The Sudan
 

1821/22 - 1881/85                2 Sep 1898  - 1 Jan 1956 Governor's flag                 2 Sep 1898  - 1 Jan 1956 Joint flag U.K.    19 Jan 1899 - 1 Jan 1956 Joint flag Egypt                       1 Jan 1956 - 20 May 1970                           Adopted 20 May 1970   Map of Sudan Hear National Anthem "Nahnu Djundulla Djundulwatan" (We Are the Army of God and of Our Land)  Text of National Anthem Anthem Adopted 1956 Constitution (9 Jul 2005, interim) Capital: Khartoum (Omdurman 1881-1898) Currency:  Sudanese Pound (SDG) 1957-1992, 2007-; Sudanese Dinar (SDD) 1992-9 Jan 2007  National Holiday: 1 Jan (1956) Independence Day Population: 39,379,358 (2007) GDP: $97.47 billion (2006) Exports: $7.5 billion (2006) Imports: $8.69 billion (2006) Ethnic groups: Sudanese Arab 49.1%, Dinka 11.5%, Nuba 8.1%, Beja 6.4%, Nuer 4.9%, Zande 2.7%, Bari 2.5%, Fur 2.1%, other 12.7% (1983) Total Armed Forces: 104,800 (2004) African Union Force in Darfur: 400 (Oct 2004) Merchant marine: 2 ships (2006) Religions: Sunni Muslim 70.3% (in north),  Christian 16.7% (of which  Roman Catholic 8%, Anglican 6% [mostly in south and Khartoum]), traditional beliefs 11.9%, other 1.1% (2000) International Organizations/Treaties: ABEDA, ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, APM, AU, BTWC, CAEU, COMESA, CTBT, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISESCO, ISO, ITSO, ITU, NAM, NPT, NTBT, OIC, OPCW, OPEC (observer), PCA, UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer) The Sudan Index Chronology Nov 1820                   Egypt begins conquest. 12 Jun 1821/1822           Occupation and annexation by Egypt                              (nominally under Ottoman suzerainty). 29 Jun 1881                Mahdiya established (Mahdi's "emergence"). 26 Jan 1885                Egyptian Sudan fully occupied by the Mahdiya.  2 Sep 1898                Mahdiya extinguished by Britain. 12 May 1894 - 10 Jun 1910  Lado district leased to the Belgian Congo. 19 Jan 1899                Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (condominium).  4 Jul 1940 - 17 Jan 1941  Italian occupation of Gallabat, Kurmak and Kassala. 22 Oct 1952                Self-rule granted.  1 Jan 1956                Independence (Republic of The Sudan). 25 May 1969                Democratic Republic of The Sudan  5 Jun 1983 -  9 Jan 2005  Civil war erupts, large parts of the southern                              provinces under rebel control. 15 Dec 1985                Republic of The Sudan Southern Sudan States Provinces 1821-1889  Traditional Polities  Lado District (1897-1910)  Map of Civil War since 1983 Historical Maps of Sudan

Supreme Commanders of Egyptian Forces
Nov 1820 - 1822            Isma`il                            (b. 1795 - d. 1822)
Apr 1821 - Sep 1824        Muhammad Bey                       (d. 1833)
Sep 1824 - May 1825        Osman Bey 
May 1825 - Mar 1826        Mahu Bey Orfali                    (d. 1828)
Hakimadars (governors-general)
Mar 1826 - Jun 1838        Ali Khurshid Paha                  (b. c.1786 - d. 1845)
Jun 1838 - 6 Oct 1843      Ahmad Pasha abu Wadan              (d. 1843)
 6 Oct 1843 - 1844         ....
1844 - 1845                Ahmad Pasha al-Manikli -Commander  (b. c.1795 - d. 1862)
1845 - 1849                Khalid Pasha  (Husru Abu Amud)
1849 - 1850                ....
1850 - Jan 1851            Abd al-Latif Pasha                 (b. c.1805 - d. 1883)
Jan 1851 - May 1852        Rustum Pasha Cerkes                (d. 1852)
May 1852 - 1853            Ismail Pasha Abu Jabal             (b. 1818 - d. 1882)
1853 - 1854                Salim Pasha Sayib
Jul 1854 - Nov 1854        Ali Pasha Sirri Arnavut            (b. 1814 - d. 1866)
Nov 1854 - 1855            ....
1855 - 1857                Ali Pasha Jarkis
1857 - 1858                Arakil Bey al-Armani Mudir'umum    (b. 1826 - d. 1858)
                             (acting)
1859 - 1861                Hasan Bey Salamah                  (d. 1861)
1861 - 1862                Muhammad Bey Rasileh               (d. 1883)
1862 - 1865                Musa Pasha Hamdi                   (b. c.1800 - d. 1865)
1865 - Nov 1865            Omar Bey Fahri (acting)            (d. 1866)
Nov 1865 - 1866            Jaafar Pasha Sadiq                 (b. 1805 - d. af.1884)
1866 - 5 Feb 1871          Jaafar Pasha Mazhar                (d. 1878)
 5 Feb 1871 - Oct 1872     Ahmad Mumtaz Pasha                 (b. c.1825 - d. 1874)
Oct 1872 - 1872            Edhem Pasha al-Arifi at-Atqalawi   (b. c.1815 - d. af.1872)
                             (acting)
1872 - 18 May 1877         Ismail Pasha Aiyub                 (d. 1884)
May 1877 - Dec 1879        Charles George Gordon Pasha        (b. 1833 - d. 1885)
                             (1st time) 
Dec 1879 - Feb 1882        Mahummad Ra'uf Pasha               (b. 1832 - d. 1888)
Feb 1882 - May 1882        Geigler Pasha (acting)
May 1882 - Mar 1883        Abd al-Qadir Pasha Hailmi
Mar 1883 -  5 Nov 1883     Ala ad-Din
 5 Nov 1883 - 18 Feb 1884  William Hicks                      (d. 1884)
18 Feb 1884 - 26 Jan 1885  Charles George Gordon Pasha        (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
Mahdi
29 Jun 1881 - 22 Jun 1885  Muhammad Ahmad                     (b. 1844 - d. 1885)
Khalifa
22 Jun 1885 -  2 Sep 1898  `Abd Allah                         (b. 1846 - d. 1899)
Military governor
 2 Sep 1898 - 19 Jan 1899  Horatio Herbert Kitchener,         (b. 1850 - d. 1916)
                             Baron Kitchener 
Governors-general
19 Jan 1899 - 22 Dec 1899  Horatio Herbert Kitchener,         (s.a.)
                             Baron Kitchener 
22 Dec 1899 - 31 Dec 1916  Sir Francis Reginald Wingate       (b. 1861 - d. 1953)
 1 Jan 1917 - 19 Nov 1924  Sir Lee Oliver Fitzmaurice Stack   (b. 1868 - d. 1924)
21 Nov 1924 -  5 Jan 1925  Wasey Sterry (acting)              (b. 1866 - d. 1955)
 5 Jan 1925 -  6 Jul 1926  Sir Geoffrey Francis Archer        (b. 1882 - d. 1964)
31 Oct 1926 - 10 Jan 1934  Sir John Loader Maffey             (b. 1877 - d. 1969)
10 Jan 1934 - 19 Oct 1940  Sir George Stewart Symes           (b. 1882 - d. 1962)
19 Oct 1940 -  8 Apr 1947  Sir Hubert Jervoise Huddleston     (b. 1880 - d. 1950)
 8 Apr 1947 - 29 Mar 1954  Sir Robert George Howe             (b. 1893 - d. 1981)
29 Mar 1954 - 12 Dec 1955  Sir Alexander Knox Helm            (b. 1893 - d. 1964)
Presidents
 1 Jan 1956 - 17 Nov 1958  Sovereignty Council
                           - Abdel Fattah Muhammad 
                               al-Magrabi
                           - Muhammad Ahmad Yasin
                           - Ahmad Muhammad Salih             (b. 1896 - d. 1971)
                           - Muhammad Othman ad-Dardiri
                           - Siricio Iro Wani
18 Nov 1958 - 16 Nov 1964  Ibrahim Abboud                     (b. 1900 - d. 1983)  Mil
                             (chairman Supreme Council to 31 Oct 1964)
16 Nov 1964 -  3 Dec 1964  Sirr al-Khatim al-Khalifah         (b. 1919 - d. 2006)  UNF
                             (acting)
 3 Dec 1964 - 10 Jun 1965  Committee of Sovereignty
                           (chair rotating weekly)
                           - Abdel Halim Muhammad (1st time)
                           - Tijani al-Mahi                   (b. 1911 - d. 1970)
                           - Mubarak Shaddad                  (b. 1913)
                           - Ibrahim Yusuf Sulayman
                              (to 31 May 1965)
                           - Luigi Adwok Bong Gicomeho        (b. 1929)
                              (1st time)(from Dec 1964)
10 Jun 1965 -  8 Jul 1965  Committee of Sovereignty
                           (chair rotating weekly)
                           - Ismail al-Azhari                 (b. 1900 - d. 1969)
                           - Abdullah al-Fadil al-Mahdi       (b. 1892 - d. 1966)
                           - Luigi Adwok Bong Gicomeho        (s.a.)
                              (2nd time)
                           - Abdel Halim Muhammad (2nd time)
                           - Khidr Hamad
 8 Jul 1965 - 25 May 1969  Ismail al-Azhari                   (s.a.)               NUP
                             (chairman Sovereignty Council)
25 May 1969 - 19 Jul 1971  Gaafar Muhammad Nimeiry (1st time) (b. 1930)            Mil/SSU
                             (chairman Revolutionary Command Council)
19 Jul 1971 - 22 Jul 1971  Babiker al-Nur Osman                                    Mil
                             (chairman Revolutionary Council)
22 Jul 1971 -  6 Apr 1985  Gaafar Muhammad Nimeiry (2nd time) (s.a.)               Mil/SSU
                             (chairman Revolutionary Command Council to 12 Oct 1971)
 6 Apr 1985 -  6 May 1986  Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab         (b. 1934)            Mil
                             (Commander-in-Chief to 9 Apr 1985, 
                             then chairman Transitional Military Council)
 6 May 1986 - 30 Jun 1989  Ahmad Ali al-Mirghani              (b. 1941)            DUP
                             (chairman Supreme Council)
30 Jun 1989 -              Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir        (b. 1944)           Mil;1996 SNC
                             (president of Revolutionary Command 
                             Council for National Salvation to 16 Oct 1993)
 

Chief ministers
22 Oct 1952 - Nov 1953     Sayid Abdel Rahman al-Mahdi        (b. 1885 - d. 1959)  UMMA
 6 Jan 1954 -  1 Jan 1956  Ismail al-Azhari                   (s.a.)               NUP
Prime ministers
 1 Jan 1956 -  5 Jul 1956  Ismail al-Azhari                   (s.a.)               NUP
 5 Jul 1956 - 17 Nov 1958  Abdullah Khalil                    (b. 1892 - d. 1970)  UMMA
18 Nov 1958 - 30 Oct 1964  Ibrahim Abboud                     (s.a.)               Mil
30 Oct 1964 -  2 Jun 1965  Sirr al-Khatim al-Khalifah         (s.a.)               Non-party
10 Jun 1965 - 25 Jul 1966  Muhammad Ahmad Mahgoub (1st time)  (b. 1908 - d. 1976)  UMMA
27 Jul 1966 - 18 May 1967  Sadiq al-Mahdi (1st time)          (b. 1935)            UMMA 
18 May 1967 - 25 May 1969  Muhammad Ahmad Mahgoub (2nd time)  (s.a.)               UMMA
25 May 1969 - 27 Oct 1969  Babiker Awadalla                   (b. 1917)            Non-party
28 Oct 1969 - 11 Aug 1976  Gaafar Muhammad Nimeiry (1st time) (s.a.)               Mil/SSU
11 Aug 1976 - 10 Sep 1977  Rashid Bakr                        (b. 1930)            SSU
10 Sep 1977 -  6 Apr 1985  Gaafar Muhammad Nimeiry (2nd time) (s.a.)               Mil/SSU
22 Apr 1985 -  6 May 1986  al-Jazuli Dafalla                  (b. 1935)            Non-party
 6 May 1986 - 30 Jun 1989  Sadiq al-Mahdi (2nd time)          (s.a.)               UMMA

 

Territorial Disputes: The effects of Sudan's almost constant ethnic and rebel militia fighting since the mid-20th century have penetrated all of the neighboring states; as of 2006, Chad, Ethiopia, Kenya, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Uganda provided shelter for over half a million Sudanese refugees, which includes 240,000 Darfur residents driven from their homes by Janjawid armed militia and the Sudanese military forces; Sudan, in turn, hosted about 116,000 Eritreans, 20,000 Chadians, and smaller numbers of Ethiopians, Ugandans, Central Africans, and Congolese as refugees; in February 2006, Sudan and DROC signed an agreement to repatriate 13,300 Sudanese and 6,800 Congolese; Sudan accuses Eritrea of supporting Sudanese rebel groups; efforts to demarcate the porous boundary with Ethiopia proceed slowly due to civil and ethnic fighting in eastern Sudan; the boundary that separates Kenya and Sudan's sovereignty is unclear in the "Ilemi Triangle," which Kenya has administered since colonial times; while Sudan claims to administer the Hala'ib Triangle north of the 1899 Treaty boundary along the 22nd Parallel; both states withdrew their military presence in the 1990s, and Egypt has invested in and effectively administers the area; periodic violent skirmishes with Sudanese residents over water and grazing rights persist among related pastoral populations along the border with the Central African Republic.

Party abbreviations: NUP = National Unionist Party (Nationalist, pro-Federal form of government, est.1957); SNC = Sudanese National Congress Party (mainly Arab/Muslim, Islamist, government party 1996- ,former NIF); UMMA = (Arab/Muslim, social-democratic); UNF = United National Front (leftist); Mil = Military; 
- Former parties: DUP = Democratic Unionist Party (1968-69, merger of NUP and Popular Democratic Party); NIF = National Islamic Front (Arab, Islamist, government party 1989-96, renamed SNC); SSU = Sudan Socialist Union (Arab, secular, socialist -Only legal party 1969-1978)

             15 Jan 1897 - 10 Jun 1910 

 

Map of Lado District

Capital: Redjaf (principal post)

Population: N/A

 

May 1892                   First Congolese expedition in the Bahr al-Ghazal.

12 May 1894                British-Belgian Congolese Treaty. In order to prevent a French

                             take over of the Bahr al-Ghazal and to open a "second front" 

                             against the Mahdists, the British leased for the lifetime of 

                             Leopold II the Bahr al-Ghazal (region between the Nile, 

                             Lake Albert, 10° Northern Latitude and 25° Western Longitude) 

                             to Congo. The Congo agrees to only occupy the zone between the

                             Nile, Lake Albert, 5°30' NL and 30° WL (later Lado district).

15 Jan 1897                Congolese troops start occupying the territory. Limited to the 

                             south (Lado district/enclave) the occupation later extends 

                             to other parts of Bahr al-Ghazal.

19 Jan 1899                Britain proclaims the Bahr al-Ghazal a part of the Anglo-Egyptian

                             Sudan. Belgian Congolese presence and expansion continues.

 9 May 1906                British-Belgian Congolese Treaty, the lease of the Bahr al-Ghazal

                             is canceled, only the Lado enclave remains leased to the 

                             Belgian Congo for King Leopold's lifetime.

 3 Aug 1907                Last Congolese troops leave Bahral-Ghazal (except Lado).

10 Jun 1910                Lado district restored to Sudan; part of Bahr al-Ghazal province. 

 

1922 - 13 Jun 1947         Southern provinces of the Sudan administered separately
                             from the northern provinces.
28 Feb 1972                Self-government for the three Southern provinces; 
                             (Southern Sudan Autonomous Region [capital Juba];
                             includes Equatoria, Bahr al-Ghazal, and Upper Nile).
 5 Jun 1983                Autonomy revoked.
 5 Jun 1983 -  9 Jan 2005  Rebellion against the Sudanese government.
 9 Jul 2005                Government of Southern Sudan established.

Chairmen of the Southern Region High Executive Council
 6 Apr 1972 - Feb 1978     Abel Alier (1st time)             (b. 1933)             SSU
Feb 1978 - 30 May 1980     Joseph Lagu                       (b. 1931)             Mil
30 May 1980 -  5 Oct 1981  Abel Alier (2nd time)             (s.a.)                SSU
 5 Oct 1981 - 23 Jun 1982  Gismalla Abdalla Rassas (interim)                       SSLM
23 Jun 1982 -  5 Jun 1983  Joseph James Tombura              (b. 1929? - d. ....) 
 5 Jun 1983 - 25 May 1985  Post abolished
25 May 1985 - May 1986     James Loro
May 1986 - May 1987        Post abolished
Chairmen of the Council for the South
31 Jan 1987 - Jan 1988     Matthew Abor Ayang
Jan 1988 - Jun 1989        Angelo Beda 
Jun 1989 -  7 Aug 1997     Post abolished
Chairmen of the Southern Sudan Coordination Council
 7 Aug 1997 - 31 Jan 2000  Riek Mashar Teny                   (b. 1953)            SPLM-U
2000? -  9 Dec 2002        Galwak Deng                                             Mil
 9 Dec 2002 - 2005         Riek Gai Kok                                            SNC
Presidents of the Government of Southern Sudan
 9 Jul 2005 - 30 Jul 2005  John Garang de Maboir              (b. 1945 - d. 2005)  SPLM
 1 Aug 2005 -              Salva Kiir Mayardit                (b. 1951)            SPLM
                             (acting to 11 Aug 2005)

Rebel Leaders

President of the Southern Sudan Liberation Front (SSLF)
(from Aug 1971, Southern Sudan Liberation Movement [SSLM])
Oct 1969 - 28 Mar 1972     Joseph Lagu                        (s.a.)               SSLF
Chairman of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM)
 5 Jun 1983 -  9 Jan 2005  John Garang de Maboir              (s.a.)               SPLM

Governments in Exile (Based in Kampala, Uganda)

President of the Southern Sudan Provisional Government
15 Aug 1967 - 27 Mar 1969  Aggrey Jaden
President of the Nile Provisional Government (NPG)
Mar 1969 - 23 Jul 1970     Gordon Mayen Mortat
President of the Anyidi Revolutionary Government (in opposition to NPG)
15 Jul 1969 - Apr 1970     Emilio Tafeng                                          AN

Party abbreviations: SNC = Sudanese National Congress Party (mainly Arab/Muslim, Islamist);
SANU = Sudan African National Union; SPLM = Sudan People's Liberation Movement (pro-southern autonomy); SSIM = Southern Sudan Independence Movement (SPLM break-away, est.Aug 1991 by Riak Machar); SSLM = Southern Sudan Liberation Movement (Southern Sudan regionalist, to Aug 1971 SSLF; est.20-30,000 [2002]); Mil = Military;
- Former parties: AN = Anya-Naya (militant southern Sudan separatist, 1970 absorbed by SSLF); 
SPLM-U = Sudan People's Liberation Movement-United (break away faction of SPLM); 
SSLF = Southern Sudan Liberation Front (renamed Aug 1971, SSLM); SSU = Sudan Socialist Union (Arab, secular, socialist -Only legal party 1969-78)