bista)