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Nicaragua
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![[Spanish War Ensign (1785-1931)]](es-1785.gif)
![[Kingdom of Guatemala flag 1821-1822]](gua_1821.GIF)
![[Central American Federation 1823-1824]](cr_1823.gif)
![[Central American Federation 1824-1838]](cam-f24.gif)
![[Nicaragua national flag]](ni.gif)
![[Nicaragua flag 1854-1858]](ni-1854a.gif)
![[Nicaragua civil flag]](ni_c.gif)
![[Nicaragua national flag, 1978-1990]](ni-sandi.gif)
Governors
1522 - 1524
Gil González Dávila
1524 - 1526
Francisco Hernández de Córdoba
(b. 1475? - d. 1526)
1526 - 1531
Pedro Arias Dávila
(b. 1460? - d. 1531)
1531 - 1535
Francisco de Castañeda
1535
Diego Álvarez de Osorio
1536 - 1544
Rodrigo de Contreras y La Hoz
1544
Diego de Herrera
1544 - 1552
the governors of Costa Rica
Alcaldes Mayores de Nicaragua
1552 - 1553
Alonso Ortiz de Elgueta
1553
Nicolás López de
Zárraga (1st time)
1553 - 1555
Juan de Cavallón y Arboleda
(b. 1524 - d. 1565)
Jan 1555 - Nov 1555
Juan Márquez
1555 - 1556
Álvaro de Paz
1556 - 1557
Nicolás López de Zárraga (2nd time)
1558
Andrés López Moraga
1558 - 1560
Francisco de Mendoza
(b. 1524 - d. 1563)
1561 - 1564
Juan Vásquez de Coronado da Anaya
(b. 1523 - d. 1566)
1564 - 1567
Bernando Bermejo
Governors of Nicaragua
1566
Juan Vásquez de Coronado de Anaya
(s.a.)
(did not take office)
1566 - 1575
Alonso de Casaos
1575 - 1576
Francisco del Valle Marroquín
(acting)
1576
Diego López (governor of
Taguzgalpa)
1576 - 1583
Diego de Artieda Chirino y Uclés
(d. 1590)
1583 - 1589
Hernando de Casco
1589 - 1592
Carlos de Arellano
Nov 1592 - 1593
Bartolomé de Lences
1593 - 1603
Bernardino de Obando
1603 - 1622
Alonso Lara de Córdoba
1622
Cristóbal de Villagrán
1622 - 1623
Alonso Lazo de La Vega
1623 - 1625
Santiago Carvajal y Figueroa
1625 - 1627
Lázaro de Albizúa
1627 - 1630
Juan de Agüero
1630 - 1634
Francisco de Azagra y Vargas
1634 - 1641
Pedro Salazar de Velasco
1641 - 1660
Juan de Bracamonte Davila
1660 - 1665
Diego de Castro
1665 - 1669
Juan Fernández de Salinas y La Cerda
1669 - 1675
Antonio Termiño y Davila
1675 - 1681
Pablo de Loyola
1681 - 1682
Antonio Coello y Aguilera
1682 - 1692
Pedro Álvarez Castrillón
1692 - 1696
Gabriel Rodríguez Bravo de Hoyos
1696 - 1705
Pedro Gerónimo Luis de Comenares
y Camargo
1705 - 1706
Miguel de Camargo
1706 - 1720
José Calvo de Lara
1720 - 21 Aug 1721 Juan Sebastián
de Arancibia Izasi
1721 - 1724
Antonio Póveda y Rivadineira (1st time) (d. 1727)
1724 - 1727
Tomás Marcos, duque de Estrada
(1st time)
26 Jan 1727 - 7 Jul 1727 Antonio Póveda
y Rivadineira (2nd time) (s.a.)
26 Aug 1727 - 1728
Pedro Martínez de Uparrio
Aug 1728 - 1730
Tomás Marcos, duque de Estrada
(2nd time)
1730 - 1739
Bartolomé González-Fitoria y Valdez
1739 - 1740
Antonio Ortiz
21 Nov 1740 - 1745
José Antonio Lacayo de Briones y
Palacios
1745
Francisco Antonio Cáceres
y Molinedo
23 Aug 1745 - Dec 1746 Juan de Vera
Dec 1746 - 1752
Alonso Fernández de Heredia
1752 - 1756
José González Rancaño
1756 - 1759
Melchor Vidal de Lorca y
Villena (1st time)
1759 - 1761
Pantaleón Ibáñez Cuevas
1761 - 1766
Melchor Vidal de Lorca y
Villena (2nd time)(interim)
1766 - 1776
Domingo Cabello y Robles
(b. c.1725 - d. 1801)
1777 - 1779
Manuel de Quiroga
1779 - 1783
José de Estachería
1783 - 23 Dec 1786
Juan de Ayza y Blancazo Allue
y Palacín
Governors/Intendants of León
23 Dec 1786 - 1798
Juan de Ayza y Blancazo Allue
y Palacín
1798 - 13 Dec 1811
José de Salvador y Antoli
13 Dec 1811 - 1814
Nicolás García Jerez
(b. 1756 - d. 1825)
(Superior Political Chief)
1814 - 17 Sep 1816
Juan Bautista Gual y Curvelo (b. 1757 - d.
1816)
1816 - 1818
Manuel de Beltranena
1818 - 15 Sep 1821 Miguel
González de Saravia y Colarte (b. 1788 - d. 1848)
(from 1820, Superior Political Chief)
León
1524
León founded by Spain
21 Aug 1685 - 14 Sep 1685 León captured by pirates
under Dampier.
15 Sep 1821
Declaration of independence from Spain of the Kingdom
of Guatemala (encompassing all present
Central America
plus Chiapas).
28 Sep 1821
León, while awaiting developments with regard to Spain,
declares separation from the Kingdom
of Guatemala
(Acta de Nublados).
12 Oct 1821
Incorporated into Mexico (de jure situation ambiguous
[ratified 5 Jan 1822]).
17 Apr 1823
León declares itself an "orphan" and thus sovereign.
1 Jul 1823
The Central American Federation (see under Guatemala)
proclaims independence from Mexico
and invites those
provinces that had left the Kingdom
of Guatemala to join.
2 Jul 1823
León accedes to invitation; incorporation into Central America.
4 Jan 1825
León surrenders to the authority of Manuel Arzú,
commissioned by the federal government.
Superior Political Chief and Intendant
15 Sep 1821 - 12 Oct 1821 Miguel González
de Saravia y Colarte (b. 1788 - d. 1848)
President of the Provisional Governing Junta
17 Apr 1823 - 4 Jan 1825 Provisional Governing
Junta
- Pedro Solís Terán
(Primer Vocal)
- José del Carmen Salazar Lacayo
- Francisco Quiñónez
- Domingo Nicolás Galarza y
Briceño de Coca
- Basilio Carrillo
- José Valentín Fernández
Gallegos
- Juan Modesto Hernández
(some sources list the last two as
alternates)
Granada
1524
Granada founded by Spain.
4 Oct 1821
Granada reaffirms its being part of the Kingdom of
Guatemala, independent from Spain.
22 Nov 1821
At the instigation of the government of Guatemala, a
Governing Junta is established.
4 Feb 1822 - 16 Jan 1823 Incorporated into Mexico
(de jure situation ambiguous).
20 Apr 1823
José Anacleto Ordóñez is proclaimed General en
Jefe del Ejército
Protector y Libertador de Granada;
he acts as head of state
(e.g. in a treaty with León),
but sets up a Governing Junta.
2 Jul 1823
Part of Central American Federation (see under Guatemala).
22 Nov 1821 - 4 Feb 1822 Governing Junta
- Pío José Domitilo
Bolaños
Thomeu Santeliz
- Rafael Briceño
- Felipe Argüello Molina
- Dionisio del Castillo
20 Apr 1823 - 1823 Governing
Junta
- José Antonio Velázquez
- Bernabé Montiel
- Venancio Fernández
- Nicolás de la Rocha
Zapata (b. 1774 - d. 1846)
Commander in Chief of the Protective and Liberating
Army of Granada
20 Apr 1823 - 2 Jul 1823 José Anacleto
"Cleto" Ordóñez (b. 1778 - d.
1830)
Bermúdez
1823 - Jan 1825
Revolutionary Junta
- José Anacleto "Cleto" Ordóñez
(s.a.)
Bermúdez
- Raimundo Tiffer
- Juan Ignacio Marenco y López
del Corral
- Solano Castrillo
- Nicolás de la Rocha Zapata
(s.a.)
- Manuel Sandoval
Managua
President of the Governing Junta
Jul 1824 - 22 Jan 1825 Governing
Junta
- Policarpo Irigoyen
(initially president, and possibly
throughout entire
duration)
- Juan José Zavala
- Félix Alfaro
- José Crisanto Sacasa Parodi
(b. 1779 - d. 1824)
(to 26 Nov 1824)
- Pedro José Chamorro Argüello
(b. 1782 - d. 1824)
El Viejo
President of the Governing Junta
9 Aug 1824 - 27 Dec 1824 Juan Bautista
Salazar
Nicaragua
15 Sep 1821
Province of Nicaragua
2 Jul 1823
Incorporation into Mexico.
22 Apr 1825
State of Nicaragua (constituent state of Central American
Federation; see under Guatemala).
30 Apr 1838
Separation from the Federation sanctioned; promulgated
2 May 1838 (State of Nicaragua).
28 Feb 1854
Republic of Nicaragua
17 Sep 1896 State
of Nicaragua
1 Dec 1898
Republic of Nicaragua
Superior Political Chief and Intendant
11 Feb 1824 - 4 May 1824 José Justo
Milla Pineda Arriaga (b. 1794 - d. 1838) Fed
(appointed by Federal Government)
Pacificador of Nicaragua and Supreme
Government Commissioner
10 Oct 1824 - 22 Apr 1825 Manuel Arzú y Nájera
(b. 1775 - d. 1835)
Fed
(appointed by Federal Government)
President of the General Governing Junta
12 Nov 1824 - 26 Dec 1824 Manuel Arzú y Nájera
(s.a.)
Fed
(with representatives of the Juntas
of León,
Granada, Managua, and El Viejo having
declined participation; dissolved
by
order of the Federal Government)
Chiefs (often styled Supreme Chiefs, a term not mentioned
in the constitution)
22 Apr 1825 - 22 Apr 1826 Manuel Antonio de la Cerda
y (b. 1780 - d. 1828) Fed
Aguilar (1st time)
22 Apr 1826 - 14 Sep 1827 Juan Argüello del Castillo
y (b. 1778 - d. 1830) Fed
Guzmán (1st time)
(acting [for suspended Cerda from
Nov 1825] to 13 Aug 1826)
17 Sep 1826 - 26 Feb 1827 Pedro Benito Pineda de León
(d. 1827) PC
(acting, in dissidence, at Granada)
27 Feb 1827 - 7 Nov 1828 Manuel Antonio
de la Cerda y (s.a.)
Fed
Aguilar (2nd time)
(in dissidence except at León
and Granada)
14 Sep 1827 - Dec 1827 Pedro
Oviedo de Chinandega (b. 1792 - d. 1842)
PC
(provisional)
under the authority of:
José Anacleto "Cleto" Ordóñez
(b. 1778 - d. 1830) Mil/PL
(Commandant-General)
Dec 1827 - Aug 1828
chaos in León and Granada; sources mention
governing juntas, but no detail
is available
5 Aug 1828 - Apr 1829 Juan
Argüello del Castillo y (s.a.)
Fed
Guzmán (2nd time)
Apr 1829 - 10 May 1830 Juan Espinosa
(acting)
PC
10 May 1830 - Nov 1833 José
Dionisio de la Trinidad de (b. 1781 - d. 1850) PC
Herrera y Díaz del Valle
(resignation accepted 1 Mar 1833, rescinded
4 Mar 1833)
Dec 1833 - 10 Mar 1834 Benito Morales
(acting) (b. 1803 - d. 1889) Fed
10 Mar 1834 - 23 Apr 1835 José Núñez
(1st time)(acting) (d. 1880)
PC
23 Apr 1835 - 25 Jan 1837 José Zepeda
(b. 1784 - d. 1837) PC
25 Jan 1837 - 5 Jan 1839
José Núñez (2nd time)
(s.a.)
PC
Directors (often styled Supreme Directors, a term
not mentioned in constitution)
5 Jan 1839 - 1839 Evaristo
Rocha (acting)
PC
1839 - 15 May 1839 Joaquín del
Cósio (1st time) (b. 1789 -
d. 18..) PC
(acting)
15 May 1839 - 21 May 1839 Patricio Rivas (1st time)
(b. 1810? - d. 1867) PC
(provisional)
21 May 1839 - Oct 1839 Joaquín del Cósio
(2nd time) (s.a.)
PC
Oct 1839 - Nov 1839 Hilario Ulloa
PC
Nov 1839 - 27 Aug 1840 Tomás Valladares
PC
27 Aug 1840 - Mar 1841 Patricio Rivas
(2nd time) (s.a.)
PC
4 Mar 1841 - 1 Apr 1843 Pablo Sánchez
de Buitrago (b. 1807
- d. 1882) PC
Sandoval y Benavent
(usually Pablo Buitrago y Benavent)
1 Apr 1843 - 31 May 1843 Juan de Dios Orozco
(acting)
PC
31 May 1843 - 4 Nov 1844 Manuel Pérez
(b. 1800? - d. 1845) PC
4 Nov 1844 - 24 Jan 1845 Emiliano Madriz
(acting) (b. 1800 - d. 1844)
PC
16 Dec 1844 - 20 Jan 1845 Silvestre Selva Sacasa
(b. 1777 - d. 1855) PC
(acting, in dissidence in
Masaya)
20 Jan 1845 - 4 Apr 1845 Manuel Antonio
Blas Sáenz
PC
(acting, in dissidence to 24 Jan 1845)
4 Apr 1845 - 1 Apr 1847 José León
Sandoval
(b. 1789 - d. 1847) Rep
1 Apr 1847 - 6 Apr 1847 Miguel Ramón
Morales (acting) (d. 1855)
Rep
6 Apr 1847 - 1 Jan 1849 José Guerrero
Casco
(d. 1853) Rep
1 Jan 1849 - 8 Mar 1849 Bernardo Toribio
Terán Prado (b. 1785 - d. 18..)
PC
(acting)
8 Mar 1849 - 1 Apr 1849 José Benito Rosales
y Sandoval (b. 1795 - d. 1850)
PC
(acting)
1 Apr 1849 - 1 Apr 1851 Norberto Ramírez
Áreas
(b. 1800 - d. 1856) PC
1 Apr 1851 - 5 May 1851 José
Justo Abaunza y Muñoz de (b. 1777
- d. 1873) PC
Avilés (1st
time) (acting)
5 May 1851 - 4 Aug 1851 José Laureano
Pineda Ugarte (b. 1802 - d. 1853)
PL
(1st time)
5 Aug 1851 - 11 Nov 1851 José Justo Abaunza
y Muñoz de (s.a.)
PC
Avilés (2nd
time)(in dissidence in Léon)
6 Aug 1851 - 12 Aug 1851 José Francisco
del Montenegro (d. 1851)
PL
(acting)
12 Aug 1851 - 2 Nov 1851 José de Jesús
Alfaro (acting) (d. 1855)
PL
2 Nov 1851 - 1 Apr 1853 José Laureano Pineda
Ugarte (s.a.)
PL
(2nd time)
1 Apr 1853 - 28 Feb 1854 José Fruto Chamorro
Pérez
(b. 1804 - d. 1855) PL
Presidents
28 Feb 1854 - 12 Mar 1855 José Fruto Chamorro
Pérez
(s.a.)
PL
12 Mar 1855 - 20 Mar 1855 Ponciano Corral Acosta (de
facto) (b. 1805 - d. 1855) Mil
12 Mar 1855 - 25 Oct 1855 José María
Estrada Reyes (acting) (b. 1802 - d. 1856) Mil
30 Oct 1855 - 24 Jun 1857 Patricio Rivas (provisional)
(s.a.)
PC
24 Jun 1857 - 19 Oct 1857 Governing Junta
- Máximo José de Jesús
Jerez y (b.
1818 - d. 1881) PL
Tellería
- Tomás Martínez Guerrero
(b. 1820 - d. 1873) PC
19 Oct 1857 - 15 Nov 1857 Governing Junta
- Gregorio Juárez Sacasa
(b. 1800 - d. 1879) PL
- Rosalío Cortés Sánchez
(b.c.1820 - d. 1884) PC
15 Nov 1857 - 1 Mar 1867 Tomás Martínez
Guerrero
(s.a.)
PC
1 Mar 1867 - 1 Mar 1871 Fernando Guzmán
Solórzano
(b. 1812 - d. 1891) PC
26 Jun 1869 - 1869
Francisco Antonio Abad Baca (b.
1822 - d. 1901) PL
Aguilar (provisional;
in dissidence)
1 Mar 1871 - 1 Mar 1875 José Vicente
de la Quadra y Rui (b. 1812 - d. 1894) PC
Lugo (usually José Vicente
Quadra Lugo)
1 Mar 1875 - 1 Mar 1879 Pedro Joaquín
Chamorro Alfaro (b. 1818 - d. 1890)
PL
1 Mar 1879 - 1 Mar 1883 Joaquín
Javier Zavala Solís (b. 1835 - d. 1906)
PL
(1st time)
1 Mar 1883 - 1 Mar 1887 Adán Cárdenas
y del Castillo (b. 1836 - d. 1916)
PL
1 Mar 1887 - 1 Aug 1889 Evaristo Carazo
Aranda
(b. 1821 - d. 1889) PL
1 Aug 1889 - 6 Aug 1889 David Nicolás
Osorno (acting)
PC
6 Aug 1889 - 1 Jan 1891 Roberto Sacasa
Sarria (1st time) (b. 1840 - d. 1896) PC
(acting)
1 Jan 1891 - 1 Mar 1891 Ignacio Chávez
López (acting)
PC
1 Mar 1891 - 1 Jun 1893 Roberto Sacasa
Sarria (2nd time) (s.a.)
PC
30 Apr 1893 - 20 May 1893 Eduardo Montiel Cerda
(b. 1835 - d. 1900) Mil
(commandant of the Army Restoring
Order; in dissidence)
20 May 1893 - 1 Jun 1893 Revolutionary Government
Junta
(in dissidence)
- Joaquín Zavala Solís
(s.a.)
PC
- Eduardo Montiel Cerda
(s.a.) PC
- José Santos Zelaya López
(b. 1853 - d. 1919) PL
1 Jun 1893 - 12 Jul 1893 Salvador Machado Agüero
(acting)
PC
12 Jul 1893 - 16 Jul 1893 Government Junta
- José Miguel Vigil Ramírez
(b. 1833 - d. 1909)
- Francisco del Castillo
- Luciano Gómez Escobar
(d. 1919)
16 Jul 1893 - 31 Jul 1893 Joaquín Javier Zavala Solís
(s.a.)
PC
(2nd time)
31 Jul 1893 - 21 Dec 1909 José Santos Zelaya
López (1st time)(s.a.)
PL
(president of Government Junta [in
dissidence from 11 Jul
1893] to 15 Sep 1893; governor 1 Nov 1898 - 1 Dec 1898)
24 Feb 1896 - May 1896 Juan Francisco
Baca Ycaza
(b. 1855 - d. 1917) PL
(acting; in dissidence)
3 Feb 1899 - 26 Feb 1899 Juan Pablo Reyes Solís
(b. bf.1848-d. 1928) PL
(provisional; in dissidence)
21 Dec 1909 - 20 Aug 1910 José Madriz Rodríguez
(acting) (b. 1867 - d. 1911) PL
20 Aug 1910 - 27 Aug 1910 José Dolores Estrada
Morales (b. 18.. - d. 1911) PL
(acting)
27 Aug 1910 - 30 Aug 1910 Luis Mena Vado (1st time)
PL
(acting)
30 Aug 1910 - 9 May 1911 Juan José Estrada
Morales (b. 1872
- d. 1947) PL
(provisional [in dissidence from
11 Oct 1909]
to 1 Jan 1911)
9 May 1911 - 1 Jan 1917 Adolfo Díaz
Recinos (1st time) (b. 1875 - d. 1964) PC
(acting to 1 Jan 1913)
29 Jul 1912 - 23 Sep 1912 Luis Mena Vado (2nd time)
PL
(acting; in dissidence)
23 Sep 1912 - 4 Oct 1912 Benjamín
Francisco Zeledón
(b. 1879 - d. 1912) Mil/PL
Rodríguez
(supreme chief of government; in dissidence)
1 Jan 1917 - 1 Jan 1921 Emiliano
Chamorro Vargas (1st time)(b. 1871 - d. 1966) PC
1 Jan 1921 - 12 Oct 1923 Diego Manuel Chamorro
Bolaños (b. 1861 - d. 1923)
PN
12 Oct 1923 - Oct 1923 Rosendo Chamorro Oreamuno
(acting) (b. 1882 - d. 1947) PN
27 Oct 1923 - 1 Jan 1925 Bartolomé Martínez
Gonzalez (b. 1860 - d. 1936)
PC
1 Jan 1925 - 14 Mar 1926 Carlos José Solórzano
Gutiérrez (b. 1860 - d. 1936) PC
14 Mar 1926 - 11 Nov 1926 Emiliano Chamorro Vargas
(2nd time)(s.a.)
PC
11 Nov 1926 - 14 Nov 1926 Sebastián Uriza Vega
(acting) (b. 1861 - d. 1926)
PC
14 Nov 1926 - 1 Jan 1929 Adolfo Díaz Recinos
(2nd time) (s.a.)
PC
1 Dec 1926 - 20 May 1927 Juan Bautista
Sacasa Sacasa (b. 1874 - d. 1946)
PL
(1st time)(in dissidence)
1 Jan 1929 - 1 Jan 1933 José
María Moncada Tapia
(b. 1870 - d. 1945) PL
1 Jan 1933 - 6 Jun 1936 Juan Bautista Sacasa
Sacasa (s.a.)
PL
(2nd time)
6 Jun 1936 - 9 Jun 1936 Julián Irías
Sandre (acting) (b. 1873 - d. 1940) PL
9 Jun 1936
Guillermo Sevilla Sacasa (acting) (b. 1908 - d. 1997) PLN
(not installed)
9 Jun 1936 - 31 Dec 1936 Carlos Alberto Brenes Jarquín
(b. 1884 - d. 1942) PL
(acting)
1 Jan 1937 - 1 May 1947 Anastasio Somoza
García (1st time) (b. 1896 - d. 1956) Mil/PLN
1 May 1947 - 27 May 1947 Leonardo Argüello
Barreto (b. 1875
- d. 1947) PLN
27 May 1947 - 15 Aug 1947 Benjamín Lacayo Sacasa
(acting) (b. 1884 - d. 1959) PLN
15 Aug 1947 - 6 May 1950 Víctor Manuel
Román y Reyes (b. 1873
- d. 1950) PLN
6 May 1950 - 7 May 1950 Manuel Fernando
Zurita (acting)
PLN
(not installed)
7 May 1950 - 29 Sep 1956 Anastasio Somoza García
(2nd time) (s.a.)
Mil/PLN
28 Sep 1956 - 1 May 1963 Luis Anastasio Somoza
Debayle (b. 1922 - d. 1967) PLN
(acting [for Anastasio Somoza García
to 29 Sep 1956]
to 29 Sep 1956)
1 May 1963 - 3 Aug 1966 René Schick
Gutiérrez
(b. 1909 - d. 1966) PLN
3 Aug 1966
Orlando Montenegro Medrano (acting)(d. 1988)
PLN
3 Aug 1966 - 1 May 1967 Lorenzo Guerrero
Gutiérrez (b. 1900
- d. 1981) PLN
1 May 1967 - 1 May 1972 Anastasio Somoza
Debayle (1st time)(b. 1925 - d. 1980) Mil/PLN
1 May 1972 - 1 Dec 1974 National Government
Junta
- Roberto Martínez Lacayo
(b. 1899 - d. 1984) PLN/Mil
- Fernando Bernabé Aguero Rocha
(b. 1920 - d. 2011) PCN
(to 1 Mar 1973)
- Edmundo Paguaga Irías
(b. 1923 - d. 2008)
PCN
(from 1 Mar 1973)
- Alfonso Lovo Cordero
(b. 1927)
PLN
1 Dec 1974 - 16 Jul 1979 Anastasio Somoza Debayle
(2nd time)(s.a.)
Mil/PLN
16 Jul 1979 - 18 Jul 1979 Francisco Urcuyo Maliaño
(acting) (b. 1915 - d. 2001) PLN
18 Jul 1979 - 10 Jan 1985 Government Junta of National
Reconstruction
- José Daniel Ortega Saavedra
(b. 1945)
FSLN
(coordinator from 4 Mar 1981)
- Sergio Ramírez Mercado
(b. 1942)
FSLN
- Violeta Barrios Torres de
(b. 1929)
UDEL
Chamorro (f) (to 19 Apr 1980)
- Luis Alfonso Robelo Callejas
(b. 1939)
MDN
(to 22 Apr 1980)
- Moisés Hassán Morales
(b. 1942)
MPU
(to 4 Mar 1981)
- Rafael Ángel Córdova
Rivas (b. 1923 - d. 2009)
PCD
(from 18 May 1980)
- Arturo José Cruz Porras
(b. 1923)
FSLN
(18 May 1980 - 4 Mar 1981)
10 Jan 1985 - 25 Apr 1990 José Daniel Ortega
Saavedra (s.a.)
FSLN
(1st time)
25 Apr 1990 - 10 Jan 1997 Violeta Barrios Torres de
(s.a.)
UNO
Chamorro (f)
10 Jan 1997 - 10 Jan 2002 José Arnoldo Alemán
Lacayo (b.
1946)
PLC/AL
10 Jan 2002 - 10 Jan 2007 Enrique José Bolaños
Geyer (b. 1928)
PLC
10 Jan 2007 - José
Daniel Ortega Saavedra (s.a.)
FSLN
(2nd time)
Commanders of U.S. Forces
31 May 1910 - 5 Sep 1910 Smedley
D. Butler (b.
1881 - d. 1940)
23 Aug 1912 - 16 Dec 1912 Joseph H. Pendleton
(b. 1860 - d. 1942)
Dec 1912 - Jan 1913 Charles G.
Long (b.
1869 - d. 1943)
20 Feb 1927 - 9 Mar 1927 Clark H. Woodward
(b. 1877 - d. 1968)
9 Mar 1927 - Sep 1927 Logan
Feland (1st time) (b. 1869 - d.
1933)
Sep 1927 - Jan 1928
Louis M. Gulick
(b. 1879 - d. 1933)
Jan 1928 - 26 Mar 1929 Logan Feland
(2nd time) (s.a.)
27 Mar 1929 - 18 Apr 1929 Robert H. Dunlap
(b. 1879 - d. 1931)
18 Apr 1929 - 18 Apr 1930 Dion Williams
(b. 1869
- d. 1952)
1931
Federick L. Bradman
(b. 1879 - d. 1965)
Nov 1931 - Jan 1933 Randolph
C. Berkeley (b. 1875 -
d. 1960)
Territorial Disputes: Memorials and countermemorials were filed by the parties in Nicaragua's 1999 and 2001 proceedings against Honduras and Colombia at the ICJ over the maritime boundary and territorial claims in the western Caribbean Sea, final public hearings are scheduled for 2007; the 1992 ICJ ruling for El Salvador and Honduras advised a tripartite resolution to establish a maritime boundary in the Gulf of Fonseca, which considers Honduran access to the Pacific; legal dispute over navigational rights of San Juan River on border with Costa Rica.
Party abbreviations: AL = Alianza Liberal (Liberal
Alliance, coalition [PL, PLC, Partido Liberal Independiente de Unidad Nacional,
PLN]); FSLN = Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional (Sandinist
National Liberation Front, extreme left); MDN = Movimiento Democrático
Nicaragüense (Nicaraguan Democratic Movement); MPU = Movimiento
Popular Unido (United People Movement); NPF = Frente Patriótico
Nacional (National Patriotic Front); PC = Partido Conservador
Democrático (Conservative Democratic
Party); PLC = Partido Liberal Constitucionalista (Constitutional
Liberal Party, conservative); UDEL = Unión Democrática
de Liberación (Democratic Liberation Union); Mil = Military;
- Former parties: Fed = Federalista
(Federalist); PC = Partido Conservador (Conservative Party);
PL = Partido Liberal (Liberal Party); PLN = Partido
Liberal Nacionalista (Liberal Nationalist Party, personalist, authoritarian);
PN = Partido Nacional (National Party);
UNO = Unión Nacional Opositora (National Opposition Union, anti-Sadinista
coalition)
Rival government: State of Nicaragua (in León)
11
Jun 1854 - 30 Oct 1855
Directors (often styled Supreme
Directors, a term not mentioned in constitution)
11 Jun 1854 - 2 Sep 1855 Francisco Castellón
Sanabria (b. 1815 - d. 1855) PL
(provisional to 1 Apr 1855)
2 Sep 1855 - 30 Oct 1855 Nazario Escoto (acting)
PL
Rival government: Republic of Nicaragua (in Granada)
![[Republic of Nicaragua]](gua_1871.GIF)
20 Jun
1856 - 1 May 1857
Presidents
20 Jun 1856 - 12 Jul 1856 Fermín Ferrer
(provisional)
PC
12 Jul 1856 - 1 May 1857 William Walker Norvell
(b. 1824 - d. 1860) Mil
(Guillermo Walker Norvell)
Rival government: Republic of Nicaragua (in Somotillo)
29
Jun 1856 - 12 Sep 1856
Presidents
29 Jun 1856 - 13 Aug 1856 José María
Estrada Reyes (acting) (b. 1802 - d. 1856) PC
13 Aug 1856 - 12 Sep 1856 Nicasio del Castillo y Guzmán
(b. 1830 - d. ....) PC
(acting)
Mosquito (Mosquito Coast)
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![[Flag of Mosquito Coast (1824-c.1852)]](ni-mo182.gif)
![[Flag of Mosquito Coast (c.1852-1881)]](ni-mo183.gif)
![[Flag of Mosquito Coast (1881-1895)]](ni-mo186.gif)
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Capital: Bluefields (Cape Gracias a Dios to 1844) |
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1661
Mosquitian Nation established as a
kingdom.
Feb 1668
De facto English protectorate.
16 Mar 1740 - 14 Jul 1786 British protectorate (under
superintendent of British Honduras
from 1749; British forces withdrawn
Jun 1787).
29 Aug 1789 - 4 Sep 1800 Attempted Spanish settlements
(at Río Tino [29 Aug 1787-4 Sep 1800]
Cabo de Gracías a Dios [18
Aug 1788-1795], and Boca de Río
San Juan 21 Oct 1789 - ....]).
Jan 1848
San Juan del Norte (renamed Greytown) seized by Britain and given
to the Mosquito Kingdom.
Jun 1787 - 12 Sep 1861 De facto British
protectorate.
12 Sep 1861
Kingdom transformed into Mosquito Reservation under
Nicaraguan sovereignty.
6 Jul 1894 - 7 Aug 1894 U.S. occupation
of Bluefields.
7 Aug 1894
Reservation abolished, with full incorporation into
Nicaragua (ratified 28 Feb 1895).
Kings¹
1661 - 1677
Oldman I
1677 - 1686
Oldman II
(d. 1686)
1686 - 1720
Jeremy I
(b. c.1639 - d. 1720)
1720 - Oct 1729
Jeremy II
(d. 1729)
Oct 1729 - May 1739 Prince
Peter -King-regent (d. 1739)
May 1739 - Jan 1755 Edward
I
(b. 1721 - d. 1755)
Jan 1755 - Jan 1776
George I Samuel Roderick Kandler (b. c.1722 - d. 1776)
Jan 1776 - Oct 1800
George II Augustus
(b. 1757 - d. 1801)
(suspended Oct 1778 - Nov 1779)
Oct 1800 - 14 Nov 1815 Prince Stephen
-King-regent (b. c.1758 - d. af.1825)
14 Nov 1815 - 9 Mar 1824 George III Frederick
Augustus (b. 1797 - d. 1824)
9 Mar 1824 - 8 Oct 1841 Robert Charles
Frederick
(b. 1800 - d. 1842)
8 Oct 1841 - 4 May 1843 Archibald Alexander
Macdonald (d. c.1850)
(chairman Regency Commission)
4 May 1843 - 17 Apr 1845 Regency
- Prince Wellington
- Lowry Robinson
- Johnson (to 1843)
17 Apr 1845 - 12 Sep 1861 George IV Augustus Frederick
(b. 1832 - d. 1865)
Hereditary Chiefs
12 Sep 1861 - 27 Nov 1865 George IV Augustus
Frederick (s.a.)
27 Nov 1865 - 23 May 1866 Henry Patterson
(d. 1874)
(vice-president of the Council)
23 May 1866 - 5 May 1879 William Henry Clarence
(b. 1856 - d. 1879)
5 May 1879 - 17 Jun 1879 Charles Patterson (1st
time)
(vice-president of the Council)
17 Jun 1879 - 8 Nov 1888 George V William Albert
Hendy (b. 18.. - d. 1888)
8 Nov 1888 - 8 Mar 1889 Charles Patterson
(2nd time)
(vice-president of the Council)
8 Mar 1889 - 11 Nov 1890 Jonathan Charles Frederick
(b. 1865 - d. 1890)
11 Nov 1890 - 30 Jan 1891 Charles Patterson (3rd time)
(vice-president of the Council)
30 Jan 1891 - 7 Aug 1894 Robert Henry Clarence
(b. 1872 - d. 1908)
Chairmen of the State Council
1846 - 1848
Patrick Walker
(d. 1848)
1848 - 1849 William
Dougal Christie
(b. 1816 - d. 1874)
Vice-Presidents of the Executive Council
13 Sep 1861 - 1874
Henry Patterson
(s.a.)
1874 - 7 Aug 1894
Charles Patterson
British Superintendents
1749 - 1787
the Superintendents of British Honduras
7 Jan 1787 - 10 Dec 1787 C. Nesbitt
(d.
1797)
Spanish representative (de facto)
1787 - 1790
Robert Hodgson, Jr.
(d. 1791)
Commandants
- at Río Tino -
1787 - 17..
Gabriel de Hervías
c.1791
Tadeo Muniesa
c.1793
Antonio de Echeverría
- Cabo de Gracías a Dios -
1788 - 17..
Miguel Sánchez Pareja
c.1792
Manuel Salas
c.1794
Luís Abella
- at Boca de Río San Juan -
1789 - ....
Manuel Fernando Dambrine
Magistrate
1832 - 1842
William Hodgson
British Agents and Consuls-general
1844 - 1848
Patrick Walker
(s.a.)
1848 - 1849
William Dougal Christie
(s.a.)
1849
James Green (acting)
¹Full style of the
ruler to 12 Sep 1861: "King of the Mosquito Nation."
©2000 Ben Cahoon