Saudi
Arabia
-
- 22 Sep 1932 - 1934
-
|
-
- 1934 - 30 Mar 1938
-
|
-
- 30 Mar 1938 - 15
Mar 1973
-
|
-
- Adopted 15 Mar 1973
|
-
|
|
Map
of Saudi Arabia
|
Hear
National Anthem
"Aash al-Malik"
(Long Live Our Beloved
King)
|
Text
of National Anthem
Adopted 1947
(lyrics 29 Jun 1984)
|
Constitution
(Basic Law)
(1993)
|
Capital:
Riyadh
(ar-Riyad)
|
Currency:
Saudi Riyal (SAR);
1935-1952 Saudi Sovereign
Riyal (SAS); 1921-1935
Saudi Arabian Riyal (SAA)
|
National
Holiday:
From 2022: 22 Feb (1727)
Al-Yawm Al-Taasis
(Founding Day)
--------------------------------
From 1965: 23 Sep (1932)
Al-Yawm Al-Watani
(National Day) |
Population:
36,544,431 (2024)
note: expatriates make up
30% of the total population |
GDP: $1.83
trillion (2023)
|
Exports:
$370.9 billion (2023)
Imports: $291.6
billion (2023)
|
Ethnic groups:
Saudi Arab 74%, expatriates 26% (of
which
Indian 5%, Bangladeshi 3.5%, Pakistani
3.5%, Filipino 3%,
Egyptian 3%, Palestinian 1%, other 7%)
(2005)
|
Total Active
Armed Forces: 281,500 (2023)
U.S. Forces: 287 (2023)
Merchant marine: 433 ships
(2023)
|
Religions:
Muslim 94% (official) (of which Sunni
84%,
Shi'a 10%), Christian
3.5% (of which Roman Catholic 3%),
Hindu 1%, none/other
1.5% (2000)
note: despite having a
large expatriate community of various
faiths, non-Muslims are not allowed to
have Saudi citizenship and non-Muslim
places of worship are not permitted.
|
International
Organizations/Treaties:
ABEDA, ACS (observer), AfDB
(nonregional), AFESD, AIIB, AL, AMF,
ANT, AOAD, APA, Arabsat, BIS, BRICS,
BTWC, CAEU, CICA (observer), CP, CWC,
FAO, FATF, G-20, G-24 (observer), G-77,
GAFTA, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM,
ICSID, IDA,
IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF,
IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM
(observer), IPU, IRENA,
ISA, ISESCO,
ISO, ITSO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, NPT, OAPEC,
OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, OPEC, OST, PA
(observer), PAM (partner), PCA, SCO
(dialogue partner), UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC,
UNFCC-KP, UNFCC-PA, UNIDO,
UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WTO
|
Saudi
Arabia
Index
|
Chronology
22 Aug
1921
Sultanate of Nejd and Dependencies
8 Jan
1926
Hejaz annexed (de facto) by Nejd.
29 Jan
1927
Kingdom of Nejd and Dependencies
22 Sep
1932
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
(al-Mamlaka al-`Arabiyya
al-Su`udiyya)(formal
unification of the kingdoms
of
Hejaz and Nejd).
2
Dec 1922 - 25 Jan 1970
Kuwaiti-Saudi Arabian neutral zone in
the
northeastern border area.
2 Dec 1922 - 26
Dec 1981 Iraqi-Saudi Arabian
neutral zone in northwestern
border area.
|
Saudi
Arabia
(since 1932)
|
Hejaz
(1455-1932)
|
Nejd
(1744-1932)
|
al-Hasa
(1551-1914)
|
Jebel
Shammar
(1836-1921)
|
Other
Arabian polities
|
Historical Map
of Arabia 1905-23
|
|
Hejaz (Hijaz)
-
- De facto to 10 Jun
1916
-
|
-
- 1819 - 1840 Local Flag
-
|
-
- 10 Jun 1916 - 30 May 1917
Provisional
-
|
-
- 30 May 1917 - 1920
|
-
- 1920 - 18 Jan 1926
|
-
- 18 Jan 1926 - 22 Sep 1932
|
Map
of Hejaz
|
Hear National Anthem
(None adopted)
|
Text of Anthem
|
Constitution
(31 Aug 1926)
|
Capital: Mecca
(Jeddah 1924-1926)
|
Currency: 1916-1925
Hejazi Riyal (SAA)
|
National Holiday:
N/A
|
Hejaz Population:
850,000 (1920 est.)
900,000 (1925 est.)
1,500,000 (1937)
|
GDP: N/A
|
Exports: 1 million
British
Pounds (1924)
Imports: 2 million British
Pounds (1924)
|
Ethnic groups:
Arab, others
|
Total Armed Forces:
1,300 (1924 est.)
Merchant marine: N/A
|
Religions: Muslim
|
International
Organizations/Treaties: League of Nations (signatory) |
c.1201
Hashemite dynasty beings rule in Mecca as Sharifs (from
1629,
Grand
Sharif).
1258 - 1517
Part of Mameluke Sultanate of Egypt.
Aug
1517
Part of the Ottoman
Empire (part of 1554-1802 and
1813-1872
Eyalet
of Jeddah and Habesh [Eyalet-i Habesh]).
Mar 1803 - 23 Jan 1813
Diriyah Emirate, the Wahabbi state,
occupies the Hejaz (Mar 1803
Taif,
Mecca 30 Apr - Jul 1803 and re-occupied Feb 1806, Medina
1804,
and Jeddah 1806).
Nov 1812
Egypt under
Muhammad Ali, on behalf of the Ottomans, invades the
Hejaz (Medina taken Nov 1812, Jeddah Jan 1813,
and Mecca on
23 Jan 1813).
14 May 1833 - Jan 1841 Egypt annexes the Hejaz
(Hedjaz/Hijaz)(nominally under Ottoman
suzerainty).
1872 - 1916
Ottoman Vilayet of the
Hejaz.
1910
Sanjak of Medine-i Münevvere (Medina) made an
independent sanjak.
10 Jun
1916
Hejaz declares independence from Ottoman Empire. Arab
revolt
against Ottoman rule is declared by the Grand Sharif Hussein
Pasha bin Ali (Jeddah occupied 16 Jun 1916, Mecca
4 Jul 1916,
Yanbu 27 Jul 1916, Taif on 22 Sep 1916, Wejh
24 Jan 1917, and
Aqaba 6 Jul 1917).
29 Oct
1916
Hussein bin Ali Al-Hashimi proclaims
the independence of all
the Arab lands from the Ottoman Empire.
10 Jan
1919
Ottoman garrison in Medina surrenders.
10 Aug
1920
Turkey formally recognizes independence of Hejaz by the
Treaty of
Sèvres
(not ratified), confirmed by the
Treaty of Lausanne of
24 Jul 1923.
5 Sep
1924
Ta'if occupied by Nejd.
13 Oct
1924
Mecca occupied by Nejd.
21 Dec 1924
Yanbu occupied by Nejd.
5 Dec 1925
Medina occupied
by Nejd.
17 Dec 1925
Jeddah occupied by
Nejd.
19 Dec
1925
Hejaz occupied by Nejd, Sharif Ali abdicate
his throne.
8 Jan
1926
Hejaz annexed (de facto) by Nejd.
20 May
1927
U.K. recognizes the independence of Ibn
Sa`ud and his
sovereignty over Hejaz (ratified 17 Sep 1927).
20 Nov
1930
`Asir incorporated into Hejaz by Nejd.
22 Sep
1932
Unification of Hejaz with Nejd as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
(in
accordance with a royal decree of 18 Sep 1932).
Ottoman Walis (governors)
1517 - 1746
....
c.1735
Bakr Pasha
1746 -
1750
Uthman Pasha al Halabi
(= Halapli Osman Pasha)
1750 -
1759
....
1759
Sa'd al din Pasha al
Azm
1759 - 1813
....
1813 - 1840/41
Ibrahim Pasha -Egyptian
governor
Jan 1841 - Jan
1846 Osman
Pasha
(d. 1846)
Jan 1846 - Sep
1848 Mehmed
Sherif Pasha
(d. 1851)
Sep 1848 - May
1850 Mehmed
Hasib Pasha
May 1850 - Jul
1852 Agha
Abdulaziz Pasha
(d. 1855)
Jul 1852 - Jan 1855
Ahmed Izzet Pasha
Jan 1855 - May
1856 Mühendis
Mehmed Kamil Pasha
May 1856 - Jul
1857 Kürt
Mahmud Pasha
Jul 1857 - Nov
1858 Konyali
Mehemd Namik Pasha (b.
1804 - d. 1892)
Dec 1858 - Oct
1861 Haci
Kutuhyali Ali Pasha
Oct 1861 - Sep
1864 Ahmed
Izzet Pasha
Sep 1864 - Aug
1867 Mehmed
Vecihi Pasha
Aug 1867 - Aug
1870 Mehmed
Muammer Pasha
Aug 1870 - Aug
1872 Mehmed
Hurschid Pasha
Aug 1872 - Jul
1874 Mehmed
Reshid Pasha
Jul 1874 - Oct
1874 Mehmed
Rüshdü Pasha
(b. 1824 - d. 1874)
Oct 1874 - Oct
1877 Mehmed
Takiyeddin Pasha
Oct 1877 - Jun
1879 Mehmed
Halet Pasha
(d. 1879)
Jun 1879 - Mar
1880 Rashid
Nashid Pasha
Mar 1880 - Mar
1881 Safvet
Pasha (1st time)
(d. 1895)
Aug 1882 - Jul
1886 Topal
Osman Nuri Pasha (1st time)
Dec 1886 - Apr
1887 Huseyin
Cemil Pasha
Apr 1887 - Mar
1890 Safvet
Pasha (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Mar 1890 - Jun
1892 Ismail
Hakki Pasha
Jun 1892 - Nov
1892 Topal
Osman Nuri Pasha (2nd time)
Dec 1892 - Jun
1894 Ahmed
Ratip Pasha (1st time)
Jun 1894 - Jun
1895 Hasan
Hilmi Pasha
Jun 1895 - Aug
1908 Ahmed
Ratip Pasha (2nd time)
Sep 1908 - May
1909 Alpan
Kazim Pasha
May 1909 - Feb
1911 Mehemd
Emin Pasha
Feb 1911 - Nov
1911 Ebubekir
Azim Bey
Nov 1911 - Jan
1912 Halil Bey
Jan 1912 - Sep
1912 Mustafa
Zihni Pasha
Sep 1912 - May
1913 Ahmed
Reshid Pasha
May 1913 - Jan
1914 Ahmed
Nedim Pasha
Jan 1914 - Feb
1915 Vehib
(Wehib) Bey
(b. 1877 - d. 1940)
28 Feb 1915 - 22 Sep 1916 Ali Galib
Pasiner Pasha
(b. 1868 - d. 1939)
(Allied prisoner from 22 Sep 1916)
17 Jul 1916 - 9 Jan 1919 Fakhri Pasha
(Fahreddin Pasha) (b. 1868 - d. 1948)
(commander of Hejaz Expeditionary Force, in Medina)
Sharifs of Mecca
Aug 1455 - Aug 1497
Malik ul-Adil Muhammad (III) bin (d.
1497)
Barakat
Sep 1497 - Sep 1525
Barakat (II) bin Muhammad
(b. 1456 - d. 1525)
Sep 1525 - Feb 1583
Muhammad Abu Numay (II) Nazim
(b. 1505 - d. 1583)
ud-din bin Barakat
Feb 1583 - Dec 1601
Al-Hasan (III) bin Muhammad Abu
(b. 1524 - d. 1601)
Numay
Dec 1601 - 1610
Idris (II) Abu Aun bin Hasan
(b. 1566 - d. 1624)
1610 - May 1628
Muhsin (I) bin Hussein
(b. 1557
- d. 1692)
May 1628 - Oct 1629
Ahmad bin Abu Talib al-Hasan
Grand Sharifs of Mecca
Oct 1629 - Nov 1630
Masud (I) bin Idris
(d. 1630)
Nov 1630 - Mar 1631
Abdullah (I) bin
Hasan (1st time)
Mar 1631 - Jul 1631
Aun bin Idris Abdul Karim
Jul 1631 - Sep 1631 Abdullah
(I) bin Hasan (2nd time)
1631 - Jul 1666
Zeid bin Muhsin
(b. 1607
- d. 1666)
Jul 1666 - 1671
Saad bin Zeid (1st time)
(b. 1647 - d. 1709)
1667 - 1668
Muhsin bin Ahmad (1st time) -co-ruler
1669 - 1671
Ahmad bin Zeid (1st time) -co-ruler(d.
1688)
Jun 1670 - Nov 1670
Hamud bin Abdullah bin Hasan
(d. 1674)
Apr 1672 - Apr 1682
Barakat (III) bin Muhammad
(d. 1687)
1682 - 1684
Ibrahim bin Muhammad
1682 - 1683
Said (I) bin Barakat
Oct 1684 - 1688
Ahmad bin Zeid (2nd time)
(s.a.)
4 Jan 1688 - Apr 1690
Ahmad bin Ghalib
(d. 1701)
1689 - Apr 1690
Muhsin bin Ahmad (2nd time)
Apr 1690 - Oct 1691
Muhsin (II) bin Hussein
(d. 1695)
Oct 1691 - 1694
Said (II) bin Saad (1st time)
(b. 1674 - d. 1717)
13 Mar 1693 - Aug 1694 Saad bin
Zeid (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Aug 1694 - Dec 1694 Abdullah
(II) bin Hashim
(d. 1701)
Dec 1694 - Mar
1702 Saad bin
Zeid (3rd
time)
(s.a.)
Mar 1702 - Jul
1704 Said (II)
bin Saad (2nd time) (s.a.)
Jul
1704
Abdul Muhsin bin
Ahmad
(b. 16.. - d. 1718)
Jul 1704 - Feb
1705 Abdul
Karim bin
Muhammad
(b. 16.. - d. 1719)
(1st time)
Mar 1705 - Nov
1705 Said (II)
bin Saad (3rd time) (s.a.)
Nov 1705 - Dec
1711 Abdul
Karim bin
Muhammad
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
Dec 1711 - Jan
1717 Said (II)
bin Saad (4th time) (s.a.)
Jan 1717 - Apr
1718 Abdullah
(III) bin Said (1st time) (d. 1775)
Apr 1718 - Nov
1718 Ali bin
Said
1718 -
1719
Yahya (I) bin Barakat
May 1720 - Sep
1722 Mubarak
bin Ahmad (1st time)
(d. 1727)
Sep 1722 - Oct
1723 Barakat
bin Yahya
Oct 1723 - Mar
1724 Mubarak
bin Ahmad (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Mar 1724 - May
1731 Abdullah
(III) bin Said (2nd time) (s.a.)
May 1731 - Nov
1732 Muhammad
bin Abdullah (1st time) (b. 1715 - d. 1756)
Nov 1732 - Jan
1733 Masud bin
Said (1st
time)
(d. 1752)
Feb 1733 -
1734
Muhammad bin Abdullah (2nd time) (s.a.)
Feb 1734 - 18 Feb
1752 Masud bin Said (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
18 Feb 1752 - 24 Aug 1759 Masaad
bin Said (II)(1st time) (d.
1770)
24 Aug 1759 - Jan
1760 Jaafar bin
Said
(d. 1764)
Jan 1760 - 23 May
1770 Masaad bin Said (II)(2nd
time) (s.a.)
23 May 1770 - 12 Jul 1770 Ahmad
bin
Said
(d. 1781)
12 Jul 1770 - 5 Feb 1773
Abdullah (IV) bin
Hussein
(d. 1788)
Oct 1770 - Oct
1770 Ahmad bin
Said (in rebellion) (s.a.)
5 Feb 1773 - 21 Jan 1788 Surur bin
Masaad
(b. 1744 - d. 1788)
21 Jan 1788 - 31 Jan 1788 Abdul
Muin bin
Masaad
(b. 1747 - d. 1803)
31 Jan 1788 - 2 Nov 1813
Ghalib bin
Masaad
(b. 1750 - d. 1817)
(in exile 30 Apr - Jul 1803, Feb
1806 - 23 Jan 1813)
Emirs and Grand Sharifs of Mecca
2 Nov 1813 - Aug
1827 Yahya (II) bin
Surur
(d. 1838)
(stipendiary of Muhammad Ali)
Aug 1827 - Sep
1827 Abdul
Mutalib bin
Ghalib
(b. 1790 - d. 1886)
(1st time)
Sep 1827 -
1836
Muhammad (III) bin Abdul
Muin (b. 1767 -
d. 1858)
(1st time)
c.1833
Ahmad Pasha
(representative of Muhammad Ali in Hejaz)
1836 -
1840
Muhammad bin Abdul
Muin
(s.a.)
(commander of the Egyptian Army)
1840 - Jul
1851
Muhammad (III) bin Abdul Muin
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
Jul 1851 - 6 Jan
1856 Abdul Mutalib bin
Ghalib
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
6 Jan 1856 - 28 Mar 1858
Muhammad (III) bin Abdul Muin (s.a.)
(3rd time)
1 May 1858 - 26 Jun 1877
Abdullah Pasha bin
Muhammad (b.
1823 - d. 1877)
11 Jul 1877 - 15 Mar 1880 Hussein bin
Muhammad
(b. 1838 - d. 1880)
Jun 1880 - 31 Aug 1881 Abdul Mutalib
bin
Ghalib
(s.a.)
(3rd time)
31 Aug 1881 - 30 Aug 1882 Abdullah Pasha bin
Muhammad (b.
1845 - d. 1908)
(1st time)
30 Aug 1882 - 17 Jul 1905 Aun ar-Rafiq Pasha bin
Muhammad (b. 1841 - d. 1905)
14 Oct 1905 - 26 Oct 1908 Ali Pasha bin
Abdullah
(b. 1859 - d. 1941)
26 Oct 1908 - 29 Oct 1908 Abdullah Pasha bin
Muhammad
(s.a.)
(2nd time)(did not arrive in Mecca)
29 Oct 1908 - 29 Oct 1916 Hussein Pasha bin
Ali
(b. 1856 - d. 1931)
(formally dismissed by Ottoman Sultan 2 Jul 1916)
1 Aug 1916 - 21 Mar 1917 Ali Haidar Pasha
(in Medina) (b. 1866
- d. 1935)
(Ottoman designee in opposition to Hussein)
Kings¹
29 Oct 1916 - 3 Oct 1924 Hussein bin Ali
al-Hashimi
(s.a.)
(= Hussein Pasha bin Ali)
(assumed Caliph title on 11 Mar 1924)
3 Oct 1924 - 19 Dec 1925
Ali bin Hussein
al-Hashimi
(b. 1879 - d. 1935)
8 Jan 1926 - 22 Sep 1932
Abdul
Aziz
(b. 1880 - d. 1953)
Grand Viziers
10 Jun 1916 - 3 Oct 1924
Ali bin Hussein
al-Hashimi
(s.a.)
Oct 1924 - Nov
1925 Abdullah
as-Sarraj (acting)
(b.c.1876 - d. 1949) HNP
Nov 1925 - Dec 1925
Sheikh Muhammad al-Tawil
(acting)
HNP
Dec 1925 – Jan 1926
Abdullah Alireza (interim)
(b. 1853 - d. 1932)
(head of interim government)
Agent-General (and from 31 Dec 1931, Chairman
of the Council of ministers)
17 Aug 1926 - 22 Sep 1932 Faysal bin
Abdul Aziz al-Saud (b.
1906 - d. 1975) Non-party
¹Full styles of the ruler:
(a) from 29 Oct 1916: the Grand Sharif assumed
the title Malik al'umat Alearabia
wa Amir al-Mumenin ("King of the Arab
Nation and Commander of the Faithful"). From 6
Nov 1916, recognized by the Allied powers only as "King
of the Hejaz, Commander of the Faithful, Grand Sharif
and Emir of Mecca"; on 11 Mar 1924, he assumed title Caliph
al-Islam ("Caliph of Islam"). From 3 Oct
1924, "King of the Hejaz and Grand Sharif of Mecca";
(b) 29 Jan 1927 - 22 Sep 1932: Malik
al-Hijaz wa Najd wa Mulhaqatahu ("King of the
Hejaz and Nejd and Dependencies").
Former parties: HNP = Hizb
al-Hijaz al-Watani (Hejaz National Party, Hijazi
nationalist, moderate, urban elites, 1924-1926)
Asir: see under Former
Arabian States
Nejd (Najd)
-
- to c.1750
|
-
- c.1750 - 1818, c.1842 -
1887
|
-
- 1887 - 1891, 1902 - 1913
|
-
- 1913 - 1921
|
-
- 1921 - 1926
|
-
- 1926 - 22 Sep 1932
|
|
|
Map
of Nejd
|
Hear National Anthem
(None adopted)
|
Text of Anthem
|
Constitution
(None)
|
Capital: Riyadh
(Diriyah 1744-1824)
|
Currency: 1921-1935
Saudi Arabian Riyal (SAA)
|
National Holiday: N/A
|
Nejd Population:
3,100,000 (1937)
1,133,000 (1890)
|
GDP: N/A
|
Exports: N/A
Imports: N/A
|
Ethnic groups: Arab,
others
|
Total Armed Forces:
30,000 (1927)
|
Religions: Muslim
|
International
Organizations/Treaties: UPU |
16th cent.
Ottoman
Empire claims suzerainty over interior of Arabia.
Feb
1727
A member of the Al Sa`ud clan, Muhammad
bin Sa`ud, local ruler
of the small settlement of Diriyah (Dariya),
enjoying relative
freedom outside of rule by Ottomans,
Sharif of Mecca, or al-Hasa.
1744
Ruler of Diriyah adopts the
teachings of Muhammad bin Abdul
al-Wahhab founder of Wahhabism (Diriyah Emirate
[Al-Imarat al-
Dir'iyyah]) (also called the "first Saudi
state").
1801
Wahhabis raid and plunder Karbala.
by
1802
Diriyah dominates almost all of central Arabia.
30 Apr 1803 - 23 Jan
1813 Diriyah annexes the Hejaz.
1817 - Jul 1819
Egyptian occupation
(on behalf of the Ottoman Empire), taking
Mawiyah Nov 1817, then Al-Rass, Al-Khabra, Unaizah and
Buraidah in Dec 1817, reaching Diriyah
Apr 1818).
11 Sep
1818
Diriyah surrenders to Egyptian forces
(end of first Saudi state).
1824
Egyptian forces
withdraw from the Nejd.
1824
Riyadh re-occupied by Turki bin Abdullah, son
of deposed ruler of
Diriyah,
establishing Emirate of Nejd (Al-Imarat
al-Negid)(which
is called
the "second Saudi state").
May 1837 - Jan 1841
Egyptian
administration (nominally under Ottoman suzerainty).
1887
Conquest by Jebel Shammar.
1891 - 15 Jan
1902
Direct rule by Jebel Shammar.
15 Jan
1902
Abdul Aziz ibn Sa`ud re-takes Riyadh; Emirate of Nejd (Al-Imarat
al-Negid)(restored),
also called Emirate of Riyadh (Al-Imarat
ar-Riysd').
29 Jul
1913
Anglo-Ottoman Convention establishes the 'Blue Line'
separating
the Ottoman sanjak of Nejd from Qatar and the British
protected
areas (Blue Line was drawn from the coast west of Qatar
to the
Rub' al Khali)(not ratified).
9 Mar 1914
Anglo-Ottoman Convention
signed defining the limits of Ottoman
jurisdiction in north-western Arabia (which contained
express
reference to the 'Blue Line' of 1913), established the
'Violet
Line' which started from the end of the Blue Line to the
border
between Ottoman Yemen and the British Aden Protectorates
at
Bab el-Mandeb (ratified 5 Jun 1914).
29 May 1914
Secret
Ottoman-Saudi Convention recognizes Ottoman suzerainty
over Nejd, with Ibn Saud as hereditary Wali
of vilyet of Nejd.
26 Dec
1915
British recognize that Nejd, Hasa, Qatif, Jubayl and
their
dependencies are countries of Ibn Sa`ud
in the Anglo-Saudi Treaty
(Treaty of Darin).
22 Aug
1921
Sultanate of Nejd and Its Dependencies (As-Saltana
al-Najd wa
Mulhaqatahu).
2 Nov
1921
Jebel Shammar incorporated into Nejd.
13 Oct
1924
Mecca occupied by Nejd.
5 Dec 1925
Medina occupied
by Nejd.
8 Jan
1926
Hejaz annexed (de
facto).
29 Jan
1927
Kingdom of the Nejd and Its Dependencies (Al-Mamlaka
al-Najd wa
Mulhaqatahu);
informally as the Kingdom of the Hejaz, Nejd and
Its
Dependencies (Al-Mamlaka al-Hijaz
wa Najd wa Mulhaqatahu).
20 May
1927
U.K. recognizes the independence of Ibn
Sa`ud and his sovereignty
over Hejaz, Nejd and Dependencies (ratified 17 Sep
1927).
22 Sep
1932
Unification of Nejd with Hejaz as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (in
accordance with a royal decree of 18 Sep 1932).
Emirs (also Imams and Protectors of the
Wahhabis)
1744 -
1765
Muhammad I bin Sa`ud
(b. 17.. - d. 1765)
1765 - 2 Oct
1803
Abdul Aziz I bin
Muhammad
(b. 1721 - d. 1803)
al-Sa`ud
2 Oct 1803 - 1 May 1814 Sa`ud I
bin Abdul
Aziz
(b. 1748 - d. 1814)
1 May 1814 - 11 Sep 1818 Abdullah I
bin
Sa`ud
(d. 1818)
Mar 1820 - Dec
1820 Misrahi
bin
Sa`ud
(d. 1820?)
(occupied Dariyah in Mar 1820, but captured
by Egyptians)
1823 - 9 May
1834
Turki bin
Abdullah
(b. 1755 - d. 1834)
May 1834 - Jun
1834 Mishari
bin Abdul
Rahman
(d. 1834)
18 Jun 1834 - May 1837 Faysal I bin
Turki (1st
time)
(b. 1785 - d. 1865)
(continues in rebellion to Dec 1838)
May 1837 -
1841
Khalid I bin
Sa`ud
(d. 1861)
1841 - 13 Jul
1843
Abdullah II bin
Thunayan
(d. 1843)
13 Jul 1843 - 2 Dec 1865 Faysal I bin
Turki (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
2 Dec 1865 - 9 Apr 1871
Abdullah III bin Faysal (1st time) (b.
c.1820 - d. 1889)
10 Apr 1871 - Jan 1875 Sa`ud
II bin
Faysal
(d. 1875)
Jan 1875 - Aug
1875 Abdul
Rahman bin
Faysal
(b. 1845 - d. 1928)
1875 -
1887
Abdullah III bin Faisal (2nd
time) (s.a.)
1887
Muhammad II bin Faysal
(d. 1887)
Jebel Shammar Governors
1887 - 1888
Salim bin Subhan
1888 - 1889
Fahhad bin Uwaid bin Rukhaiyis
1889 - 27 Nov
1889
Abdullah (III) bin Faisal
(s.a.)
1889 - Jan
1891
Abdul Rahman bin Faisal
(s.a.)
(in rebellion Jul - Aug 1890)
1891
Muhammad (III) bin Sa`ud bin
Faysal (d. 1894)
1891 - 15 Jan 1902
`Ajlan bin
Muhammad
(b. 18.. - d. 1902)
Emir
15 Jan 1902 - 22 Aug 1921 Abdul
Aziz
(b. 1880 - d. 1953)
(= Abdul Aziz Abdul Rahman Al Saud)
(called Ibn Sa`ud outside Saudi Arabia)
Sultan
22 Aug 1921 - 29 Jan 1927 Abdul
Aziz
(s.a.)
King¹
29 Jan 1927 - 22 Sep 1932 Abdul
Aziz
(s.a.)
¹Style 29 Jan 1927 - 22 Sep 1932: Malik
al-Hijaz wa Najd wa Mulhaqatahu ("King of the
Hejaz and Nejd and Dependencies").
al-Hasa`
-
- 1818 - 1830, 1871 - 1914
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-
- 1871 - 9 May 1913 Al-Hasa
Local Flag
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Map
of al-Hasa
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Capital: Damman
(al-Hufuf to 1905)
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Population: 218,000
(1890, est.)
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c.650 BC - c.300 AD
Part of the Gerrha kingdom.
899 - 1077
Al-Ahsa
comes under control of the Qarmatian leader, Abu-Sa'id
Jannabi, and is declared independent from the Abbasids
in
Baghdad.
1077
Qarmatian state of
Al-Ahsa is overthrown by the Uyunids.
1238 - 1383
Usfurid dynasty takes over the
region of Al-Ahsa and Al-Qatif.
1383
Usfurids are
overthrown by the Jarwanids.
1440
Jabrids (Banu Jabr)
take over Al-Ahsa, Qatif, Bahrain, and Kish
Island, and extend their influence to eastern Nejd.
1521
Jabrid kingdom falls
to the Muntafiq tribe of southern
Mesopotamia, who rule Al-Ahsa on behalf of the Ottoman
Empire.
The Ottomans station their garrisons in the region.
1521 -
1529?
Al Qatif occupied by the Portuguese (Catifa) and briefly
in 1551.
1552 - 1670
Part of Ottoman Empire
(as Lahsa Beylerbeylik
1552-1560; from 1560
Eyalet-i
Lahsa).
1670
Ottomans are expelled by the tribe of Banu Khalid, who
make their
capital in Al-Mubarraz.
1670 - 1796
Bani
Khalid emirate, also called Sheikhdom of al-Hasa`
(Ahsa),
under the Banu Khalid dynasty.
1780 – 1795
Vassal of Diriyah.
1795 - 1818
Annexed to Diriyah.
1818 – 1819
Occupied by Egypt (nominally under Ottoman suzerainty).
1830 -
1838
Occupied by Emirate of Nejd.
1838 - 1841
Egyptian administration (nominally under Ottoman
suzerainty).
1843 - Jun
1871
Under Jebel Shamar
Emirate rule.
Jun
1871
Ottoman rule restored (as Necid [Najd]
sanjak of Baghdad
[from 1875 Basra] vilayet [see
Iraq]).
9 May
1913
Annexed by Nejd
(remains nominally Ottoman to 1914).
Ottoman Beylerbeys
1552 - Sep/Oct
1559 Bilal
Mehmet Pasha
Sep/Oct 1559
Mustafa Pasha
(d. 1559)
Sep/Oct 1559 - 1560 Murat
Pasha
Ottoman Governors-general
1560 - Jan/Feb 1566
Mehmet Pasha
Feb 1566 -
1572
Ali Pasha
1572 - Oct/Nov
1573 Osman
Pasha
Oct/Nov 1573-May/Jun 1575 Sinan Pasha
May/Jun 1575-Jun/Jul 1576 Ilyas Pasha
Jun/Jul 1576 -
1579 Ahmet
Pasha (1st time)
1579
Gazanfer Pasha
1579 -
1582
Ahmet Pasha (2nd time)
1582 -
1584
Mehmet Pasha
1584 -
1589
Ahmet Pasha (3rd time)
1589 - May/Jun
1590 Hüseyin
Pasha
May/Jun 1590-Mar/Apr 1595 Ahmet Pasha (4th time)
1595
Abdülbaki Pasha
1595 - Oct/Nov 1602
Ahmet Pasha (5th time)
Oct/Nov 1609-Sep/Oct 1609 Behram Pasha
Sep/Oct 1609-Apr/May 1610 Ali Pasha
Apr/May 1610 -
16.. Ibrahim
Pasha
1631? - 1635?
Afrasyab-oglu Ali Pasha
16.. -
1643
Mehmet Pasha
.... - ....
Fati-eh Pasha
.... - ....
Muhammad Pasha
16.. - 1670
Umar Pasha
Emirs of Bani Khalid
1670 - 1682
Barak I Ghurair bin Masoud Al Humaid
1682 –
1691
Muhammad I bin Ghurair
(d. 1691)
1691 - 1722
Sa'dun bin Muhammad
1722 -
1736
`Ali bin Muhammad
(d. 1736)
1736 –
1752
Sulayman bin Muhammad Al
Khalidi (d. 1752)
(pretender 1723–1726)
1752 –
1774
`Urayar bin Dudjayn bin
Sa`dun (d.
1774)
1752
Hamada (pretenter)
1774 - 1775
Butaiyin bin `Urayar
(d. 1775)
1775
Dudjayn bin `Urayar
(d. 1775)
1775 – 1786
Sa`dun II bin `Urayar
1786 -
1793
Duwaihis bin `Urayar
1789 –
1791
`Abd al-Muhsin bin `Abd
Allah
(d. 1791)
(in the North)(regent 1787-1789)
1789 –
1793
Zayid bin `Urayar
(1st time) (in South)
1791 –
1793
Barrak II Abdul Mohsen Al-Sadah
(1st time) (in North)
1793 -
1794
Zayid
bin `Urayar (2nd time)
1794 -
1795
Barak II Abdul Mohsen Al-Sadah
(2nd time)
Diriyah governors
1795 –
179.
Nadjim bin Duhaynim
1798 –
1804
Sulayman bin Muhammad bin Madjid
1804 -
1809
Ibrahim bin `Ufaysan
1809 -
1810
`Abd Allah bin `Ufaysan, Bahrayn
1810 –
1812
Fahd bin Sulayman bin `Ufaysan
1813 -
1818
....
1818
Madjid (1st
time)
(d. 1830)
+ Muhammad III (1st time)
Egyptian governors
1819 –
182.
Mehmed Agha (in Hufuf)
1819 -
1819
Halil Agha (in Qatif)
1819 –
182.
Musrif (in Qatif)
Sheiks
1823 -
1830
Madjid (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
+ Muhammad III (2nd time)
1830 -
1838
`Umar bin Muhammad (1st time)
1830 -
1839
`Abd Allah bin Ghanim (in Qatif)
1839
Mehmed Efendi I (in
Hufuf)
(d. 1839)
1839 –
1840
Mehmed Efendi II (in Hufuf)
1840 –
1841
Hamad bin Mubarak
1841
Musa al-Hamli
1842
`Umarbin Muhammad (2nd time)
1842
Fahd bin `Abd Allah (acting)
1842
Bilal bin Salim al-Harq
1843
`Abd Allah bin Battal al-Mutayri
1844 -
1853
Ahmad bin Muhammad as-Sudayri
(1st time)
1853 –
1857
Muhammad bin Ahmad (1st time)
1857 –
1861
Ahmad bin Muhammad as-Sudayri
(2nd time)
1861 –
1870
Muhammad bin Ahmad (2nd time)
1870 –
1871
Nasir bin Djabir al-Khalidi
1871 –
1872
Fariq Pasha
Ottoman Mutassarrifs (Lieutenant-governors)
1871 -
1872
Nafiz Pasha
1872 -
1873
Mehmet Pasha
1873 -
1874
Faiz Pasha
1874 -
1875
Baz`i al-Khalidi Pasha
1875 -
1876
Mazyad Pasha
1876 -
1877
Said Bey (1st time)
1877
Husyein Bey
1877 -
1879
Said Pasha (1st time)
1879 -
1880
Said Bey (2nd time)
1880 -
1881
Abdulgani Pasha
1881 -
1885
Said Pasha (2nd time)
1885 -
1886
Nazih Pasha
1886 -
1887
Mehmet Salih Pasha
1887 -
1890
Rifaat Pasha
1890 -
1891
Akif
Bey
(d. 1890)
1891 -
1894
Said Pasha (3rd time)
1894 –
1896
Ibrahim Pasha
1896
Abdallah Pasha
1896 -
1900
Said Pasha (4th time)
1900 -
1901
Musa Kazim Efendi
1901 -
1902
Tevfik Bey
1902 -
1904
Sayyid Talib Pasha
1904 -
1905
Faik Pasha
1905 –
1907
Necib Pasha
1907
Reshid Pasha
1908
Mumtaz Efendi
1908 -
1909
Mahmud Mahir Bey
1909
Arif Bey
1909 -
1911
Ail Suad Bey
1911 -
1912
Nedim Bey
1912 - 9 May
1913
Abbas Hilmi Bey
9 May 1913 -
1914
Abdul Aziz Abdul Rahman Al Saud (b. 1880 -
d. 1953)
Pasha (called Ibn Sa`ud outside Arabia)
Jebel Shammar (Ha'il)
-
![[Emirate of Jebel Shammar (Ha'il)
1836-1921] [Emirate of
Jebel Shammar (Ha'il) 1836-1921]](sa-jabsham.gif)
- c.1836 - 2 Nov 1921
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1792 - 1818
Annexed to Diriyah.
1836 -
1841
Egyptian suzerainty (nominally under Ottoman
suzerainty).
1836
Emirate of Jebel Shammar (Al-Imarat
ash-Shammar)(also referred
to as the Emirate of Hail [Ha'il] after its
capital).
2 Nov
1921
Jebel Shammar incorporated into Nejd.
Emirs
1836 - Apr 1847
Abdullah (I) bin Ali al Rashid
(b. 1788 - d. 1847)
Apr 1847 - 11 Mar 1868
Talal bin Abdullah al
Rashid (b. 1823 - d. 1868)
Mar 1868 - Jan
1869 Mutaib
(I) bin Abdullah al Rashid (d. 1869)
1869 - 1872
Bandar
bin Talal al
Rashid (d.
1872)
1872 - 28 Nov
1897
Muhammad (I) bin Abdullah al
(d. 1897)
Rashid
1 Dec 1897 - 13 Apr 1906
Abdul Aziz bin Mutaib al Rashid (b. 1868 -
d. 1906)
13 Apr 1906 - 27 Dec
1906 Mutaib (II) bin Abdul Aziz
al (b. 1888 - d. 1906)
Rashid
Jan 1907 - Jan
1908 Sultan
bin Hammud al Rashid
(b. 1870 - d. 1908)
Jan 1908 - Sep
1908 Sa`ud (I)
bin Hammud al Rashid (b. 1875 - d.
1909)
14 Sep 1908 - Mar
1920 Sa`ud (II) bin Abdul Aziz
al (b. 1885 - d. 1920)
Rashid
Mar 1920 - 1920
Abduallah (II) bin Mutaib
al (b. 1906 - d. 1946)
Rashid
1920 - 2 Nov
1921
Muhammad (II) bin Talal al Rashid (b. c.1904 - d. 1954)
Saudi Arabia
22 Sep
1932
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (al-Mamlaka al-`Arabiyya
al-Su`udiyya).
Kings¹
22 Sep 1932 - 9 Nov 1953 Abdul Aziz (also
known Abu Turki) (b. 1880 - d. 1953)
(called Ibn Sa`ud outside Saudi Arabia)
9 Nov 1953 - 2 Nov
1964
Sa`ud
(b. 1902 - d. 1969)
30 Mar 1964 - 2 Nov 1964
Faysal -Regent
(b. 1906 - d. 1975)
2 Nov 1964 - 25 Mar 1975
Faysal
(s.a.)
25 Mar 1975 - 13 Jun 1982
Khalid
(b. 1913 - d. 1982)
13 Jun 1982 - 1 Aug 2005
Fahd
(b. 1923? - d. 2005)
1 Jan 1996 - 21 Feb 1996
Abdullah -Regent
(b. 1924 - d. 2015)
21 Feb 1996 - 1 Aug 2005
Abdullah (de facto
regent)
(s.a.)
1 Aug 2005 - 23 Jan 2015
Abdullah
(s.a.)
22 Nov 2010 - 23 Feb 2011 Sultan (de facto
regent) (b. 1928 - d.
2011)
23 Jan 2015 -
Salman
(b. 1935)
Chairman of the Council of Ministers
22 Sep 1932 - 9 Oct 1953
Faysal bin Abdul Aziz al-Saud
(s.a.)
Non-party
Prime ministers
9 Oct 1953 - 16 Aug 1954
Sa`ud (1st
time)
(s.a.)
Non-party
16 Aug 1954 - 21 Dec 1960 Faysal
(1st
time)
(s.a.)
Non-party
21 Dec 1960 - 31 Oct 1962 Sa`ud
(2nd
time)
(s.a.)
Non-party
31 Oct 1962 - 25 Mar 1975 Faysal
(2nd
time)
(s.a.)
Non-party
29 Mar 1975 - 13 Jun 1982
Khalid
(s.a.)
Non-party
13 Jun 1982 - 1 Aug 2005
Fahd
(s.a.)
Non-party
1 Aug 2005 - 23 Jan 2015
Abdullah
(s.a.)
Non-party
23 Jan 2015 - 27 Sep 2022
Salman
(s.a.)
Non-party
27 Sep 2022
-
Muhammad bin
Salman
(b. 1985)
Non-party
¹Full style: Malik
al-Mamlaka al-`Arabiyya al-Su`udiyya
("King of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia" [short
form "King of Saudi Arabia"]); from
17 Oct 1986, the ruler's name is prefixed with: Khadim
al-Haramayn al-Sharifayn ("Servant
of the Two Noble Sanctuaries [Mecca and Medina]").
Territorial Disputes: Saudi Arabia
has been building a fence along its border with Iraq to
keep out militants and smugglers; Jordan and Saudi
Arabia signed an agreement to demarcate their maritime
borders in 2007; Saudi Arabia and UAE have disputed the
Shaybah oilfield, which Saudi Arabia controls; Kuwait
and Saudi Arabia continue discussions on a maritime
boundary with Iran; in December 2019, Saudi Arabia and
Kuwait signed an agreement to demarcate land in a
neutral zone and to restart oil production in shared
fields, which had been suspended since 2014 because of
disagreements; Yemen and Saudi Arabia signed the Treaty
of Jeddah in 2000, which specified the coordinates of
their land and maritime border and made provisions for
grazing, the placement of armed forces, and future
resource exploitation; in 2010, Saudi Arabia reinforced
its concrete-filled security barrier along sections of
the now fully demarcated border with Yemen to stem
illegal cross-border activities; Egyptian-administered
islands of Tiran and Sanafir, administered by Egypt
since 1950 (based on 1906 Egyptian-Ottoman border delineation)
were ceded to Saudi Arabia on 24 Jun 2017.
Political parties: (political parties are
illegal).
© Ben Cahoon
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