Monaco
 

in use 17th cent.                         to 14 Feb 1793;              30 May 1814 - 4 Apr 1881              14 Feb 1793 - 30 May 1814                 Adopted 4 Apr 1881     Map of Monaco Hear National Anthem "A Marcia de Muneghu" (Hymne National de Monaco)  Text of National Anthem Adopted 28 Mar 1848 Constitution  (17 Dec 1962; in French) Capital: Monaco Currency: Euro (EUR); to 17 Feb 2002 French Franc (FRF); 1960-17 Feb 2002 Monaco Nouveau Franc National Holiday: 19 Nov (1857) National Day (Saint Rainier's Day) Population: 32,796 (2008) GDP: $1.16 billion (2006) note: Monaco does not publish national income figures. Exports: $900.3 million (2006) Imports: $997.1 million (2006) (full customs union with France) Ethnic groups: French 45.8%, Monegasque 16.9%, Italian (Ligurian) 17.2%, British 4.5%, Jewish 1.7%, other 13.9% (2000) Total Active Armed Forces: palace guard 82; police 500 (2002) Defense is the Responsibility of France Merchant marine: 70 ships (2008)  Religions: Christian 93.2% (of which Roman Catholic 89.3%, Protestant 3%), Jewish 1.7%, Muslim 0.45%, nonreligious and other 4.65% (2000)  International Organizations/Treaties: ANT, APM, BTWC, CE, CTBT, FAO, IAEA, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IFRCS, IHO, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ITSO, ITU, KP, LU, NPT, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO Monaco Index Chronology 975?                       Part of Provence. 1174                       Sold to Genoa by the Raimond VI Count of Toulouse.   2 Jul 1191                Monaco granted to Republic of Genoa by                               Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI. 10 Jun 1215                First stone of the fortress is laid.   8 Jan 1297                Grimaldis seize the fortress. 10 Apr 1301 - 12 Sep 1331  Occupied by Genoa. 19 Nov 1346                Grimaldis acquire lordship of Menton                              (Roquebrune acquired 1355).  15 Aug 1357 - Jan 1395     Genoese rule. 19 Dec 1395 - 11 May 1397  Genoese rule.  5 Nov 1402 -  5 Jun 1419  Genoese rule.  3 Oct 1436 - Nov 1436     Occupied by Duchy of Milan. 19 Dec 1448 - 25 Feb 1489  Protectorate of Savoy.  20 Feb 1512                France recognizes independence of Monaco.  7 Jun 1524                Protectorate of Spain (ratified 5 Nov 1524;                               definitive from 10 Apr 1525). 14 Sep 1641                Principality of Monaco (sovereign 8 Jun 1688);                              a protectorate of France by Treaty of Péronne. 19 Jan 1793                National Convention elected and declares                              the Grimaldi dynasty deposed; République                              de Monaco. 14 Feb 1793 - 30 May 1814  Annexed to France; part of département                              Alpes-Maritimes (see under Italian states). 22 Sep 1793                Monaco renamed Fort-Hercule 12 May 1800 - 31 May 1800  Brief Austro-Sardian occupation. 17 May 1814 - 17 Jun 1814  Austrian occupation. 17 Jun 1814                Principality of Monaco restored                               (under French protectorate). 20 Nov 1815 - 17 Jun 1860  Protectorate of the Kingdom of Sardinia. 21 Mar 1848                Menton and Roquebrune declare themselves                               independent (formally ceded to Italy 2 Feb 1861). 17 Jul 1860 - 24 Oct 2002  Under protection of France (confirmed 17 Jul 1918). 16 Nov 1942 -  8 Sep 1943  Occupied by Italy.  8 Sep 1943 -  3 Sep 1944  Occupied by Germany. Menton and Roquebrune (1848)

Lords (title Seigneur)
 8 Jan 1297 - 10 Apr 1301  Rainier I                          (b. 1267 - d. 1314) 
10 Apr 1301 - 12 Sep 1331  Genoese rule
12 Sep 1331 - 15 Aug 1357  Charles I                          (d. 1357)
                             (to 14 May 1341 in Roquebrune) 
                           - jointly with the following three -
29 Jun 1352 - 15 Aug 1357  Antonio                            (b. 1300 - d. 1358)
29 Jun 1352 - 15 Aug 1357  Ranier II                          (b. 1350 - d. 1407)
29 Jun 1352 - 15 Aug 1357  Gabriel
15 Aug 1357 - Jan 1395     Genoese rule
Jan 1395 - 19 Dec 1395     Louis (1st time)                   (d. 1402)
                           - jointly with -
Jan 1395 - 19 Dec 1395     Jean
19 Dec 1395 - 11 May 1397  Genoese rule
11 May 1397 -  5 Nov 1402  Louis (2nd time)                   (s.a.)
 5 Nov 1402 -  5 Jun 1419  Genoese rule
 5 Jun 1419 - 1427         Ambroise (in Menton)               (b. 137. - d. 1433)
                           - jointly with following two - 
 5 Jun 1419 - 1427         Antonie (in Roquebrune)            (b. c.1380 - d. 1427)
 5 Jun 1419 -  3 Oct 1436  Jean I (1st time)                  (b. 1382 - d. 1454)
 3 Oct 1436 - Nov 1436     Blaise Assereto -Governor
Nov 1436 -  8 May 1454     Jean I (2nd time)                  (s.a.)
 8 May 1454 - Jul 1457     Catalan                            (b. 1422 - d. 1457)
Jul 1457 - 16 Mar 1458     Claudine (f) -Lady                 (b. 1451 - d. 1515)
Jul 1457 - 16 Mar 1458     Pomelline Fregoso (f) -Regent      (b. 1387/88 - d. 1468)
16 Mar 1458 - Mar 1494     Lambert                            (b. 1420 - d. 1494)
Mar 1494 - 11 Oct 1505     Jean II                            (b. 1468 - d. 1505)
11 Oct 1505 - 22 Aug 1523  Lucien                             (b. 1487 - d. 1523)
22 Aug 1523 -  7 Oct 1581  Honoré I                           (b. 1522 - d. 1581)
22 Aug 1523 - 14 Apr 1532  Augustine Grimald,                 (b. 1482 - d. 1532)
                             bishop de Grasse -Regent
14 Apr 1532 - 23 Apr 1532  Nicholas Grimaldi -Regent
23 Apr 1532 - 16 Dec 1540  Étienne Grimaldi -Regent           (d. 1561)
 7 Oct 1581 - 17 May 1589  Charles II                         (b. 1555 - d. 1589)
17 May 1589 - 29 Nov 1604  Hercule                            (b. 1562 - d. 1604)
29 Nov 1604 - 14 Sep 1641  Honoré II                          (b. 1597 - d. 1662)
                            (from 1612, personal style of Prince)
29 Nov 1604 - 1616         Prince Frédéric Landi de
                             Valdetare -Regent
Princes¹
14 Sep 1641 - 10 Jan 1662  Honoré II                          (s.a.)
10 Jan 1662 -  3 Jan 1701  Louis I                            (b. 1642 - d. 1701)
 3 Jan 1701 - 20 Feb 1731  Antoine I                          (b. 1661 - d. 1731)
21 Feb 1731 - 29 Dec 1731  Louise-Hippolyte -Princess         (b. 1697 - d. 1731)
21 Feb 1731 -  7 Nov 1733  Jacques I (regent to 29 Dec 1731)  (b. 1689 - d. 1751)
 7 Nov 1733 - 19 Jan 1793  Honoré III                         (b. 1720 - d. 1795)
President of the National Convention
19 Jan 1793 - 24 Feb 1793  Joseph Barriera aîné
French Commandant
24 Feb 1793 -  1 Mar 1793  Armand Louis de Gontant,           (b. 1747 - d. 1793)
                             duc de Biron
 1 Mar 1793                Commissioners
                           - Henri Grégoire                   (b. 1750 - d. 1831)
                           - Grégoire Marie Jagot             (b. 1751 - d. 1838)
Austrian Commanders
12 May 1800 - 31 May 1800  cavaliere Fulchieri (commander)
                           + Hungher (commissioner)
17 May 1814 - 17 Jun 1814  ....
Princes¹
30 May 1814 - 16 Feb 1819  Honoré IV (remained in Paris)      (b. 1758 - d. 1819)
17 Jun 1814 - 23 Jun 1814  Joseph Marie Grimaldi -Regent      (b. 1763 - d. 1816)
23 Jun 1814 -  4 Mar 1819  Council of State
                           (acting for Honoré IV)
                           - Louis Millo-Terrazzani
                           - Horace Pretti de Saint-Ambroise
                           - Antoine Sigaldi
                           - Joseph Rey
                           - Honoré Albini 
 3 Mar 1815 - 16 Feb 1819  Prince Honoré -Regent              (b. 1778 - d. 1841)
16 Feb 1819 -  2 Oct 1841  Honoré V                           (s.a.)
 2 Oct 1841 - 20 Jun 1856  Florestan I                        (b. 1785 - d. 1856)
20 Jun 1856 - 10 Sep 1889  Charles III                        (b. 1818 - d. 1889)
10 Sep 1889 - 26 Jun 1922  Albert I                           (b. 1848 - d. 1922)
26 Jun 1922 -  9 May 1949  Louis II                           (b. 1870 - d. 1949)
 9 May 1949 -  6 Apr 2005  Rainier III                        (b. 1923 - d. 2005)
31 Mar 2005 -  6 Apr 2005  Prince Albert -Regent              (b. 1958)
 6 Apr 2005 -              Albert II                          (s.a.)

Governors-general
 3 Jun 1814 -  4 Mar 1819  Louis Millo-Terrazzani
 2 Oct 1841 - 18 Dec 1847  Charles Athanase Rey de Villarey
18 Dec 1847 - 27 Dec 1847  Adrien Médecin (acting)
27 Dec 1847 - 23 Mar 1848  Antoine Bellando
Administrator-general
23 Mar 1848 - 20 Jun 1856  Charles Honoré Grimaldi            (s.a.)
Ministers of state
Feb 1911 - Dec 1917        Émile Flach                                             Non-party
Jan 1918 - Feb 1919        Georges Jaloustre (acting)         (b. 18.. - d. 1922)  Non-party
19 Feb 1919 - 11 Aug 1923  Raymond Le Bourdon                 (b. 1861 - d. 1937)  Non-party
11 Aug 1923 - Jan 1932     Maurice Piette                     (b. 1871 - d. 1953)  Non-party
Jan 1932 - Jun 1932        Henri Mauran (1st time) (acting)                        Non-party
Jun 1932 - Jun 1937        Maurice Bouilloux-Lafont           (b. 1875 - d. 1937)  Non-party
Jun 1937 - Aug 1937        Henri Mauran (2nd time) (acting)                        Non-party
15 Sep 1937 - 29 Sep 1944  Émile Roblot                       (b. 1886 - d. 1963)  Non-party
29 Sep 1944 - 13 Oct 1944  Pierre Blanchy (1st time) (acting)                      Non-party
13 Oct 1944 - Dec 1948     Pierre de Witasse                                       Non-party
 4 Jan 1949 - 12 Jul 1949  Pierre Blanchy (2nd time) (acting)                      Non-party
12 Jul 1949 -  1 Aug 1950  Jacques Léon Rueff                 (b. 1896 - d. 1978)  Non-party
 1 Aug 1950 -  2 Sep 1953  Pierre Voizard                     (b. 1896 - d. 1982)  Non-party
15 Nov 1953 - 12 Feb 1959  Henry Soum                         (b. 1899 - d. 1983)  Non-party
12 Feb 1959 - 23 Jan 1962  Émile Pelletier                    (b. 1898 - d. 1975)  Non-party
23 Jan 1962 - 16 Aug 1963  Pierre Blanchy (3rd time) (acting)                      Non-party
16 Aug 1963 - 28 Dec 1966  Jean Émile Reymond                 (b. 1912)            Non-party
28 Dec 1966 -  1 Apr 1969  Paul Demange                       (b. 1906 - d. 1970)  Non-party
 1 Apr 1969 - 24 May 1972  François-Didier Gregh              (b. 1906)            Non-party
24 May 1972 - Jul 1981     André Saint-Mleux                  (b. 1920)            Non-party
Jul 1981 - 16 Sep 1985     Jean Herly                         (b. 1920 - d. 1998)  Non-party
16 Sep 1985 - 16 Feb 1991  Jean Ausseil                       (b. 1925 - d. 2001)  Non-party
16 Feb 1991 -  2 Dec 1994  Jacques Dupont                     (b. 1929 - d. 2002)  Non-party
 2 Dec 1994 -  3 Feb 1997  Paul Dijoud                        (b. 1938)            Non-party
 3 Feb 1997 -  1 Jan 2000  Michel Lévêque                     (b. 1933)            Non-party
 1 Jan 2000 -  1 Jun 2005  Patrick Leclercq                   (b. 1938)            Non-party
 1 Jun 2005 -              Jean-Paul Proust                   (b. 1940)            Non-party

Italian Consuls
1940 - 1941                Antonio San Felice
1941 - 1942?               Stanislao Lepri (Lepre)
Commander of the Italian 4th Army
16 Nov 1942 -  8 Sep 1943  Mario Vercellino                   (b. 1879 - d. 1961) 
Commander of the German Hauptverbindungsstab Avignon Army
 8 Sep 1943 -  3 Sep 1944  Botho Elster                       (b. 1894 - d. 1952)

 ¹Full style of the ruler:
(a) 14 Sep 1641 - 13 Jan 1793: Prince par la grâce de Dieu, de Monaco, Menton et Roquebrune, marquis de Campana, prince et seigneur ("Prince, by the grace of God, of Monaco, Menton and Roquebrunne, Marquis of Campana, Prince and Lord");
(b) from 30 May 1814: Par la grâce de Dieu, Prince Souverain de Monaco ("by the grace of God, Sovereign Prince of Monaco").
  The dynastic name has been preserved through several changes in patrilineage: all males marrying female heirs to the principality (as e.g. the father of the current prince) have changed their family name to Grimaldi. All princes since Jacques I carried the additional title of duc de Valentinois, together with a very long list of other (actually extinct) titles.

Party abbreviations: UM = Union for Monaco (centerist); UNAM = Union Nationale pour l'Avenir de Monaco (National Union for the Future of Monaco); UND = Union Nationale et Démocratique (National and Democratic Union, conservative, govt. majority 1963-1993, 1998-2003)

       21 Mar 1848 - 1 May 1849

1346                       Lordship of Menton acquired by Monaco.
1355                       Lordship of Roquebrune (Rocquebrunne) acquired by Monaco. 
14 Feb 1793 - 30 May 1814  Annexed to France along with Monaco as part of département
                             Alpes-Maritimes.
17 Jun 1814                Restored to the Principality of Monaco.
 4 Nov 1847                Public unrest in Menton demands governmental reforms.
25 Nov 1847                By request of the central authorities, public order is restored
                             by troops from Piedmont-Sardinia. 
 2 Mar 1848                Provisional government established in Menton.
21 Mar 1848                Menton and Roquebrune proclaim themselves Villes-Libres 
                             ("free cities") under Sardinian protection and depose
                             the Grimaldi dynasty, who are banned on 28 May 1848.
Jun 1848                   Plebiscite favors annexation by Piedmont-Sardinia (568 = 100% pro).
18 Sep 1848                Piedmont-Sardinia decrees that the cities temporarily are to be
                             governed according to Sardinian law.
 1 May 1849                Sardinia places Menton and Roquebrune communes administratively 
                             under the intendance générale of Nice.
24 Mar 1860                County of Nice (including Menton and Roquebrune) ceded to
                             France by Piedmont-Sardinia (effective 14 Jun 1860).
15 Jun 1860                Plebiscite favors annexation by France (833 of 889 pro).
 2 Feb 1861                Prince of Monaco formally renounces his rights in perpetuity.

Chairman of the Provisional Government Commission
 2 Mar 1848 - 30 Apr 1848  Charles Trenca                     (b. 1801 - d. 1853) 
Premier Government Commissioner 
30 Apr 1848 - 18 Sep 1848  Charles Trenca                     (s.a.)