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South Sudan
 
[Flag of the United Kingdom]
2 Sep 1898 - 1 Jan 1956
Anglo-Egyptian Sudan Joint Flag
[Flag of Egypt 1923-1953]
19 Jan 1899 - 18 Jun 1953
Anglo-Egyptian Sudan Joint Flag
[Flag of The Sudan, 1956-1970]
1 Jan 1956 - 20 May 1970
[Flag of The Sudan]
20 May 1970 - 9 Jul 2011
[South Sudan]
Adopted 9 Jul 2011


Map of South Sudan
 Hear National Anthem
"South Sudan Oyee!"
Text of Local Anthem
Adopted 9 Jul 2011
 Constitution
(9 Jul 2011; transitional)
Capital: Juba  Currency: South Sudan Pound (SSP); 1956-18 Jul 2011 Sudanese Pound (SDG) National Holiday: 9 Jul (2011)
Independence Day
 		Population: 12,118,379 (2023) 
GDP: $20.01 billion (2017)
 Exports: $4.65 billion (2021)
Imports: $4.04 billion (2021)
 Ethnic groups: Dinka (Jieng) 35.8%, Nuer (Naath) 15.6%,
Shilluk (Chollo), Azande, Bari, Kakwa, Kuku, Murle, Mandari, Didinga, Ndogo, Bviri, Lndi, Anuak, Bongo, Lango, Dungotona, Acholi, Baka, Fertit (2011)
Total Active Armed Forces: 185,000 (2021)
UN Force in South Sudan (UNMISS): 17,954 (Feb 2023)
Merchant marine: None (2022)
 Religions: Christian 60.5%, folk religion 32.9%, Muslim 6.2%, other less than 1%, unaffiliated less than 1% (2020)
International Organizations/Treaties: ACP (observer), AfCFTA (signatory), AfDB, APM, AU, BTWC, C (applicant), CCM, EAC, ESCR, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (suspended), ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISA (observer), ISO (correspondent), ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NAM, OPEC (cooperation), UN, UNCTAD, UNDP, UNEP, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-PA, UNHCR, UNICEF, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFP, WHO, WMO, WTO (observer)
South Sudan
 Index
Chronology

26 May 1871                Equatoria province of Egyptian Sudan (see Sudan).
Apr 1889 - 1898            Part of the Mahdiya (see Sudan).
  2 Sep 1898                Mahdiya extinguished by Britain.
12 May 1894 - 10 Jun 1910  Lado district leased to the Belgian Congo.
19 Jan 1899                Part of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (see Sudan).
 1922 - 13 Jun 1947         Aborted British plan to administer the southern
                              provinces of The Sudan separately from the
                              northern provinces.
18 Aug 1955 - 27 Mar 1972  First Sudanese Civil War (Anyanya rebellion).
 1 Jan 1956                Part of independent Republic of The Sudan.
 28 Feb 1972 -  5 Jun 1983  Self-government for the three Southern
                              provinces (Southern Sudan Autonomous Region)
                              (included Equatoria, Bahr al-Ghazal and
                             Upper Nile, capital at Juba).
 5 Jun 1983 -  9 Jan 2005  Second Sudanese Civil War (Southern rebellion
                             against the Sudanese government).
 9 Jul 2005                Autonomous Government of Southern Sudan,
                              within The Sudan established.
  9-15 Jan 2011             Referendum votes 98.83% for independence.
  9 Jul 2011                Independence (Republic of South Sudan).
 9 Jul 2011 -              United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS)
                             deployed.

States
 (2011-2015,
from 2020)
Southern Sudan Region
 (1972-2011)
Rebel
Governments
 (1967-2005)
Lado Enclave
(1897-1910)
Shilluk (Chollo)
Abyei Area
(from 2008)
Map of Civil War
1983-2005
 Historical Maps
of Sudan
 


President
 9 Jul 2011 -              Salva Kiir Mayardit               (b. 1951)            SPLM


Southern Sudan Region

[Autonomous Government of Southern Sudan flag 2005-2011 (The Sudan)]
9 Jul 2005 - 9 Jul 2011 Region Flag
Map of Southern Sudan Region Capital: Juba
 		Hear Regional Anthem
(former SPLM anthem)
 2005-2011 		Interim Constitution
(6 Dec 2005 - 9 Jul 2011)
SPLA Forces: 40,150 (2010)
 Currency: Sudanese Pound
(SDP) 
 Region Holiday: 16 May (1983)
Founding of the Sudan Peoples’ Liberation Army (SPLA)
 Population: 8,260,490 (2008)
5,300,000 (1983)
3,000,000 (1973)

Chairmen of the Southern Region High Executive Council
 6 Apr 1972 - Feb 1978     Abel Alier Kwai Kut (1st time)    (b. 1933)            SSU
                             (interim to 1974)
Feb 1978 - 12 Jul 1979     Joseph Lagu Yokobo Yanga          (b. 1929)            SSLM
12 Jul 1979 - 30 May 1980  Peter Gatkuoth Gual               (b. 1938 - d. 1992)  SSU
30 May 1980 -  5 Oct 1981  Abel Alier Kwai Kut (2nd time)    (s.a.)               SSU
 5 Oct 1981 - 23 Jun 1982  Gismalla Abdalla Rasas (interim)  (b. 1932 - d. 2013)  Mil
23 Jun 1982 -  5 Jun 1983  Joseph James Tombura              (b. 1929 - d. 1992)  SSU 
 5 Jun 1983 - 25 May 1985  Post abolished
25 May 1985 - May 1986     James Loro Siricio Mawngi         (b. 1942)            SSU  
May 1986 - May 1987        Post abolished
Chairmen of the Coordination Council for the South
31 Jan 1987 - Jan 1988     Mathew Obur Ayang                 (b. 1934 - d. 2009)  SPLM
Jan 1988 - Jun 1989        Angelo Bangbaru Beda              (b. 1939)            SSPA
Jun 1989 -  7 Aug 1997     Post abolished
Chairmen of the Coordinating Council for Southern Sudan
 7 Aug 1997 - 31 Jan 2000  Riek Machar Teny Dhurgon          (b. 1952)            SSIM
2000 - 2001                Angelo Bangbaru Beda (acting)     (s.a.)               NCP
2001 -  9 Dec 2002         Gabriel Gatluak Deng Garang Alier (b. 1953 - d. 2014)  SNC
 9 Dec 2002 - 2005         Riek Gai Kok                      (b. 1954)            SNC
Presidents of the Government of Southern Sudan
 9 Jul 2005 - 30 Jul 2005  John Garang de Mabior Atem Aruai  (b. 1945 - d. 2005)  SPLM
 1 Aug 2005 -  9 Jul 2011  Salva Kiir Mayardit               (s.a.)               SPLM 
                              (acting to 11 Aug 2005)

Southern Sudan Liberation Movements (1969-2005)

[Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement (SPLA/M) 1979-1990's (The Sudan)]
1979 - 1990's SPLA/M Flag
[Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) flag 1990's-2005 (The Sudan)]
1990's - 2005 SPLM Flag
President of the Southern Sudan Liberation Front (SSLF)
(from Aug 1971, Southern Sudan Liberation Movement [SSLM])
Oct 1969 - 28 Mar 1972     Joseph Lagu Yokobo Yanga          (s.a.)             SSLF;1971 SSLM
Chairman of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM)
 5 Jun 1983 -  9 Jan 2005  John Garang de Mabior Atem Aruai  (s.a.)               SPLM

Governments in Exile (Based in Kampala, Uganda)

[Southern Sudan Provisional Government, 1967-1969 (The Sudan)]
Aug 1967 - 27 Mar 1969
Southern Sudan Provisional Government
[Nile State flag, 1969-1970 (The Sudan)]
Mar 1969 - 23 Jul 1970 Nile State
[Anya-Nya flag, 1969-1970 (The Sudan)]
15 Jul 1969 - Apr 1970 Anya-Nya Flag
 
President of the Southern Sudan Provisional Government (at Bungu)
 15 Aug 1967 - 27 Mar 1969  Aggrey Jaden                      (b. 1924 - d. 1985)  SANU+AN
 President of the Provisional Government of the Nile (NPG)
 Mar 1969 - 23 Jul 1970     Gordon Muortat Mayen              (b. 1922 - d. 2008)  Mil+AN
 President of the Anyidi Revolutionary Government (in opposition to NPG)
16 Jul 1969 - Apr 1970     Emilio Tafeng Odongi              (b. 1917 - d. 198.)  Mil+AN

Territorial Disputes: periodic violent skirmishes persist among related pastoral populations along the border with the Central African Republic over water and grazing rights; the unresolved demarcation of the boundary and lack of clear limitation create substantial room for territorial conflict both locally among the border populations and between the two capitals; besides a large number of indigenous farmers, the border region supports refugees and various rebel groups opposed to the governments in Khartoum and Addis Ababa; two thirds of the boundary that separates Kenya and South Sudan's sovereignty known as the "Ilemi Triangle" has been unclear since British colonial times, Kenya has administered the area since colonial times; officials from Kenya and South Sudan signed a memorandum of understanding on boundary delimitation and demarcation and agreed to set up a joint committee; as of Jul 2019, the demarcation process was to begin in 90-days, but was delayed due to a lack of funding; present boundary represents 1 Jan 1956 alignment, which clearly placed the Kafia Kingi area (adjacent to Central African Republic) within South Sudan as shown on U.S. maps although it is mostly occupied by The Sudan; final alignment pending negotiations and demarcation; the final sovereignty status of Abyei Area pending negotiations between South Sudan and Sudan; clashes continue in the oil-rich Abyei region; the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA) has been deployed since 2011, when South Sudan became independent, The Sudan accuses South Sudan of supporting Sudanese rebel groups; South Sudan controls The Sudan claimed "14-mile" and Kaka areas, plus several other sites within areas claimed by both countries.

Party abbreviations: SANU = Sudan African National Union (South Sudan autonomist, African nationalist, 1960-63 named Sudan African Closed Districts National Union, est.1963); SPLM = Sudanese People's Liberation Movement (pro-southern autonomy, ethnic Dinka dominated, political arm of Sudan Peoples' Liberation Army, est.31 Jul 1983); SSLM = South Sudan Liberation Movement (Southern Sudan regionalist, former AN and SSLF, est.Aug 1971); Mil = Military;
- Former parties: ALF = Azania Liberation Front (Southern Sudan separatist, Feb 1965-Jul 1970); AN = Anya-Nya (Southern Sudan militant separatist, 1969-1971, merged into SSLF); NCP = al-Mu'tamar al-Watani (National Congress Party, Arab nationalist, islamist conservative, The Sudan state party 1996-2000, est.1996); SF = Southern Front (Southern Sudan regionalist, 1964-1969); SNC = Sudanese National Congress Party (Arab/Muslim nationalist, islamist, The Sudan government party from 1996, est.1996); SPLM-U = Sudan People's Liberation Movement-United (SPLM Riek Machar faction, Aug 1991-Oct 1994, then SSIM); SSIM = Southern Sudan Independence Movement (Riek Machar faction of SPLM, former SPLM-U, 10 Oct 1994-2002); SSLF = South Sudan Liberation Front (renamed Aug 1971 merged into SSLM); SSU = Al-Ittihad Al-Ishtiraki Al-Sudaniy (Sudanese Socialist Union, Arab nationalist, socialist, state party of Sudan, 1971-1985)

Lado Enclave

[Lado Belgian enclave 1897-1910 (South Sudan)]
15 Jan 1897 - 10 Jun 1910
Map of Lado Enclave Capital: Rejaf (Redjaf)
(principal post) 		Population: 250,000
May 1892                   First Congolese expedition in the Bahr al-Ghazal.
12 May 1894                British-Congo Free State Treaty. In order to prevent a French
                             take over of the Bahr al-Ghazal and to open a "second front" 
                             against the Mahdists, the British leased for the lifetime of 
                             Leopold II the Bahr al-Ghazal (region between the Nile, 
                             Lake Albert, 10° Northern Latitude and 25° Western Longitude) 
                             to Congo (later Lado district).
14 Aug 1894                French-Congo Free State treaty sets the western boundary of Lado.
                             Congo agrees to only occupy the area between the Nile River, Lake
                             Albert, 5°30' NL and 30° WL.
17 Feb 1897                Mahdist tropos are defeated at Bedden Battle by the Congo Free
                             State army led by Lt. Louis Chaltin. Congolese troops start
                              occupying the territory. At first limited to the Lado Enclave,
                             occupation later extends to other parts of Bahr al-Ghazal.
 19 Jan 1899                U.K. proclaims the Bahr al-Ghazal a part of the Anglo-Egyptian
                             Sudan. Belgian Congolese presence and expansion continues.
 9 May 1906                British-Congo Free State Treaty, the lease of the Bahr al-Ghazal
                             is canceled, only the Lado enclave remains leased to the 
                             Belgian Congo for King Leopold's lifetime.
 3 Aug 1907                Last Congolese troops leave Bahr al-Ghazal (except Lado enclave).
10 Jun 1910                Lado district handed over to Anglo-Egyptian Sudan government,
                             as part of Mongalla province. 
Commandants Supérieur of Uele and the Lado Enclave
17 Feb 1897 - Nov 1897     Louis Napoléon Chaltin (1st time)    (b. 1857 - d. 1933)
 Nov 1897 - 15 Dec 1898     Léon Charles Édouard Hanolet         (b. 1859 - d. 1908)
                              (1st time)
 15 Dec 1898 -  1 May 1900  Jean-Baptiste Josué Henry            (b. 1869 - d. 1957)
  1 May 1900 - Mar 1902     Louis Napoléon Chaltin (2nd time)    (s.a.)
 Mar 1902 - Jan 1903        Léon Charles Édouard Hanolet         (s.a.)
                              (2nd time)
 Jan 1903 - 24 Mar 1904     Georges François Wtterwulghe         (b. 1871 - d. 1904)
 24 Mar 1904 - 1904         Florian Alexandre François Wacquez   (b. 1870 - d. 1914)
                              (acting for Wtterwulghe to 8 May 1904)
 1904 - May 1907            Ferdinand, baron de Rennette de      (b. 1869 - d. 1947)
                             Villers-Perwin (acting to Aug 1906)
Chief of the Lado Enclave Zone
 1899 - 1900                Gustave Ferdinand Joseph Renier      (b. 1867 - d. 1914)
 Commandants of the Lado Enclave
 1900 - Jan 1903            Gustave Ferdinand Joseph Renier      (s.a.)
Jan 1903 - Aug 1903        Albéric Constantin Édouard Bruneel   (b. 1863 - d. 1914)
 Aug 1903 - Mar 1905        Henri Laurent Serexhe                (b. 1869 - d. 1934)
 Mar 1905 - May 1907        Guillaume Léopold Olaerts            (b. 1867 - d. 19..)
 Commandants Supérieur of Uele and the Lado Enclave
May 1907 - Jan 1908        Guillaume Léopold Olaerts            (s.a.)
 Jan 1908 - Apr 1909        Léon Néstor Preud'homme              (b. 1871 - d. 1936)
 Apr 1909 - 1910            Alexis Félicien Bertrand             (b. 1870 - d. 1946)
 1910 - Jun 1910            Charles Eugène Édouard de Meulenaer  (b. 1873 - d. 1920)

Shilluk (Chollo)

[Shilluk (Chollo) kingdom former flag (South Sudan)]
to c.2011
[Shilluk (Chollo) kingdom flag (South Sudan)]
Adopted c.2011

c.1545                     Shilluk (Chollo) kingdom founded.
10 Jul 1898                French forces under Jean-Baptiste Marchand (b. 1863 - d. 1934)
                             arrive at Fashoda, declaring a protectorate on 3 Sep 1898.
18 Sep 1898                British forces arrive at Fashoda.
 3 Nov 1898                French forces withdraw.
21 Mar 1899                Anglo-French Agreement recognizes the Upper Nile as a
                             British sphere of influence.

Reths
c.1545 - 15..              Nyikang
15.. - 15..                Col wad Nyikang
15.. - 15..                Dak wad Nyikang
15.. - c.1600              Nyidoro wad Dak
c.1600 - c.1635            Odak Ocwolo wad Dak
c.1635 - c.1650            Duwat wad Ocwolo
c.1650 - c.1660            Bwoc wad Duwat
c.1660 - c.1661            Akac
c.1661 - c.1667            Abudok nya Bwoc (f)
c.1667 - c.1690            Tokot wad Bwoc
c.1690 - c.1710            Tugo wad Tokot
c.1710 - c.1715            Okon wad Tugo
c.1715 - c.1745            Nyadwai wad Tugo
c.1740 - c.1745            Ngu Abab (in rebellion)
c.1745 - c.1750            Muko wad Nyadwai
c.1750 - c.1760            Wak wad Nyadwai
c.1760 - c.1770            Tyelgut wad Nyadwai
c.1770 - c.1780            Kudit wad Okon
c.1780 - c.1820            Yor Nyakwac wad Kudit
c.1820 - c.1825            Aney wad Nyakwac
c.1825 - c.1835            Akwot wad Nyakwac
c.1835 - c.1840            Awin wad Nyakwac
c.1840 - c.1845            Akoc wad Akwot
c.1845 - Feb 1859          Nyidok wad Nyakwac                 (d. 1859)
 1859                       Acin wad Akwot
1859 - 1861                Kwadker wad Akwot                  (d. 1861)
1861 - 1875                Ajang wad Nyidok                   (d. 1875)
1875                       Dedunyal wad Ajang
1875 - 1876                Vacant
1876 -  8 Dec 1881         Kuikon wad Kwadker                 (d. 1881)
1882 - 1892                Yor wad Akoc                       (d. 1892)
1892 - 1903                Kur Galdwan wad Nyidok "Kur Rac"   (d. 1908)
1903 - 22 Feb 1918         Fadyet wad Kwadker                 (d. 1918)
1918 - Sep 1943            Fafiti wad Yor                     (d. 1943)
15 Mar 1944 - 10 Nov 1945  Aney wad Kur                       (b. 1900 - d. 1945)
Jan 1946 -  8 May 1951     Dak wad Fadyet                     (b. 1904 - d. 1951)
Feb 1952 - 24 Jul 1974     Kur wad Papiti                     (b. 1928 - d. 1974)
1974 -  1 Jun 1992         Ayang wad Aney Kur                 (b. 1944 - d. 1992)
                             (= Tipo wad Aney) 
27 Apr 1993 -              Kwongo wad Dak Alagi Padiet        (b. 1945)




© Ben Cahoon