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Nicaragua
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![[Spanish War Ensign (1785-1931)]](es-1785.gif)
![[Kingdom of Guatemala flag 1821-1822]](gua_1821.GIF)
![[Mexican Empire (First Empire) flag]](mx_emp.gif)
![[Nicaragua flag 1823-1838]](gua_rpu1.GIF)
![[Nicaragua flag 1838 - 1854, c.1869 - 1873]](gua_1871.GIF)
![[Nicaragua flag 1889-1893]](nic_1889.GIF)
![[Nicaragua flag 1893-1896]](nic_1893.GIF)
![[Nicaragua flag 1896-1898, 1899-1908]](nic_1905.GIF)
![[Nicaragua flag]](ni.gif)
Governors
1522 - 1524
Gil González Dávila
1524 - 1526
Francisco Hernández de Córdoba
(b. 1475? - d. 1526)
1526 - 1531
Pedro Arias de Ávila
1531 - 1535
Francisco de Castañeda
1536 - 1544
Rodrigo de Contreras
1544
Diego de Herrera
1544 - 1552
Audiencia
Alcaldes Mayores
1552 - 1553
Alonso Ortiz de Elgueta
1553
Nicolás López de Urraga (1st time)
1553 - 1555
Juan de Cavallón
1555
Juan Márquez
1555 - 1556
Álvaro de Paz
1556 - 1557
Nicolás López de Urraga (2nd time)
1558
Andrés López Moraga
1558 - 1560
Francisco de Mendoza
1561 - 1564
Juan Vásquez de Coronado
1564 - 1566
Hernando Bermejo
Governors
1566 - 1575
Alonso de Casaos
1575 - 1576
Francisco del Valle Marroquín
1576 - 1583
Diego de Artieda y Chirino
1583 - 1589
Hernando de Gasco
1589 - 1592
Carlos de Arellano
1592 - 1599
Bartolomé de Lences
1599 - 1603
Bernardino de Obando
1603 - 1622
Alonso Lara de Córdoba
1622
Cristóbal de Villagrán
1622 - 1623
Alonso Lazo
1623 - 1625
Santiago de Figueroa
1625 - 1627
Lázaro de Albizúa
1627 - 1630
Juan de Agüero
1630 - 1634
Francisco de Asagra y Vargas
1634 - 1641
Pedro de Velasco
1641 - 1660
Juan de Bracamonte
1660 - 1665
Diego de Castro
1665 - 1669
Juan Salinas y Cerda
1669 - 1673
Antonio Temiño Dávila
1673 - 1681
Pablo de Loyola
1681
Antonio Coello
1681 - 1689
Pedro Álvarez Castrillón
1689 - 1693
Gabriel Rodríguez Bravo de Hoyos
1693 - 1699
Pedro Gerónimo Luis de Comenares
y Camargo
1699 - 22 Oct 1705
Miguel de Camargo
22 Oct 1705 - 21 Aug 1721 Sebastián de Arancibia y
Sasi
1722 - 1724
Antonio Póveda y Rivadineira (1st time) (d. 1727)
1724 - 1727
Tomás Marcos, duque de Estrada
(1st time)
26 Jan 1727 - 7 Jul 1727 Antonio Póveda y Rivadineira
(2nd time) (s.a.)
26 Aug 1727 - 1728
Pedro Martínez de Uparrio
Aug 1728 - 1730
Tomás Marcos, duque de Estrada
(2nd time)
1730 - 1736
Bartolomé González Fitoria
1736 - 1740
Antonio Ortiz
21 Nov 1740 - 1745
José Antonio Lacayo de Briones
1745
Francisco Antonio de Cáceres
Molinedo
23 Aug 1745 - Dec 1746 Juan de Vera
Dec 1746 - 1753
Alonso Fernández de Heredia
1753 - 1756
José González Rancaño
1756 - 1759
Melchor Vidal de Lorca y
Villena (1st time)
1759 - 1765
Pantaleón Ibáñez Cuevas
1765 - 1766
Melchor Vidal de Lorca y
Villena (2nd time)
1766 - 1776
Domingo Cabello y Robles
1777 - 1782
Manuel de Quiroga
1779 - 1783
José de Estachería
1783 - 23 Dec 1786
Juan de Ayza y Blancazo Allue
y Palacín
Governors/Intendants
23 Dec 1786 - 1789
Juan de Ayza y Blancazo Allue
y Palacín
1789 - 1793
José Mateu y Aranda
1793 - 13 Dec 1811
José de Salvador
13 Dec 1811 - 1814
Nicolás García Jerez
(14 Dec 1814 - 1817 also President of the Governing Junta)
1814 - 1816
Juan Bautista Gual
1816 - 1818
Manuel de Beltranena
1818 - Apr 1823
Miguel González Saravia
León
1524
León founded by Spain
21 Aug 1685 - 14 Sep 1685 León captured by pirates
under Dampier.
15 Sep 1821
Declaration of independence from Spain of the Kingdom
of Guatemala (encompassing all present Central America
plus Chiapas).
28 Sep 1821
León, while awaiting developments with regard to Spain,
declares separation from the Kingdom of Guatemala
(Acta de Nublados).
12 Oct 1821
Incorporated into Mexico (de jure situation ambiguous
[ratified 5 Jan 1822]).
17 Apr 1823
León declares itself an "orphan" and thus sovereign.
1 Jul 1823
The Central American Federation (see under Guatemala)
proclaims independence from Mexico and invites those
provinces that had left the Kingdom of Guatemala to join.
2 Jul 1823
León accedes to invitation; incorporation into Central America.
4 Jan 1825
León surrenders to the authority of Manuel Arzú,
commissioned by the federal government.
Superior Political Chief and Intendant
15 Sep 1821 - 12 Oct 1821 Miguel González de Saravia
y Colarte (b. 1788 - d. 1848)
President of the Provisional Governing Junta
17 Apr 1823 - 4 Jan 1825 Provisional Governing Junta
- Pedro Solís Terán
(Primer Vocal)
- José del Carmen Salazar Lacayo
- Francisco Quiñónez
- Domingo Nicolás Galarza y
Briceño de Coca
- Basilio Carrillo
- José Valentín Fernández Gallegos
- Juan Modesto Hernández
(some sources list the last two as alternates)
Granada
1524
Granada founded by Spain.
4 Oct 1821
Granada reaffirms its being part of the Kingdom of
Guatemala, independent from Spain.
22 Nov 1821
At the instigation of the government of Guatemala, a
Governing Junta is established.
4 Feb 1822 - 16 Jan 1823 Incorporated into Mexico (de
jure situation ambiguous).
20 Apr 1823
José Anacleto Ordóñez is proclaimed General en
Jefe del Ejército
Protector y Libertador de Granada; he acts as head of state
(e.g. in a treaty with León), but sets up a Governing Junta.
2 Jul 1823
Part of Central American Federation (see under Guatemala).
22 Nov 1821 - 4 Feb 1822 Governing Junta
- Pío José Domitilo Bolaños
Thomeu Santeliz
- Rafael Briceño
- Felipe Argüello Molina
- Dionisio del Castillo
20 Apr 1823 - Jan 1825 Revolutionary
Junta
(composition unclear - there are two different versions,
which may represent consecutive juntas)
Version 1:
- José Antonio Velazco
- Bernabé Montiel
- Venancio Fernández
- Nicolás de la Rocha Zapata
Version 2:
- José Anacleto "Cleto" Ordóñez
(b. 1778 - d. 18..)
- Raimundo Tiffer
- Juan Ignacio Marenco y López
del Corral
- Solano Castrillo
- Nicolás de la Rocha Zapata
- Manuel Sandoval
Managua
President of the Governing Junta
Jul 1824 - 22 Jan 1825 Governing Junta
- Policarpo Irigoyen
(initially president, and possibly throughout
entire duration of Junta)
- Juan José Zavala
- Félix Alfaro
- José Crisanto Sacasa Parodi
(to 26 Nov 1824)
- Pedro José Chamorro Argüello
El Viejo
President of the Governing Junta
9 Aug 1824 - 27 Dec 1824 Juan Bautista Salazar
Nicaragua
Jan/Apr 1823
Province of Nicaragua
2 Jul 1823
Incorporation into Mexico.
22 Apr 1825
State of Nicaragua (constituent state of Central American
Federation; see Guatemala).
30 Apr 1838
Separation from the Federation sanctioned; promulgated
2 May 1838 (State of Nicaragua).
30 Apr 1854
Republic of Nicaragua
Superior Political Chief and Intendant
11 Feb 1824 - 4 May 1824 José Justo Milla Pineda
Arriaga (b. 1794 - d. 1838)
(appointed by Federal Government)
Intendant
10 Oct 1824 - 22 Apr 1825 Manuel Arzú y Nájera
(appointed by Federal Government)
President of the General Governing Junta
12 Nov 1824 - 26 Dec 1824 Manuel Arzú y Nájera
(with representatives of the Juntas of León,
Granada, Managua, and El Viejo having
declined participation; dissolved by
order of the Federal Government)
Chiefs (often styled Supreme Chiefs, a term not mentioned
in the constitution)
22 Apr 1825 - 22 Apr 1826 Manuel Antonio de la Cerda y
(b. 1780 - d. 1828) PC
Aguilar (1st time)
22 Apr 1826 - 14 Sep 1827 Juan Argüello del Castillo
y (b. 1778 - d. 1830)
Guzmán (1st time)
(acting [for suspended Cerda from Nov 1825] to 13 Aug 1826)
17 Sep 1826 - 26 Feb 1827 Pedro Benito Pineda de León
(d. 1827)
(acting; in rebellion at Granada)
27 Feb 1827 - 7 Nov 1828 Manuel Antonio de la Cerda
y (s.a.)
Aguilar (2nd time)
(in rebellion at León and Granada)
14 Sep 1827 - Dec 1827 Pedro Oviedo de
Chinandega
(provisional)
under the authority of:
José Anacleto "Cleto" Ordóñez
(b. 1778 - d. 18..) Mil/PL
(Commandant-General)
Dec 1827 - Aug 1828 chaos in León and Granada; sources mention
governing juntas, but no detail is available
5 Aug 1828 - Apr 1829 Juan Argüello
del Castillo y (s.a.)
Guzmán (2nd time)
Apr 1829 - 12 May 1830 Juan Espinosa (acting)
12 May 1830 - Nov 1833 José Dionisio
de la Trinidad de (b. 1781 - d. 1850)
Herrera y Díaz del Valle
Dec 1833 - 10 Mar 1834 Benito Rosales (acting)
10 Mar 1834 - 23 Apr 1835 José Núñez (1st
time)(acting)
PL
23 Apr 1835 - 25 Jan 1837 José Zepeda
(b. 17.. - d. 1837)
25 Jan 1837 - 12 Jan 1838 José Núñez (2nd
time)(acting)
PL
12 Jan 1838 - 13 Mar 1838 Francisco Jiménez Rubio
(acting)
13 Mar 1838 - 17 Nov 1838 José Núñez (3rd
time)
PL
Directors (often styled Supreme Directors, a term not mentioned
in constitution)
17 Nov 1838 - 23 Apr 1839 José Núñez
PL
23 Apr 1839 - 30 Jun 1839 Evaristo Rocha (acting)
30 Jun 1839 - 27 Jul 1839 Patricio Rivas (1st time) (acting)
27 Jul 1839 - 20 Oct 1839 Joaquín del Cosío
(acting)
20 Oct 1839 - 7 Nov 1839 Hilario Ulloa (acting)
7 Nov 1839 - 21 Sep 1840 Tomás Valladares (acting)
21 Sep 1840 - 4 Mar 1841 Patricio Rivas (2nd time)
(acting)
4 Mar 1841 - 1 Apr 1843 Pablo Sánchez
de Buitrago (b. 1807
- d. 1882) PL
Sandoval y Benavent
(usually Pablo Buitrago y Benavent)
1 Apr 1843 - 31 May 1843 Juan de Dios Orozco (acting)
31 May 1843 - 4 Nov 1844 Manuel Pérez
4 Nov 1844 - 24 Jan 1845 Emiliano Madriz (acting)
16 Dec 1844 - 20 Jan 1845 Silvestre Selva Sacasa
(acting, in dissidence)
20 Jan 1845 - 4 Apr 1845 Manuel Antonio Blas Sáenz
(acting)
(acting, in dissidence from 24 Jan 1845)
4 Apr 1845 - 12 Mar 1847 José León Sandoval
(b. 1789 - d. 1847)
12 Mar 1847 - 6 Apr 1847 Miguel Ramón Morales
(acting)
6 Apr 1847 - 1 Jan 1849 José María
Guerrero de Arcos y (d. af.1852)
Molina
1 Jan 1849 - 8 Mar 1849 Toribio Terán
Prado (acting)
8 Mar 1849 - 1 Apr 1849 Benito Rosales (acting)
1 Apr 1849 - 1 Apr 1851 Norberto Ramírez
Áreas
(b. 1800 - d. 1856)
1 Apr 1851 - 5 May 1851 Justo Abaúnza
y Muñoz de Avilés
(1st time) (acting)
5 May 1851 - 4 Aug 1851 José Laureano
Pineda Ugarte (b. 1802 - d. 1853)
(1st time)
4 Aug 1851 - 11 Nov 1851 Justo Abaúnza y Muñoz
de Avilés
(2nd time) (acting)
5 Aug 1851 - 11 Aug 1851 José Laureano Pineda
Ugarte (s.a.)
(2nd time)(in dissidence)
5 Aug 1851 - 11 Aug 1851 José Francisco del
Montenegro
(acting)(in rebellion)
11 Aug 1851 - 2 Nov 1851 José de Jesús
Alfaro (in rebellion)
11 Nov 1851 - 1 Apr 1853 José Laureano Pineda
Ugarte (s.a.)
(in rebellion from 2 Nov 1851)
(3rd time)
1 Apr 1853 - 30 Apr 1854 Fruto Chamorro Pérez
(b. 1804 - d. 1855) PC
Presidents
30 Apr 1854 - 12 Mar 1855 Fruto Chamorro Pérez
(s.a.)
PC
(provisional to 1854, acting to 1855)
12 Mar 1855 - 20 Mar 1855 Ponciano Corral Acosta (de facto)
(b. 17.. - d. 1855)
20 Mar 1855 - 25 Oct 1855 José María Estrada
(acting) (b. 1802 - d. 1856)
PC
25 Oct 1855 - 24 Jun 1857 Patricio Rivas (provisional)
PL
24 Jun 1857 - 19 Oct 1857 Governing Junta
- Máximo José de Jesús Jerez y
(b. 1818 - d. 1881) PL
Tellería
- Tomás Martínez Guerrero
(b. 1820 - d. 1873) PC
19 Oct 1857 - 15 Nov 1857 Governing Junta
- Gregorio Juárez Sacasa
PL
- Rosalío Cortés Sánchez
PC
15 Nov 1857 - 1 Mar 1867 Tomás Martínez
Guerrero
(s.a.)
PC
1 Mar 1867 - 1 Mar 1871 Fernando Guzmán
Solórzano
(b. 1812 - d. 1891) PC
26 Jun 1869 - 1869
Francisco Baca (in dissidence)
PL
1 Mar 1871 - 1 Mar 1875 José Vicente de
la Quadra y Rui (b. 1812 - d. 1894) PC
Lugo (usually José Vicente Quadra Lugo)
1 Mar 1875 - 1 Mar 1879 Pedro Joaquín
Chamorro Alfaro (b. 1818 - d. 1890)
PC
1 Mar 1879 - 1 Mar 1883 Joaquín Zavala
Solís (1st time) (b. 1835 - d. 1906) PC
1 Mar 1883 - 1 Mar 1887 Adán Cárdenas
y del Castillo (b. 1836 - d. 1916)
PC
1 Mar 1887 - 1 Aug 1889 Evaristo Carazo Aranda
(b. 1821 - d. 1889) PC
1 Aug 1889 - 5 Aug 1889 Nicolás Osorno (acting)
PC
5 Aug 1889 - 1 Jan 1891 Roberto Sacasa Sarria
(1st time) (b. 1840 - d. 1896) PC
(acting)
1 Jan 1891 - 1 Mar 1891 Ignacio Chaves López
(acting)
PC
1 Mar 1891 - 11 Jul 1893 Roberto Sacasa Sarria (2nd
time) (s.a.)
PC
30 Apr 1893 - 20 May 1893 Eduardo Montiel
Mil/PC
(commandant of the Army Restoring Order, in dissidence)
20 May 1893 - 1 Jun 1893 Revolutionary Government
Junta
(in dissidence)
- José Santos Zelaya López
(b. 1853 - d. 1919) PL
- Joaquín Zavala Solís
(s.a.)
PC
- Eduardo Montiel
PC
1 Jun 1893 - 15 Jul 1893 Salvador Machado Agüero
(acting)
PC
16 Jul 1893 - 31 Jul 1893 Joaquín Zavala Solís
(2nd time) (s.a.)
PC
(acting)
31 Jul 1893 - 21 Dec 1909 José Santos Zelaya López
(1st time)(s.a.)
PL
(president of Government Junta [in dissidence from 12 Jul
1893] to 15 Sep 1893; provisional 16 Sep 1893 - 1 Feb 1894)
24 Feb 1896 - May 1896 Francisco Baca hijo
PL
(acting, in dissidence)
3 Feb 1899 - 26 Feb 1899 Juan Pablo Reyes
PL
(provisional, in dissidence)
21 Dec 1909 - 20 Aug 1910 José Madriz Rodríguez
(acting) (b. 1867 - d. 1911) PL
20 Aug 1910 - 27 Aug 1910 José Dolores Estrada Morales
(b. 18.. - d. 1911) PC
(acting)
27 Aug 1910 - 30 Aug 1910 Luis Mena Solórzano (1st time)
PL
(acting)
30 Aug 1910 - 9 May 1911 Juan José Estrada Morales
(b. 1872 - d. 1947) PC
(provisional [in dissidence from 10 Oct 1909] to 1 Jan 1911,
then president pro témpore)
9 May 1911 - 1 Jan 1917 Adolfo Díaz Recinos
(1st time) (b. 1875 - d. 1964) PC
(acting to 1 Jan 1913)
29 Jul 1912 - 23 Sep 1912 Luis Mena Solórzano (2nd
time)
(acting; in rebellion)
23 Sep 1912 - 4 Oct 1912 Benjamín Francisco
Zeledón (b. 1879
- d. 1912)
Rodríguez
(supreme chief of government; in rebellion)
1 Jan 1917 - 1 Jan 1921 Emiliano Chamorro Vargas
(1st time)(b. 1871 - d. 1966) PC
1 Jan 1921 - 12 Oct 1923 Diego Manuel Chamorro Bolaños
(b. 1861 - d. 1923) PC
12 Oct 1923 - 27 Oct 1923 Rosendo Chamorro Oreamuno (acting)
(d. 1947)
27 Oct 1923 - 1 Jan 1925 Bartolomé Martínez
Gonzalez (b. 1860 - d. 1936)
PC
(acting)
1 Jan 1925 - 14 Mar 1926 Carlos José Solórzano
Gutiérrez (b. 1860 - d. 1936) PC
14 Mar 1926 - 11 Nov 1926 Emiliano Chamorro Vargas (2nd time)(s.a.)
PC
(acting)
11 Nov 1926 - 14 Nov 1926 Sebastián Uriza (acting)
PC
14 Nov 1926 - 1 Jan 1929 Adolfo Díaz Recinos
(2nd time) (s.a.)
PC
14 Nov 1926 - 1 Jan 1929 Juan Bautista Sacasa Sacasa
(b. 1874 - d. 1946) PL
(acting in dissidence)(1st time)
1 Jan 1929 - 1 Jan 1933 José María
Moncada Tapia
(b. 1870 - d. 1945) PL
1 Jan 1933 - 9 Jun 1936 Juan Bautista Sacasa Sacasa
(s.a.)
PL
(2nd time)
9 Jun 1936
Guillermo Sevilla Sacasa (acting) (b. 1908 - d. 1997) PLN
(not installed)
9 Jun 1936 - 1 Jan 1937 Carlos Alberto Brenes
Jarquín (b. 1884 - d. 1942)
PL
(acting)
1 Jan 1937 - 1 May 1947 Anastasio Somoza García
(1st time) (b. 1896 - d. 1956) PLN
1 May 1947 - 26 May 1947 Leonardo Argüello Barreto
(b. 1875 - d. 1947) PLN
26 May 1947 - 15 Aug 1947 Benjamín Lacayo Sacasa (acting)
(b. 1884 - d. 1959) PLN
15 Aug 1947 - 6 May 1950 Víctor Manuel Román
y Reyes (b. 1873 - d. 1950)
PLN
6 May 1950 - 7 May 1950 Manuel Fernando Zurita (acting)
PLN
(not installed)
7 May 1950 - 29 Sep 1956 Anastasio Somoza García
(2nd time) (s.a.)
PLN
28 Sep 1956 - 1 May 1963 Luis Anastasio Somoza Debayle
(b. 1922 - d. 1967) PLN
(acting [for Anastasio Somoza García to 29 Sep 1956]
to 29 Sep 1956)
1 May 1963 - 3 Aug 1966 René Schick Gutiérrez
(b. 1909 - d. 1966) PLN
3 Aug 1966 - 4 Aug 1966 Orlando Montenegro Medrano
(acting)(d. 1988)
PLN
(not installed)
4 Aug 1966 - 1 May 1967 Lorenzo Guerrero Gutiérrez
(b. 1900 - d. 1981) PLN
1 May 1967 - 1 May 1972 Anastasio Somoza Debayle
(1st time)(b. 1925 - d. 1980) PLN
1 May 1972 - 1 Dec 1974 National Government
Junta
- Roberto Martínez Lacayo
(b. 1899 - d. 1984) PLN/Mil
- Fernando Bernabé Agüero Rocha (b. 1920)
PCN
(to 1 Mar 1973)
- Edmundo Paguaga Irías
(b. 1923)
PCN
(from 1 Mar 1973)
- Alfonso Lovo Cordero
(b. 1927)
PLN
1 Dec 1974 - 17 Jul 1979 Anastasio Somoza Debayle (2nd
time)(s.a.)
PLN
17 Jul 1979 - 18 Jul 1979 Francisco Urcuyo Maliaños
(acting) (b. 1915 - d. 2001) PLN
18 Jul 1979 - 10 Jan 1985 Junta of National Reconstruction
- José Daniel Ortega Saavedra
(b. 1945)
FSLN
(coordinator from 4 Mar 1981)
- Sergio Ramírez Mercado
(b. 1942)
FSLN
- Violeta Barrios Torres de
(b. 1929)
UDEL
Chamorro (f) (to 19 Apr 1980)
- Luis Alfonso Robelo Callejas (b. 1939)
MDN
(to 22 Apr 1980)
- Moisés Hassán Morales
(b. 1942)
MPU
(to 4 Mar 1981)
- Rafael Ángel Córdova Rivas
(from 18 May 1980)
- Arturo José Cruz Porras
(b. 1923)
(18 May 1980 - 4 Mar 1981)
10 Jan 1985 - 25 Apr 1990 José Daniel Ortega Saavedra
(s.a.)
FSLN
(1st time)
25 Apr 1990 - 10 Jan 1997 Violeta Barrios Torres de
(s.a.)
UNO
Chamorro (f)
10 Jan 1997 - 10 Jan 2002 José Arnoldo Alemán
Lacayo (b. 1946)
PLC/AL
10 Jan 2002 - 10 Jan 2007 Enrique José Bolaños Geyer
(b. 1928)
PLC
10 Jan 2007 - José Daniel Ortega Saavedra
(s.a.)
FSLN
(2nd time)
Commanders of U.S. troops
5 Sep 1912 - Nov 1912 Joseph H. Pendelton
Nov 1912 - 16 Jan 1913 Smedley Butler
1917 - 16 Apr 1918
Hamilton D. South
1922 - 1924
John Marston
1924 - 3 Aug 1925
Ralph S. Keyser
20 Feb 1927 - 9 Mar 1927 C.H. Woodward
9 Mar 1927 - Sep 1927 Logan Feland
(1st time)
Sep 1927 - Jan 1928 Louis
M. Gulick
Jan 1928 - 26 Mar 1929 Logan Feland (2nd
time)
27 Mar 1929 - 18 Apr 1929 R.H. Dunlap
18 Apr 1929 - 18 Apr 1930 Dion Williams
Nov 1931 - Jan 1933 Randolph
C. Berkeley
Territorial Disputes: Memorials and countermemorials were filed by the parties in Nicaragua's 1999 and 2001 proceedings against Honduras and Colombia at the ICJ over disputed maritime boundary involving 50,000 sq km in the Caribbean Sea, including the Archipelago de San Andres y Providencia and Quita Sueno Bank, final public hearings are scheduled for 2007; the 1992 ICJ ruling for El Salvador and Honduras advised a tripartite resolution to establish a maritime boundary in the Gulf of Fonseca, which considers Honduran access to the Pacific; legal dispute over navigational rights of San Juan River on border with Costa Rica.
Party abbreviations: AL = Alianza Liberal (Liberal
Alliance, coalition [PL, PLC, Partido Liberal Independiente de Unidad Nacional,
PLN]);
FSLN = Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional (Sandinist
National Liberation Front, extreme left); MDN = Movimiento Democrático
Nicaragüense (Nicaraguan Democratic Movement); MPU = Movimiento
Popular Unido (United People Movement); NPF = Frente Patriótico
Nacional (National Patriotic Front); PLC = Partido Liberal Constitucionalista
(Constitutional Liberal Party, conservative); UDEL = Unión
Democrática de Liberación (Democratic Liberation Union);
Mil
= Military;
- Former parties: PC = Partido Conservador
(Conservative Party); PL = Partido Liberal (Liberal Party); PLN
= Partido Liberal Nacionalista Liberal (Nationalist Party, personalist,
authoritarian); UNO = Unión Nacional Opositora (National
Opposition Union, anti-Sadinista coalition)
Rival government (State of Nicaragua)
11 Jun
1854 - 30 Oct 1855
Directors
11 Jun 1854 - 2 Sep 1855 Francisco Castellón
Sanabria (b. 1815 - d. 1855)
(provisional to 1 Apr 1855)
2 Sep 1855 - 30 Oct 1855 Nazario Escoto (acting)
Rival
government (Republic of Nicaragua)
![[Republic of Nicaragua (William Walker)]](nic_walk.GIF)
20 Jun
1856 - 1 May 1857
Presidents
20 Jun 1856 - 12 Jul 1856 Fermín Ferrer (provisional)
12 Jul 1856 - 1 May 1857 William Walker Norvell
(b. 1824 - d. 1860)
Rival government (Republic of Nicaragua)
29 Jun
1856 - 12 Sep 1856
Presidents
29 Jun 1856 - 13 Aug 1856 José María Estrada
(acting) (b. 1802 - d. 1856)
PC
13 Aug 1856 - 12 Sep 1856 Nicasio del Castillo y Guzmán
(acting)
Mosquito (Mosquito Coast)
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![[Flag of Mosquito Coast (1834)]](ni-mo183.gif)
![[Flag of Mosquito Coast (1860)]](ni-mo186.gif)
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1661
Mosquitian Nation established as a kingdom.
Feb 1668
De facto English protectorate.
16 Mar 1740 - 14 Jul 1786 British protectorate (under superintendent
of British Honduras
from 1749; British forces withdrawn Jun 1787).
29 Aug 1789 - 4 Sep 1800 Attempted Spanish settlements
(at Río Tino [29 Aug 1787-4 Sep 1800]
Cabo de Gracías a Dios [18 Aug 1788-1795], and Boca de Río
San Juan 21 Oct 1789- ....]).
Jan 1848
San Juan del Norte (renamed Greytown) seized by Britain and given
to the Mosquito Kingdom.
Jun 1787 - 12 Sep 1861 De facto British
protectorate.
12 Sep 1861
Kingdom transformed into Mosquito Reservation under
Nicaraguan sovereignty.
6 Jul 1894 - 7 Aug 1894 U.S. occupation of Bluefields.
7 Aug 1894
Reservation abolished, with full incorporation into
Nicaragua (ratified 28 Feb 1895).
Kings¹
1661 - 1677
Oldman I
1677 - 1686
Oldman II
(d. 1686)
1686 - 1720
Jeremy I
(b. c.1639 - d. 1720)
1720 - 1729
Jeremy II
(d. 1729)
1729 - 1739
Peter
1739 - Jan 1755
Edward
(b. af.1719 - d. 1755)
1755 - 1776
George I Samuel Roderick Kandler (d. 1776)
1777 - Oct 1801
George II Augustus
(d. 1801)
(suspended Oct 1778 - Nov 1779)
Oct 1801 - 14 Nov 1815 Prince Stephen -King-regent
14 Nov 1815 - 9 Mar 1824 George III Frederick Augustus
(b. 1798 - d. 1824)
9 Mar 1824 - Oct 1842 Robert Charles
Frederick (d.
1842)
Oct 1842 - 4 May 1843 Archibald Alexander
Macdonald
(chairman Regency Commission)
4 May 1843 - 17 Apr 1845 Regency
- Prince Wellington
- Lowry Robinson
- Johnson (to 1843)
17 Apr 1845 - 12 Sep 1861 George IV Augustus Frederick
(b. 1832 - d. 1865)
Hereditary Chiefs
12 Sep 1861 - 27 Nov 1865 George IV Augustus Frederick
(s.a.)
27 Nov 1865 - 23 May 1866 Henry Patterson
(vice-president of the Council)
23 May 1866 - 5 May 1879 William Henry Clarence
(b. 1856 - d. 1879)
5 May 1879 - 17 Jun 1879 Charles Patterson (1st time)
(vice-president of the Council)
17 Jun 1879 - 8 Nov 1888 George V William Albert Hendy
(d. 1888)
8 Nov 1888 - 8 Mar 1889 Charles Patterson (2nd
time)
(vice-president of the Council)
8 Mar 1889 - 11 Nov 1890 Jonathan Charles Frederick
(d. 1890)
11 Nov 1890 - 30 Jan 1891 Charles Patterson (3rd time)
(vice-president of the Council)
30 Jan 1891 - 7 Aug 1894 Robert Henry Clarence
(b. 1873 - d. 1908)
Chairmen of the State Council
1846 - 1848
Patrick Walker
(d. 1848)
1848 - 1849
William Christie
Vice-Presidents of the Executive Council
13 Sep 1861 - 187.
Henry Patterson
187. - 7 Aug 1894
Charles Patterson
British Superintendents
1749 - 1787
the Superintendents of British Honduras
Spanish representative (de facto)
1787 - 1790
Robert Hodgson, Jr.
(d. 1791)
Commandants
- at Río Tino -
1787 - 17..
Gabriel de Hervías
c.1791
Tadeo Muniesa
c.1793
Antonio de Echeverría
- Cabo de Gracías a Dios -
1788 - 17..
Miguel Sánchez Pareja
c.1792
Manuel Salas
c.1794
Luís Abella
- at Boca de Río San Juan -
1789 - ....
Manuel Fernando Dambrine
Magistrate
1832 - 1842
William Hodgson
British Agents and Consuls-general
1844 - 1848
Patrick Walker
(s.a.)
1848 - 1849
William Christie
1849
James Green (acting)
¹Full style of the ruler
to 12 Sep 1861: "King of the Mosquito Nation."
©2000 Ben Cahoon