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Belarus
 
[Russia flag]
23 Jan 1793 - 19 Feb 1918
 
[Belarus
                              white-red flag 1918, 1991-1995]
9 - 27 Mar 1918, 5 Sep - 31 Dec 1918
(semi-official 27 Jul 1942 - 3 Jul 1944)
[Flag of
                              Byelorussian SSR, Jan.1919-Feb. 1919 and
                              "Litbel" 1919-1920]
5 Jan 1919 - 3 Feb 1919;
27 Feb 1919 - 31 Jul 1920 "Litbel"
[Flag of Byelorussian
                            SSR in Feb.1919]
3 Feb 1919 - 27 Feb 1919
[Flag of
                              Byelorussian SSR 1920-1922]
31 Jul 1920 - 30 Dec 1922
[Flag of USSR
                              1922-1991]
30 Dec 1922 - 25 Dec 1991
[Belarus white-red
                            flag 1918, 1991-1995]
25 Aug 1991 - 7 Jun 1995
[Belarus flag 1995-2008]
7 Jun 1995 - 19 Mar 2008
                 
[Belarus flag
                            2008-2010]
19 Mar 2008 - 1 Jan 2010
[Belarus flag,
                            2010-2012]
1 Jan 2010 - 1 May 2012
 

[Belarus flag]
Adopted 1 May 2012
 



Map of Belarus
Hear National Anthem
"Dzyarzhawny Himn
Respubliki Belarus"
(National Anthem of
Republic of Belarus)

(1991-2002 without lyrics)
Adopted 1991 (lyrics 2 Jul 2002)
Former National  Anthem
"Vayatski Marsh"
(Warriors March)
(1919)
Constitution
 (1 Mar 1994)
--------------------------
Constituent Charter
(9 Mar 1918-1920)
Capital: Minsk
(Communist: Minsk [excl.19 Feb 1918 - 10 Dec 1918 Smolensk, 27 Feb 1919 - 19 Apr 1919 Vilnius, 8 Aug - 1 Sep 1919 Babruysk])
 (Non-Communist: Minsk [excl.
 Dec 1918-Dec 1919 Hrodna])
Currency: Belarusian Ruble
(BYR); 1991-92 Russian Ruble (RUR); 1942-44 German Reichskreditkassenscheine
(XDEK);
1918-1919  Darlehenskasse Ost Mark
 (DEOM); 1918 German
 Darlehenskasse Ost Ruble
(DEOR)
National Holiday: 3 Jul (1944)
Dzie' Niezaliezhnasci
(Independence Day)
Population: 9,501,451 (2024)
9,000,000 (1941 est.)
GDP: $176.2 billion (2022)
Exports: $46.8 billion (2022)
Imports: $42.3 billion (2022)
Ethnic groups: Belarusian 83.7%, Russian 8.3%, Polish 3.1%, Ukrainian 1.7%, other 3.2% (2009)
Total Active Armed Forces: 43,350 (2018)
Russian Forces: 1,500 (2015)
Former Nuclear Power: 81 weapons (1991-1996)
Merchant Marine: 4 ships (2023)
Religions: Orthodox 48.3%, Catholic 7.1%, other 3.5%,
 non-believers 41.1% (2011)
International Organizations/Treaties from 1991: ACS (observer), AIIB (nonregional), ANT, APM, BSEC (observer), BTWC, CBSS (observer)(suspended), CEI (suspended), CFE (suspended), CICA (observer), CIS, CSTO, CTBT, CWC, EAEU, EAPC (suspended), EBRD (suspended), ENMOD, ESCR, Eutelsat, FAO, GCTU, IAEA, IBEC (partner), IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, ICSID, IFC, IFRCS (suspended), IIB (observer), ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, Intersputnik, IOC (suspended), IOM, IPU, IRENA, ISA, ISO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NAM, NPT, NSG, NTBT, OPCW, OS, OSCE, OST, PCA, PFP (suspended), SCO, SUBR, UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-KP, UNFCC-PA, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer), ZC
Belarus Index
Chronology

5th cent.                  East Slavic tribes begin migration into the area
                             of present-day Belarus replacing the Baltic
                             tribes.
c.862                      Polotsk a part of the Grand Principality of Rus'
                             (see Ukraine).
c.987                      Polotsk
(Polot'sk, Polatsk) principality, under
                             the increasingly nominal suzerainty of Kiev Rus'.
14 Apr 1101               
Polotsk becomes internally divided into the
                            
principalities of Polotsk, Minsk (Mensk), Drutsk,
                             and
Vitebsk (Vitsebsk).

1243                       Polotsk avoids Mongol suzerainty, eventually it is
                             separated from Rus'.
c.1248                     Polotsk a vassal of Lithuania.
129. - 1307                Polotsk city area briefly under the rule of the
                             Livonian Order.
1307                       Polotsk
part of Lithuania (the principality
                             abolished 1387).
1320                       Vitebsk part of Lithuania (the principality
                             abolished 1394).
1326                       Minsk principality abolished by Lithuania.

 4 Jul 1569                Part of the Lithuanian "half" of Poland-Lithuania.
30 Jun 1655 - Jan 1661     Minsk occupied by Russia.
 3 Jul 1707 - Feb 1708    
Minsk occupied by Russia
Feb 1708 - 1709           
Minsk occupied by Sweden.
1709 - 1710               
Minsk occupied by Russia.
1733 - 1734               
Minsk occupied by Russia.
18 Sep 1773                Eastern Belarus is
annexed from Poland-Lithuania
                             Lithuania by Russia in First Partition of Poland

                             (by treaty, ratified by Poland 30 Sep 1773).
18 Sep
1793                Belarus (Minsk area) is annexed from Poland-
                             Lithuania by
Russia in Second Partition of Poland
                            
(by Russo-Polish treaty).
24 Oct 1795                Remaining western areas of modern Belarus annexed

                            
by Russia in the Third Partition of Poland.
 8 Jul 1812 - 16 Nov 1812  Minsk occupied by France. French occupied Belarus
                             is divided into the departments of Minsk, Grodno,
                             and Białystok (
Byalistok) as part of Grand
                             Principality of Lithuania (see Lithuania), and
                             the provinces of Moghilev (Mohilew/
Mohilef) and
                             Vitebsk (Witebsk) are subordinated to Governor-
                             General of Smolensk (see under Russia).

 
1 Feb 1863 - 10 Feb 1864  Russian rule disrupted in part of Belarus in
                             conjunction with the
"Second Insurrection" in
                             Poland
(see Lithuania).
1905 - 1906                Local rebellions part of Russian Revolution of 1905.
 7 Apr 1917 -  9 Apr 1917  First Congress of B
yelorussian (Belorussian)
                             National
Organizations (ZBNA) demands cultural -
                             national regional autonomy.
 
9 Apr 1917                Byelorussian National Committee (BNK)(chairman Roman
                             Aleksandrovich Skirmunt [Raman Alyaksandravich
                             Skirmunt] established by the ZBNA to develop
                             contacts with the Russian government.
21 Jul 1917 - 23 Jul 1917  Second Congress of B
yelorussian National
                             Organizations (ZBNA) seeks to unite
Byelorussian
                            
national organizations.
23 Jul 1917                BNK replaced by the Central Rada of B
yelorussian
                             O
rganizations (CRBA) as coordinating body of
                            
Byelorussian national parties and organizations.
28 Oct 1917 -  6 Nov 1917  Second session of CRBA, it is reorganized into Great
                             B
yelorussian Council (VBR)(chairman Vyacheslav
                             "Vaclav" Antonovich Adamovich [Vyachaslaw "Vaclaw"
                             Antonavіch Adamovich][b. 1864 - d. 1939] of BSG).
 7 Nov 1917                Coup d'état, "Ispolkom" of the Minsk Soviet takes
                             power.

18 Dec 1917                First All-Byelorussian Congress meets to organize
                             a regional administration.
Dispersed by Communist
                             forces on 31 Dec 1917.

29 Dec 1917                Rada of the All-B
yelorussian Congress (chairman Ivan
                             Nikitovich Sereda [Ivan Mikitavich Syerada])
                             established.
31 Dec 1917                Congress is dispersed by Communist forces, its
                             leadership bodies continue underground.
19 Jan 1918                Constituent assembly is dissolved by decree of the
                             Central Executive Committee.
18 Feb 1918                German invasion begins (as part of "Operation
                             Faustschlag"), on 19 Feb 1918 the Communists
                             evacuate Minsk (to Smolensk) leading to an
                            
insurgency by the Polish Legionaries Corps 19-21
                             Feb 1918
.

21 Feb 1918 -  9 Dec 1918  German
occupation of Minsk.
21 Feb 1918                People's Secretariat established by the Executive
                             Committee of the Board of the First All-
                             Byelorussian Congress.
 
3 Mar 1918                By the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Russia renounces
                             sovereignty over Belorussia to Germany (ratified
                             29 Mar 1918; annulled by armistice 11 Nov 1918).
 9 Mar 1918                Byelorussian
(Belorussian) People's Republic
                             (Belaruskaya Narodnaya Respublika) established
                             (within Russia)(not effected).

25 Mar 1918                Independence proclaimed in Minsk by the Rada,
                             claiming all Belorussian populated provinces
(not
                             effected)
.
27 Mar 1918                Rada claims power and as a consequence the
                             secretariat is shut down by German authorities.
10 Dec 1918                Soviet power re-established in Minsk province.

 5 Jan 1919                Byelorussian Socialist Soviet Republic (Savetskaya
                             Satsyyalistychnaya Respublika Belarus'/
                             Sotsialisticheskaya Sovetskaya Respublika
                             Belorussiya).
27 Feb 1919 -  1 Sep 1919  Merged into Socialist Conciliar ("Soviet") Republic
                             of Lithuania and Belorussia ("Litbel"), under
                             Russian pressure (see under Lithuania
).
 9 Feb 1919                Polish invasion begins.
19 Apr 1919                Polish occupation of Vilnius (government moves to
                             Minsk).
 
8 Aug 1919                Polish occupation of Minsk¹ (government moves to
                             Smolensk).
12 Dec 1919                Byelorussian People's Republic (restored) under 
                             Polish occupation. On 13 Dec 1919 new President of
                             B
yelorussian National Rada and government-in-exile
                             elected.
May 1920                   Rada signs an agreement with Poland making Belarus 
                             an autonomous part of Poland (not effected).
11 Jul 1920                Soviet rule restored¹, Rada again goes into exile.
31 Jul 1920                Byelorussian Socialist Soviet Republic (restored)
                            
(secession from "LitBel").
12 Oct 1920                Western Belarus ceded to Poland (by Poland-Soviet
                             Russia peace treaty, ratified 2 Nov 1920).
14 Nov 1920 - 28 Dec 1920  Military anti-Bolshevik uprising in Slutsk (Słuck).
16 Jan 1921                Soviet Russia signs the Union Treaty with the
                             nominally independent Belorussian S.S.R.
30 Apr 1921                Treaty of Riga ratified (signed 18 Mar 1921),
                             Poland retains about one-third of western Belarus.
30 Dec 1922                Founding component of the Soviet Union.
10 Mar 1924                Vitebsk and Mogilev transferred to Byelorussian
                             S.S.R. from the Russian S.F.S.R.
Oct 1925                   Self-liquidation of BNR Rada and government in exile
                             leadership returns to
Byelorussia (not fully
                             recognized by all members).
 6 Dec 1926                Gomel transferred to Byelorussian S.S.R. from
                             the Russian S.F.S.R.
28 Aug 1933                Orthography reformed, including canonical instead of
                             vernacular name forms (by resolution B.S.S.R.
                             Council of People's Commissars, effective 16 Sep
                             1933,
amended 1957/59).
 2 Feb 1937                Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
28 Sep 1939                Western regions incorporated into Byelorussian
                             S.S.R. (previously part of Poland 1920-1939).
22 Jun 1941                German invasion begins (completed 19 Aug 1941 by
                             occupation of Homel').
28 Jun 1941                German occupation of Minsk (remains under military
                             administration until 1 Sep 1941).
28 Jun 1941 -  3 Jul 1944  Occupied by Germany.
 1 Sep 1941                Belarus (the central part), is made General
                             District (Generalbezirk Weissruthenien), within
                             Reichskommissariat of Ostland (see under Latvia).
                             Eastern Belarus (Vitsebsk, Mahilew, Homel')
                             remains under military rule, Southern Belarus
                             (Brest, Pinsk, Mazyr) becomes part of the
                             Reichskommissariat of Ukraine until 25 Feb 1944.
 1 Apr 1944                Generalbezirk Weissruthenien separated from the
                             Reichskommissariat Ostland.
 3 Jul 1944                Minsk liberated by the Soviet Union (Brest is
                             liberated on 28 Jul 1944).
27 Jul 1944                Soviet-Poland border set at Curzon line (by Soviet-
                             Polish agreement,
amended by treaty 16 Aug 1945).
26 Jan 1990                Belarusian and Russian state languages.
27 Jul 1990                Declaration of state sovereignty.
19 Sep 1991                Republic of Belarus (Respublika Belarus')(use of
                             "Byelorussian S.S.R." allowed until 1993)
                             ("Belarus" as alternative polity style is endorsed
                             by law of 19 Sep 1991 and the 15 Mar 1994
                             constitution).
10 Dec 1991                Independence declared.
26 Dec 1991                Independence effective (dissolution of U.S.S.R.).
15 Mar 1994 - 27 Nov 1996  Belarusian the only state language (Russian is
                             recognized as a state language again in accordance
                             with Art. 17 of the Constitution of 27 Nov 1996).
26 Jan 2000                Member of the Union State of Russia and Belarus
23 Jul 2008                Orthography reform (by law No.420-3, effective
                             1 Sep 2010).

Belarus Admin.
Divisions
Belorussian
Republic
in Exile

(from 1919)
Byelorussian
Soviet Socialist
Republic

(1919-1991)
Pro-Soviet
Resistance
to German
Occupation

(1942-1944)
 Historical Maps
of Belarus
Orthodox Church
of Belorussia

(1922-1946)
 
 
 
 

Note: In Belarus until 1991 persons were commonly known by the Russian forms of their names. Therefore, in this record until 1991 Russian name forms are given first, with Belarusian (then commonly called Byelorussian or Belorussian) forms in parentheses. For records after 1991 the Belarusian forms are given first instead, with Russian equivalents in parentheses. Both forms are transliterated using a modified BGN/PCGN romanization system.  All dates after 1584 are in New Style (NS) format.

Russian Governors-general of Mogilyov, Pskov (to 1776) and Polotsk (from 1776)
(with title Namestnik)(in Mogilyov)
Jun 1772 - Feb 1782        Graf Zakhar Grigoryevich           (b. 1722 - d. 1784)
                             Chernyshyov (Chernyshev)
Feb 1782 - Dec 1796        Pyotr Bogdanovich Passek           (b. 1736 - d. 1804)
Dec 1796 - Feb 1802        Post abolished
Russian Military governors of Belorussia and Chief administrators of Civil affairs for
Vitebsk and Mogilyov Governorates (in Vitebsk; with rights of governor-general)
27 Feb 1802 - 1803         Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Rimskiy-    (b. 1753 - d. 1840)
                             Korsakov
1803 - 1806                Ivan Ivanovich Mikhel'son          (b. 1740 - d. 1807)
                             (Johann von Michelsohnen)
1806 - 1811                Vacant
 3 Apr 1811 - 1812         Gertsog Aleksandr Vyurtembergskiy  (b. 1771 - d. 1833)
                             (= Alexander Friedrich Karl Herzog
                             von Würtemberg)(1st time)
Russian Governors-general of Minsk, Izyaslav (from 1795, Volhynia) and Bratslav
(from 1795, Podolia)(with title Namestnik) (in Minsk)
May 1793                   Graf Mikhail Nikitich Krechetnikov (b. 1729 - d. 1793)
May 1793 - Dec 1796        Timofey Ivanovich Tutol'min        (b. 1740 - d. 1809)
Russian Chief administrators of Civil affairs for Minsk Governorate
(with rights of governor-general)
1796 - 1801                the Military governors of Kamenets-Podol'skiy
1801 - 1808                the Military governors of Kiev
1808 - 1812                Vacant
French Governor of Minsk Department
Jul 1812 - Nov 1812        Mikołaj Bogdan Kajetan Oppeln-     (b. 1772 - d. 1817)
                             Bronikowski (= Nicolas Bronikowski)
French Governor of Grodno Department
Jul 1812 - Dec 1812        Jean Antoine Brun                  (b. 1761 - d. 1826)
French Governor of Byalistok (Białystok) Department
Jul 1812 - 24 Dec 1812     Jacques Martin Madeleine Ferrière  (b. 1771 - d. 1813)
French Governors of Witebsk (Vitebsk) Province
Aug 1812 - Sep 1812        Henri François Marie, comte        (b. 1769 - d. 1831)
                             Charpentier
Sep 1812 - Nov 1812        François René Pouget de Cailloux   (b. 1767 - d. 1851)
French Governor of Mohilew/Mohilef (Moghilev) Province
Aug 1812 - Nov 1812        Pedro de Almeida Portugal,         (b. 1754 - d. 1813)
                             marquês de Alorna
Russian Military governor of Belorussia and Chief administrator of Civil affairs
for Vitebsk and Mogilyov Governorates
(in Vitebsk; with rights of governor-general)
1812 - 1814                Vacant
1814 - Aug 1822            Gertsog Aleksandr Vyurtembergskiy  (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
Russian Governors-general of Vitebsk, Mogilyov, Smolensk and (to 1831) Kaluga (in Vitebsk)
1823 - 22 May 1836         Knyaz' Nikolay Nikolayevich        (b. 1777 - d. 1837)
                             Khovanskiy
22 May 1836 - 1846         Pyotr Nikolayevich Dyakov          (b. 1788 - d. 1860)
1846 - 10 Jun 1853         Knyaz' Andrey Mikhaylovich Golitsyn(b. 1792 - d. 1863)
 6 Aug 1853 - 1854         Pavel Nikolayevich Ignatyev        (b. 1797 - d. 1880)
1854 - 29 Feb 1856         Knyaz' Mikhail Aleksandrovich      (b. 1802 - d. 1883)
                             Urusov
29 Feb 1856 - 1863         Post abolished
Russian Chief administrators of Civil affairs for Vitebsk and Mogilyov Governorates
(with rights of governor-general)
1863 - 1869                the Governors-general of Vilnius
Russian Military governors (from 1831, temporary military governors) of Minsk and Chief administrators of Civil affairs for Minsk Governorate (with rights of governor-general)
1812 - 1815                Gavriil Aleksandrovich Ignatyev    (b. 1768 - d. 1852)
1815 - 1831                Vacant
1831                       Knyaz' Nikolay Andreyevich         (b. 1792 - d. 1847)
                             Dolgorukiy
1831 - 1832                Graf Sergey Grigoryevich Stroganov (b. 1794 - d. 1882)
1832 - 1856                the Military governors of Vilnius as
                           governors-general of Minsk
1856 - 1861                Vacant
1861                       Nikolay Matveyevich Yafimovich     (b. 1804 - d. 1874)
1861 - 1862                Sergey Yegorovich Kushelev         (b. 1821 - d. 1890)
1862 - 1863                the Military governors of Vilnius as
                           governors-general of Minsk
1863 - 1864                Vasiliy Ivanovich Zabolotskiy      (b. 1807 - d. 1877)
1864 - 1870                the Governors-general of Vilnius as
                           governors-general of Minsk
1870                       Post abolished
Chairman of the Military Revolutionary Committee of Belarus and the Western Front ("Ispolkom")
 9 Nov 1917 -  9 Dec 1917  Aleksandr Fyodorovich Myasnikov    (b. 1886 - d. 1925)  RSDRP-B
                             (Alyaksandr Fyodaravich Myasnikow
                              = Aleksandr Teodorosi Myasnikyan)
Chairmen of the Council of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies of the
West Region Executive Committee and the Western Front
 9 Dec 1917 - Dec 1917     Nikolay Vladimirovich Rogozinskiy  (b. 1886 - d. 1941)  RSDRP-B
                             (Mikalay Uladzimiravich Rohozinski)
Chairman of the Rada of the All-Byelorussian Congress
29 Dec 1917 - 31 Dec 1917  Ivan Nikitovich Sereda             (b. 1879 - d. 1943?) BSG
                             (Ivan "Yanka" Mikitavich Syerada)
Chairmen of the Council of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies of the
West Region Executive Committee and the Western Front
30 Jan 1918 - 16 Sep 1918  Aleksandr Fyodorovich Myasnikov    (s.a.)               RKP
16 Sep 1918 -  1 Jan 1919  Semyon Varfolomeyevich Ivanov      (b. 1880 - d. 1955)  RKP
                             (Syamyon Varfalamyeyevich Ivanow)
Commander of the 1st Polish Corps in Russia (in Minsk)
19 Feb 1918 - 21 Feb 1918  Iosif Romanovich Dovbor-Musnitskiy (b. 1867 - d. 1937)  Mil
                             (Yazep Romanovich Dovbor-Musnitski
                              = Józef Dowbor-Musńicki)
German Commanders of the 10th Army (in Minsk)
21 Feb 1918 - 29 Mar 1918  Emil Gottfried Hermann von         (b. 1848 - d. 1918)  Mil
                             Eichhorn
29 Mar 1918 -  9 Dec 1918  Erich Georg Sebastian von          (b. 1861 - d. 1922)  Mil
                             Falkenhayn
Chairmen of the Executive Committee of the Rada of
the All-Byelorussian Congress (operating underground)
31 Dec 1917 -  3 Jan 1918  Tomash Tomashevich Grib            (b. 1895 - d. 1938)  BPSR
                             (Tamash Tamashavich Hryb)
 3 Jan 1918 - 19 Mar 1918  Iosif Yakovlevich Voronko          (b. 1891 - d. 1952)  BSG
                             (Yazep Yakawlyevich Varonka)
President of the Rada of the Byelorussian People's Republic
19 Mar 1918 - 14 May 1918  Ivan Nikitovich Sereda             (s.a.)               BSG   
                             (Ivan "Yanka" Mikitavich Syerada)
14 May 1918 - 10 Dec 1918  Iosif Yuryevich Lyosik             (b. 1884 - d. 1940)  SDP
                             (Yazep Yuryevich Lyosik)
                             (in opposition to 13 Dec 1919)
Chairman of the Provisional Councils of Government Workers' and Peasants of Byelorussia
 5 Jan 1919 -  3 Feb 1919  Dmitriy Fyodorovich Zhilunovich    (b. 1887 - d. 1937)  KPB-B  
                             (Z'mitser Khvedaravich Zhylunovich)
 3 Feb 1919 - 27 Feb 1919  Aleksandr Fyodorovich Myasnikov    (s.a.)               KPB-B
27 Feb 1919 - 25 Aug 1919  part of Lithuanian-Belorussian Socialist
                             Soviet Republic
(see Lithuania)
 8 Aug 1919 - 11 Jul 1920 
Polish occupation
11 Jul 1920 - 31 Jul 1920  Soviet Russian occupation
Chairman of the Military Revolutionary Committee
31 Jul 1920 - 18 Dec 1920  Aleksandr Grigoryevich Chervyakov  (b. 1892 - d. 1937)  KPB-B
                            
(Alyaksandr Ryhoravich Charvyakow)
President of the Byelorussian Provisional Government
14 Nov 1920 - 28 Nov 1920  Stanislav Nikodimovich Bulak-      (b. 1883 - d. 1940)  Mil
                            
Balakhovich
                            
(Stanislaw Nikadzimavich Bulak-Balakhovich)
                             (in rebellion, in Slutsk)
Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee

18 Dec 1920 - 16 Jun 1937  Aleksandr Grigoryevich Chervyakov  (s.a.)               KPB-B
German Commander-in-chief of Army Group Center (Heeresgruppe Mitte)  
28 Jun 1941 -  1 Sep 1941  Fedor von Bock                     (b. 1880 - d. 1945)  Mil
Generalkommissare für Weissruthenien
 
1 Sep 1941 - 22 Sep 1943  Wilhelm Paul Richard Kube          (b. 1887 - d. 1943)  NSDAP
22 Sep 1943 - 27 Sep 1943  Vacant
27 Sep 1943 -  3 Jul 1944  Curt von Gottberg (acting)         (b. 1896 - d. 1945)  NSDAP
Chairmen of the Supreme Council
25 Aug 1991 - 26 Jan 1994  Stanislaw Stanislavavich           (b. 1934 - d. 2022)  Non-party
                             Shushkyevich
                             (Stanislav Stanislavovich Shushkevich)
                             (acting to 19 Sep 1991) 
26 Jan 1994 - 28 Jan 1994  Vyachaslaw Mikalayevich Kuznyatsow (b. 1947)            Non-party
                             (Vyacheslav Nikolayevich Kuznetsov)
                             (acting)
28 Jan 1994 - 20 Jul 1994  Myechyslaw Ivanavich Hryb          (b. 1938)            Non-party
                             (Mechislav Ivanovich Grib)
President
20 Jul 1994 -              Alyaksandr Ryhoravich Lukashenka   (b. 1954)            Non-party
                             (Aleksandr Grigoryevich Lukashenko)                 


Intendant of Minsk Department, President of administrative commission
Jul 1812 - Nov 1812        Sébastien Louis Saulnier           (b. 1790 - d. 1835)
Intendant of Grodno Department, President of administrative commission
Jul 1812 - Dec 1812        François Boleslas Casimir Duval de (b. 1780 - d. 1842)
                             Chassenon de Curzay
Intendant of
Byalistok (Białystok) Department, President of administrative commission
Jul 1812 - Dec 1812        Adrien Louis-Jules Cochelet        (b. 1788 - d. 1858)
Intendant of
Witebsk (Vitebsk) Province
Aug 1812 - Nov 1812        Amédée David, marquis de Pastoret  (b. 1791 - d. 1857)
Intendant of
Mohilew/Mohilef (Moghilev) Province
Aug 1812 - Nov 1812        Alfred Louis Marie Fesquet, baron  (b. 1771 - d.af.1832)
                             de Baulche
Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars of Western Region and Front

 
9 Dec 1917 - Jan 1918     Karl Ivanovich Lander              (b. 1883 - d. 1937)  RSDRP-B
                            
(Karl Ivanavich Landar)
                             (= Kārlis Landers)
Jan 1918 - 21 Feb 1918     Moisey Iosifovich Kalmanovich      (b. 1887 - d. 1937)  RKP

                             (Maysyey Iosifavich Kalmanovich)
Chairmen of the People's Secretariat
(in rebellion)

21 Feb 1918 - 14 May 1918  Iosif Yakovlevich Voronko          (b. 1891 - d. 1952)  BSG
                             (Yazep Yakawlyevich Varonka)
14 May 1918 - 21 Jul 1918  Roman Aleksandrovich Skirmunt      (b. 1868 - d. 1939)  Non-party?
                             (Raman Alyaksandravich Skirmunt)
21 Jul 1918 - 11 Oct 1918  Ivan Nikitovich Sereda             (s.a.)               PSF
                             (Ivan "Yanka" Mikitavich Syerada)
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers
(in rebellion)
11 Oct 1918 - 10 Dec 1918  Anton Ivanovich Lutskevich         (b. 1884 - d. 1942)  SDP
                             (Anton Ivanavich Lutskyevich)
                             (1st time)(in exile 3 Dec 1918-1 Dec 1919)
13 Dec 1919 - 28 Feb 1920  Anton Ivanovich Lutskyevich        (s.a.)               SDP
                             (2nd time)
Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars

18 Dec 1920 - 17 Mar 1924  Aleksandr Grigoryevich Chervyakov  (s.a.)               KPB-B
                             (Alyaksandr Ryhoravich Charvyakow)
Chairman of the Council of Ministers 
 7 Apr 1990 - 22 Jul 1994  Vyachaslaw Frantsavich Kyebich     (b. 1936 - d. 2020)  KPB;1991
                             (Vyacheslav Frantsevich Kebich)                       Non-party
Prime ministers
22 Jul 1994 - 18 Nov 1996  Mikhail Mikalayevich Chyhir'       (b. 1948)            Non-party
                             (Mikhail Nikolayevich Chigir)
18 Nov 1996 - 18 Feb 2000  Syarhyey Stsyapanavich Linh        (b. 1937)            Non-party
                             (Sergey Stepanovich Ling)
                             (acting to 19 Feb 1997)
18 Feb 2000 -  1 Oct 2001  Uladzimir Vasilyevich Yarmoshyn    (b. 1942)            Non-party
                             (Vladimir Vasilyevich Yermoshin)
                             (acting to 14 Mar 2000)
 1 Oct 2001 - 10 Jul 2003  Hyenadz' Vasilyevich Navitski      (b. 1949)            Non-party
                             (Gennadiy Vasilyevich Novitskiy)
                             (acting to 10 Oct 2001)
10 Jul 2003 - 28 Dec 2010  Syarhyey Syarhyeyevich Sidorski    (b. 1954)            Non-party
                             (Sergey Sergeyevich Sidorskiy)
                             (acting to 19 Dec 2003 and 8 - 18 Apr 2006)
28 Dec 2010 - 27 Dec 2014  Mikhail Uladzimiravich Myasnikovich(b. 1950)            Non-party
                             (Mikhail Vladimirovich Myasnikovich)
27 Dec 2014 - 18 Aug 2018  Andrey Uladzimiravich Kabyakow     (b. 1960)            Non-party
                             (Andrey Vladimirovich Kobyakov)
18 Aug 2018 -  4 Jun 2020  Syarhyey Mikalayevich Rumas        (b. 1969)            Non-party
                             (Sergey Nikolayevich Rumas)   
 4 Jun 2020 -              Raman Alyaksandravіch Halouchanka  (b. 1973)            Non-party
                             (Roman Aleksandrovich Golovchenko)                 



Byelorussian Republic in Exile
 
[Flag of Rada of
                                Byelorussian People's Republic in Exile
                                1920-1925] 1920 - 1995 Exile Rada Flag
[Belarus white-red
                                flag 1918, 1991-1995]
1919 - 1920, Re-adopted 1925

Chairmen of the Rada (acting as Presidents)
13 Dec 1919 -  8 Mar 1928  Pyotra Antonavich Krechewski       (b. 1879 - d. 1928)  PSF
                             (Pyotr Antonovich Krechevskiy)
                             (in Kaunas to Apr 1923, then Berlin exile)
 8 Mar 1928 -  6 Mar 1943  Vasil' Ivanavich Zakharka          (b. 1877 - d. 1943)  PSF
                             (Vasiliy Ivanovich Zakharko)
                             (in Prague exile)
 6 Mar 1943 - 29 May 1970  Mikalay Syamyonavich Abramchyk     (b. 1903 - d. 1970)
                             (Nikolay Semyonovich Abramchik)
                             (in Prague to 1945, then in Paris exile)
29 May 1970 - 27 Nov 1982  Vintsent Antonavіch Zhuk-          (b. 1903 - d. 1989)
                             Hryshkevich (in Canada exile)
                             (Vikentiy Antonovich Zhuk-Grishkevich)
27 Nov 1982 - 31 Aug 1997  Yazep Symonavіch Sazhych           (b. 1917 - d. 2007)  BNP
                             (Iosif Simonovich Sazhich)
                             (in U.S. exile)
31 Aug 1997 -              Ivonka Uladzimirawna Survilla (f)  (b. 1936)
                             (Ivonka Vladimirovna Survilla)
                             (in Canada exile)


Chairmen of the Council of People's Ministers
13 Dec 1919 - 23 May 1923  Vaclaw Yustynavich Lastowski       (b. 1883 - d. 1938)  PSR
                             (Vatslav Yustinovich Lastovskiy)
                             (in Kaunas to Apr 1923, then Berlin)
23 May 1923 - Oct 1925     Alyaksandar Ivanavich Ts'vikyevich (b. 1888 - d. 1937)  PSF
                             (Aleksandr Ivanovich Ts'vikevich)
                             (in Berlin exile)
12 Dec 1925 -  6 Mar 1943  Vasil' Ivanavich Zacharka          (s.a.)               PSF
                             (in Prague in exile)
 6 Mar 1943 - Mar 1946     Mikalay Syamyonavich Abramchyk     (s.a.)
Mar 1946 - Jun 1948        Awhyen Todaravich Kalubovich       (b. 1910 - d. 1987)
                             (Yevgeniy Fyodorovich Kolubovich)
                             (in West Germany exile)

Byelorussian Central Rada (in opposition to exile BNR Rada)

[Belarus white-red
                      flag 1918, 1991-1995]

Chairmen of the Central Rada

21 Dec 1943 - 24 Sep 1945  Radaslaw Kazіmіravіch Astrowski    (b. 1887 - d. 1976)  Non-party
                             (Radoslav Kazimirovich Ostrovskiy)
                             (from 30 Jun 1944, in Germany exile)
                             (1st time)
24 Sep 1945 - 24 Sep 1948  Vacant
 9 May 1948 - 17 Oct 1976  Radaslaw Kazіmіravіch Astrowski    (s.a.)

                             (in [W.]Germany exile to 1956, then in U.S.)
                             (2nd time)
 4 Jul 1977 -  6 Dec 1987  Nikandar Myadzeyka                 (b. 1914 - d. 1987)
                             (Nikandar Medeyko)
17 Sep 1988 - 24 Apr 1995  Mikhas Mikhaylavich Zuy            (b. 1909 - d. 1995)
                             (Mikhail Mikhaylovich Zuy)
                             (in Sydney, Australia exile)

 ¹During the Polish and Russian occupation, there were two rebel revivals in part of the country of the Belarussian People's Republic.

Territorial Disputes: Boundary demarcated with Latvia and Lithuania; as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Poland has implemented strict Schengen border rules to restrict illegal immigration and trade along its border with Belarus.  

Party abbreviations: BPR = Byelaruskaya Patryyatychnaya Partyya/Belorusskaya Patrioticheskaya Partiya (authoritarian, to 1996 named Belarusian Patriotic Movement, est.1995); Mil = Military;
- Former parties: BNP = Byelaruskaya Nyezalyezhnitskaya Partyya (Belorussian Independence Party, est.1939/40); BSG = Byelaruskaya Satsyyalistychnaya Hramada/Belorusskiy Sotsialisticheskaya Gromada (Belorussian Socialist Union, 1903-1918, split into PSF, PSR and SDP); KPB = Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Belorussii/Kamunistychnaya Partyya Byelarusi (Communist Party of Byelorussia, communist, state party, former KPB-B, 13 Oct 1952-25 Aug 1991); KPB-B = Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bolsheviki) Belorussii/Kamunistychnaya Partyya (Balshaviki) Byelarusi (Communist Party [Bolsheviks] of Byelorussia, communist, merged 4 Mar 1919 - 5 Sep 1920 into Communist Party of Lithuania and Byelorussia, state party, 31 Dec 1918 - 4 Mar 1919 and 5 Sep 1920 - 13 Oct 1952, renamed KPB); NSDAP = Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (National Socialist German Workers' Party, Nazi fascist, authoritarian, German nationalist, 1920-1945); PSF = Belorusskaya Partiya Sotsyalistov-Federalistov/Byelaruskaya Partyya Satsyyalistaw-Fyederalistaw (Belorussian Party of Socialist-Federalists, split from BSG, 1918-1921); PSR = Belorusskaya Partiya Sotsialistov-Revolyutsionerov/Byelaruskaya Partyya Satsyyalistaw-Revalyutsyyanyeraw (Belorussian Party of Socialists-Revolutionaries, split from BSG, 1918-1924); RKP = Rossiyskaya Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)(Russian Communist Party [Bolsheviks]Marxist-Leninist communist, state party, former RSDRP-B, 8 Mar 1918 - 31 Dec 1925, renamed Vsesoyuznaya Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)[All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)]); RSDRP-B = Rossiyskaya Sotsial-Demokraticheskaya Rabochaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)(Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party [Bolsheviks], Russian revolutionary socialist, Marxist communist, from 8 Nov 1917 state party, 1 Mar 1898-8 Mar 1918, renamed RKP); SDP = Belorusskaya Sotsial-Demokraticheskaya Partiya/Byelaruskaya Satsyyal-Demakratychnaya Partyya (Belorussian Social Democratic Party, split from BSG, 1918-1924)



Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
 
[Flag of Byelorussian SSR,
                                  Jan.1919-Feb. 1919 and
                                  "Litbel" 1919-1920]]
5 Jan 1919 - 3 Feb 1919;
27 Feb 1919 - 31 Jul 1920 "Litbel"
 
[Flag of
                                Byelorussian SSR Feb.1919]
3 Feb 1919 - 27 Feb 1919
[Flag of
                                      Byelorussian SSR 1920-1927
                                      (USSR)]
31 Jul 1920 - 11 Apr 1927
[Flag of
                                        Byelorussian SSR 1927-1937
                                        (USSR)]
11 Apr 1927 - 5 Apr 1937
[Flag of
                                        Byelorussian SSR 1937-1952
                                        (USSR)]
5 Apr 1937 - 27 Mar 1952
[Flag of
                                        Byelorussian SSR, 1952-1991
                                        (USSR)]
27 Mar 1952 - 25 Aug 1991
Capital: Minsk
Hear SSR Anthem
"Dzyarzhawny Himn
Byelaruskay Savyetskay Satsyyalistychnay Respubliki" ("Gosudarstvennyy Gimn
 Belorusskoy Sovetskoy
Sotsialisticheskoy
Respubliki")
(State Anthem of
Byelorussian S.S.R.)
(24 Sep 1955-1991)
---------------------------------------------
Former Anthem
"Internatsyyanal"
(The Internationale)
(1919-1922, de facto possibly)

Constitution
(13 Feb 1937-14 Apr 1978)
----------------------------------
Constitution
(14 Apr 1978)
------------------------------------------
Constitutions
(3 Feb 1919, 11 Apr 1927)
Population: 9,560,000 (1980)
1,541,000 (1923)

International Organizations/Treaties (1945-1991): ENMOD, ESCR, IAEA, ILO, Inmarsat, ITU, NTBT, OST, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNDP, UNEP, UNESCO, UNICEF, UNIDO, UPU, WFP, WHO, WIPO, WMO
Byelorussian oblasts

Note: Russian names with Byelorussian (Belarusian) in parentheses until 27 Jul 1990, then  Byelorussian (Belarusian) names with Russian in parentheses using a modified BGN/PCGN romanization system.

 5 Jan 1919                Byelorussian Socialist Soviet Republic (Savetskaya
                             Satsyyalistychnaya Respublika Belarus'/Sotsialisticheskaya
                             Sovetskaya Respublika Belorussiya)(s.a.)
27 Feb 1919 -  1 Sep 1919  Merged into Socialist Conciliar ("Soviet") Republic of
                            
Lithuania and Belorussia ("Litbel"), under Russian pressure
                             (see under Lithuania).
 1 Sep 1919                "Litbel" is dissolved in exile in Smolensk, Russia.
31 Jul 1920                Byelorussian Socialist Soviet Republic (restored)
16 Jan 1921                Union Treaty with the Russian S.F.S.R.
30 Dec 1922                Founding component of the Soviet Union (see under Russia).
19 Feb 1937                Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (Belaruskaya Savetskaya
                             Satsyyalistychnaya Respublika/Belorusskaya Sovetskaya
                             Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika).
28 Jun 1941 -  3 Jul 1944  Minsk (eventually all Belarus) occupied by Germany, from 1 Sep
                             1941 the central part of Belarus is part of Reichskommissariat
                             Ostland (see under Latvia).
27 Jul 1990                State sovereignty declared.
19 Sep 1991                Republic of Belarus
(Respublika Belarus').
10 Dec 1991                Independence declared.
 
Executive Secretaries of the Central Committee of the Communist Party
(Bolsheviks) of Byelorussia 
10 May 1921 - 11 May 1922  Vilgelm Georgiyevich Knorin        (b. 1890 - d. 1939)
                             (Knorinsh) (1st time)
                             (Vilhelm Heorhiyevich Knoryn [Knorynsh]
                             = Vilhelms Knoriņš)
11 May 1922 - 12 Feb 1924  Vatslav Antonovich Bogutskiy       (b. 1884 - d. 1937)
                             (Vatslaw Antonavich Bahutski
                             = Wacław Bogucki)
12 Feb 1924 - 29 Sep 1924  Aleksandr Nikolayevich Asatkin-    (b. 1885 - d. 1937)
                             Vladimirskiy 
                             (Alyaksandr Mikalayevich Asatkin-
                              Uladzimerski)
                             (interim to 15 May 1924)
29 Sep 1924 - 12 Dec 1925  Aleksandr Ivanovich Krinitskiy     (b. 1894 - d. 1937)
                             (Alyaksandr Ivanavich Krynitski)
First Secretaries of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
of Byelorussia (from 13 Oct 1952, Communist Party of Byelorussia)
12 Dec 1925 -  5 May 1927  Aleksandr Ivanovich Krinitskiy     (s.a.)
 5 May 1927 -  1 Dec 1928  Vilgelm Georgiyevich Knorin        (s.a.)
                             (Knorinsh) (2nd time)
 1 Dec 1928 -  5 Nov 1929  Yan Borisovich Gamarnik            (b. 1894 - d. 1937)
                             (Yan Barysavich Hamarnik)
 5 Nov 1929 -  8 Jan 1930  Ivan Antonovich Vasilyevich        (b. 1894 - d. 1937)
                             (Ivan Antonavich Vasilyevich)
                             (acting)
 8 Jan 1930 - 23 Jan 1932  Konstantin Venyaminovich Gey       (b. 1896 - d. 1939)
                             (Kanstantsin Vyenyyaminavich Hyey)
23 Jan 1932 - 18 Mar 1937  Nikolay Fyodorovich Gikalo         (b. 1897 - d. 1938)
                             (Mikalay Todaravich Hikala)
18 Mar 1937 - 29 Jul 1937  Vasiliy Fomich Sharangovich        (b. 1897 - d. 1938)
                             (Vasil' Famich Sharanhovich)
29 Jul 1937 - 11 Aug 1937  Yakov Arkadyevich Yakovlev (acting)(b. 1896 - d. 1938)
                             (Yakaw Arkadzyevich Yakawlyew)
11 Aug 1937 - 19 Jun 1938  Aleksey Alekseyevich Volkov        (b. 1889 - d. 1942)
                             (Alyeksey Alyeksyeyevich Vawkow)
                             (acting)
19 Jun 1938 -  7 Mar 1947  Panteleymon Kondratyevich          (b. 1902 - d. 1984)                              Ponomarenko
                             (Pantsyelyaymon Kandratsyevich Panamarenka)           
                             (in Russian SFSR exile 28 Jun 1941 - 3 Jul 1944)
 7 Mar 1947 -  3 Jun 1950  Nikolay Ivanovich Gusarov          (b. 1905 - d. 1985)
                             (Mikalay Ivanavich Husaraw)
 3 Jun 1950 - 28 Jul 1956  Nikolay Semyonovich Patolichev     (b. 1908 - d. 1989) 
                             (Mikalay Syamyonavich Patolichaw)
28 Jul 1956 - 30 Mar 1965  Kirill Trofimovich Mazurov         (b. 1914 - d. 1989)
                             (Kiryl Trafimavich Mazuraw)
30 Mar 1965 -  4 Oct 1980  Pyotr Mironovich Masherov          (b. 1918 - d. 1980)
                             (Pyotra Mironavich Masheraw)
 4 Oct 1980 - 16 Oct 1980  Vladimir Ignatyevich Brovikov      (b. 1931 - d. 1992)
                             (Uladzimir Ihnatavich Brovikaw)
                             (1st time) (acting)
16 Oct 1980 - 11 Jan 1983  Tikhon Yakovlevich Kiselyov        (b. 1917 - d. 1983)
                             (Tsikhan Yakawlyevich Kisyalyow)
11 Jan 1983 - 13 Jan 1983  Vladimir Ignatyevich Brovikov      (s.a.)
                             (2nd time) (acting)
13 Jan 1983 -  6 Feb 1987  Nikolay Nikitovich Slyunkov        (b. 1929 - d. 2022)
                             (Mikalay Mikitavich Slyunkow)
 6 Feb 1987 - 30 Nov 1990  Yefrem Yevseyevich Sokolov         (b. 1926 - d. 2022)
                             (Yafrem Jawsyeyevich Sakalow)
30 Nov 1990 - 23 Aug 1991  Anatoliy Aleksandrovich Malofeyev  (b. 1933 - d. 2022)
                             (Anatol Alyaksandravich Malafyeyew)
 
Chairman of the Military Revolutionary Committee
31 Jul 1920 - 18 Dec 1920  Aleksandr Grigoryevich Chervyakov  (b. 1892 - d. 1937)  KPB-B
                             (Alyaksandr Ryhoravich Charvyakow)
Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee
18 Dec 1920 - 16 Jun 1937  Aleksandr Grigoryevich Chervyakov  (s.a.)               KPB-B
16 Jun 1937 -  7 Jul 1937  .... (acting) 
 7 Jul 1937 - 14 Nov 1937  Mikhail Osipovich Stakun           (b. 1893 - d. 1943)  KPB-B
                             (Mikhail Vosipavich Stakun)
14 Nov 1937 - 27 Jul 1938  Nikifor Yakovlyevich Natalyevich   (b. 1900 - d. 1964)  KPB-B
                             (Nichypar Yakawlyevich Natalyevich)
                             (acting)
Chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
27 Jul 1938 - 17 Mar 1948  Nikifor Yakovlyevich Natalyevich   (s.a.)               KPB-B
                             (in Russian SFSR exile 28 Jun 1941 - 3 Jul 1944)
17 Mar 1948 -  2 Dec 1967  Vasiliy Ivanovich Kozlov           (b. 1903 - d. 1967)  KPB-B;1952
                             (Vasil' Ivanavich Kazlow)                             KPB
 2 Dec 1967 - 22 Jan 1968  Fyodor Anisimovich Surganov        (b. 1911 - d. 1976)  KPB
                             (Fyodar Anisimavich Surhanaw)
                             (1st time) 
                           + Valentina Alekseyevna Klochkova  (b. 1924 - d.af.2010)KPB
                             (Valyantsina Alyaksyeyewna Klachkova)
                             (f)(1st time)
                           (acting) 
22 Jan 1968 - 13 Jun 1971  Sergey Osipovich Pritytskiy        (b. 1913 - d. 1971)  KPB
                             (Syarhyey Vosipavich Prytytski)
13 Jun 1971 - 16 Jul 1971  Fyodor Anisimovich Surganov        (s.a.)               KPB
                             (2nd time)
                           + Valentina Alekseyevna Klochkova  (s.a.)               KPB
                             (f) (2nd time)
                           + Ivan Frolovich Klimov            (b. 1903 - d. 1991)  KPB
                             (Ivan Frolavich Klimaw)
                           (acting) 
16 Jul 1971 - 26 Dec 1976  Fyodor Anisimovich Surganov        (s.a.)               KPB
                            (3rd time)
27 Dec 1976 - 28 Feb 1977  Vladimir Yeliseyevich Lobanok      (b. 1907 - d. 1984)  KPB
                            (Uladzimir Yelisyeyevich Labanok)
                           + Zinaida Mikhaylovna              (b. 1941)            KPB
                               Bychkovskaya (f)
                             (Zinaida Mikhaylawna Bychkowskaya)
                           (acting) 
28 Feb 1977 - 29 Nov 1985  Ivan Yevteyevich Polyakov          (b. 1914 - d. 2004)  KPB
                            (Ivan Yawtsyeyevich Palyakow)
29 Nov 1985 - 28 Jul 1989  Georgiy Stanislavovich Tarazevich  (b. 1938 - d. 2003)  KPB
                             (Heorhiy Stanislavavich Tarazyevich)
28 Jul 1989 - 15 May 1990  Nikolay Ivanovich Dementey         (b. 1930 - d. 2018)  KPB
                             (Mikalay Ivanavich Dzyemyantsyey)
Chairmen of the Supreme Soviet
15 May 1990 - 25 Aug 1991  Nikolay Ivanovich Dementey         (s.a.)               KPB
25 Aug 1991 - 25 Dec 1991  Stanislav Stanislavovich           (b. 1934 - d. 2022)  Non-party
                             Shushkevich
                             (Stanislaw Stanislavavich Shushkyevich)
                             (acting to 19 Sep 1991; continues to 26 Jan 1994)
 
Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars
18 Dec 1920 - 17 Mar 1924  Aleksandr Grigoryevich Chervyakov  (s.a.)               KPB-B
                             (Alyaksandr Ryhoravich Charvyakow)
17 Mar 1924 -  7 May 1927  Iosif Aleksandrovich Adamovich     (b. 1896 - d. 1937)  KPB-B
                             (Yazep Alyaksandravich Adamovich)
 7 May 1927 - 30 May 1937  Nikolay Matveyevich Goloded        (b. 1894 - d. 1937)  KPB-B
                             (Mikalay Matsvyeyevich Haladzyed)
30 May 1937 -  8 Sep 1937  Danila Ivanovich Volkovich         (b. 1900 - d. 1937)  KPB-B
                             (Danila Ivanavich Valkovich)   
 8 Sep 1937 - 10 Sep 1937  .... (acting) 
10 Sep 1937 - 28 Jul 1938  Afanasiy Fyodorovich Kovalyov      (b. 1903 - d. 1993)  KPB-B
                             (Afanasiy Fyodaravich Kavalyow)
28 Jul 1938 - 28 Jun 1940  Kuz'ma Venediktovich Kiselyov      (b. 1903 - d. 1977)  KPB-B
                             (Kuz'ma Vyenyedyktavich Kisyalyow)
28 Jun 1940 -  7 Feb 1944  Ivan Semyonovich Bylinskiy         (b. 1903 - d. 1976)  KPB-B
                             (Ivan Syamyonavich Bylinski)
                             (in Russian SFSR exile 28 Jun 1941 - 7 Feb 1944)
 7 Feb 1944 - 27 Mar 1946  Panteleymon Kondratyevich          (s.a.)               KPB-B
                             Ponomarenko
                             (Pantsyelyaymon Kandratsyevich Panamarenka)       
                             (in Russian SFSR exile to 3 Jul 1944)
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers
27 Mar 1946 - 17 Mar 1948  Panteleymon Kondratyevich          (s.a.)               KPB-B
                             Ponomarenko
17 Mar 1948 - 25 Jun 1953  Aleksey Yefimovich Kleshchyov      (b. 1905 - d. 1968)  KPB-B;1952
                             (Alyaksyey Yawkhimavich Klyashchow)                   KPB
25 Jun 1953 - 28 Jul 1956  Kirill Trofimovich Mazurov         (s.a.)               KPB
                             (Kiryl Trafimavich Mazuraw)
28 Jul 1956 -  9 Apr 1959  Nikolay Yefremovich Avkhimovich    (b. 1907 - d. 1996)  KPB
                             (Mikalay Yafremavich Awkhimovich)
 9 Apr 1959 - 11 Dec 1978  Tikhon Yakovlevich Kiselyov        (s.a.)               KPB
                             (Tsikhan Yakawlyevich Kisyalyow)
11 Dec 1978 -  8 Jul 1983  Aleksandr Nikiforovich Aksyonov    (b. 1924 - d. 2009)  KPB
                             (Alyaksandr Nichyparavich Aksyonaw)
 8 Jul 1983 - 10 Jan 1986  Vladimir Ignatyevich Brovikov      (s.a.)               KPB
                             (Uladzimir Ihnatavich Brovikaw)
10 Jan 1986 -  7 Apr 1990  Mikhail Vasilyevich Kovalyov       (b. 1925 - d. 2007)  KPB
                             (Mikhail Vasilyevich Kavalyow)
 7 Apr 1990 - 25 Dec 1991  Vyacheslav Frantsevich Kebich      (b. 1936 - d. 2020)  KPB;1991
                             (Vyachaslaw Frantsavich Kyebich)                      Non-party
                             (continues to 22 Jul 1994)
 

Pro-Soviet Resistance to German Occupation

Note: The Byelorussian Partisan Units, subordinated to the Central Staff of the Partisan
Units in Moscow, controlled almost 60% of the territory by the end of 1943.

Chief of Staff of the Byelorussian Partisan Units 
 9 Sep 1942 - 14 Nov 1944  Pyotr Zakharovich Kalinin          (b. 1902 - d. 1966) Mil + KPB-B
                             (Pyotra Zakharavich Kalinin)

Party abbreviations: KPB = Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Belorussii/Kamunistychnaya Partyya Byelarusi (Communist Party of Byelorussia, communist, state party, former KPB-B, 13 Oct 1952-25 Aug 1991); KPB-B = Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bolsheviki) Belorussii/Kamunistychnaya Partyya (Balshaviki) Byelarusi (Communist Party [Bolsheviks] of Byelorussia, communist, merged 4 Mar 1919 - 5 Sep 1920 into Communist Party of Lithuania and Byelorussia, state party, 31 Dec 1918 - 4 Mar 1919 and 5 Sep 1920 - 13 Oct 1952, renamed KPB); Mil = Military



© Ben Cahoon