The Sudan
 

1821/22 - 1881/85                2 Sep 1898  - 1 Jan 1956 Governor's flag               2 Sep 1898  - 1 Jan 1956 Joint flag (U.K).    19 Jan 1899 - 18 Jun 1953 Joint flag (Egypt)                       1 Jan 1956 - 20 May 1970                           Adopted 20 May 1970   Map of Sudan Hear National Anthem "Nahnu Djundulla Djundulwatan" (We Are the Army of God and of Our Land)  Text of National Anthem Anthem Adopted 1956 Constitution (9 Jul 2005, interim) Capital: Khartoum (Omdurman 1881-1898) Currency:  Sudanese Pound (SDG) 1957-1992, 2007-; Sudanese Dinar (SDD) 1992-9 Jan 2007  National Holiday: 1 Jan (1956) Independence Day Population: 45,047,502 (2011) note: includes the population of South Sudan (8,260,490) GDP: $100 billion (2010) Exports: $11.4 billion (2010) Imports: $8.83 billion (2010) Ethnic groups: black 52%, Arab 39%, Beja 6%, others 3% (2003) note: demographic data includes South Sudan Total Active Armed Forces: 109,300 (2010) African Union-UN Force Darfur: 22,990 (2011) Merchant marine: 2 ships (2010) Religions: Sunni Muslim 68.4% (in north), Roman Catholic 9.5%,  and Protestant 8.8% (of which Anglican 5.4%) (mostly in south and in Khartoum), traditional beliefs 10.8%, other 2.5% (2005) International Organizations/Treaties: ABEDA, ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, APM, AU, BTWC, CAEU, COMESA, CTBT, FAO, G-77, GAFTA, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, IRENA, ISA, ISESCO, ISO, ITSO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, NPT, NTBT, OIC, OPCW, OPEC (observer), PCA, UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer) The Sudan Index Chronology Nov 1820                   Egypt begins conquest. 12 Jun 1821/1822           Occupation and annexation by Egypt                              (nominally under Ottoman suzerainty). 29 Jun 1881                Mahdiya established (Mahdi's "emergence"). 26 Jan 1885                Egyptian Sudan fully occupied by the Mahdiya.  2 Sep 1898                Mahdiya extinguished by Britain. 19 Jan 1899                Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (condominium). 24 Nov 1924                Egyptian troops and civil servants withdrawn.  4 Jul 1940 - 17 Jan 1941  Italian occupation of Gallabat, Kurmak and Kassala. 22 Oct 1952                Self-rule granted.  1 Jan 1956                Independence (Republic of The Sudan). 25 May 1969                Democratic Republic of The Sudan  5 Jun 1983 -  9 Jan 2005  Civil war erupts, large parts of the southern                              provinces under rebel control. 15 Dec 1985                Republic of The Sudan  9 Jul 2011                Independence of South Sudan. States (from 1991) Provinces (1821-1889)  Traditional Polities Abyei Area Darfur Transitional Authority  Map of Civil War 1983-2005 Historical Maps of Sudan

Supreme Commanders of Egyptian Forces
Nov 1820 - 1822            Isma`il Pasha                      (b. 1795 - d. 1822)
Apr 1821 - Sep 1824        Muhammad Bey                       (d. 1833)
Sep 1824 - May 1825        Osman Bey 
May 1825 - Mar 1826        Mahu Bey Orfali                    (d. 1828)
Hakimadars (governors-general)
Mar 1826 - Jun 1838        Ali Khurshid Paha                  (b. c.1786 - d. 1845)
Jun 1838 -  6 Oct 1843     Ahmad Pasha (Shamli or) abu Wadan  (d. 1843)
 6 Oct 1843 - 1844         post abolished
Jan 1844 - 1845            Ahmad Pasha al-Manikli             (b. c.1795 - d. 1862)
1845 - 1849                Khalid Pasha (Husru Abu Amud)
1849 - 1850                ....
1850 - Jan 1851            Abd al-Latif Pasha                 (b. c.1805 - d. 1883)
Jan 1851 - May 1852        Rustum Pasha Cerkes                (d. 1852)
May 1852 - 1853            Ismail Pasha Abu Jabal             (b. 1818 - d. 1882)
1853 - 1854                Salim Pasha Sayib
Jul 1854 - Nov 1854        Ali Pasha Sirri Arnavut            (b. 1814 - d. 1866)
Nov 1854 - 1855            ....
1855 - 1857                Ali Pasha Jarkis
1857 - 1858                Arakil Bey al-Armani Mudir'umum    (b. 1826 - d. 1858)
                             (acting)
1859 - 1861                Hasan Bey Salamah                  (d. 1861)
1861 - 1862                Muhammad Bey Rasileh               (d. 1883)
1862 - 1865                Musa Pasha Hamdi                   (b. c.1800 - d. 1865)
1865 - Nov 1865            Omar Bey Fahri (acting)            (d. 1866)
Nov 1865 - 1866            Jaafar Pasha Sadiq                 (b. 1805 - d. af.1884)
1866 -  5 Feb 1871         Jaafar Pasha Mazhar                (d. 1878)
 5 Feb 1871 - Oct 1872     Ahmad Mumtaz Pasha                 (b. c.1825 - d. 1874)
Oct 1872 - 1872            Edhem Pasha al-Arifi at-Atqalawi   (b. c.1815 - d. af.1872)
                             (acting)
1872 - 18 May 1877         Ismail Pasha Aiyub                 (d. 1884)
May 1877 - Dec 1879        Charles George Gordon (1st time)   (b. 1833 - d. 1885)
                             "Gordon Pasha"
Dec 1879 - Feb 1882        Muhammad Rauf Pasha                (b. 1832 - d. 1888)
Feb 1882 - May 1882        Geigler Pasha (acting)
May 1882 - Mar 1883        Abd al-Qadir Pasha Hailmi
Mar 1883 -  5 Nov 1883     Ala ad-Din
 5 Nov 1883 - Feb 1884     William Hicks "Hicks Pasha"        (b. 1830 - d. 1884)
Feb 1884 - 18 Feb 1884     Henry Watts Russell de Coetlogon   (b. 1839 - d. 1908)
                             (acting)
18 Feb 1884 - 26 Jan 1885  Charles George Gordon (2nd time)   (s.a.)
                             "Gordon Pasha"
Mahdi
29 Jun 1881 - 22 Jun 1885  Muhammad Ahmad                     (b. 1844 - d. 1885)
Khalifa
22 Jun 1885 -  2 Sep 1898  `Abd Allah                         (b. 1846 - d. 1899)
Military governor
 2 Sep 1898 - 19 Jan 1899  Horatio Herbert Kitchener,         (b. 1850 - d. 1916)
                             Baron Kitchener 
Governors-general
19 Jan 1899 - 22 Dec 1899  Horatio Herbert Kitchener,         (s.a.)
                             Baron Kitchener 
22 Dec 1899 - 31 Dec 1916  Sir Francis Reginald Wingate       (b. 1861 - d. 1953)
 1 Jan 1917 - 20 Nov 1924  Sir Lee Oliver Fitzmaurice Stack   (b. 1868 - d. 1924)
21 Nov 1924 -  5 Jan 1925  Wasey Sterry (acting)              (b. 1866 - d. 1955)
 5 Jan 1925 -  6 Jul 1926  Sir Geoffrey Francis Archer        (b. 1882 - d. 1964)
31 Oct 1926 - 10 Jan 1934  Sir John Loader Maffey             (b. 1877 - d. 1969)
10 Jan 1934 - 19 Oct 1940  Sir George Stewart Symes           (b. 1882 - d. 1962)
19 Oct 1940 -  8 Apr 1947  Sir Hubert Jervoise Huddleston     (b. 1880 - d. 1950)
 8 Apr 1947 - 29 Mar 1954  Sir Robert George Howe             (b. 1893 - d. 1981)
29 Mar 1954 - 12 Dec 1955  Sir Alexander Knox Helm            (b. 1893 - d. 1964)
Presidents
 1 Jan 1956 - 17 Nov 1958  Sovereignty Council
                           - Abdel Fattah Muhammad 
                               al-Magrabi
                           - Muhammad Ahmad Yasin
                           - Ahmad Muhammad Salih             (b. 1896 - d. 1971)
                           - Muhammad Othman ad-Dardiri
                           - Siricio Iro Wani
17 Nov 1958 - 16 Nov 1964  Ibrahim Abboud                     (b. 1900 - d. 1983)  Mil
                             (chairman Supreme Council to 31 Oct 1964)
16 Nov 1964 -  3 Dec 1964  Sirr al-Khatim al-Khalifah         (b. 1919 - d. 2006)  UNF
                             (acting)
 3 Dec 1964 - 10 Jun 1965  Committee of Sovereignty
                           (chair rotating weekly)
                           - Abdel Halim Muhammad (1st time)
                           - Tijani al-Mahi                   (b. 1911 - d. 1970)
                           - Mubarak Shaddad                  (b. 1913)
                           - Ibrahim Yusuf Sulayman
                              (to 31 May 1965)
                           - Luigi Adwok Bong Gicomeho        (b. 1929)
                              (1st time)(from Dec 1964)
10 Jun 1965 -  8 Jul 1965  Committee of Sovereignty
                           (chair rotating weekly)
                           - Ismail al-Azhari                 (b. 1900 - d. 1969)
                           - Abdullah al-Fadil al-Mahdi       (b. 1892 - d. 1966)
                           - Luigi Adwok Bong Gicomeho        (s.a.)
                              (2nd time)(to 14 Jun 1965)
                           - Abdel Halim Muhammad (2nd time)
                           - Khidr Hamad
 8 Jul 1965 - 25 May 1969  Ismail al-Azhari                   (s.a.)               NUP
                             (chairman Sovereignty Council)
25 May 1969 - 19 Jul 1971  Gaafar Muhammad Nimeiry (1st time) (b. 1930 - d. 2009)  Mil/SSU
                             (chairman Revolutionary Command Council)
19 Jul 1971 - 22 Jul 1971  Babiker al-Nur Osman               (d. 1971)            Mil
                             (chairman Revolutionary Council)
22 Jul 1971 -  6 Apr 1985  Gaafar Muhammad Nimeiry (2nd time) (s.a.)               Mil/SSU
                             (chairman Revolutionary Command Council to 12 Oct 1971)
 6 Apr 1985 -  6 May 1986  Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab         (b. 1934)            Mil
                             (Commander-in-Chief to 9 Apr 1985, 
                             then chairman Transitional Military Council)
 6 May 1986 - 30 Jun 1989  Ahmad Ali al-Mirghani              (b. 1941 - d. 2008)  DUP
                             (chairman Supreme Council)
30 Jun 1989 -              Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir        (b. 1944)           Mil;1996 SNC
                             (president of Revolutionary Command 
                             Council for National Salvation to 16 Oct 1993)
 

Chief ministers
22 Oct 1952 - Nov 1953     Sayid Abdel Rahman al-Mahdi        (b. 1885 - d. 1959)  UMMA
 6 Jan 1954 -  1 Jan 1956  Ismail al-Azhari                   (s.a.)               NUP
Prime ministers
 1 Jan 1956 -  5 Jul 1956  Ismail al-Azhari                   (s.a.)               NUP
 5 Jul 1956 - 17 Nov 1958  Abdullah Khalil                    (b. 1892 - d. 1970)  UMMA
18 Nov 1958 - 30 Oct 1964  Ibrahim Abboud                     (s.a.)               Mil
30 Oct 1964 -  2 Jun 1965  Sirr al-Khatim al-Khalifah         (s.a.)               Non-party
10 Jun 1965 - 25 Jul 1966  Muhammad Ahmad Mahgoub (1st time)  (b. 1908 - d. 1976)  UMMA
27 Jul 1966 - 18 May 1967  Sadiq al-Mahdi (1st time)          (b. 1935)            UMMA 
18 May 1967 - 25 May 1969  Muhammad Ahmad Mahgoub (2nd time)  (s.a.)               UMMA
25 May 1969 - 27 Oct 1969  Babiker Awadalla                   (b. 1917)            Non-party
28 Oct 1969 - 11 Aug 1976  Gaafar Muhammad Nimeiry (1st time) (s.a.)               Mil/SSU
11 Aug 1976 - 10 Sep 1977  Rashid Bakr                        (b. 1930)            SSU
10 Sep 1977 -  6 Apr 1985  Gaafar Muhammad Nimeiry (2nd time) (s.a.)               Mil/SSU
22 Apr 1985 -  6 May 1986  al-Jazuli Dafalla                  (b. 1935)            Non-party
 6 May 1986 - 30 Jun 1989  Sadiq al-Mahdi (2nd time)          (s.a.)               UMMA

 

Territorial Disputes: The effects of Sudan's almost constant ethnic and rebel militia fighting since the mid-20th century have penetrated all of the neighboring states; Chad wishes to be a helpful mediator in resolving the Darfur conflict, and in 2010 established a joint border monitoring force with Sudan, which has helped to reduce cross-border banditry and violence; as of 2006, Chad, Ethiopia, Kenya, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Uganda provided shelter for over half a million Sudanese refugees, which includes 240,000 Darfur residents driven from their homes by Janjawid armed militia and the Sudanese military forces; as of Jan 2011, Sudan, in turn, hosted about 138,700 Eritreans, 43,000 Chadians, and smaller numbers of Ethiopians; Sudan accuses Eritrea of supporting Sudanese rebel groups; efforts to demarcate the porous boundary with Ethiopia proceed slowly due to civil and ethnic fighting in eastern Sudan; Sudan claims but Egypt de facto administers security and economic development of Halaib region north of the 22nd parallel boundary; periodic violent skirmishes with Sudanese residents over water and grazing rights persist among related pastoral populations along the border with the Central African Republic; South Sudan-Sudan boundary represents 1 Jan 1956 alignment, final alignment pending negotiations and demarcation; final sovereignty status of Abyei Area pending negotiations between South Sudan and Sudan.

Party abbreviations: NUP = National Unionist Party (Nationalist, pro-Federal form of government, est.1957); SNC = Sudanese National Congress Party (mainly Arab/Muslim, Islamist, government party 1996- ,former NIF); UMMA = (Arab/Muslim, social-democratic); UNF = United National Front (leftist); Mil = Military; 
- Former parties: DUP = Democratic Unionist Party (1968-69, merger of NUP and Popular Democratic Party); NIF = National Islamic Front (Arab, Islamist, government party 1989-96, renamed SNC); SSU = Sudan Socialist Union (Arab, secular, socialist -Only legal party 1969-1978)

Abyei Area Administration

31 Aug 2008                Abyei Area Administration formed in disputed region between
                             Southern Sudan and government of Sudan.
 9 Jan 2011                Proposed referendum on joining South Sudan, postponed
                             indefinitely.
21 May 2011 - 27 Jun 2011  Occupied by The Sudan.

Chiefs of Administration
31 Aug 2008 - 30 Dec 2009  Arop Moyak                                             SPLM
30 Dec 2009 - 21 May 2011  Deng Arop Kuol                                         SPLM
21 May 2011 -  7 Jun 2011  Vacant
 7 Jun 2011 -              Ahmed Hussein al-Imam                                  SNC

Party abbreviations: SNC = Sudanese National Congress Party (mainly Arab/Muslim, Islamist);
- Former parties: SPLM = Sudan People's Liberation Movement (pro-southern autonomy, political arm of Sudan Peoples' Liberation Army SPLA, est.1983, from 9 Jul 2011 northern branch renamed SPLM-North, banned 3 Sep 2011)