Libya
 

to 3 Oct 1911                3 Oct 1911 - 23 Jan 1943                         24 Dec 1951 - 7 Nov 1969                7 Nov 1969 - 31 Dec 1971                1 Jan 1972 - 11 Nov 1977                Adopted 11 Nov 1977 (provisional)     Map of Libya  Hear National Anthem "Allahu Akbar" (God Is Greatest!)  Text of National Anthem Adopted 1 Sep 1969  Constitution    (11 Dec 1969; temporary) Hear Former Anthem "Libia, Libia, Libia" (Libya, Libya, Libya) (24 Dec 1951 - 1 Sep 1969) Text of Former Anthem (24 Dec 1951 - 1 Sep 1969) Royal Constitution (24 Dec 1951- 21 Sep 1969) Declaration on the Establishment of the Authority of the People   (2 Mar 1977) Capital: Tripoli (co-capital: Benghazi 1951-1972) Currency: Libyan Dinar (LYD) National Holiday: 1 Sep (1969) Revolution Day Population: 6,173,579 (2008) note: includes 166,510 non-nationals GDP: $88.8 billion (2008) Exports: $66.1 billion (2008) Imports: $20.6 billion (2008) Ethnic groups: Arab 87.1% (of which Libyan 57.2%, Bedouin 13.8%, Egyptian 7.7%, Sudanese 3.5%, Tunisian 2.9%), Amazigh (Berber) 6.8%, other 6.1% (2000) Total Armed Forces: 76,000 (2006) Merchant marine: 17 ships (2008) Religions: Muslim (mostly Sunni) 96.1%, Orthodox 1.9%, Roman Catholic 0.8%, other 1.2% (2000) International Organizations/Treaties: ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, AU, BTWC, CAEU, CEN-SAD, COMESA, CTBT, FAO, G-77, GAFTA, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISA (observer), ISESCO, ISO, ITSO, ITU, KP, MIGA, NAM, NPT, NTBT, OAPEC, OIC, OPCW, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNCLOS (signatory), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer) Libya Index Chronology 1521                       Cyrenaica part of the Ottoman Empire. 14 Aug 1551                Tripolitania part of the Ottoman Empire. 29 Jul 1711                Tripoli Regency under de facto hereditary                               Qaramanli dynasty. 26 May 1835                Direct Ottoman rule restored. 1911                       Independent government in Tripolitania                               (in rebellion against Ottoman sovereignty).  3 Oct 1911                Italian occupation. 18 Oct 1912                Ceded to Italy by the Ottoman Empire. 16 Nov 1918 - 1923         Tripolitanian Republic (in revolt against Italy). 12 Nov 1922                Annexed to Italy (nominally 18 May 1919).  1 Jan 1934                Tripolitania, Cyrenaica, Fezzan united as Libya. 1941/1942                  Tripolitania and Cyrenaica occupied by Britain,                               Fezzan occupied by France. 13 May 1943                End of Italian rule. 10 Feb 1947                Italy formally cedes Libya to Britain and France. 21 Nov 1949                United Nations supervision, under British and                              French administration. 24 Dec 1951                Independence as United Libyan Kingdom. 25 Apr 1963                Libyan Kingdom (federal arrangement abolished).  1 Sep 1969                Libyan Arab Republic 28 Nov 1972 - 30 May 1994  Libya occupies (and 1975 annexes) the Aozou (Aouzou)                              Strip region in Chad.  2 Mar 1977                Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. Apr 1986                   Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. Libya (from 1934) Tripolitania (1148-1951)  Cyrenaica (1843-1951)  Fezzan (1580-1951)  Historical Maps of Libya

Tripolitania
 

to 3 Oct 1911	c.1727 - 1835 Local Flag	3 Oct 1911 - 15 Dec 1942	1912 - 1919  Tripolitania
1919 - 1923? Tripolitanian Rep.	5 Dec 1942 - 8 Mar 1951	8 Mar 1951 - 24 Dec 1951

Map of Tripolitania

Capital: Tripoli (Republic: Aziziyah 1918-1923)

Population: 746,100 (1954) 523,200 (1911)

26 Mar 909 - 977           Incorporated into Egypt.
977                        Part of Zirid kingdom.
1146 - 22 Jan 1160         Tripoli under Norman rule (subordinated to Kingdom of Sicily).
1160 - 1248                Incorporated into Morocco (Almohad Empire).
1172 - 1190                Egyptian rule.
.... - 1202                Egyptian rule. 
1248 - 1327                Incorporated into Tunis.
1327                       Sultanate
1401 - 1482                Incorporated into Tunis.
1412 - 1421                Egyptian rule.
24 Jul 1510                Spanish rule in Tripoli (subordinated to Sicily).
23 Mar 1530                Spanish transfer Tripoli to the Knights of St. John 
                             Hospitaller (Knights take possession 25 Jul 1530).
14 Aug 1551                Province of the Ottoman Empire.
29 Jul 1711                Tripoli Regency under de facto hereditary Qaramanli dynasty.
26 May 1835                Tripoli Ottoman province (direct Ottoman rule).
1911                       Independent government (in rebellion against 
                             Ottoman sovereignty).
 3 Oct 1911                Italian occupation.
 5 Nov 1911                Italian Tripolitania protectorate.
18 Oct 1912                Ceded to Italy by the Ottoman Empire.
16 Nov 1918                Tripolitanian Republic 
12 Nov 1922                Annexed to Italy (Italian Tripolitania colony) 
                             (nominally from 18 May 1919).
 1 Jan 1934                Cyrenaica, Tripolitania, Fezzan united as Libya.
23 Oct 1942                British administration (Tripolitania district).
20 Nov 1942                British forces occupy Benghazi, Sirte (25 Dec 1942) and
                             Tripoli (23 Jan 1943).
24 Dec 1951                Incorporated into Libya.

Norman Kings
1146 - 26 Feb 1154         Roger II of Sicily                     (b. 1095 - d. 1154)
26 Feb 1154 - 22 Jan 1160  William I of Sicily                    (b. 1131 - d. 1166)
Norman governor
1146 - 22 Jan 1160         Abu Yahya ibn Matruh al-Tamimi
                            (continues to 1172 under Almohad rule)
Spanish governors
26 Jul 1510 - 1510         Pedro de Navarro -Commander            (b. c.1460 - d. 1528)
1510                       Diego de Vera
1510 - 1511                Jayme de Requesens
1511 - 1520                Guillem de Moncade
152. - 25 Jul 1530         François Velasquès
Governors of the Knights of Malta
1530 - 1531                Gaspard de Sanguesse
1531 - 1533                Aurelio Bottigella (1st time)          (d. 1545)
1533 - 1535                Garcia Cortés
1535 - 1537                George Schilling
1537 - 1539                Jean Parisot de La Valette             (b. 1494 - d. 1568)
1539 - 1541                Aurelio Bottigella (2nd time)          (s.a.) 
1541 - 1542                Fernand de Bracamond
1542 - 1545                Christophe de Solertafan
1545 - 1549                Pedro Nuñez Herrera
1549 - 14 Aug 1551         Gaspard de Vallier 
Pashas
1551 - 1553                Murad -Agha
1553 - 23 Jun 1565         Turgut (Dragut) Reis                   (b. 1485 - d. 1565)
1565 - 1568                Eulj Ali (Lucciali)
1569 - 1580                Ja'far
1580 - 1581                Murad
1581 - 1584                Qa'id Ramadan
1584 - 1588                Mustafa
1588 - 1595                Hussein
1595 - 1600                Ibrahim
1600 - 1606                Iskender
1606 - 1607                Selim
1607 - 1609                Ali
1609                       Ahmad
Deys
1610 - 1620                Suleiman
1620 - 1631                Mustafa Sherif
1631                       Kasim -Pasha
1631                       Ramadan Agha
1631 -  7 Nov 1649         Mehmed Saqizli
 7 Nov 1649 - 1672         Osman Saqizli
1672 - 28 Nov 1672         Osman Reis as-Suhali
28 Nov 1672 - 26 Apr 1673  Bali Javush
26 Apr 1673 - 1675         Arnavut Halil -Pasha
1675 - May 1675            Mustafa Pehlevan
May 1675 -  3 Apr 1676     Ibrahim Misirli-Oglu
 5 Apr 1676 -  7 Apr 1676  Ibrahim Jelebi
 7 Apr 1676 -  4 Apr 1677  Mustafa Kapudan
 4 Apr 1677 - 27 Apr 1678  Baba Osman
27 Apr 1678 -  9 Sep 1679  Ak Mehmed -Bey
 9 Sep 1679 - 11 Jun 1683  Hassan Abaza
11 Jun 1683 - 13 Jun 1683  Yulk Mahmud
13 Jun 1683 - 18 Jun 1684  Ali Jezairli
18 Jun 1684 -  8 Feb 1687  Hajji Abdallah Izmirli
May 1687 - Nov 1687        Ibrahim Terzi
Deys
Nov 1687 - 19 May 1701     Mehmed Imam Kerdeki (1st time)    (d. 1706)
                             (Sa'ib at-A`in)
19 May 1701 - 11 Aug 1701  Osman (al-Qahwagi ad-Dorghutli)   (b. 1660 - d. ....)
11 Aug 1701 - 29 Jul 1702  Mustafa Galibuli
29 Jul 1702 - Oct 1706     Mehmed Imam Kerdeki (2nd time)    (s.a.) 
Oct 1706 - Nov 1709        Halil -Pasha 
Nov 1709 - 23 Nov 1710     Ibrahim Alayali
23 Nov 1710 - 20 Jan 1711  Ismail Hoça
20 Jan 1711  (3 hours)     Haçi Reçeb 
20 Jan 1711 -  4 Jul 1711  Mehmed Hüseyin Çavush             (d. 1711)
 4 Jul 1711 - 29 Jul 1711  Abu Umays Mahmud
Sultans
29 Jul 1711 -  4 Nov 1745  Ahmad I Paha                      (b. c.1686 - d. 1745)
                             (Sidi Hamid Qaramanli Quluglu)
 4 Nov 1745 - 24 Jul 1754  Mehmed Pasha                      (d. 1754)
24 Jul 1754 - 30 Jul 1793  Ali I Pasha                       (d. 1796)
30 Jul 1793 - 20 Jan 1795  Ali (II) Burghul Pahsa Çezayrli 
                             (usurper)
20 Jan 1795 - 11 Jun 1795  Ahamad II Pahsa
11 Jun 1795 - 20 Aug 1832  Yusuf Pasha                       (d. 1838)
1817                       Mehmed (1st time) (in rebellion)
1824                       Mehmed ibn `Ali (1st time)        (d. 1835)
                             (in rebellion)
1826                       Mehmed (2nd time)(in rebellion)
Jul 1832                   Mehmed (3rd time)(in rebellion)
1835                       Mehmed ibn `Ali (2nd time)        (s.a.)
                            (in rebellion)
20 Aug 1832 - 26 May 1835  Ali II Pasha
Walis (governors)
27 Jun 1835 -  7 Sep 1835  Mustafa Negib Pasha
 7 Sep 1835 - Apr 1837     Mehmed Reis Pasha
Apr 1837 - 1838            Tahir Pasha
1838 -  3 Aug 1838         Hassan Pasha
 3 Aug 1838 - Apr 1842     Ali Asker Pasha                    (d. 1868)
Jul 1842 - Apr 1847        Pepe Mehmed Emin Pasha
Apr 1847 - Oct 1848        Sarayli Mehmed Ragib Pasha         (d. 1865)
Oct 1848 - Aug 1852        Haçi Ahmed Izzet Pasha
Aug 1852 - Sep 1855        Sirkatibi Mustafa Nuri Pasha
Sep 1855 - Sep 1858        Arnavud Nazhar Osman Pasha 
1858 - Aug 1860            Ahmed Izzet Pasha (1st time)
Aug 1860 - Apr 1867        Mahmud Nedim Bey                   (b. 1818 - d. 1883)
Apr 1867 - Jul 1867        Hassan Pasha (acting)
Jul 1867 - May 1870        Cezayrli Ali Reza Pasha (1st time) (d. 1876)
May 1870 - Jun 1870        Mustafa Pasha (acting)
Jan 1870 - Sep 1871        Mehmed Halet Pasha
Sep 1871 - Apr 1872        Bostancibahizade Mehmed Rashid
                             Pasha
Apr 1872 -  6 Jun 1873     Cezayrli Ali Reza Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
 6 Jun 1873 - Nov 1874     Hasan Samih Pasha
Nov 1874 - Feb 1875        Mustafa Asim Pasha (2nd time)
Feb 1875 - Aug 1877        Fosfor Mustafa Sidki Pasha
1877                       Mehmed Çelaleddin Pasha
Dec 1877 - Feb 1878        Söylemezoglu Ali Kemali            (b. 1819 - d. 1898)
Feb 1878 - Jul 1879        Mehmed Sabri Pasha                 (d. 1879)
Jul 1879 - May 1880        Ahmed Izzet Pasha (2nd time)
May 1880 - Oct 1881        Mehmed Nazif  Pasha
Oct 1881 - Jun 1896        Ahmed Rasim Pasha
Jun 1896 - Mar 1899        Nemik Bey
Mar 1899 - Jul 1900        Haçim Bey
Jul 1900 - Dec 1903        Hafiz Mehmed Pasha
Dec 1903 - May 1904        Hasan Husni Pasha (Hüseyin Effendi)
May 1904 - Aug 1904        Abderrahman Bey (acting)
Aug 1904 - Aug 1908        Reçeb Pasha
Dec 1908 - Aug 1909        Ahmed Favzi Pasha                  (b. 1859 - d. 1914)
Aug 1909 - Aug 1910        Hüseyin Husni Pasha                (b. 1856 - d. 1926)
Aug 1910 -  5 Nov 1911     Ibrahim Pasha                      (d. 1915)
Nov 1911                   Neshet Bey 
Nov 1911 - 1912            Bekir Samih Bey 
1912 - 1915                ....
1915 - 1917                Osman Bey
1917 - 1918                Nuri Bey
1918                       Ishaq Bey
1918 - 16 Nov 1918         Osman Fuad Pasha
Ruler
1911 - Mar 1913            Sulayman ibn `Abd Allah al-Baruni  (b. c.1870 - d. 1940)
Governor-general of Tripolitania
1915 - 16 Nov 1918         Sulayman ibn `Abd Allah al-Baruni  (s.a.)
Chairman of the Council of the Republic
16 Nov 1918 - Nov 1920     Ahmad Tahir al-Murayyid
Chairman of the Central Reform Board
Nov 1920 - 1923            Ahmad Tahir al-Murayyid
Governors 
 5 Oct 1911 - 11 Oct 1911  Raffaele Bosca Ricci d'Olmo        (b. 1857 - d. 1942)
11 Oct 1911 - 1912         Carlo Francesco Giovanni Battista  (b. 1845 - d. 1922)
                             Caneva 
1912 -  2 Jun 1913         Ottavio Ragni                      (b. 1852 - d. 1919)
 2 Jun 1913 - 1914         Vincenzo Garioni (1st time)        (b. 1856 - d. 1929)
1914 - 1915                Luigi Druetti                      (b. 1853 - d. c.1919)
1915                       Iulio Cesare Tassoni               (b. 1859 - d. 1942)
1915 -  5 Aug 1918         Giovanni Battista Ameglio          (b. 1854 - d. 1921)
 5 Aug 1918 - 17 May 1919  Vincenzo Garioni (2nd time)        (s.a.)
 1 Aug 1919 -  6 Jul 1920  Vittorio Menzinger
 6 Jul 1920 - Jul 1921     Luigi Mercatelli                   (b. 18.. - d. 1922)
Jul 1921 - Jul 1925        Giuseppe Volpi, conte di Misurata  (b. 1877 - d. 1947)
Jul 1925 - 24 Jan 1929     Emilio De Bono                     (b. 1866 - d. 1944)
24 Jan 1929 - 31 Dec 1933  Pietro Badoglio                    (b. 1871 - d. 1956)
British Military Governors
15 Dec 1942 - 26 Jan 1943  Maurice Stanley Lush               (b. 1896 - d. 1990)
26 Jan 1943 - 1943         Travers Robert Blackley            (b. 1899 - d. 1982)
Administrator
1943 - Apr 1949            Travers Robert Blackley            (s.a.)
Resident
Apr 1949 - 24 Dec 1951     Travers Robert Blackley            (s.a.)
Governors
Dec 1951 - 1955            Fadhil bin Zikri (1st time)
1955                       Abdessalam Bussairy
1955 - 1958                Jamal Bashaga
1958 - 1960                Taher Bekir
1960 - 25 Apr 1963         Fadhil bin Zikri (2nd time)

Prime ministers
Mar 1951 - Dec 1951        Mahmud al-Muntasir                 (b. 1903 - d. 1970)
195. - 1958                Mahmud el-Bishti
1958 - 1961                A. Dansouf
1961 - 25 Apr 1963         Ali Adib

1521                       Cyrenaica part of the Ottoman Empire (see under Tripolitania).
1843                       Sanusiya Order founded.
15 Oct 1912                Italian protectorate declared Cirenaica (Cyrenaica).
18 Oct 1912                Ceded to Italy by the Ottoman Empire.
1920                       Italy claims sovereignty.
17 May 1919                Italian Cirenaica colony.
25 Oct 1920                Italian government recognizes Sheikh Sidi Idriss as the
                             leader of the Sanusiya (Sensussi); with authority only in
                             regions of Koufrah, Djarabouh, Audjila and Djalo, with
                             Adjedabia (Agedabia) as capital.
1929                       Italy derecognizes the Order.
 1 Jan 1934                Tripolitania, Cirenaica, and Fezzan united as Libya.
Dec 1940 - Mar 1941        British forces occupy Bardia (5 Jan 1941), Tobruk (22 Jan 1941), 
                             Derna (Feb 1941), El Agheila and Benghazi (Feb 1941).
Feb 1941                   British administration (Cyrenaica district).
Mar 1941 - Nov 1941        Axis forces retake El Agheila (24 Mar 1941), Benghazi (3 Apr), 
                             Derna (Apr 1941), and Tobruk 30 (Apr 1941).
18 Nov 1941 - 31 Dec 1941  British forces retake Benghazi (24 Dec 1941), Derna (Dec 1941),
                             Tobruk (4 Dec 1941) and  Gazala (15 Dec 1941).
21 Jan 1942 -  7 Jul 1942  Axis forces retake Benghazi (29 Jan 1942), Derna (Dec 1941), 
                             Tobruk (21 Jun 1942), and Bardia (June 1942).
11 Nov 1942                British forces occupy Bardia, Tobruk (13 Nov 1942),
                             Derna (15 Nov 1942) and Benghazi (20 Nov 1942).
Oct 1946                   Sanusi emir recognized by Britain.
 1 Mar 1949                Independence proclaimed (Emirate of Cyrenaica).
 1 Jun 1949                Independence recognized by Britain.
21 Nov 1949                Cyrenaica autonomous.
24 Dec 1951                Incorporated into Libya.

Sheikhs
1843 -  7 Sep 1859         Sayyid Muhammad ibn `Ali as-Sanusi (b. 1787 - d. 1859)
 7 Sep 1859 -  2 Jun 1902  Sayyid Muhammad ibn Sayyid         (b. 1844 - d. 1902)
                             Muhammad al-Mahdi as-Sanusi
 2 Jun 1902 - 21 Aug 1918  Sayyid Ahmad ibn Sayyid Muhammad   (b. 1873 - d. 1933) 
                             ash-Sharif as-Sanusi 
21 Aug 1918 - 25 Oct 1920  Sayyid Muhammad Idris as-Sanusi    (b. 1890 - d. 1983)
Emir
25 Oct 1920 - 1929         Sayyid Muhammad Idris as-Sanusi    (s.a.)
                             (1st time)(in Egypt exile from 1923)
1923 - 1928                Sayyid Muhammad ar-Rida (acting)   (b. 1890 - d. 1955)
1928 - 1929                `Umar Muhtar (acting)              (d. 1931) 
Governors
15 Oct 1912 - Oct 1913     Ottavio Briccolo
Oct 1913 -  5 Aug 1918     Giovanni Battista Ameglio          (b. 1854 - d. 1921)
 5 Aug 1918 -  5 Aug 1919  Vincenzo Garioni                   (b. 1856 - d. 1929)
 5 Aug 1919 - 23 Nov 1921  Giacomo De Martino                 (b. 1849 - d. 1921)
23 Nov 1921 - Oct 1922     Luigi Pintor 
Oct 1922 - Dec 1922        Eduardo Baccardi
 7 Jan 1923 - 1924         Luigi Bongiovanni                  (b. 1866 - d. 1941)
1924 -  2 Dec 1926         Ernesto Mombelli                   (b. 1867 - d. 1932)
 2 Dec 1926 - 1928         Attilio Teruzzi                    (b. 1882 - d. 1950)
Vice-governors
Jan 1929 - Mar 1930        Dominico Siciliani                 (b. 1879 - d. 1938)
Mar 1930 - May 1934        Rodolfo Graziani,                  (b. 1882 - d. 1955)
                             marchese di Neghelli
Jun 1934 - Apr 1935        Guglielmo Nasi                     (b. 1879 - d. 1971)
British Military Governors
Dec 1940 - 1941            Sir Henry Maitland Wilson          (b. 1881 - d. 1964)
28 Feb 1941 -  8 Apr 1941  Philip Neame                       (b. 1888 - d. 1978)
1941                       Sir John Dudley Lavarack           (b. 1885 - d. 1957)
11 Nov 1942 - 1943         ....
1943                       Anthony Sillery                    (b. 1903 - d. 1976)
1943                       Angus Lyell Collier                (b. 1893 - d. 1971)
Administrators
21 Dec 1942 - 30 Oct 1945  Duncan Cameron Cumming             (b. 1903 - d. 1979)
                             (military administrator to 10 Mar 1943) 
30 Oct 1945 - 1946         Peter Bevil Edward Acland          (b. 1902 - d. 1993)
1946 - 1948                James William Norris Haugh         (b. 1894 - d. 1969)
1948 - 17 Sep 1949         Eric Armar Vully de Candole        (b. 1901 - d. 1989)
Resident
17 Sep 1949 - 24 Dec 1951  Eric Armar Vully de Candole        (s.a.)
Emir
Oct 1946 - 24 Dec 1951     Sayyid Muhammad Idris as-Sanusi    (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
Governors
Dec 1951 - May 1952        Muhammad Sakizli                   (b. 1892? - d. ....)
May 1952 - Oct 1961        Hussein Maziq                      (b. 1918 - d. 2006)
1961 - 25 Apr 1963         Mahmud Buhedma   

Prime ministers
 9 Nov 1949 - 18 Mar 1950  Umar Mansur Kikhia                 (b. 1880 - d. 1962)
18 Mar 1950 - 24 Dec 1951  Muhammad Sakizli                   (s.a.)
1952 - 1962                Wanis al-Qaddafi                   (b. 1924 - d. ....)
1962 - 25 Apr 1963         Hamid Abbar

918                        Sultanate of Fezzan founded.
1190 - 12..                Annexed by Egypt.
1212                       Annexed by Borno (Kanem).
13..                       Independence recovered.
1580 - 1582                Incorporated into Ottoman Empire.
1612 - 1614                Incorporated into Ottoman Empire.
1623 - 1626                Incorporated into Ottoman Empire.
1689 - 1690                Incorporated into Ottoman Empire.
1843                       Incorporated into Ottoman Empire (Fezzan Paskalik).
1909 - 1914                Sanusi rule.
15 Oct 1912                Annexed by Italy.
Aug 1914 - Jan 1915        Italian occupation.
1915 - 1923                Sanusi rule (restored).
1923 - 1930                Anarchy, ruled by Arab nomads.
 1 Jan 1934                Fezzan, Tripolitania, and Cyrencia united as Libya.
13 Jan 1943 - 1945         Fezzan administered by Free French.
10 Jan 1947                Fezzan (Fezzan et Ghamadès) ceded France by Italy.
24 Dec 1951                Incorporated into Libya.

Sultans
c.1566 - 1580              al-Mustansir ibn Muhammad
1580 - 1599                an-Nasir
1599 - 1612                al-Mansur
1612 - 1614                .... (Tripolitan governors)
1614 - 1623                Tahir I
1623 - 1626                .... (Tripolitan governors)
1626 - 1658                Muhammad I
1658 - 1682                Nagib
1682 - 1689                Muhammad II an-Nasir (1st time)
1689                       Muhammad al-Mukni -Tripolitan governor
1689                       Temmam
1689 - 1690                Muhammad III
1690                       Ali al-Mukni -Tripolitan governor
1690 - 1709/18             Muhammad II an-Nasir (2nd time)
1709/18 - 1767             Ahmad I 
1767 - 1776                Tahir II
1776 - 1780                Ahmad II al-Munsur
1789 - 1804                Sharif Muhammad V ibn al-Mansur
                             al-Hakim
1804 - 1811                Sharif Muhammad VI ibn al-Mansur   (d. 1804)
1811 - 1831                Yusuf al-Mukkani (usurper)
1831 - 1842                Sayf an-Nasr `Abd al-Jalil ibn Rad (d. 1842)
1835 - 1842                Jumah ibn Khalifa (1st time)       (d. 1856)
                             (in rebellion)
1854 - 1856                Jumah ibn Khalifa (2nd time)       (s.a.)
                             (in rebellion)
Walis (governors)
1842 - 1846                Bekir Pasha
1846 - 1855                Hassan Pasha al-Bal`azi
1855 - 1859                ....
1859 - 1865                Halim Pasha (1st time)
1865                       Hamid Bey (acting)
1865 - 1870                Halim Pasha (2nd time)
1870 - 187.                ....
187. - 1882                Mustafa Faik Pasha
1882 - 1900                ....
1900 - c.1906              Mahmud Bey
c.1906 - 1909              Samih Bey
Sanusi Governors
1909 - 15 Oct 1912         Sayyid Muhammad al-Abid (1st time)
Aug 1914 - Jan 1915        Italian occupation
1915 - 1923                Sayyid Muhammad al-Abid (2nd time)
French Military Governors
12 Jan 1943 - 194.         René Delange
Mar 1947 - 1950            Maurice Sarazac                    (b. 1908 - d. 1974)
French Resident 
1950 - 24 Dec 1951         Maurice Sarazac                    (s.a.)
Hakim (ruler)
1946 - 12 Feb 1950         Ahmad Sayf an-Nasr                 (b. c.1876 - d. 1954)
Wali (Chef du territoire)
12 Feb 1950 - 24 Dec 1951  Ahmad Sayf an-Nasr                 (s.a.)
Governors
24 Dec 1951 - 1954         Ahmad Sayf an-Nasr                 (s.a.) 
1954 - 25 Apr 1963         Omar Sayf an-Nasr
 
Prime minister
195. - 25 Apr 1963         Abdul Jalil Sayf an-Nasr

 1 Jan 1934                Tripolitania, Cyrenaica, and Fezzan united as 
                             Italian colony of Libya.
13 May 1943                End of Italian rule.
24 Dec 1951                Independence as United Libyan Kingdom.
25 Apr 1963                Libyan Kingdom
 1 Sep 1969                Libyan Arab Republic
 2 Mar 1977                Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya ("state of the masses").
Apr 1986                   Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

Guide of the Revolution (de facto Chief of State)
 1 Sep 1969 -              Muammar al-Qaddafi                 (b. 1942)           Mil/Non-party

Governors-general
 1 Jan 1934 - 28 Jun 1940  Italo Balbo                        (b. 1896 - d. 1940)
 1 Jul 1940 - 25 Mar 1941  Rodolfo Graziani,                  (b. 1882 - d. 1955)
                             marchese di Neghelli 
25 Mar 1941 - 19 Jul 1941  Italo Gariboldi                    (b. 1879 - d. 1970)
19 Jul 1941 -  2 Feb 1943  Ettore Bastico                     (b. 1876 - d. 1972)
 2 Feb 1943 - 13 May 1943  Giovanni Messe (acting)            (b. 1883 - d. 1968)
UN Commissioner
10 Dec 1949 - 24 Dec 1951  Adrian Pelt (Netherlands)          (b. 1892 - d. 1981)
                             (arrived in Tripoli 18 Jan 1950)
King¹
24 Dec 1951 -  1 Sep 1969  Idris I                            (b. 1890 - d. 1983)
                             (Sayyid Muhammad Idris as-Sanusi)
Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council
 1 Sep 1969 -  2 Mar 1979  Muammar al-Qaddafi                 (s.a.)              Mil/Non-party
General Secretaries of the General People's Congress (nominal chiefs of state)
 2 Mar 1977 -  2 Mar 1979  Muammar al-Qaddafi                 (s.a.)               Non-party
 2 Mar 1979 -  7 Jan 1981  Abdul Ati al-Obeidi                (b. 1939)            Non-party
 7 Jan 1981 - 15 Feb 1984  Muhammad az-Zaruq Rajab            (b. 1940)            Non-party
15 Feb 1984 -  7 Oct 1990  Mifta al-Usta Umar                 (b. 1935)            Non-party
 7 Oct 1990 - 18 Nov 1992  Abdul Razzaq as-Sawsa                                   Non-party
18 Nov 1992 -  3 Mar 2008  Zentani Muhammad az-Zentani        (b. 1944)            Non-party
 3 Mar 2008 -  5 Mar 2009  Muftah Muhammad al-Sanusi Kaiba                         Non-party
 5 Mar 2009 - 26 Jan 2010  Mubarak Abdallah al-Shamikh        (b. 1952)            Non-party
26 Jan 2010 -              Muhammad Abul-Qasim al-Zwai                             Non-party

Prime ministers
25 Dec 1951 - 19 Feb 1954  Mahmud al-Muntasir (1st time)      (b. 1903 - d. 1970)
19 Feb 1954 - 12 Apr 1954  Muhammad Sakizli                   (b. 1892? - d. ....)
12 Apr 1954 - 26 May 1957  Mustafa Ben Halim                  (b. 1921)
26 May 1957 - 17 Oct 1960  Abdul Majid Kubar                  (b. 1909 - d. ....)
17 Oct 1960 - 19 Mar 1963  Muhammad Osman Said                (b. 1922 - d. 2007)
19 Mar 1963 - 20 Jan 1964  Mohieddin Fikini                   (b. 1926 - d. ....)
20 Jan 1964 - 20 Mar 1965  Mahmud al-Muntasir (2nd time)      (s.a.)
20 Mar 1965 -  2 Jul 1967  Hussein Maziq                      (b. 1918 - d. 2006)
 2 Jul 1967 - 25 Oct 1967  Abdul Qadir al-Badri               (b. 1921 - d. 2003)
25 Oct 1967 -  4 Sep 1968  Abdul Hamid al-Bakkoush            (b. 1933 - d. 2007)
 4 Sep 1968 - 31 Aug 1969  Wanis al-Qaddafi                   (b. 1924 - d. ....)
 8 Sep 1969 - 16 Jan 1970  Mahmud Sulayman al-Maghribi        (b. 1935)            Non-party
16 Jul 1972 -  2 Mar 1977  Abdul Salam Jalloud                (b. 1944)            Non-party
General Secretaries of the General People's Committee
 2 Mar 1977 -  2 Mar 1979  Abdul Ati al-Obeidi                (s.a.)               Non-party
 2 Mar 1979 - 23 Feb 1984  Jadallah Azzuz at-Talhi (1st time)                      Non-party
23 Feb 1984 -  2 Mar 1986  Muhammad az-Zaruq Rajab            (s.a.)               Non-party
 2 Mar 1986 -  2 Mar 1987  Jadallah Azzuz at-Talhi (2nd time)                      Non-party
 2 Mar 1987 -  7 Oct 1990  Umar Mustafa al-Muntasir           (b. 1939 - d. 2001)  Non-party
 7 Oct 1990 - 29 Jan 1994  Abuzed Omar Dorda                  (b. 1944)            Non-party
29 Jan 1994 - 29 Dec 1997  Abdul Majid al-Qa´ud               (b. 1943)            Non-party
29 Dec 1997 -  1 Mar 2000  Muhammad Ahmad al-Mangoush                              Non-party
 1 Mar 2000 - 13 Jun 2003  Mubarak Abdallah al-Shamikh        (s.a.)               Non-party  
13 Jun 2003 -  5 Mar 2006  Shukri Muhammad Ghanem             (b. 1942)            Non-party
 5 Mar 2006 -              Al-Baghdadi Ali al-Mahmudi         (b. 1945?)           Non-party

  ¹The full style of the ruler was:
(a) 24 Dec 1951 - 25 Apr 1963: Malik al-Mamlaka al-Libiyya al-Muttahida ("King of the United Libyan Kingdom");
(b) 25 Apr 1963 - 1 Sep 1969: Malik al-Mamlaka al-Libiyya ("King of the Libyan Kingdom").

No Political Parties Are Allowed.

Territorial Disputes: Libya has claimed more than 32,000 sq km in southeastern Algeria and about 25,000 sq km in the Tommo region of Niger in a currently dormant dispute; various Chadian rebels from the Aozou region reside in southern Libya.