Tunisia
 

(de jure)  to 12 May 1881                    1831 - 1 Jun 1959       1881 - 20 Mar 1956  Merchant Flag                 1 Jun 1959 - 3 Jul 1999                  Adopted 3 Jul 1999   Map of Tunisia Hear National Anthem "Humat Al Hima"  (Defenders of the Fatherland) Adopted 1957-58, 11 Nov 1987 Former Anthem (1958-1987) "Ala Khallidi " (O' Make Eternal) ---------------------------------------- Former Royal Anthem  "Salam Al-Bey" (1846-1957) (Beylical Anthem) Constitution  (1 Jun 1959) Capital: Tunis Currency: Tunisian Dinar (TND)  National Holiday: 20 Mar (1956) National Day Population: 10,629,186 (2011) GDP: $100.3 billion (2010) Exports: $16.4 billion (2010) Imports: $21 billion (2010) Ethnic groups: Tunisian Arab 67.2%, Bedouin Arab 26.6%, Algerian Arab 2.4%, Amazigh (Berber) 1.4%, European and other 2.4% (2000) Total Active Armed Forces: 35,800 (2010) Merchant marine: 11 ships (2010) Religions: Muslim 99% (of which Sunni 97%, Shi'a 2%), other 1% (2005) International Organizations/Treaties: ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, APM, AU, BSEC (observer), BTWC, CEN-SAD, CTBT, ENMOD, FAO, G-11, G-77, GAFTA, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, IRENA (signatory), ISA, ISESCO, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, KP, MIGA, NAM, NPT, NTBT, OAPEC (suspended), OAS (observer), OIC, OIF, OPCW, OSCE (partner), PAM, UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Tunisia Index Chronology 1146 - 1160                Tunis occupied by Norman Kingdom of Sicily. 1236                       Hafsid kingdom 1531                       Vassal of Ottoman Empire 14 Jul 1535 - Jan 1570     Tunis and La Goletta (to 23 Aug 1574)occupied                              by Spain. 1535 - 1574                Bizerte occupied by Spain. 1570 - 10 Oct 1573         Tunis under Ottoman suzerainty. 10 Oct 1573 -  3 Sep 1574  Tunis occupied by Spain.  3 Sep 1574 - 10 Aug 1920  Incorporated into Ottoman Empire, with varying                              and ultimately increased autonomy                              (1726-1821 subordinated to Algiers). 15 Jul 1705                Tunisian Regency under de facto hereditary                               Husayni dynasty. 25 Oct 1871                While continuing to recognize nominal Osmanli                              suzerainty, the Bey ceases paying tribute. 13 May 1881                Tunisia becomes a French protectorate by treaty. 10 Oct 1881                French occupation of Tunis. 22 Jun 1940 -  7 May 1943  Administration loyal to Vichy France                               (from 7 May 1943, Free French). 10 Nov 1942 -  7 May 1943  Occupied by Germany.  3 Jun 1955                Autonomous. 20 Mar 1956                French protectorate terminated. State styled                               Tunisian Realm (al-Mamlaka at-Tunisiyya -                              literally Tunisian Kingdom; this style                              already appears on 1950 coins). 25 Jul 1957                Tunisian Republic 15 Oct 1963                France evacutates Bizerte. Bizerte (1535-1574; 1957-1963) Jerba (Djerba) (1284-1560) Tabarca (Tabarka) (1542-1741) Tunis and La Goletta (1535-1570,  1573-1574)

Deys (Ottoman governors)
1591 - 1593                Ibrahim Roudesli
1593                       Moussa Dey
1593 - Sep 1610            Othman Dey                         (d. 1610)
1610 - 1637                Youssef Dey                        (d. 1637)
1637 - 1640                Usta Mourad
1640 - 1647                Ahmed Khodja
1647 - 1653                Hadj Mohamed Laz
1653 - 1665                Hadj Mustapha Laz
1665 - 1666                Mustapha Kara Kuz
1666 - 1669                Mohammed Hadj Oghli
1669 - 1672                Chaabane Khodja
1672 - 1673                Mohamed Mantecholi
1673                       Ali Laz
1673 - 1677                Hadj Mami Jemal
1673                       Ouzzoun Ahmed
1673 - 1682                Mohamed Tabak
1682 - 1686                Ahmed Chelebi
1686 - 1688                Baqtach Khodja
1688 - 1694                Ali el-Rais
1694                       Ibrahim Koça
1694                       Muhammad Khodja (1st time)
1694 - 1695                Muhammad Tabaq   
1695                       Yakoub
1695 - 1699                Muhammad Khodja (2nd time)
1699 - 1701                Deli Muhammad 
1701 - 1702                Kawadj Muhammad
1702                       Kara Mustapha
1702 - 1705                Ibrahim ash-Sharif Bey 
1705 - 17 Jul 1705         Muhammad Khodja (3rd time) 
Beys¹
(de facto regents 1666 - 15 Jul 1705)
10 Oct 1573 - Sep 1574     Muley Hamida (in dissidence)
.... - 1613                Ramdan Bey                        (d. 1613)
1613 - 1631                Murad (I)
1631 - 1666                Hammuda Pasha
1666 - 1675                Murad (II)                        (d. 1675)
1675 - 1696                Muhamed (II)                      (d. 1696)
1696 - 1699                Ramadan
1698 - May 1702            Murad (III) ibn Ali               (d. 1702)
1702 - 15 Jul 1705         Ibrahim ash-Sharif 
15 Jul 1705 -  7 Sep 1735  al-Husayn (I) ibn Ali at-Turki    (b. 1669 - d. 1740)
 7 Sep 1735 - 22 Sep 1756  Ali (I)                           (b. 1689 - d. 1756)
22 Sep 1756 - 11 Feb 1759  Muhammad (I) ar-Rashid            (b. 1710 - d. 1759)
                             (in rebellion from Aug 1756)
12 Feb 1759 -  9 Feb 1777  Ali (II) ibn Hussein              (b. 1712 - d. 1782)
 9 Feb 1777 - 15 Sep 1814  Muhammad ibn `Ali (Hammuda)       (b. 1759 - d. 1814)
16 Sep 1814 - 21 Nov 1814  `Uthman ibn Ali                   (b. 1763 - d. 1814)
21 Nov 1814 - 28 Mar 1824  Mahmud ibn Muhammad               (b. 1757 - d. 1824)
29 Mar 1824 - 20 May 1835  al-Husayn (II) ibn Mahmud         (b. 1784 - d. 1835)
20 May 1835 - 10 Oct 1837  al-Mustafa ibn Mahmud             (b. 1786 - d. 1837)
10 Oct 1837 - 30 May 1855  Ahmad (I) ibn Mustafa             (b. 1806 - d. 1855)
30 May 1855 - 22 Sep 1859  Muhammad (II) ibn al-Husayn       (b. 1810 - d. 1859)
23 Sep 1859 - 27 Oct 1882  Muhammad (III) as-Sadiq           (b. 1813 - d. 1882)
28 Oct 1882 - 11 Jun 1902  Ali Muddat ibn al-Husayn          (b. 1817 - d. 1902)
11 Jun 1902 - 11 May 1906  Muhammad (IV) al-Hadi             (b. 1855 - d. 1906)
11 May 1906 - 10 Jul 1922  Muhammad (V) an-Nasir             (b. 1855 - d. 1922)
10 Jul 1922 - 11 Feb 1929  Muhammad (VI) al-Habib            (b. 1858 - d. 1929)
11 Feb 1929 - 19 Jun 1942  Ahmad (II) ibn Ali                (b. 1862 - d. 1942)
19 Jun 1942 - 15 May 1943  Muhammad (VII) al-Munsif          (b. 1881 - d. 1948)
15 May 1943 - 20 Mar 1956  Muhammad (VIII) al-Amin           (b. 1881 - d. 1962)
King
20 Mar 1956 - 25 Jul 1957  Muhammad al-Amin                  (s.a.)
                             (style in use from 1950)
Presidents
25 Jul 1957 -  7 Nov 1987  Habib Bourguiba                   (b. 1903 - d. 2000)  PND;1964 PSD
                             (al-Habib ibn Ali Abu Ruqayba)
 7 Nov 1987 - 14 Jan 2011  Zine El Abidine Ben Ali           (b. 1936)            PSD;1988 RCD
                             (Zayn al-Abidin bin Ali)
14 Jan 2011 - 15 Jan 2011  Mohamed Ghannouchi (interim)      (b. 1941)            RCD
15 Jan 2011 - 13 Dec 2011  Fouad Mebazaa (interim)           (b. 1933)            Non-party
13 Dec 2011 -              Moncef Marzouki                   (b. 1945)            CPR

Grand viziers
1800 - 23 Jan 1815         Sidi Yusuf Sahib al-Tabi          (b. 17.. - d. 1815)
1822 - 1829                Sidi Husain Khoja                 (d. bf.1858)
1829 - 1837                Sidi Rashid al-Shakir Sahib       (b. c.1795 - d. 1837)
                             al-Taba`a
1837 - 22 Oct 1873         Mustapha Khaznadar                (b. 1817 - d. 1878)
22 Oct 1873 - 21 Jul 1877  Kheireddine Pacha                 (b. 1822 - d. 1890)
21 Jul 1877 - 24 Aug 1878  Mohamed Khaznadar (1st time)      (b. c.1810 - d. 1889)
24 Aug 1878 - 12 Sep 1881  Mustapha Ben Ismaïl               (d. 1887)
12 Sep 1881 - Oct 1882     Mohamed Khaznadar (2nd time)      (s.a.)
Oct 1882 -  4 Feb 1907     Aziz Bouattour                    (b. 1825 - d. 1907)
18 Feb 1907 - Jun 1908     Mhamed Djellouli                  (b. 1834 - d. 1908)
Jun 1908 - Jun 1915        Youssef Djaït                     (b. 1830 - d. 1915)
Oct 1915 - May 1922        Taieb Djellouli                   (b. 1857 - d. 1944)
Prime ministers
May 1922 - 20 Oct 1926     Mustapha Dinguizli                (b. 1865 - d. 1926)
 3 Nov 1926 -  2 Mar 1932  Khalil Bouhajib                   (b. 1863 - d. 1942)
 2 Mar 1932 - 31 Dec 1942  Hédi Lakhoua                      (b. 1872 - d. 1949)
 1 Jan 1943 - 15 May 1943  M'Hamed Chenik (1st time)         (b. 1889 - d. 1976)
15 May 1943 - 21 Jul 1947  Slaheddine Baccouche (1st time)   (b. 1883 - d. 1959)
21 Jul 1947 - 17 Aug 1950  Mustapha Kaak                     (b. 1893 - d. 1984)
17 Aug 1950 - 26 Mar 1952  M'Hamed Chenik (2nd time)         (s.a.)
12 Apr 1952 -  2 Mar 1954  Slaheddine Baccouche (2nd time)   (s.a.)
 2 Mar 1954 -  6 Jul 1954  Mohamed Salah Mzali               (b. 1896 - d. af.1972)
 6 Jul 1954 -  7 Aug 1954  Georges Dupoizat (acting)         (b. 1909 - d. 1975)
 7 Aug 1954 - 11 Apr 1956  Tahar Ben Ammar                   (b. 1885 - d. 1985)
11 Apr 1956 - 25 Jul 1957  Habib Bourguiba                   (s.a.)               PND
19 Oct 1969 -  2 Nov 1970  Bahi Ladgham                      (b. 1913 - d. 1998)  PSD
 2 Nov 1970 - 23 Apr 1980  Hédi Nouira                       (b. 1911 - d. 1993)  PSD
23 Apr 1980 -  8 Jul 1986  Mohamed Mzali                     (b. 1925 - d. 2010)  PSD
 8 Jul 1986 -  2 Oct 1987  Rachid Sfar                       (b. 1933)            PSD 
 2 Oct 1987 -  7 Nov 1987  Zine El Abidine Ben Ali           (s.a.)               PSD 
 7 Nov 1987 - 27 Sep 1989  Hédi Baccouche                    (b. 1930)            PSD 1988;RCD
27 Sep 1989 - 17 Nov 1999  Hamed Karoui                      (b. 1927)            RCD 
17 Nov 1999 - 27 Feb 2011  Mohamed Ghannouchi                (s.a.)               RCD
27 Feb 2011 - 24 Dec 2011  Béji Caïd Essebsi                 (b. 1926)            Non-party
24 Dec 2011 -              Hamadi Jebali                     (b. 1949)            HN



French Resident ministers
13 May 1881 - 18 Feb 1882  Théodore Justin Dominique Roustan (b. 1833 - d. 1906)
18 Feb 1882 - 23 Jun 1885  Pierre Paul Cambon                (b. 1843 - d. 1924)
Residents-general
23 Jun 1885 - 28 Oct 1886  Pierre Paul Cambon                (s.a.)
 4 Nov 1886 - 23 Nov 1886  Paul Louis Georges Bihourd        (b. 1846 - d. 1914)
23 Nov 1886 - 15 Nov 1892  Justin Massicault                 (b. 1838 - d. 1892)
15 Nov 1892 - 14 Nov 1894  Maurice Rouvier                   (b. 1842 - d. 1911)
14 Nov 1894 - Nov 1900     René Millet                       (b. 1849 - d. 1919)
14 Nov 1900 - 27 Dec 1901  Benoît de Merkel
27 Dec 1901 - 29 Dec 1906  Étienne Pichon                    (b. 1857 - d. 1933)
 7 Feb 1907 - 26 Oct 1918  Gabriel Alapetite                 (b. 1854 - d. 1932)
26 Oct 1918 -  1 Jan 1921  Pierre Étienne Flandin            (b. 1853 - d. 1922)
 1 Jan 1921 -  2 Jan 1929  Lucien Saint                      (b. 1867 - d. 1938)
 2 Jan 1929 - 29 Jul 1933  François Manceron                 (b. 1872 - d. 1937)
29 Jul 1933 - 21 Mar 1936  Marcel Peyrouton (1st time)       (b. 1887 - d. 1983)
21 Mar 1936 - 18 Oct 1938  Armand Guillon                    (b. 1880 - d. 1983)
22 Nov 1938 -  3 Jun 1940  Eirik Labonne                     (b. 1888 - d. 1971)
 3 Jun 1940 - 22 Jul 1940  Marcel Peyrouton (2nd time)       (s.a.)
26 Jul 1940 - 10 May 1943  Jean-Pierre Esteva                (b. 1880 - d. 1951)
10 May 1943 - 22 Feb 1947  Charles Emmanuel Mast             (b. 1889 - d. 1977)
22 Feb 1947 - 13 Jun 1950  Jean Mons                         (b. 1906 - d. 1989)
13 Jun 1950 - 12 Jan 1952  Louis Marcellin Marie Périllier   (b. 1900 - d. 1986)
12 Jan 1952 - 16 Sep 1953  Jean Marie François de            (b. 1893 - d. 1957)
                             Hauteclocque
16 Sep 1953 -  5 Nov 1954  Pierre Voizard                    (b. 1896 - d. 1982)
 5 Nov 1954 - 31 Aug 1955  Pierre Boyer de Latour du Moulin  (b. 1896 - d. 1976)
High Commissioner
13 Sep 1955 - 20 Mar 1956  Roger Seydoux Fornier de          (b. 1908 - d. 1985) 
                             Clausonne

German Military Commanders
10 Nov 1942 -  9 Mar 1943  Erwin Romel                       (b. 1891 - d. 1944)
 9 Mar 1943 -  7 May 1943  Hans-Jurgen von Arnim             (b. 1889 - d. 1971)

 ¹Full style of ruler:
 (a) 1695 - 7 Sep 1735: Bay Tunis al-Mahrusa, Sahib al-Mamlaka al-Tunisiyya, ("Bey of Tunis, Lord of the Tunisian Realm");
 (b) 7 Sep 1735 - 1956: Basha Bay Tunis al-Mahrusa, Sahib al-Mamlaka al-Tunisiyya, ("Pasha Bey of Tunis, Lord of the Tunisian Realm"; in French: Pacha et Bey de Tunis la Protégée [par Dieu], Possesseur du Royaume de Tunis);
 (c) 1956 - 25 Jul 1957: "King (Padshah) of the Tunisians and Commander of the Faithful."

Party abbreviations: CPR = al-Mottamar min ajl il-Jumhuriyyah (Congrès pour la République, Congress for the Republic, center-left, est.2001); HN = Harakat en-Naha (Renaissance Party, center-right, islamist, banned 1989-2011, est.1989); PDP = al-Hizb ad-Dimuqrati at-Taqaddumi (Progressive Democratic Party, center-left, est.1983, legalized 1988);  
- Former parties: PND = Parti Néo-Destourien (New Constitutional Party, nationalist, est.1934, only legal party 1957-64, renamed PSD 1964); PSD = Parti Socialiste Destourien (Destourien Socialist Party, nationalist, formerly PND, only legal party 1964-1988, renamed RCD in 1988); RCD = Al-Tajammu` al-Dusturi al-Dimuqrati/Rassemblement Constitutionnel Democratique (Constitutional Democratic Rally Party, authoritarian, official ruling party from 1988, formerly PSD, dissolved 7 Feb 2011)

1135 - 1158                Djerba Island taken by Norman Kingdom of Sicily.
1284 - 1333                Lordship of Djerba under the Kingdom of Sicily.
1520                       Inhabitants of Djerba swore vassalage to the king of Spain,
                             but no Spanish occupation takes place.
 8 Mar 1560 - 31 Jul 1560  Occupied by Spain.

Lords
1284 - 1305                Roger I
1305 - 1307                Roger II (1st time)
1307 - 1310                Roger II (2nd time)
1310                       Charles
1310                       Francis-Roger III
Governors
c.1305 - 1308              Simon de Montolieu 
1308 - 1315                Raymond Montaner 
Spanish governors
 8 Mar 1560 - 10 May 1560  Juan de la Cerda, duque de
                              Medinaceli
10 May 1560 - 31 Jul 1560  Alvaro de Sande 

1542                       Island of Tabarca granted to the Lomellini family 
                             of Genoa.
18 Jun 1741                Surrendered to the Bey of Tunis.

Governors
1542 - 1583                ....
c.1557                     Agostino Fiesco Maruffo
c.1582                     Spinola?
1583 - 1586                Carlo Spinola
1586                       Dionisio Spinola
c.1590                     Spirolo
1590/91                    Giao Giacomo Spinola
1592 - 1593                Geronimo Spinola
1593 - 1596                ....
1596 - 1601                Nicolo Salvago
1601 - Apr 1602            Giacomo Spinola
1602 - Dec 1603            Corrado Grimaldi
1603                       Spinolo ?
1603 - 1607                ....
1607                       Giacomo Salvago
1609 - 1615                Gio Battista Giustiniani
1615 - 1618                Paolo Doria
1618 - 1620                Gio Battista Giustiniani
1620 - 1625                Paolo Battista Giustiniani
1625 - 10 Jul 1627         Antonio Maria Vignola
Jul 1627 - c.1634          Camillo Mercante
1634 - May 1638            Nicolo Doria
22 Jun 1639 - 1640         Paolo Battista Giustiniani
1643 - 1649                Ottavio Doria
1649 - 1652                ....
1652 - 1664                Giovanni Maria Canale
c.1664 - 1666              Lazaro Spinola
c.1666 - c.1675            Andrea Lomellin
1675 - 1681                Pietro Giustiniani
1681 - 29 Oct 1683         Camillo Maurizio Staglieno
1683 - 29 Oct 1687         Aurelio Spinola
1687 - c.1690              Alessandro Pastorini
c.1690 - c.1693/95         Gio Nicolo Speroni
c.1699 - c.1701            Pietro Battista Maineri
.... - 1707                Gio Stefano Doria                    (d. 1707)
1707 - 1709                Ettore Doria
1709 - 1719                ....
 3 Jul 1719 -  1 Jun 1725  Francesco Maria Maineri
 1 Jun 1725 -  1 May 1730  Giovanni Benedetto Speroni
 1 May 1730 - 24 Oct 1733  Giovanni Antonio Giano  
24 Oct 1733 - Aug 1735     Negrone de Negro
Aug 1735 - Nov 1740        Bergali
1741 - 18 Jun 1741         Giovanni Leone