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Peru
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![[Spanish War Ensign (1785-1931)]](es-1785.gif)
![[Flag of Peru of 1820 (1)]](pe_1820a.gif)
![[Peru - Oct 1820]](pe_1820e.gif)
![[Flag of Peru of 1822]](pe_1822o.gif)
![[Flag of Peru of 1823]](pe_1823.gif)
![[Flag of the Peruvian-Bolivian Confederation]](pbc.gif)
Governors
26 Jul 1533 - 26 Jun 1541 Francisco Pizarro (b. c.1470
- d. 1541)
26 Jun 1541 - Sep 1542 Diego de Almagro II "El Mozo" (b. 1520 - d. 1542)
Viceroys
1542 - 1544
Cristóbal Vaca de Castro (b. c.1492 - d. 1566)
15 May 1544 - 18 Jan 1546 Blasco Núñez Vela
(b. 1490 - d. 1546)
1544 - 1548
Gonzalo Pizarro (b. 1506 - d. 1548)
(governor; in opposition to viceroy)
10 Apr 1547 - 27 Jan 1550
Pedro de la Gasca (b. 1485 - d. 1567)
27 Jan 1550 - 23 Sep 1551
Audiencia
23 Sep 1551 - 21 Jul 1552 Antonio de Mendoza (b. 1495 - d. 1552)
Jul 1552 - 29 Jun 1556 Melchor Bravo de Saravia Sotomayor (b. 1512 - d. 1577)
(interim)
29 Jun 1556 - 30 Mar 1561 Andrés Hurtado de Mendoza, (b. c.1500 - d. 1561)
marqués de Cañete
17 Apr 1561 - 20 Feb 1564 Diego López de Zúñiga y Velasco, (b. c.1510 - d. 1564)
conde de Nieva
20 Feb 1564 - 2 Sep 1564 Juan de Saavedra (interim)
2 Sep 1564 - 26 Nov 1569 Lope García de Castro (interim) (d. 1576)
26 Nov 1569 - 23 Sep 1581 Francisco de Toledo (b. 1515 - d. 1584)
23 Sep 1581 - 1583
Martín Enríquez de Almansa (d.
1583)
1583 - 1584
Cristóbal Ramírez de Cartagena (d. 1594)
(President of the Audiencia)
1584 - 20 Nov 1589 Fernando Torres de Portugal y
Mesía Venegas y Ponce de León,
conde de Villa Don Pardo
8 Jan 1590 - 24 Jul 1596 García Hurtado de Mendoza y (b. 1535 - d. 1609)
Manrique, marqués de Cañete
24 Jul 1596 - 18 Jan 1604
Luis de Velasco, marqués de (b. 1539 - d. 1617)
Salinas
18 Jan 1604 - 16 Mar 1606 Gaspar de Zúñiga Acevedo y (b. 1560 - d. 1606)
Fonseca, conde de Monterrey
16 Mar 1606 - 21 Dec 1607 Diego de Núñez de Avendaño (d. 1607)
(President of the Audiencia)
21 Dec 1607 - 18 Dec 1615 Juan Manuel de Mendoza y (b. 1571 - d. 1628)
Manrique Hurtado y Padilla,
marqués de Montesclaros
18 Dec 1615 - 31 Dec 1621 Francisco de Borja y Aragón, (b. 1581 - d. 1658)
príncipe de Esquilache
1 Jan 1622 - 25 Jul 1622 Juan Jiménez de Montalvo (b. 1561 - d. 1621)
(President of the Audiencia)
25 Jul 1622 - 14 Jan 1629 Diego Fernández de Córdoba y (b. 1578 - d. 1630)
López de las Roelas Benavides y
Melgarejo, marqués de Guadalcázar
14 Jan 1629 - 18 Dec 1639 Luis Jerónimo Fernández de Cabrera (b. 1589 - d. 1647)
Bobadilla Cerda y Mendoza,
conde de Chinchón
18 Dec 1639 - 20 Sep 1648 Pedro de Toledo y Leyva, (b. c.1585 - d. 1654)
marqués de Mancera
1648 - 1655
García Sarmiento de Sotomayor (b. c.1595 - d. 1659)
Enríquez de Luna,
conde de Salvatierra
24 Feb 1655 - 31 Dec 1661 Luis Enríquez de Guzmán y Coresma, (b. c.605 - d. 16..)
conde de Alba de Liste
31 Dec 1661 - 16 Mar 1666 Diego de Benavides y de la Cueva, (b. 1607 - d. 1666)
conde de Santisteban
16 Mar 1666 - 21 Nov 1667 Bernardo de Iturriaza (1st time) (b. 1608 - d. 1678)
(interim)
21 Nov 1667 - 6 Dec 1672 Pedro Fernández de Castro Andrade (b. 1634 - d. 1672)
y Portugal, conde de Lemos
6 Dec 1672 - 15 Aug 1674 Bernardo de Iturriaza (2nd time) (s.a.)
(interim)
15 Aug 1674 - 7 Jul 1678 Baltasar de la Cueva Enríquez, (b. 1626 - d. 1686)
conde de Castellar
7 Jul 1678 - 20 Nov 1681 Melchor de Liñán y Cisneros, (b. 1629 - d. 1708)
arzobispo de Lima (interim)
20 Nov 1681 - 15 Aug 1689 Melchor de Navarra y Rocaful, (b. 1626 - d. 1691)
duque de la Palata
Aug 1689 - Sep 1705 Melchor Porto-Carrero
y Lasso de (b. 1636 - d. 1705)
la Vega, conde de Monclova
15 Sep 1705 - 22 May 1707 Miguel Núñez de Sanabria (1st time)(b. c.1645 - d. 1729)
(President of the Audiencia)
22 May 1707 - 22 Apr 1710 Manuel Oms de Santa Pau Olim de
(b. 1651 - d. 1710)
Sentamanat y Lanuza, marqués de
Castell dos Rios
22 Apr 1710 - 14 Sep 1710 Miguel Núñez de Sanabria (2ns time)(s.a.)
(President of the Audiencia)
14 Sep 1710 - 2 Mar 1716 Diego Ladrón de Guevara,
(b. 1641 - d. 1718)
obispo de Quito
2 Mar 1716 - 15 Aug 1716 Mateo de la Mata
Ponce de León (d. 1720)
(President of the Audiencia)
15 Aug 1716 - 5 Oct 1716 Diego Morcillo Rubio de Auñón
(b. 1642 - d. 1730)
(1st time) (interim)
5 Oct 1716 - 26 Jan 1720 Carmino Nicolás
Caracciolo, (b. 1671 - d. 1727)
príncipe de Santo Buono
26 Jan 1720 - 14 May 1724 Diego Morcillo Rubio de Auñón
(s.a.)
(2dd time)
14 May 1724 - 4 Jan 1736 José de Armendáriz
y Perurena (b. 1670 - d. 1740)
Garrués de Usechi y Urquijo,
marqués de Castelfuerte
4 Jan 1736 - 12 Jul 1745 José Antonio de Mendoza
Caamaño (b. 1667 - d. 1746)
y Sotomayor, marqués de
Villa-García, conde de Barrantes
12 Jul 1745 - 12 Oct 1761 José Antonio Manso de Velasco
(b. 1688 - d. 1767)
y Sanchez de Samaniego,
(from 1748) conde de Superunda
12 Oct 1761 - 17 Jul 1776 Manuel de Amat y Junient Planella
(b. 1704 - d. 1790)
Aimeric y Santa Pau
17 Jul 1776 - 21 Jul 1780 Manuel de Guirior y Portal de
(b. 1708 - d. 1788)
Huarte y Edozaín,
marqués de Guirior
21 Jul 1780 - 6 Apr 1784 Agustín de Jáuregui
y Aldecoa (b. 1708 - d. 1784)
4 Nov 1780 - 6 Apr 1781
Tupac Amaru II (in rebellion) (b. 1742 -
d. 1781)
(José Gabriel Condorcanqui Túpac Amaru)
6 Apr 1784 - 25 Mar 1790 Teodoro Francisco de Croix,
(b. 1730 - d. 1791)
conde de Croix
25 Mar 1790 - 6 Jun 1796 Francisco Gil de Taboada y
Lemos (b. 1736 - d. 1809)
y Villa Marín
6 Jun 1796 - 19 Mar 1801 Ambrosio O'Higgins,
(b. 1716 - d. 1801)
marqués de Osorno
19 Mar 1801 - 5 Nov 1801 Manuel Antonio de Arredondo y (b. 1738 - d. 1822)
Pelegrín
(President of the Audiencia)
5 Nov 1801 - 20 Aug 1806 Gabriel de Avilés y
del Fierro, (b. 1730 - d. 1810)
marqués de Avilés
20 Aug 1806 - 7 Jul 1816 José Fernando Abascal
y Sousa, (b. 1743 - d. 1827)
marqués de la Concordia
7 Jul 1816 - 29 Jan 1821 Joaquín de la Pezuela
y Sánchez (b. 1761 - d. 1830)
Muñoz de Velasco, marqués de
Viluma
29 Jan 1821 - Dec 1824 José de la
Serna e Hinojosa (b. 1770 - d.
1832)
(acting)
Dec 1824 - 23 Jan 1826 Juan Pío
de Tristán y Moscoso (b. 1773 - d.
1860)
(acting)
General-in-Chief
28 Jul 1821 - 3 Aug 1821 José Francisco de San
Martín (b. 1778 - d. 1850)
Mil
y Matorras
Protector
3 Aug 1821 - 20 Sep 1822 José Francisco de San
Martín (s.a.)
Mil
y Matorras
President of the Constituent Congress
20 Sep 1822 - 22 Sep 1822 Francisco Xavier de Luna Pizarro
(b. 1780 - d. 1855)
y Pacheco
President of the Supreme Governing Junta
22 Sep 1822 - 27 Feb 1823 José Domingo La Mar y Cortázar
(b. 1778 - d. 1830) Mil
Interim Administrator
27 Feb 1823 - 28 Feb 1823 José Bernardo de Tagle y
(b. 1779 - d. 1825) Mil
Portocarrero, marqués de Torre
Tagle, marqués de Trujillo
Presidents
28 Feb 1823 - 23 Jun 1823 José Mariano de la Cruz
de la Riva (b. 1783 - d. 1858) Mil
Agüero y Sánchez Boquete
(continues, in revolt, after deposition to 25 Nov 1823)
23 Jun 1823 - 17 Jul 1823 Antonio José Francisco de
Sucre (b. 1795 - d. 1830) Mil
y Alcalá
(Supreme Military Chief)
17 Jul 1823 - 18 Feb 1824 José Bernardo de Tagle y
(s.a.)
Mil
Portocarrero (Supreme Chief to 16 Aug 1823)
18 Feb 1824 - 28 Jan 1827 Simón José de la
Santísima (b. 1783
- d. 1830) Mil
Trinidad Bolívar y Palacios
(acting Dictator to 10 Feb 1825,
Liberator to 9 Dec 1826, then President-for-Life)
28 Jan 1827 - 9 Jun 1827 José Andrés
de Santa Cruz y (b. 1792 - d.
1865) Mil
Villavicencio y Calaumana
(president of council of government)
9 Jun 1827 - 22 Aug 1827 Manuel Salazar y Baquíjano
(acting)(b. 1777 - d. 1850)
22 Aug 1827 - 6 Jun 1829 José Domingo La Mar y
Cortázar (s.a.)
Mil
6 Jun 1829 - 1 Sep 1829 Antonio Gutiérrez
de La Fuente (b. 1796 - d. 1878)
(Provisional Supreme Chief)
1 Sep 1829 - 20 Dec 1833 Agustín Gamarra y Messia
(1st time)(b. 1785 - d. 1841) Mil
(provisional to 22 Dec 1829)
20 Dec 1833 - 21 Dec 1833 Francisco Xavier de Luna Pizarro
y (s.a.)
Pacheco Araus
(President of National Convention)
21 Dec 1833 - 11 Aug 1836 Luis José Orbegoso y Moncada
(b. 1795 - d. 1847) Mil
Galindo (provisional)
4 Jan 1834 - 24 Apr 1834 Pedro Pablo Bermúdez
Ascarza (b. 1793 - d. 1852) Mil
(Provisional Supreme Chief, in rebellion)
25 Feb 1835 - 7 Feb 1836 Felipe Santiago de Salaverry
y (b. 1806 - d. 1836) Mil
del Solar
(Supreme Chief, in rebellion)
Divided Peru and the Peru-Bolivian Confederation
Note: In 1836 Andrés de Santa Cruz, president of Bolivia, launched a project to confederate Peru and Bolivia under his "Protectorship." In Peru he began by having an Assembly proclaim on 17 Mar 1836 the South-Peruvian State, following on 11 Aug 1836 by a similar proclamation of the North-Peruvian State; in each case he became the new state's "Supreme Protector" with full powers. The Peru-Bolivian Confederation was proclaimed 28 Oct 1836; Santa Cruz was its Supreme Protector, while remaining Supreme Protector of each of the Peruvian States as well as President of the Bolivian Republic. The Confederation lasted until 20 Feb 1839. In each of the Peruvian States there was from 1837, under the Supreme Protector, a Provisional President.
![[Flag of South Peru (Peruvian-Bolivian Confederation)]](pbc-s.gif)
20 Mar 1836 - 20 Jan 1839
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17 Mar 1836
South-Peruvian State
(also styled Republic of the South of Peru,
or South-Peruvian Republic).
23 Feb 1839
State extinguished.
Supreme Protector
17 Mar 1836 - 23 Feb 1839 José Andrés de Santa
Cruz y (s.a.)
Mil
Villavicencio y Calaumana
Provisional Presidents
17 Sep 1837 - 12 Oct 1838 Ramón Herrera y de Paula Rodado
(b. 1799 - d. 1882)
12 Oct 1838 - 23 Feb 1839 Juan Pío de Tristán
y Moscoso (s.a.)
North-Peruvian State
![[Flag of North Peru (Peruvian-Bolivian Confederation)]](pe_1825.gif)
11 Aug 1836 - 20 Jan 1839
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11 Aug 1836
North-Peruvian State
(also styled Republic of the North of Peru, or
North-Peruvian Republic).
30 Jul 1838
Secession from Peru-Bolivian Confederation declared.
24 Jan 1839
State extinguished.
Supreme Protector
11 Aug 1836 - 24 Jan 1839 José Andrés de Santa
Cruz y (s.a.)
Mil
Villavicencio y Calaumana
Provisional Presidents
21 Aug 1837 - 30 Jul 1838 Luis José Orbegoso y Moncada
(s.a.)
Mil
(declares secession of North-Peruvian
Republic from the Peru-Bolivian Confederation
30 Jul 1838 and continues as Provisional
President to 1 Sep 1838)
11 Aug 1838 - 24 Jan 1839 José de la Riva Agüero
(s.a.)
Peru
25 Aug 1838
Peruvian Republic (in sporadic official use
also Republic of Peru).
28 Sep 1881 - 23 Oct 1883 Chilean occupation.
28 Jul 1980
Republic of Peru
Presidents
25 Aug 1838 - 18 Nov 1841 Agustín Gamarra y Messia
(2nd time)(s.a.)
Mil
(provisional to 11 Jul 1840)
18 Nov 1841 - 16 Aug 1842 Manuel Menéndez y Gorozabel
(b. 1793 - d. 1847)
(1st time) (acting)
16 Aug 1842 - 17 Oct 1842 Juan Crisóstomo Torrico
González (b. 1808 - d. 1875) Mil
(Supreme Chief)
17 Oct 1842 - 15 Mar 1843 Juan Francisco de Vidal Laos
(b. 1800 - d. 1869) Mil
(acting; in rebellion from 12 Aug 1842)
16 Mar 1843 - 20 Mar 1843 Justo Figuerola y Estrada
(b. 1771 - d. 1854)
(1st time) (acting)
20 Mar 1843 - 17 Jun 1844 Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco e
(b. 1806 - d. 1873) Mil
Iturralde (Supreme Director, in rebellion from
20 Feb 1843 and continuing to 22 Jul 1844)
3 Sep 1843 - 17 Feb 1844 Domingo Nieto Márquez
(b. 1803 - d. 1844) Mil
(president of the Provisional Supreme Governing
Junta of "Free Departments", in
rebellion)
17 Feb 1844 - 11 Dec 1844 Ramón Castilla y Marquesado
(b. 1797 - d. 1867)
(president of the Provisional Supreme Governing
Junta of "Free Departments", in
rebellion)
17 Jun 1844 - 10 Aug 1844 Domingo Elías y Carbajo
(b. 1805 - d. 1867)
(Political and Military Chief)
10 Aug 1844 - 11 Aug 1844 Manuel Menéndez y Gorozabel
(s.a.)
(2nd time) (acting)
11 Aug 1844 - 7 Oct 1844 Justo Figuerola y Estrada
(s.a.)
(2nd time) (acting)
7 Oct 1844 - 20 Apr 1845 Manuel Menéndez y Gorozabel
(s.a.)
(3rd time) (acting)
20 Apr 1845 - 20 Apr 1851 Ramón Castilla y Marquesado
(s.a.)
Mil
(1st time)
20 Apr 1851 - 5 Jan 1855 José Rufino Echenique
y Benavente (b. 1808 - d. 1887) Mil
5 Jan 1855 - 24 Oct 1862 Ramón Castilla y Marquesado
(s.a.)
Mil
(2nd time)(provisional [in rebellion from 1 May 1854]
to 25 Oct 1858)
24 Oct 1862 - 3 Apr 1863 Miguel de San Román
y Meza (b. 1802 - d. 1863)
Mil
3 Apr 1863 - 9 Apr 1863 Ramón Castilla y
Marquesado (s.a.)
Mil
(3rd time) (acting)
9 Apr 1863 - 5 Aug 1863 Pedro Diez Canseco y
Corbacho (b. 1815 - d. 1893) Mil
(1st time)(acting)
5 Aug 1863 - 8 Nov 1865 Juan Antonio Pezet y
Rodríguez (b. 1809 - d. 1879) Mil
Piedra (acting)
25 Apr 1865 - 24 Jun 1865 Mariano Ignacio Prado Ochoa
(b. 1826 - d. 1901) Mil
(Provisional Supreme Chief, in rebellion)
8 Nov 1865 - 28 Nov 1865 Pedro Diez Canseco y
Corbacho
(s.a.)
Mil
(2nd time)(acting, in rebellion from 24 Jun 1865)
28 Nov 1865 - 7 Jan 1868 Mariano Ignacio Prado (1st
time) (s.a.)
Mil
(Provisional Supreme Chief to 15 Feb 1867;
provisional to 31 Aug 1867)
7 Jan 1868
Luis La Puerta y Mendoza
(b. 1811 - d. 1896) Mil
(President of the Council of Ministers)
7 Jan 1868 - 2 Aug 1868 Pedro Diez Canseco y
Corbacho
(s.a.)
Mil
(3rd time)(acting, in rebellion from 11 Sep 1867)
2 Aug 1868 - 22 Jul 1872 José Balta Montero
(b. 1814 - d. 1872) Mil
23 Jul 1872 - 26 Jul 1872 Tomás Gutierrez Rojas (d. 1872)
Mil
(Supreme
Chief)
26 Jul 1872 - 27 Jul 1872 Francisco Diez Canseco y Corbacho
(b. 1821 - d. 1884)
(acting)
27 Jul 1872 - 2 Aug 1872 Mariano Herencia Zevallos
(acting) (b. 1820 - d. 1873) Mil
2 Aug 1872 - 2 Aug 1876 Manuel Pardo y Lavalle
(b. 1834 - d. 1878) PC
2 Aug 1876 - 23 Dec 1879 Mariano Ignacio Prado (2nd
time) (s.a.)
Mil
23 Dec 1879 - 12 Mar 1881 José Nicolás Baltasar
Fernández (b. 1839 - d. 1913) PN
de Piérola y Villena (1st time)
(Supreme Chief, continuing in rebellion to 31 Jul 1881
and then as President to 28 Nov 1881)
12 Mar 1881 - 28 Sep 1881 Francisco García Calderón
y Landa (b. 1834 - d. 1905)
(provisional)
Chilean Governor
17 May 1881 - 23 Oct 1883 Patricio Lynch Solo de Zaldívar
(b. 1824 - d. 1886) Mil
Presidents
- In opposition to Chilean occupation, two insurrectionary governments
developed:
(1)
15 Nov 1881 - 28 Oct 1883 Lizardo Montero Flores (acting)
(b. 1832 - d. 1905) Mil
28 Oct 1883 - 3 Dec 1885 Andrés Avelino
Cáceres Dorregaray (b. 1833 - d. 1923)
(acting)
(2)
31 Aug 1882 - 3 Dec 1885 Miguel Iglesias Pino de Arce
(b. 1830 - d. 1909)
(Supreme Chief to 30 Dec 1882, "Regenerator President"
30 Dec 1882 - 2 Mar 1884, then provisional)
3 Dec 1885 - 3 Jun 1886 Antonio Arenas Merino
(b. 1808 - d. 1891)
(President of the Council of Ministers)
3 Jun 1886 - 10 Aug 1890 Andrés Avelino
Cáceres Dorregaray (s.a.)
Mil
(1st time)
10 Aug 1890 - 1 Apr 1894 Remigio Morales Bermúdez
(b. 1836 - d. 1894) Mil
1 Apr 1894 - 10 Aug 1894 Justiniano Borgoño
Castañeda (b. 1836 - d. 1921)
Mil
(acting)
10 Aug 1894 - 20 Mar 1895 Andrés Avelino
Cáceres Dorregaray (s.a.)
Mil
(2nd time)
20 Mar 1895 - 8 Sep 1895 Manuel González de Candamo Iriarte (b. 1841 - d. 1904) Mil
(1st time)(President of Governing Junta)
8 Sep 1895 - 8 Sep 1899 José Nicolás
Baltasar Fernández de (s.a.)
PD
Piérola y Villena (2nd time)
8 Sep 1899 - 8 Sep 1903 Eduardo López
de Romaña y Alvizuri (b. 1847 - d. 1912) PC
8 Sep 1903 - 7 May 1904 Manuel González
de Candamo Iriarte (s.a.)
PC
(2nd time)
7 May 1904 - 24 Sep 1904 Serapio Calderón Chirinos
(acting) (b. 1843 - d. 1922)
24 Sep 1904 - 24 Sep 1908 José Simón Pardo
y Barreda (b. 1864 - d.
1947) PC
(1st time)
24 Sep 1908 - 24 Sep 1912 Augusto Bernardino Leguía
y (b. 1863 - d. 1932) PDR
Salcedo (1st time)
24 Sep 1912 - 4 Feb 1914 Guillermo E. Billinghurst
Angulo (b. 1851 - d. 1915) PD
4 Feb 1914 - 18 Aug 1915 Óscar Raymundo Benavides
Larrea (b. 1876 - d. 1945) Mil
(1st time)(junta chairman to 15 May 1914)
18 Aug 1915 - 4 Jul 1919 José Simón Pardo
y Barreda
(s.a.)
PC
(2nd time)
4 Jul 1919 - 25 Aug 1930 Augusto Bernardino Leguía
y (s.a.)
PDR
Salcedo (2nd time)
(provisional to 12 Oct 1919)
25 Aug 1930 - 27 Aug 1930 Manuel María Ponce Brousset
(b. 1874 - d. 1966) Mil
(chairman military junta)
27 Aug 1930 - 1 Mar 1931 Luis Miguel Sánchez
Cerro (b. 1889 -
d. 1933) Mil
(1st time)(in rebellion from 22 Aug 1930;
chairman [to 29 Aug 1930, military] junta)
1 Mar 1931 (hours)
Mariano Holguín Maldonado
(b. 1860 - d. 1945) Non-party
(chairman of the assembly)
1 Mar 1931 - 5 Mar 1931 Ricardo Leoncio Elías
Arias (b. 1874 - d. 1951)
Non-party
(chairman provisional junta)
5 Mar 1931 - 11 Mar 1931 Gustavo A. Jiménez
(b. 1886 - d. 1933) Mil
(chairman transitional junta)
11 Mar 1931 - 8 Dec 1931 David Samanez Ocampo y Sobrino
(b. 1886 - d. 1947)
(chairman National Junta)
8 Dec 1931 - 30 Apr 1933 Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro
(s.a.)
UR
(2nd time)
30 Apr 1933 (hours) José
Matías Manzanilla Barrientos (b. 1867 - d. 1947)
(acting)
30 Apr 1933 - 8 Dec 1939 Óscar Raymundo Benavides
Larrea (s.a.)
Mil
(2nd time)
8 Dec 1939 - 28 Jul 1945 Manuel Prado y Ugarteche (1st
time)(b. 1889 - d. 1967) CC
28 Jul 1945 - 29 Oct 1948 José Luis Bustamante y Rivero
(b. 1894 - d. 1989) FDN
29 Oct 1948 - 1 Jun 1950 José Manuel Arturo Odría Amoretti (b. 1897 - d. 1974) Mil
(1st time)(provisional to 31 Oct
1948, then chairman military junta)
1 Jun 1950 - 28 Jul 1950 Zenón Noriega Agüero
(b. 1900 - d. 1957) Mil
(chairman military junta)
28 Jul 1950 - 28 Jul 1956 José Manuel Arturo Odría Amoretti (s.a.)
PRP
(2nd time)
28 Jul 1956 - 18 Jul 1962 Manuel Prado y Ugarteche (2nd time)(s.a.)
MDP
18 Jul 1962 - 20 Jul 1962 Ricardo Pío Pérez
Godoy
(b. 1905 - d. 1982) Mil
+ Nicolás Lindley López
(b. 1908 - d. 1995) Mil
+ Juan Francisco Torres Matos
(b. 1906)
Mil
+ Pedro Vargas Prada Peirano
(b. 1912 - d. 1997) Mil
(commanders-in-chief)
20 Jul 1962 - 3 Mar 1963 Ricardo Pío Pérez
Godoy
(s.a.)
Mil
(junta chairman)
3 Mar 1963 - 28 Jul 1963 Nicolás Lindley López
(s.a.)
Mil
(junta chairman)
28 Jul 1963 - 3 Oct 1968 Fernando Belaúnde Terry
(1st time) (b. 1912 - d. 2002) AP
3 Oct 1968 (hours)
Revolutionary Junta
- Juan Francisco Velasco Alvarado (b. 1910 - d. 1977)
Mil
- Mario Castro de Mendoza
Mil
- Alberto López Causillas
Mil
3 Oct 1968 (hours)
Revolutionary Junta
- Ernesto Montagne Sánchez
(b. 1916) Mil
- Raúl Ríos Pardo de Zela
Mil
- Alberto López Causillas
Mil
3 Oct 1968 - 30 Aug 1975 Juan Francisco Velasco Alvarado
(s.a.)
Mil
30 Aug 1975 (hours) Revolutionary
Junta
- Óscar Vargas Prieto
(b. 1917 - d. ....) Mil
- César Podestá Jiménez
Mil
- Jorge Parodi Galliani
Mil
30 Aug 1975 - 28 Jul 1980 Francisco Morales Bermúdez
Cerruti (b. 1921)
Mil
28 Jul 1980 - 28 Jul 1985 Fernando Belaúnde Terry
(2nd time) (s.a.)
AP
28 Jul 1985 - 28 Jul 1990 Alan Gabriel Ludwig García
Pérez (b. 1949)
APRA
(1st time)
28 Jul 1990 - 22 Nov 2000 Alberto Keinya Fujimori
(b. 1938)
NM-C'90
22 Nov 2000 - 28 Jul 2001 Valentín Paniagua Corazao
(b. 1936 - d. 2006) AP
28 Jul 2001 - 28 Jul 2006 Alejandro Celestino Toledo
(b. 1946)
PP
Manrique
28 Jul 2006 -
Alan Gabriel Ludwig García Pérez
(s.a.)
APRA
(2nd time)
Prime ministers (presidents of the Council of Ministers)
Dec 1856 – 1857
Juan Manuel del Mar Bernedo (b.
1805 - d. 1862)
1857 – 15 Jul 1858 José
Maria Raygada y Gallo (b.
1795 - d. 1859)
(1st time)
15 Jul 1858 - 1858 Miguel
Pascual San Román y Meza (s.a.)
1859
José Maria Raygada y Gallo
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
1859 – 1861 ....
1861 - 1863
Juan Antonio Pezet
(s.a.)
1863 - 1864
Juan Antonio Ribeyro Estrada (b. 1810
- d. 1886)
Aug 1864 - 11 Apr 1865 José Manuel
Costas Arce (b. 1820 - d. 1883)
11 Apr 1865 - Sep 1865 Manuel Ignacio de
Vivanco (s.a.)
Sep 1865 - 9 Nov 1865 Pedro José
Calderón
(b. 1832 - d. 1885)
9 Nov 1865 - Jun 1867 Mariano Ignacio
Prado
(s.a.)
Jun 1867 - Jan 1868 Pedro
José de Saavedra
Jan 1868
Luis La Puerta
(s.a.)
Jan 1868 - Aug 1868 Antonio
Arenas (1st time)
(s.a.)
1868 - 1871
José Balta
(s.a.)
2 Aug 1871 - 1872
José Allende
(b. 1793 - d. 1873)
1872
José Jorge Loayza (1st time)
(b. 1827 - d. 1904)
2 Aug 1872 - 3 Sep 1873 José Miguel Medina
(b. 1804 - d. 1884)
3 Sep 1873 - 187. José Eusebio Sánchez Pedraza
(b. 1823 - d. 1903)
1874? - 1875?
José de la Riva-Agüero y Looz
(b. 1827 - d. 1881)
Corswaren
1875
Nicolás Freire de Neira
(b. 1810 - d. c.1880)
2 Aug 1876 - 26 Aug 1876 Antonio Arenas (2nd time)
(s.a.)
26 Aug 1876 - 4 Jun 1877 Teodoro La Rosa
(b. 1818 - d. 1882)
4 Jun 1877 - 18 Jun 1878 Juan Buendía Noriega
(b. 1816 - d. 1895)
18 Jun 1878 - 17 Dec 1878 José Jorge Loayza (2nd time)
(s.a.)
17 Dec 1878 - 19 May 1879 Manuel Irigoyen Larrea (1st time)
(b. 1830 - d. 1912)
19 May 1879 - 16 Oct 1879 Manuel de Mendiburu Bonet
(b. 1805 - d. 1885)
16 Oct 1879 - 23 Dec 1879 Manuel Gonzáles de la Cotera
(d. 1884) Mil
Mar 1881 - Nov 1881 Aurélio Denegri Valega (1st time) (b. 1840 - d. 1909)
3 Jan 1883 - 27 Aug 1883 Lorenzo Iglesias Pino de Arce (b. 1844 - d. 1885)
27 Aug 1883 - 7 Apr 1884 Manuel Antonio Barinaga (1st
time)
7 Apr 1884 - 14 May 1885 Mariano Castro Zaldívar Iglesias (b. 1828 - d. 1906)
14 May 1885 - 2 Dec 1885 Joaquín Iglesias Pino de Arce
2 Dec 1885 - 3 Jun 1886 Antonio Arenas (3rd time)
(s.a.)
3 Jun 1886 - 6 Oct 1886 Pedro Alejandrino del
Solar Gabans (b. 1829 - d. 1909)
(1st time)
6 Oct 1886 - 22 Nov 1886 José Nicolas Araníbar
y Llano (b. 1835 - d. 1903)
22 Nov 1886 - 22 Aug 1887 Pedro Alejandrino del Solar Gabans
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
22 Aug 1887 - 12 Sep 1887 Mariano Santos Álvarez Villegas
(b. 1823 - d. 1893)
12 Sep 1887 - 5 Oct 1887 Carlos Maria Elías y de
la (b. 1841 - d. 1907)
Quintana (1st time)
5 Oct 1887 - 8 Nov 1887 Raymundo Morales Arias
(interim)
8 Nov 1887 - 8 Mar 1889 Aurélio Denegri Valega (2nd
time) (s.a.)
8 Mar 1889 - 4 Apr 1889 José Mariano Jiménez
Wald (b. 1843 - d.
1901)
(1st time)
4 Apr 1889 - 10 Feb 1890 Pedro Alejandrino del Solar
Gabans (s.a.)
(3rd time)
11 Feb 1890 - 10 Aug 1890 Manuel Irigoyen Larrea (2nd time)
(s.a.)
10 Aug 1890 - 24 Jul 1891 Mariano Nicolás Valcárcel
Salazar (b. 1850 - d. 1921)
24 Jul 1891 - 14 Aug 1891 Alberto Elmore Fernández
de (b. 1844 - d. 1916)
Córdoba (1st time)(acting)
14 Aug 1891 - 24 Aug 1891 Federico Herrera (1st time)
24 Aug 1891 - 14 Oct 1891 Justiniano Borgoño Castañeda
(s.a.)
14 Oct 1891 - 14 Apr 1892 Federico Herrera (2nd time)
(acting to 27 Nov 1891)
14 Apr 1892 - 30 Jun 1892 Juan Ibarra (acting to 2 May 1892)
30 Jun 1892 - 3 Mar 1893 Carlos Maria Elías y de
la (s.a.)
Quintana (2nd time)
3 Mar 1893 - 11 May 1893 Manuel Velarde Seoane
(b. 1833 - d. 1900)
11 May 1893 - 1 Apr 1894 José Mariano Jiménez
Wald (s.a.)
(2nd time)
1 Apr 1894 - 10 Aug 1894 Baltasar García Urrutia
10 Aug 1894 - 16 Nov 1894 Cesáreo Chacaltana Reyes
(b. 1845 - d. 1906)
(1st time)
16 Nov 1894 - 21 Mar 1895 Manuel Irigoyen Larrea (3nd time)
(s.a.)
8 Sep 1895 - 30 Nov 1895 Antonio Bentín y La Fuente (d. 1897)
30 Nov 1895 - 8 Aug 1896 Manuel Antonio Barinaga (2nd
time)
8 Aug 1896 - 25 Nov 1897 Manuel Pablo Olaechea Guerrero
(b. 1843 - d. 1913)
25 Nov 1897 - 16 May 1898 Alejandro López de Romaña Alvizuri
16 May 1898 - 8 Sep 1899 José Jorge Loayza (3rd
time) (s.a.)
8 Sep 1899 - 14 Dec 1899 Manuel María Gálvez
Egúsquiza (b. 1838 - d. 1917)
14 Dec 1899 - 30 Aug 1900 Enrique de la Riva-Agüero
y Looz (b. 1857 - d. 1930)
Corswaren (1st time)
30 Aug 1900 - 2 Oct 1900 Enrique Coronel Zegarra y
Cortés (b. 1851 - d. 1919)
2 Oct 1900 - 11 Sep 1901 Domingo M. Almenara Butler
(b. 1848 - d. 1931)
11 Sep 1901 - 9 Aug 1902 Cesáreo Chacaltana
Reyes (s.a.)
(2nd time)
9 Aug 1902 - 4 Nov 1902 Cesáreo Octavio
Deustua Escarza (b. 1849 - d. 1945)
4 Nov 1902 - 8 Sep 1903 Eugenio Larrabure y Unanue
(b. 1844 - d. 1916)
8 Sep 1903 - 14 May 1904 José Pardo y Barreda
(s.a.)
14 May 1904 - 24 Sep 1904 Alberto Elmore Fernández
de (s.a.)
Córdoba (2nd time)
24 Sep 1904 - 1 Aug 1907 Augusto Bernardino Leguía
y (s.a.)
PC
Salcedo
1 Aug 1907 - 9 Oct 1907 Agustín Tovar
9 Oct 1907 - 24 Sep 1908 Carlos A. Washburn Salas
(b. 1854 - d. 1925)
24 Sep 1908 - 8 Jun 1909 Eulogio I. Romero Salcedo
(b. 1855 - d. 1931)
8 Jun 1909 - 14 Mar 1910 Rafael Fernández de
Villanueva (b. 1839 - d. 1931)
Cortez
14 Mar 1910 - 3 Aug 1910 Javier Prado y Ugarteche
(b. 1871 - d. 1921)
3 Aug 1910 - 3 Nov 1910 Germán Schreiber
Waddington (b. 1862 - d. 1930)
(1st time)
3 Nov 1910 - 27 Dec 1910 José Salvador Cavero Ovalle
(b. 1850 - d. 1940)
27 Dec 1910 - 31 Aug 1911 Enrique C. Basadre Stevenson
(b. 1848 - d. 1925)
31 Aug 1911 - 24 Sep 1912 Agustín Guillermo Ganoza Cavero
(b. 1854 - d. 1926)
24 Sep 1912 - 23 Dec 1912 Elías Malpartida
(b. 18.. - d. 1924)
24 Dec 1912 - 24 Feb 1913 Enrique Varela Vidaurre (1st time) (b. 18.. - d. 1914)
24 Feb 1913 - 17 Jun 1913 Federico Luna y Peralta (b. 1853 - d. 1927)
17 Jun 1913 - 27 Jul 1913 Aurelio Sousa Matute (1st time)
(b. 1860 - d. 1925)
27 Jul 1913 - 4 Feb 1914 Enrique Varela Vidaurre (2nd time) (s.a.)
16 May 1914 - 1 Aug 1914 Pedro E. Muñiz Sevilla
(b. 1862 - d. 1915)
1 Aug 1914 - 22 Aug 1914 Manuel Melitón Carvajal
(b. 1847 - d. 1935)
22 Aug 1914 - 11 Nov 1914 Aurelio Sousa Matute (2nd time)
(s.a.)
11 Nov 1914 - 19 Feb 1915 Germán Schreiber Waddington
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
19 Feb 1915 - 24 Sep 1915 Carlos Isaac Abril Galindo (b. 1863 - d. 1925)
24 Sep 1915 - 27 Jul 1917 Enrique de la Riva-Agüero
y Looz (s.a.)
Corswaren (2nd time)
27 Jul 1917 - 18 Dec 1918 Francisco Tudela y Varela
(b. 1876 - d. 1962)
18 Dec 1918 - 26 Apr 1919 Germán Arenas Zuñiga (1st
time) (b. 1871 - d. 1948)
26 Apr 1919 - 4 Jul 1919 Juan Manuel Zuloaga
(b. 1862 - d. 1944)
4 Jul 1919 - 7 Oct 1922 Germán Leguía
y Martínez Jakeway (b. 1861 - d. 1928)
7 Oct 1922 - 12 Oct 1924 Julio Enrique Ego Aguirre
(b. 1862 - d. 19..)
12 Oct 1924 - 7 Dec 1926 Alejandrino Maguiña
(b. 1864 - d. 1935)
7 Dec 1926 - 12 Oct 1929 Pedro José Rada y Gamio
(b. 1873 - d. 1938)
12 Oct 1929 - 23 Aug 1930 Benjamín Huamán de
los Heros (b. 1878 - d. 1936)
23 Aug 1930 - 25 Aug 1930 Fernando Sarmiento (b. 1874 - d. ....)
25 Aug 1930 – 24 Nov 1930 Luis Miguel Sanchez del Cerro (s.a.)
24 Nov 1930 – 1 Mar 1931 Antonio Beingolea
8 Dec 1931 - 28 Jan 1932 Germán Arenas Zuñiga
(2nd time) (s.a.)
29 Jan 1932 - 13 Apr 1932 Francisco R. Lanatta Ramírez
(b. 1879 - d. 1945)
13 Apr 1932 - 20 May 1932 Luis Angel Flores
(b. 1899 - d. 1969) UR
21 May 1932 - 24 Dec 1932 Ricardo Rivadeneyra Barnuevo (b. 1872 - d. 19..)
24 Dec 1932 - 29 Jun 1933 José Matías Manzanilla
Barrientos (s.a.)
29 Jun 1933 - 24 Nov 1933 Jorge Prado y Ugarteche
(b. 1889 - d. 1967)
24 Nov 1933 - 18 May 1934 José de la Riva-Agüero
y Osma (b. 1885 - d. 1944)
24 Dec 1934 - May 1935 Carlos Arenas y
Loayza
(b. 1885 - d. 1955)
Sep 1934 – 24 Dec 1934 Alberto Rey de Castro y Romaña
(b. 1869 - d. 1961)
(1st time)
May 1935 - 13 Apr 1936 Manuel Esteban Rodríguez
(b. 1883 - d. 1952)
8 Dec 1936 - 12 Apr 1939 Ernesto Montagne Markholz
(b. 1885 - d. 1954)
12 Apr 1939 - 8 Dec 1939 Alberto Rey de Castro y Romaña
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
8 Dec 1939 - 3 Dec 1944 Alfredo Solf y Muro
(b. 1872 - d. 1969)
3 Dec 1944 - 28 Jul 1945 Manuel Cisneros Sánchez
(1st time) (b. 1904 - d. 1971)
28 Jul 1945 - 31 Jan 1946 Rafael Belaúnde Diez Canseco
(b. 1886 - d. 1970)
31 Jan 1946 - 12 Jan 1947 Julio Ernesto Portugal Escobedo
(b. 1894 - d. 1972)
12 Jan 1947 - 30 Oct 1947 José R. Alzamora Freundt
27 Feb 1948 - 17 Jun 1948 Roque Augusto Saldías Maninat
(b. 1892 - d. 1974) Mil
(1st time)
17 Jun 1948 - 27 Oct 1948 Armando Revoredo Iglesias
(b. 1896 - d. 1978) Mil
28 Jul 1950 - 9 Aug 1954 Zenón Noriega Agüero
(s.a.)
Mil
9 Aug 1954 - 28 Jul 1956 Roque Augusto Saldías
Maninat (s.a.)
Mil
(2nd time)
28 Jul 1956 - 9 Jun 1958 Manuel Cisneros Sánchez
(2nd time) (s.a.)
MDP
9 Jun 1958 - 17 Jul 1959 Luis Gallo Porras
(b. 1893 - d. 1972) MDP
17 Jul 1959 - 24 Nov 1961 Pedro Gerardo Beltrán Espantoso
(b. 1897 - d. 1979) MDP
24 Nov 1961 - 18 Jul 1962 Carlos Moreyra y Paz Soldán
(b. 1898 - d. 1981)
MDP
18 Jul 1962 - 28 Jul 1963 Nicolás Lindley López
(s.a.)
Mil
28 Jul 1963 - 31 Dec 1963 Julio Óscar Trelles Montes
(b. 1904 - d. 1990) AP
31 Dec 1963 - 15 Sep 1965 Fernando Schwalb López Aldana
(b. 1916 - d. 2002) AP
(1st time)
15 Sep 1965 - 6 Sep 1967 Daniel Becerra de la Flor
(b. 1906 - d. 1987) AP
6 Sep 1967 - 17 Nov 1967 Edgardo Seoane Corrales
(b. 1903 - d. 1978) AP
17 Nov 1967 - 30 May 1968 Raúl Ferrero Rebagliati
(b. 1911 - d. 1977) DC
30 May 1968 - 2 Oct 1968 Oswaldo Hercelles García
(b. 1908 - d. 1969) Mil
2 Oct 1968 - 3 Oct 1968 Miguel Mujica Gallo
(b. 1910 - d. 2001) Mil
3 Oct 1968 - 31 Jan 1973 Ernesto Montagne Sánchez
(s.a.)
Mil
31 Jan 1973 - 1 Feb 1975 Luis Edgardo Mercado Jarrín
(b. 1919)
Mil
1 Feb 1975 - 30 Aug 1975 Francisco Morales Bermúdez
(s.a.)
Mil
30 Aug 1975 - 31 Jan 1976 Óscar Vargas Prieto
(s.a.)
Mil
31 Jan 1976 - 16 Jul 1976 Jorge Fernández Maldonado
Solari (b. 1922)
Mil
17 Jul 1976 - 30 Jan 1978 Guillermo Arbulú Galliani
(b. 1922 - d. 1998) Mil
30 Jan 1978 - 31 Jan 1979 Óscar Molina Pallochia
(b. 1921)
Mil
31 Jan 1979 - 28 Jul 1980 Pedro Richter Prada
(b. 1921)
Mil
28 Jul 1980 - 3 Jan 1983 Manuel Ulloa Elías
(b. 1922 - d. 1992) AP
3 Jan 1983 - 10 Apr 1984 Fernando Schwalb López
Aldana (s.a.)
AP
(2nd time)
10 Apr 1984 - 12 Oct 1984 Sandro Mariátegui Chiappe
(b. 1922)
AP
12 Oct 1984 - 28 Jul 1985 Luis Ciro Pércovich Roca
(b. 1931)
AP
28 Jul 1985 - 26 Jun 1987 Luis Juan Alva Castro
(b. 1942)
APRA
26 Jun 1987 - 17 May 1988 Guillermo Larco Cox (1st time)
(b. 1932 - d. 2002) APRA
17 May 1988 - 15 May 1989 Armando Villanueva del Campo
(b. 1915)
APRA
15 May 1989 - 30 Sep 1989 Luis Alberto Felix Sánchez
(b. 1900 - d. 1994) APRA
30 Sep 1989 - 28 Jul 1990 Guillermo Larco Cox (2nd time)
(s.a.)
APRA
28 Jul 1990 - 15 Feb 1991 Juan Carlos Hurtado Miller
(b. 1940)
NM-C'90
15 Feb 1991 - 6 Nov 1991 Carlos Torres y Torres Lara
(b. 1942 - d. 2000) NM-C'90
6 Nov 1991 - 6 Apr 1992 Alfonso de los Heros
Perez Alba (b. 1940)
NM-C'90
6 Apr 1992 - 28 Aug 1993 Óscar de la Puente Raygada
(b. 1938)
NM-C'90
28 Aug 1993 - 17 Feb 1994 Alfonso Bustamante y Bustamante
(b. 1941)
NM-C'90
17 Feb 1994 - 28 Jul 1995 Efraín Goldenberg Schreiber
(b. 1929)
NM-C'90
28 Jul 1995 - 3 Apr 1996 Dante Córdova Blanco
(b. 1943)
NM-C'90
3 Apr 1996 - 4 Jun 1998 Alberto Pandolfi Arbulú
(1st time) (b. 1940)
NM-C'90
4 Jun 1998 - 21 Aug 1998 Javier Valle Riestra González
(b. 1932)
NM-C'90
Olachea
21 Aug 1998 - 3 Jan 1999 Alberto Pandolfi Arbulú
(2nd time) (s.a.)
NM-C'90
3 Jan 1999 - 10 Oct 1999 Víctor Dionicio Joy
Way Rojas (b. 1947)
NM-C'90
10 Oct 1999 - 29 Jul 2000 José Alberto Bustamante Belaúnde
(b. 1950 - d. 2008)
NM-C'90
29 Jul 2000 - 25 Nov 2000 Federico Salas Guevara Schultz
(b. 1950)
A
25 Nov 2000 - 28 Jul 2001 Javier Pérez de Cuéllar
(b. 1920)
AP
28 Jul 2001 - 12 Jul 2002 Roberto Enrique Dañino Zapata
(b. 1951)
Non-party
12 Jul 2002 - 28 Jun 2003 Luis Solari de la Puente
(b. 1948)
PP
28 Jun 2003 - 15 Dec 2003 Martha Beatriz Merino Lucero (f)
(b. 1947)
Non-party
15 Dec 2003 - 16 Aug 2005 Carlos Ferrero Costa
(b. 1941)
PP
16 Aug 2005 - 28 Jul 2006 Pedro Pablo Kuczynski Goddard
(b. 1938)
PP
28 Jul 2006 - 14 Oct 2008 Jorge del Castillo Gálvez
(b. 1950)
APRA
14 Oct 2008 -
Yehude Simon Munaro
(b. 1947) PHP
![[Inca]](inca.gif)
Flag of modern Inca people
Territorial Disputes: Chile and Ecuador rejected Peru's Nov 2005 unilateral legislation to shift the axis of their joint treaty-defined maritime boundaries along the parallels of latitude to an equidistance lines which favor Peru; In Jan 2008 Peru filed suit against Chile at the International Court of Justice (ICJ) over the disputed maritime boundary; organized illegal narcotics operations in Colombia have penetrated Peru's shared border; Peru rejects Bolivia's claim to restore maritime access through a sovereign corridor through Chile along the Peruvian border.
Party abbreviations: AP = Acción
Popular (People's Action, conservative liberal, est.1956); APRA = Alianza
Popular Revolucionaria Americana "Aprista" (American Revolutionary People's
Alliance, left-wing populist, est.1924); DC = Partido Democrata Cristiano
(Christian Democratic Party); PHP = Partido Movimiento Humanista Peruano (Peruvian Humanist Movement Party, regional, socialist); PL = Partido Liberal (Liberal Party);
PP
= Perú Posible (Possible Peru, A. Toldedo personalist, centerist, est.1994);
Mil = Military;
- Former parties: A = Forwards; AP-DC = Acción Popular-Partido
Democrata Cristiano (Acción Popular and Christian Democratic Party
coalition); CC = Coalición Conservadora (Conservative Coalition);
FD
= Frente Democrático "FREDEMO" (Democratic Front, conservative coalition 1989-90); FDN = Frente Democratico
Nacional (National Dmocration Front, APRA-based coalition);
MDP
= Movimiento Democrático de Pradista/Peruano (Pradista [later Peruvian]
Democratic Movement); PC = Partido Civilista (Civilista Party, moderate,
anti-militaristic, 1872-1919);
NM-C'90 = Nueva Mayoriá/Alianza Cambio
'90 (New Majority/Alliance Change 1990, conservative, Fujimori
personalist); PD = Partido Democráta (Democratic Party);
PDR
= Partido Democratico Reformista (Democratic Reformist Party); PN = Partido Nacional (National Party); PRP = Partido
Restaurador del Perú (Peruvian Restoration Party); UR = Union
Revolucionario (Revolutionary Union)
©2000 Ben Cahoon