Bolivia

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Bolivia

[Spanish War Ensign (1785-1931)]
                 to 17 Aug 1825

National flag of Bolivia of 1825
    17 Aug 1825 - 25 Jul 1826 State Flag

Civil flag of Bolivia of 1825
    17 Aug 1825 - 25 Jul 1826 Civil Flag

Flag of Bolivia in 1826
            25 Jul 1826 - 31 Oct 1851
          (1836-39 within Peru-Bolivia)

[Flag of the Peruvian-Bolivian Confederation]
           17 Mar 1836 - 20 Feb 1839
            Peru-Bolivia Confederation

        Adopted 31 Oct 1851 Civil Flag

State Flag of Bolivia
        Adopted 31 Oct 1851 State Flag

Map of Bolivia Hear National Anthem
"Canción Patriótica"
(Patriotic Song) Text of National Anthem
Adopted 1842 Constitution
   (2 Feb 1967)

Capital: Sucre
Seat of Government: La Paz
(Sucre 1839 - 1898;
Chuquisaca 1538 - 1839;
Peru-Bolivia- Tacna
1836-1839) Currency: Boliviano (BOB) National Holiday: 6 Aug (1825)
Independence Day Population: 9,119,152 (2007)

GDP: $27.21 billion (2006) Exports: $3.66 billion (2006)
Imports: $2.93 billion (2006) Ethnic groups: Amerindian 65% (Quechua 40%, Aymara 25%),
mestizo (mixed white and Amerindian) 27%, white 8% (2000)

Total Armed Forces: 31,500 (2003)
Merchant marine: 24 ships (2006) Religions: Roman Catholic 88.5%, Protestant
(Evangelical Methodist) 9%, other 2.5% (1995)

International Organizations/Treaties: ACTO, APM, BTWC, CAN, CSN, CTBT, ENMOD (signatory), FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, KP, LAES, LAIA, LU, Mercosur (associate), MIGA, NAM, NPT, NTBT, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, RG, SEGIB, UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Bolivia Index Chronology
1538 - 1545                 Spanish colonize area called Charcas, Upper Peru,
                              or Chuquisaca.
3 Jan 1548                 Part of Viceroyalty of Peru.
18 Sep 1559                 Audiencia de los Charcas created to administer
                              Upper Peru.
8 Aug 1776                 Part of Viceroyalty of Río de la Plata
                              (see Argentina).
16 Jul 1809 - Nov 1809      Independent state proclaimed in Upper Peru
                              nominally in the name of Ferdinand VII the
                              Bourbon king of Spain deposed by Napoleon.
1811 - 1816                 Proclaimed a province of Río de la Plata
                              (see Argentina).
1816                        Re-incorporated into Peru.
11 Aug 1825                 Bolivian Republic (initially styled República
                             Bolívar).
28 Oct 1836 - 20 Feb 1839   Component of Peru-Bolivian Confederation
                              (for North and South Peru components see
                              under Peru).
27 Mar 1867                 Acre granted to Bolivia in the Treaty of
                              Ayacucho.
1 Oct 1868                 Republic of Bolivia (the old style lingers
                              until 1908).
20 Oct 1883                 Pacific coastline including Antofagasta
                              annexed by Chile.
4 Jul 1899 - 25 Apr 1900   Acre independent of Bolivia (see under Brazil).
17 Nov 1903                 Acre purchased by Brazil for two million pounds
                              in the Treaty of Petrópolis.

Autonomous
Regions

Provinces of
Upper Peru
(1783-1825)

Cochabamba

Córdoba

La Paz

Potosí

1824 - 1825 Pedro Antonio de Olañete (d. 1825)
Liberator, invested with the Supreme Executive Power
11 Aug 1825 - 28 May 1826 Simón José de la Santísima (b. 1783 - d. 1830) Mil
Trinidad Bolívar y Palacios
28 May 1826 - 19 Jun 1826 Antonio José Francisco de Sucre (b. 1795 - d. 1830) Mil
y Alcalá
(in charge of the Supreme Executive Power)
Presidents
19 Jun 1826 - 18 Apr 1828 Antonio José Francisco de Sucre (s.a.) Mil
y Alcalá
18 Apr 1828 - 2 Aug 1828 José María Pérez de Urdininea y (b. 1784 - d. 1865) Mil
Gurruchaga
2 Aug 1828 - 18 Dec 1828 José Miguel González de Velasco (b. 1795 - d. 1859) Mil
y Franco (acting) (1st time)
18 Dec 1828 - 31 Dec 1828 Pedro Blanco (provisional) (b. 1795 - d. 1829) Mil
1 Jan 1829 - 24 May 1829 José Miguel González de Velasco (s.a.) Mil
y Franco (2nd time)("accidental")
24 May 1829 - 20 Feb 1839 José Andrés de Santa Cruz (b. 1792 - d. 1865) Mil
y Villavicencio y Calumana
(provisional to 15 Aug 1831; also Supreme Protector of the
Peru-Bolivian Confederation 28 Oct 1836 - 20 Feb 1839)
20 Feb 1839 - 10 Jun 1841 José Miguel González de Velasco (s.a.) Mil
y Franco (3rd time)
(Provisional Supreme Chief to 16 Jun 1839,
provisional to 15 Aug 1840)
10 Jun 1841 - 9 Jul 1841 Sebastián de Ágreda (b. 1795 - d. 1875) Mil
(Provisional Chief)
9 Jul 1841 - 22 Sep 1841 Manuel Enrique Calvo Cuéllar (b. 1782 - d. 1842)
(acting)
22 Sep 1841 - 23 Dec 1847 José Ballivián Segurola (b. 1805 - d. 1852) Mil
(provisional to 15 Aug 1844)
23 Dec 1847 - 2 Jan 1848 Eusebio Guilarte Mole (interim) (b. 1799 - d. 1849) Mil
6 Jan 1848 - 18 Jan 1848 Manuel Isidoro Belzu Humérez (b. 1808 - d. 1865) PP
(1st time)(interim)
18 Jan 1848 - 6 Dec 1848 José Miguel González de Velasco (s.a.) Mil
y Franco (4th time) (provisional)
6 Dec 1848 - 15 Aug 1855 Manuel Isidoro Belzu Humérez (s.a.) PP
(2nd time)(provisional [in
rebellion from 13 Oct 1848] to 15 Aug 1850)
15 Aug 1855 - 21 Oct 1857 Jorge Córdova (b. 1822 - d. 1861) PP
21 Oct 1857 - 14 Jan 1861 José María Linares y de Lizarazu (b. 1810 - d. 1861) Rojo
Beaumont y Navarra
(provisional [in rebellion from 9 Sep 1857])
14 Jan 1861 - 4 May 1861 Governing Junta
- Ruperto Fernández (d. 1877) Mil
- José María de Achá Valiente (b. 1810 - d. 1868) Mil
- Manuel Antonio Sánchez (b. 1810 - d. 1861) Mil
(to 9 Apr 1861)
4 May 1861 - 28 Dec 1864 José María de Achá Valiente (s.a.) Mil
(provisional to 15 Aug 1862)
28 Dec 1864 - 15 Jan 1871 Manuel Mariano Melgarejo (b. 1818 - d. 1871) Mil
(provisional to 15 Aug 1870)
15 Jan 1871 - 27 Nov 1873 Pedro Agustín Morales Hernández (b. 1808 - d. 1872) PL
(Supreme Chief of the Revolution [in rebellion from
26 Nov 1870] to 21 Jan 1871; provisional to 25 Aug 1872)
27 Nov 1873 - 28 Nov 1873 Juan de Dios Bosque (acting) (b. 1829 - d. 1890) Non-party
28 Nov 1873 - 9 May 1873 Tomás Frías Ametller (1st time) (b. 1804 - d. 1884) PL
9 May 1873 - 14 Feb 1874 Adolfo Ballivián Coll (b. 1831 - d. 1873) Mil
14 Feb 1874 - 4 May 1876 Tomás Frías Ametller (2nd time) (s.a.) PL
4 May 1876 - 28 Dec 1879 Hilarión Daza (provisional) (b. 1840 - d. 1893) Mil
28 Dec 1879 - 17 Jan 1880 Uladislao Silva Mil
(President of Junta)
19 Jan 1880 - 31 May 1880 José Narciso Campero Leyes (b. 1813 - d. 1896) PC
(1st time) (provisional)
31 May 1880 - 19 Jun 1880 Aniceto Arce y Ruiz de Mendoza (b. 1824 - d. 1906) PC
(1st time) (acting)
19 Jun 1880 - 3 Sep 1884 José Narciso Campero Leyes (s.a.) PC
(interim from 6 Aug 1884)
3 Sep 1884 - 15 Aug 1888 José Gregorio Pacheco Leyes (b. 1823 - d. 1899) PC
(2nd time)
15 Aug 1888 - 11 Aug 1892 Aniceto Arce y Ruiz de Mendoza (s.a.) PC
(2nd time)
11 Aug 1892 - 19 Aug 1896 José Mariano Baptista Caserta (b. 1832 - d. 1907) PC
19 Aug 1896 - 12 Apr 1899 Severo Fernández Alonso Caballero (b. 1848 - d. 1925) PC
12 Apr 1899 - 25 Oct 1899 Serapio Reyes Ortiz Aguilar (b. 1822 - d. 1900) PL
(President of Federal Junta [in rebellion from 12 Dec 1898])
25 Oct 1899 - 14 Aug 1904 Jaun José Manuel Inocencio Pando (b. 1849 - d. 1917) PL
Solares (interim from 6 Aug 1904)
14 Oct 1904 - 12 Oct 1909 Ismael Montes Gamboa (1st time) (b. 1861 - d. 1933) PL
12 Oct 1909 - 14 Oct 1913 Eliodoro Villazón Montaño (b. 1848 - d. 1939) PL
14 Oct 1913 - 15 Oct 1917 Ismael Montes Gamboa (2nd time) (s.a.) PL
15 Oct 1917 - 12 Jul 1920 José Gutiérrez Guerra (b. 1869 - d. 1929) PL
12 Jul 1920 - 13 Jul 1920 Rosa Bautista Saavedra Mallea (b. 1870 - d. 1939) PR
("Political Chief")
13 Jul 1920 - 28 Jan 1921 Government Junta
- José María Escalier Villegas (b. 1863 - d. 1934) PR
- Rosa Bautista Saavedra Mallea (s.a.) PR
- José Manuel Ramírez (b. 1868 - d. 19..)
28 Jan 1921 - 3 Sep 1925 Rosa Bautista Saavedra Mallea (s.a.) PR
3 Sep 1925 - 10 Jan 1926 Felipe Segundo Guzmán (provisional)(b. 1879 - d. 1932) PR
10 Jan 1926 - 28 May 1930 Mariano Hernando Siles Reyes (b. 1882 - d. 1942) PR
28 May 1930 - 25 Jun 1930 Council of Ministers (acting)
- Alberto Díaz de Medina Lértora
- Germán Antelo Arauz
(to 17 Jun 1930)
- Franklin Mercado (b. 1891 - d. 19..)
- José David Toro Ruilova (b. 1898 - d. 1977)
- José Aguirre Achá (b. 1877 - d. 19..)
- Fidel Vega
- Carlos Banzer
- Ezequiel Romecín Calderón
(from 17 Jun 1930)
28 Jun 1930 - 5 Mar 1931 Carlos Blanco Galindo (b. 1882 - d. 1943) Mil
(chairman Military Government Junta)
5 Mar 1931 - 27 Nov 1934 Daniel Domingo Salamanca Urey (b. 1869 - d. 1935) PR
28 Nov 1934 - 17 May 1936 José Luis Tejada Sorzano (b. 1882 - d. 1938) PL
17 May 1936 - 20 May 1936 Germán Busch Becerra (1st time) (b. 1903 - d. 1939) Mil
(provisional chairman Government Junta)
20 May 1936 - 13 Jul 1937 José David Toro (s.a.) Mil
(chairman Government Junta)
13 Jul 1937 - 23 Aug 1939 Germán Busch Becerra (2nd time) (s.a.) Mil
(chairman Government Junta to 28 May 1938)
23 Aug 1939 - 15 Apr 1940 Carlos Quintanilla Quiroga (b. 1888 - d. 1964) Mil
(provisional)
15 Apr 1940 - 20 Dec 1943 Enrique Peñaranda del Castillo (b. 1892 - d. 1969) Mil
20 Dec 1943 - 21 Jul 1946 Gualberto Villarroel López (b. 1908 - d. 1946) Mil/
(chairman Government Junta to 5 Apr 1944; Radepa-MNR
provisional president 5 Apr - 6 Aug 1944)
21 Jul 1946 - 15 Aug 1946 Néstor Guillén Olmos (b. 1890 - d. 1966) Non-party
(Senior Judge to 22 Jul 1946,
then chairman Provisional Government Junta)
15 Aug 1946 - 10 Mar 1947 Tomás Monje Gutiérrez (b. 1884 - d. 1954) Non-party
(chairman Provisional Government Junta)
10 Mar 1947 - 22 Oct 1949 José Enrique Hertzog Garaizábal (b. 1897 - d. 1980) PURS
22 Oct 1949 - 16 May 1951 Mamerto Urriolagoitia Harriague¹ (b. 1895 - d. 1974) PURS
(acting [for Hertzog from 7 May 1949] to 24 Oct 1949)
16 May 1951 - 11 Apr 1952 Hugo Ballivián Rojas (b. 1901 - d. 1993) Mil
(chairman military junta)
11 Apr 1952 - 16 Apr 1952 Hernán Siles Zuazo (1st time) (b. 1914 - d. 1996) MNR
(provisional)
16 Apr 1952 - 6 Aug 1956 Ángel Víctor Paz Estenssoro (b. 1907 - d. 2001) MNR
(1st time)
6 Aug 1956 - 6 Aug 1960 Hernán Siles Zuazo (2nd time) (s.a.) MNR
6 Aug 1960 - 4 Nov 1964 Ángel Víctor Paz Estenssoro (s.a.) MNR
(2nd time)
Chairmen of the Military Junta
4 Nov 1964 - 5 Nov 1964 Alfredo Ovando Candía (1st time) (b. 1918 - d. 1982) Mil
5 Nov 1964 (hours) Alfredo Ovando Candía (2nd time) (s.a.) Mil
+ René Barrientos Ortuño (1st time)(b. 1919 - d. 1969) Mil
(co-chairmen)
5 Nov 1964 - 26 May 1965 René Barrientos Ortuño (2nd time) (s.a.) Mil
26 May 1965 - 4 Jan 1966 René Barrientos Ortuño (3rd time) (s.a.) Mil/MPC
+ Alfredo Ovando Candía (3rd time) (s.a.) Mil
(co-chairmen)
4 Jan 1966 - 6 Aug 1966 Alfredo Ovando Candía (4th time) (s.a.) Mil
Presidents
6 Aug 1966 - 27 Apr 1969 René Barrientos Ortuño (s.a.) FRB
27 Apr 1969 - 26 Sep 1969 Luis Adolfo Siles Salinas (b. 1925 - d. 2005) PSD-FRB
26 Sep 1969 - 6 Oct 1970 Alfredo Ovando Candía (s.a.) Mil
6 Oct 1970 - 7 Oct 1970 Military Junta
- Efraín Guachalla Ibáñez Mil
- Fernando Sattori Ribera (d. 2005) Mil
- Alberto Albarracín Crespo (b. 1922 - d. 2006) Mil
7 Oct 1970 - 21 Aug 1971 Juan José Torres González (b. 1921 - d. 1976) Mil
21 Aug 1971 - 22 Aug 1971 Jaime Florentino Mendieta Vargas (b. 1922) Mil
+ Hugo Banzer Suárez (b. 1926 - d. 2002) Mil
+ Andrés Selich Chop (d. 1973) Mil
(junta chairmen)
22 Aug 1971 - 21 Jul 1978 Hugo Banzer Suárez (1st time) (s.a.) Mil
21 Jul 1978 (hours) Víctor González Fuentes Mil
(chairman military junta)
21 Jul 1978 - 24 Nov 1978 Juan Pereda Asbún (b. 1931) Mil
24 Nov 1978 - 8 Aug 1979 David Padilla Arancibia (b. 1927) Mil
(chairman military junta)
8 Aug 1979 - 1 Nov 1979 Wálter Guevara Arze (acting) (b. 1912 - d. 1996) MNRA
1 Nov 1979 - 16 Nov 1979 Alberto Natusch Busch (b. 1939 - d. 1994) Mil
17 Nov 1979 - 18 Jul 1980 Lydia Gueiler Tejada (f)(acting) (b. 1921) PRIN
18 Jul 1980 (hours) Junta of Commanders
- Luis García Meza Tejada (b. 1929) Mil
(1st time)
- Waldo Bernal Pereira (1st time) (b. 1934) Mil
- Ramiro Terrazas Rodríguez Mil
18 Jul 1980 - 4 Aug 1981 Luis García Meza Tejada (2nd time) (s.a.) Mil
4 Aug 1981 - 4 Sep 1981 Junta of Commanders
- Waldo Bernal Pereira (2nd time) (s.a.) Mil
- Celso Torrelio Villa (b. 1933 - d. 1999) Mil
- Óscar Jaime Pammo Rodríguez (b. 1934) Mil
(1st time)
4 Sep 1981 - 19 Jul 1982 Celso Torrelio Villa (s.a.) Mil
19 Jul 1982 - 21 Jul 1982 Junta of Commanders
- Natalio Morales Mosquera Mil
- Óscar Jaime Pammo Rodríguez (s.a.) Mil
(2nd time)
- Ángel Mariscal Gómez Mil
21 Jul 1982 - 10 Oct 1982 Guido Vildoso Calderón (b. 1937) Mil
10 Oct 1982 - 6 Aug 1985 Hernán Siles Zuazo (3rd time) (s.a.) MNRI
6 Aug 1985 - 6 Aug 1989 Víctor Paz Estenssoro (3rd time) (s.a.) MNR
6 Aug 1989 - 6 Aug 1993 Jaime Paz Zamora (b. 1939) MIR
6 Aug 1993 - 6 Aug 1997 Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada (b. 1930) MNR
Sánchez Bustamante (1st time)
6 Aug 1997 - 7 Aug 2001 Hugo Banzer Suárez (2nd time) (s.a.) ADN
7 Aug 2001 - 6 Aug 2002 Jorge Fernando Quiroga Ramírez (b. 1960) ADN
(acting for Banzer 1 Jul - 7 Aug 2001)
6 Aug 2002 - 17 Oct 2003 Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada (s.a.) MNR
Sánchez Bustamante (2nd time)
17 Oct 2003 - 9 Jun 2005 Carlos Diego Mesa Gisbert (b. 1953) Non-party
9 Jun 2005 - 22 Jan 2006 Eduardo Rodríguez Veltzé (b. 1956) Non-party
22 Jan 2006 - Juan Evo Morales Ayama (b. 1959) MAS

Party abbreviations: MAS = Movimiento al Socialism (Movement Towards Socialism, socialist); MIR = Movimiento Izquierda Revolucionaria (Movement of Revolutionary Left, social-democratic); MNR = Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario (Nationalist Revolutionary Movement, centrist); PODEMOS = Poder Democrático Social (Social and Democratic Power, 'We Can', center-right, formerly ADN); Mil = Military;

- Former parties: ADN = Alianza Democrática Nacionalista (Nationalist Democratic Alliance, authoritarian populist, 2005 renamed PODEMOS); FRB = Frente de la Revolución Boliviana; MNRA = Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario Auténtico (Authentic Nationalist Revolutionary Movement); MNRI = Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario de Izquierda (Nationalist Revolutionary Left Movement); MPC = Movimiento Popular Cristiano (Popular Christian Movement, pro-R.B. Barrientos 1966-1969);PC = Partido Conservador (Conservative Party); PL = Partido Liberal (Liberal Party); PRIN = Partido Revolucionario de la Izquierda Nacionalista (Revolutionary Party of the National Left); PP = Partido Populista (Populist Party); PR = Partido Republicano (Republican Party, conservative); PSD = Partido Socialista Democrática (Social Democratic Party, member of FRB); PURS = Partido de la Unión Republicana Socialista (Socilist Republican Union Party); Radepa = Razón de Patria (Fatherland's Cause, nationalist)

1822 - 1823 Francisco Huarte y Jáuregui
1823 - 1825 José Ildefonso Mendizábal e Imaz

Potosí

1783 Intendencia of Potosí (part of Río de la Plata). 1811 Annexed to Peru. 25 Nov 1811 - 20 Sep 1811 Argentine occupation. May 1813 - Dec 1813 Argentine occupation. May 1815 - Dec 1815 Argentine occupation. 11 Aug 1825 Part of Bolivia.

Governor-Indendants 1783 - 1789 Juan del Pino Manrique de Lara 1789 - 1810 Francisco de Paula Sanz (d. 1810) 25 Nov 1810 - 1811 Castelli 1811 - 20 Sep 1811 Juan Martín de Pueyrredón (b. 1777 - d. 1850) 20 Sep 1811 - May 1813 José Manuel de Goyeneche y Barreda May 1813 - Dec 1813 Manual Belgrano (b. 1770 - d. 1820) Dec 1813 - Apr 1815 Joaquín de la Pezuela, marqués de Viluma Apr 1815 - Jul 1815 Juan Rondeau (b. 1775 - d. 1844)