Egypt
 

1517 - 18 Dec 1914 (de facto 13 Sep 1881)    Mameluke Flag to 1798, 1801-1804 25 Jul 1798 - 27 Jul 1801   27 Jul 1801 - 16 Mar 1803 c.1867 - 1881 1881 - 10 Dec 1923 10 Dec 1923 - 8 Apr 1958 18 Jun 1953 - 8 Apr 1958 Revolution Flag 8 Apr 1958 - 2 Mar 1972 UAR 2 Mar 1972 - 4 Oct 1984 Adopted 4 Oct 1984 Map of Egypt ---------------------------- Map of Administrative Divisions  Hear National Anthem "Bilady, Bilady, Bilady" (My Homeland, My Homeland, My Homeland) Adopted 1979 -------------------------------------- Hear Former UAR Anthem (22 Feb 1958-20 May 1960) Former National Anthem "Walla Zaman Ya Selahy" (Oh For Ages! My Weapon!) (20 May 1960-1979) -------------------------------------- Former National Anthem title to 1953: "Salam Affandina" (Long Life to Affandina); title 1958-1958: "Es Salaam el Gamhoury el Masry" (Egyptian Republican Anthem) (c.1871-22 Feb 1958) Constitution (18 Jan 2014) ----------------------------------- 2012 Constitution  (25 Dec 2012-18 Jan 2014,  suspended from 3 Jul 2013) ------------------------------------- 1971 Constitution  (11 Sep 1971 - 25 Dec 2012;  suspended from 13 Feb 2011) ----------------------------------- 1964 Constitution  (25 Mar 1964 - 11 Sep 1971) ------------------------------------- Provisional UAR Constitution (5 Mar 1958-27 Sep 1962; dormant in EGY to 25 Mar 1964) Capital: Cairo (al-Fustat 642-750, 905-973; al-Askar 750-868; al-Qatai  868-905; Alexandria 332 BC-642 AD) (UAR: Cairo 1958-1961) Currency: Egyptian Pound (EGP); 1805-1885 Egyptian Piastre (EGQ) National Holiday: 23 Jul (1952) Eid al-Thawra (Revolution Day) Population: 109,546,720 (2023) GDP: $1.26 trillion (2021) Exports: $58.3 billion (2021) Imports: $94 billion (2021) Ethnic groups: Egyptian 99.7%, other 0.3% (2006) Total Active Armed Forces: 438,500 (2021) U.S. Forces: 253 (2023) Merchant marine: 441 ships (2023) Religions: Muslim (predominantly Sunni) 90%, Christian (majority Coptic Orthodox, other Christians include Armenian Apostolic, Catholic, Maronite, Orthodox, and Anglican) 10% (2015) International Organizations/Treaties: ABEDA, ACS (observer), AfCFTA, AfDB, AFESD, AIIB (nonregional), AL, AMF, AOAD, Arabsat, AU, BRICS, BSEC (observer), BTWC (signatory), CAEU, CD, CEN-SAD, CICA, COMESA, CTBT (signatory), D-8, EBRD, ENMOD, ESCR, FAO, G-15, G-24, G-77, GAFTA, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IDB, IEA (association), IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IORA (partner), IPU, IRENA, ISA, ISESCO, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, LCBC (observer), MIGA, NAM, NATO (mediterranean dialogue), NDB, NPT, NTBT, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OIC, OIF, OPEC (observer), OSCE (partner), OST, PAM, PCA, SCO (dialogue partner), SICA (observer), UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-KP, UNFCC-PA, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Egypt Index Chronology   c.3200 BC                  Upper (Southern) and Lower (Northern) Egypt united                              (Kingdom of Egypt) under the rule of the Pharaohs. c.2686 BC – c.2181 BC      Old Kingdom period.     2589 BC - 2566 BC          Reign of Pharaoh Khufu (Cheops), builder of the                              Great Pyramid of Giza. c.2055 BC – c.1650 BC      Middle Kingdom period.     c.1650 BC - c.1550 BC      Northern Egypt under Hyksos rule. c.1550 BC – c.1077 BC      New Kingdom period. c.1478 BC - 1458 BC        Reign of Pharaoh Hatshepsut (f). 1353 BC - 1336 BC          Reign of Pharaoh Akhenaten (Amenhotep IV). 1279 BC - 1213 BC          Reign of Pharaoh Ramesses II "the Great" May? 1274 BC               Battle of Kadesh between Egypt and Hittite Empire. 744 BC – 656 BC            Under Kushite (Nubian) rule. 671 BC - 612 BC            Part of Assyrian Empire, ruled by vassal Pharaohs. 526 BC - 404 BC            Part of the Persian Empire (as Mudraya satrapy). 404 BC - 343 BC            Kingdom of Egypt (restored). 343 BC - 332 BC            Part of the Persian Empire. Dec 332 BC -  7 Nov 305    Part of Macedonia (under Alexander "the Great"                              to Jun 323 BC).  7 Nov 305 BC-23 Aug 30 BC (Ptolemaic) Kingdom of Egypt. 55 BC - 32 BC              Egypt a vassal kingdom of the Roman Republic. 51 BC – 12 Aug 30 BC       Reign of Queen Cleopatra VII Philopator. 36 BC                      Egypt under Cleopatra VII granted Cilicia, Crete,                              Cyprus (already from 43 BC), Cyrene, Coele-Syria,                              Syria, Phoenicia and Arabia Petraea by Rome in the                              Donations of Antioch. In 34 BC Marcus Antonius                              (Marc Antony) gives Cleopatra and her children                              further domains in Armenia, Asia Minor, Greece and                              Libya in the Donations of Alexandria, which are                              not recognized by Rome.  2 Sep 31                  Forces of Queen Cleopatra VII and Marcus Antonius                              are defeated by Rome under Gaius Octavianus                              (Octavian) at the Battle of Actium (Áktion). 23 Aug 30 BC - Oct 270 AD  Part of the Roman Empire (as Provincia Aegypti). Oct 270 - 272              Part of the Palmyrene Empire. 272 - 17 Jan 395           Part of the Roman Empire. 17 Jan 395 - 619           Part of Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire (as                              Aigýptou province). 618 - 629                  Part of the Sassanian Empire (as Agiptus province). 629 - 642                  Eastern Roman (Byzantine) rule restored. 12 Dec 639                 Arab Muslim invasion begins. Jan 640                    Arab Muslim armies take Pelusium (Pelousion) and                              in Mar 640, Belbeis (Phelbes), and in Jul 640                              Heliopolis.  8 Nov 641                 Arab - Byzantine truce, Byzantines agree to evacuate                              Alexandria (completed on 17 Sep 642; End 645 -                              Summer 646 Byzantine re-occupation of Alexandria). 642                        Part of the Caliphate (Umayyad 661-750, Abbasid                              Caliphate 25 Jan 750-5 Jan 909, Fatimid Caliphate                              5 Jan 909 - 1171 and Ayyubid Caliphate 1171 - 2                              May 1250).  8 Nov 1219 - 29 Aug 1221  Damietta occupied by the Latin Crusaders.  6 Jun 1249 -  8 May 1250  Damietta occupied by Latin Crusaders under Louis IX.  2 May 1250                Mameluke Sultanate of Egypt.  9 Oct 1365 - 12 Oct 1365  Alexandria sacked by the Latin Crusaders. 24 Jan 1517                Part of the Ottoman Empire (as Eyalet-i Mısr). 1769 -  1 Aug 1775         De facto Mameluke Beylicate (under Ottoman                              suzerainty) 21 Jul 1798                Battle of the Pyramids, France under Napoleon                              defeats Egyptian Mameluke forces. 25 Jul 1798 -  3 Sep 1801  French occupation (Égypte)(Cairo 25 Jul 1798 - 18                              Jun 1801, Alexandria 2 Jul 1798 - 3 Sep 1801,                              Suez Nov 1798 - Sep 1800, Aswan 2 Feb - 26 May                              1799). On 30 Jan 1799, French Egypt is divided                              into 16 provinces headed by a French military                              governor. 27 Jul 1801 - 16 Mar 1803  British occupation.  9 Jul 1805                Muhammad `Ali dynasty informally inaugurated. 20 Mar 1807 - 23 Sep 1807  British occupy Alexandria under Alexander                              Mackenzie Fraser (b. 1758 - d. 1809). 12 Jun 1821 - 26 Jan 1885  Annexation of The Sudan.  6 May 1833 - Jan 1841     Egypt annexes Syria (incl. Lebanon, Palestine) and                              to administer Crete, Adana, Hejaz by Convention                              of Kütahya (revoked by the Convention of London                              of 27 Nov 1840).  1 Jun 1841                Office of governor made hereditary, heirs to be                              nominated by the Ottoman Sultan (office of                              governor is made hereditary along rules of                              primogeniture 27 May 1866 by imperial ferman).  8 Jun 1867                Khedivate of Egypt (al-Khidiwiyah al-Misriyah =                              Hıdiviyet-i Mısır); title of khedive is conferred                              on governor of Egypt by Ottoman imperial ferman. 10 Jun 1873                Internal autonomy confirmed (by Ottoman ferman and                              autonomy defined by added ferman 7 Aug 1879). 25 Aug 1882 - 26 Jul 1956  United Kingdom (and France) administer Suez Canal. 14 Sep 1882                Occupied by U.K. (remains formally still under                              Ottoman suzerainty).  8 May 1892                Sinai peninsula administration granted to Egypt                              by Ottoman Sultan.   3 May 1906                Sinai transferred to Egypt by Ottoman Empire. 18 Dec 1914 - 15 Mar 1922  British protectorate (U.K still reserved four                              matters - security of imperial communications,                              defense, the protection of foreign interests and                              of minorities, and the Sudan to 14 Nov 1936). 19 Dec 1914                Sultanate of Egypt (al-Saltanah al-Misriyah),                              Khedivate is abolished. 15 Mar 1922                Kingdom of Egypt (al-Mamlakah al-Misriyah) proclaimed                              a sovereign and independent state. 13 Sep 1940 - 17 Dec 1940  Italian occupation of Sollum (13 Sep - 17 Dec 1940)                              and Sidi Barrani (16 Sep - 11 Dec 1940). 28 Apr 1941 -  7 Nov 1942  German occupation of Sollum (28 Apr 1941 - 12 Jan                              1942 & 25 Jun - 12 Nov 1942), Sidi Barrani (25                              Jun - 12 Nov 1942) and Mersa Matruh (29 Jun - 7                              Nov 1942).  14 May 1948 -  6 Jun 1967  Egyptian administration over the Gaza Strip. 18 Jun 1953                Republic of Egypt (Jumhuriyat Misr). 26 Jul 1956                Egypt nationalizes the Suez Canal. 29 Oct 1956 -  7 Nov 1956  Suez Crisis, intervention by U.K., France and Israel.  2 Nov 1956 -  7 Mar 1957  Sinai peninsula and Gaza Strip occupied by Israel.  1 Feb 1958                Unification of Egypt and Syria into the United Arab                              Republic is proclaimed pending the approval by                              state legislatures and depending on the results of                              the referendum.  5 Feb 1958                Unification approved by Egyptian National Assembly                              and the Syrian Chamber of Deputies. 21 Feb 1958                Referendums in Egypt 100% and in Syria 100% vote                              for unification (results approved 22 Feb 1958). 22 Feb 1958                United Arab Republic (al-Jumhuriyah al-'Arabiyah                              al-Muttahidah)(Egypt united with Syria).  5 Mar 1958 - 29 Sep 1961  Egyptian Region (al-Iqlim al-Misri), within the                              United Arab Republic.  8 Mar 1958 - 26 Dec 1961  United Arab Republic federated with North Yemen in                              a lose confederation named United Arab States                              (ad-Duwal al-'Arabiyah al-Muttahidah). 29 Sep 1961                United Arab Republic ceases to exist de facto                              following the secession of Syria (Egypt continues                              to use the name United Arab Republic to 1971). 6/12 Jun 1967-25 Apr 1982  Sinai peninsula occupied by Israel.  2 Sep 1971                Arab Republic of Egypt (Jumhuriyat Misr al-'Arabiyah)  1 Jan 1972 - 19 Nov 1977  Part of Federation of Arab Republics (Ittihad al-                              Jumhuriyat al-'Arabiyah)(Egypt, Libya, and Syria). Multinational Force and Observers (since 1982) Suez Canal Authority (1858-1956) Coptic Orthodox Church Coptic Catholic Church Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria Map of Sinai Peninsula Historical Maps of Egypt

Presidents of the Revolutionary Command Council (supra-constitutional authority)
23 Jul 1952 - 25 Aug 1952  Gamal Abdel Nasser (1st time)      (b. 1918 - d. 1970)  Mil
25 Aug 1952 - 25 Feb 1954  Muhammad Yusuf Naguib (1st time)   (b. 1901 - d. 1984)  Mil
25 Feb 1954 -  8 Mar 1954  Gamal Abdel Nasser (2nd time)      (s.a.)               Mil/LR
 8 Mar 1954 - 14 Nov 1954  Muhammad Yusuf Naguib (2nd time)   (s.a.)               Mil/LR
14 Nov 1954 - 25 Jun 1956  Gamal Abdel Nasser (3rd time)      (s.a.)               Mil/LR

Mameluke Beys (de facto rulers)
1768 - 13 Apr 1773         Ali Bey al-Kabir, Sheikh al-Balad  (b. 1727/28 - d. 1773)
                             (from 1769, adopts the style Sultan)
176. - 1769                Human Abu Yusuf
                             (head of Hawwara Arabs de facto ruler in Upper Egypt)
13 Apr 1773 - 10 Jun 1775  Muhammad Bey Abu ad-Dhahab         (b. 1735 - d. 1775)
26 Jun 1775 - Aug 1777     Triumvirate
                           - Murad Bey, emir al-Hajj          (b. 1750 - d. 1801)
                             (1st time) (military governor)
                           - Ibrahim Bey, Sheikh al-Balad     (b. 1735 - d. 1816)
                             (1st time) (civil governor)
                           - Yusuf Bey, emir al-Hajj
                             (head of the Mecca Pligrims)
Aug 1777 - Feb 1778        Ismail Bey, Sheikh al-Balad        (b. c.1735 - d. 1791)
                            (1st time)
Feb 1778 - 1786            Murad Bey, emir al-Hajj (2nd time) (s.a.)
                           - jointly with -
Feb 1778 - 1786            Ismail Bey, Sheikh al-Balad        (s.a.)
                             (2nd time) 
1786 - 1790                Triumvirate
                           - Ismail Bey, Sheikh al-Balad      (s.a.)
                             (4th time)
                           - Ali Bey Defterdar
                           - Hasan Bey, Amir al-Haji
1790 - 25 Jul 1798         Murad Bey, Amir al-Hajj            (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)
                           - joint ruler with -
1790 - 25 Jul 1798         Ibrahim Bey, Sheikh al-Balad       (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
25 Jul 1798 - 1800         French Administration
 5 Apr 1800 - 1801         Murad Bey, emir al-Hajj            (s.a.)
                             (4th time)
                           - jointly with -
1800 - 1801                Ibrahim Bey, Sheikh al-Balad       (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)
                             (in opposition to French rule)
Apr 1801 - 12 Mar 1804     Osman Bardisi, Sheikh al-Balad     (b. 1758 - d. 1806)
                            (in opposition to French rule to 27 Jun 1801)
                           - jointly with the following two -
1802 - Mar 1803            Muhammad Bey al-Alfi (= Elfi Bey)  (b. 1751 - d. 1807)
Apr 1803 - 13 Apr 1804     Ibrahim Bey, Sheikh al-Balad       (s.a.) 
                             (4th time) 

Beylerbeys (governors)
 9 Oct 1699 -  6 May 1704  Kara Mehmed Pasha (1st time)       (d. 1722)
 7 May 1704 -  7 Oct 1704  Baltaci Süleyman Pasha
                             (did not take office)
 7 Oct 1704 - 31 Aug 1706  Rami Mehmed Pasha                  (b. 1645 - d. 1706)
 1 Sep 1706 - Sep 1707     Dellak Ali Pasha (1st time)
Sep 1707 - 28 Oct 1709     Damat Hasan Pasha (2nd time)       (b. c.1658 - d. 1713)
28 Oct 1709 - Aug 1710     "Morali" Ibrahim Pasha             (d. 1725)
Aug 1710 - 30 Jul 1711     Köse Halil Pasha                   (d. 1715)
30 Jul 1711 - 1712         Veli Mehmed Pasha (1st time)       (d. 1716)
1712                       Kara Mehmed Pasha (2nd time)       (s.a.)
1712 - 1714                Veli Mehmed Pasha (2nd time)       (s.a.)
 1 Sep 1714 - 1716         Abdi Pasha (1st time)
 1 Jul 1717 -  9 Sep 1720  Dellak Ali Pasha (2nd time)
10 Sep 1720 - 30 Apr 1721  Recep Pasha                        (d. 1726)
 1 May 1721 - 30 Sep 1725  Nişanci Mehmed Pasha (1st time)    (b. 1670 - d. 1728)
 1 Oct 1725 - Feb 1726     "Morali" Ali Pasha                 (d. 1735)
Feb 1726 - 29 Sep 1727     Nişancı Mehmed Pasha (2nd time)    (s.a.)
30 Sep 1727 - Oct 1727     Abdi Pasha (2nd time)
Oct 1727 - 1729            Ebubekir Pasha (1st time)          (b. 1670 - d. 1757/58)
1729                       Abdi Pasha (2nd time)
11 Jul 1729 - 1731         Köprülü Abdullah Pasha             (b. 1684 - d. 1735)
1731 - 1733                Silahdar Damat Mehmed Pasha        (d. 1737)
 1 Jul 1733 - 1735         Muhassil Osman Pasha               (d. 1750)
1735 - 1739                Ebubekir Pasha (2nd time)          (s.a.)
1739 - 1740                Sulayman Pasha al-Azm              (d. 1743)
1740 - 1741                Ali (Hakimzade) Pasha (1st time)   (b. 1689 - d. 1758)
1741 -  3 Jul 1743         Hatibzade Yahya Pasha              (d. 1755)
Jul 1743 - 28 Feb 1744     Muhammad Said Pasha (1st time)     (d. 1761)
 1 Mar 1744 - 31 Aug 1748  Koca Mehmet Ragip Pasha            (b. 1689 - d. 1763)
 1 Sep 1748 - Jan 1752     Nişanci Ahmed Pasha                (d. 1753)
Jan 1752 - Dec 1752        Muahmmad Melek Pasha               (b. 1719/20 - d. 1802)
Dec 1752 - Oct 1755        Hassan ash-Sharawi
Oct 1755 - Dec 1756        Ali (Hakimzade) Pasha (2nd time)   (s.a.)
Dec 1756 - 29 Apr 1757     Sa'deddin Pasha al-Azm             (d. 1762)
30 Apr 1757 - 1758         Muhammad Said Pasha (2nd time)     (s.a.)
1758 - 1761                Köse Bahir Mustafa Pasha (1st time)(d. 1765)
1761                       Kamil Ahmed Pasha
1761 - 1762                Köse Bahir Mustafa Pasha (2nd time)(s.a.)
1762                       Ebubekir Rasim Pasha               (d. 1762)
1762 - 1764                Ahiskali Mehmed Pasha              (d. 1767)
1764 - Sep 1764            Haci Ahmed Pasha                   (d. 1764)
1764 - 1765                Macar Haci Hasan Pasha             (d. 1768)
1765 - 1767                Silahdar Mahir Hamza Pasha         (b. 1727/28 - d. 1768)
1767                       Çelebi Mehmed Pasha
1767 - 1768                Raquim Mehmed Pasha
1768 - 1769                Ali Bey Al-Kabir (acting)          (s.a.)
1769                       Köprülü Hafiz Ahmed Pasha
1769 - 1771                Kelleci Osman Pasha                (d. 1774)
1772 - 1773                Vekil Osman Pasha                  (d. 1773)
1773 - 1774                Kara Halil Pasha                   (d. 1775)
1774 - 1775                Haci Ibrahim Pasha
1775 - 15 Jul 1778         Izzet Mehmed Pasha                 (b. 1723 - d. 1784)
23 Jan 1779 - Sep 1779     Raif Ismail Pasha (1st time)       (d. 1785)
Sep 1779 - Nov 1779        Ibrahim Pasha                      (d. 1779)
Nov 1779 - Jul 1780        Raif Ismail Pasha (2nd time)       (s.a.)
1780 - 1781                Ibrahim Bey (1st time)             (s.a.)
Feb 1781 - Jul 1782        Melek Mehmed Pasha
Jul 1782 - Jul 1783        Sharif (Şerif) Pasha (?)
1783 - 30 Oct 1784         Silahdar Mehmed Pasha
1784 - 1785                Murad Bey                          (s.a.)
1785                       Ibrahim Bey (2nd time)             (s.a.)
1785 - 1786                Yeğen Seyyid Mehmed Pasha
17 Aug 1786 - 1787         Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pasha (acting)(b. 1713 - d. 1790)
30 Apr 1787 - Dec 1788     Keki 'Abidi Pasha (1st time)       (d. 1789)
Dec 1788 -  3 Jan 1789     Ismail Pasha (1st time)            (d. 1792)
 3 Jan 1789 - 30 Jan 1789  Keki 'Abidi Pasha (2nd time)       (s.a.)
30 Jan 1789 - 1791         Ismail Pasha (2nd time)            (s.a.)
May 1791 – Sep 1794        Safranbolulu Izzet Mehmet Pasha    (b. 1743 – d. 1812)
15 Oct 1794 –  7 Jun 1796  Kayserili Haci Salih Pasha         (d. 1801/02)
1796 - 1798                Lokmacı Hacı Ebubekir Pasha
 3 Nov 1798 - 1799         Abdullah Pasha al-Azm              (b. c.1765 - d. 1809)
                             (confirmed by the French)
Aug 1799 - 10 Aug 1801     Nasuh Pasha al-Azm                 (d. 1809)
                             (arrived Feb 1800)
French Military Commanders of the Armée d'Orient
 2 Jul 1798 - 22 Aug 1799  Napoléon Bonaparte                 (b. 1769 - d. 1821)
22 Aug 1799 - 14 Jun 1800  Jean-Baptiste Kléber               (b. 1753 - d. 1800)
14 Jun 1800 - 31 Aug 1801  (Abdallah) Jacques François de     (b. 1750 - d. 1810)
                             Menou
British Military Commanders
 8 Mar 1801 - 21 Mar 1801  Sir Ralph Abercromby               (b. 1734 - d. 1801)
21 Mar 1801 - Oct 1801     John Hely-Hutchinson               (b. 1757 - d. 1832)
Oct 1801 - Jul 1802        Richard Ford William Lambart,      (b. 1763 - d. 1836)
                             Earl of Cavan
Jul 1802 - 16 Mar 1803     Sir John Stewart                   (b. 1751 - d. 1815)
Governors (Walis)(from 9 Jul 1805, a hereditary post)
10 Aug 1801 - Jan 1802     Kucuk Hussein Pasha                (b. 1758 - d. 1803)
1801 -  8 Jan 1802         Ebu Merak Mehmed Pasha
22 Jan 1802 -  3 May 1803  Hüsrev (Khusrau) Mehmed Pasha      (b. 1769 - d. 1855)
                             (1st time)
 3 May 1803 - Jun 1803     Taher Pasha                        (b. 17.. - d. 1818)
Jun 1803                   Müftizade Ahmed Pasha              (d. 1824)
Jun 1803 - Jul 1803        Khurshid Ahmed Pasha (1st time)    (d. 1822)
Jul 1803 - 31 Jan 1804     Ali Pasha Jazairli                 (b. 17.. - d. 1804)
31 Jan 1804 - Mar 1804     Othman Al Bardeisy (acting)
12 Mar 1804 – 14 Mar 1804  Hüsrev (Khusrau) Mehmed Pasha      (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
Mar 1804 -  9 Jul 1805     Khurshid Ahmed Pasha (2nd time)    (s.a.)
 9 Jul 1805 -  1 Sep 1848  Muhammad Ali Pasha (1st time)      (b. 1769 - d. 1849)
 1 Sep 1848 - 10 Nov 1848  Ibrahim Pasha                      (b. 1789 - d. 1848)
                             (regent from 15 Apr 1848)
10 Nov 1848 -  2 Aug 1849  Muhammad Ali Pasha (2nd time)      (s.a.)
 2 Aug 1849 - 13 Jul 1854  Abbas Hilmi Pasha                  (b. 1813 - d. 1854)
13 Jul 1854 - 18 Jan 1863  Muhammad Said Pasha                (b. 1822 - d. 1863)
18 Jan 1863 -  8 Jun 1867  Ismail Pasha                       (b. 1830 - d. 1895)
Khedives¹
 8 Jun 1867 - 26 Jun 1879  Ismail Pasha                       (s.a.)
26 Jun 1879 -  7 Jan 1892  Muhammad Tawfiq Pasha              (b. 1852 - d. 1892)
 7 Jan 1892 - 19 Dec 1914  Abbas Hilmi Pasha                  (b. 1874 - d. 1944)
Sultans¹
19 Dec 1914 -  9 Oct 1917  Hussein Kamil                      (b. 1853 - d. 1917)
 9 Oct 1917 - 16 Mar 1922  Fuad                               (b. 1868 - d. 1936)
Kings¹
16 Mar 1922 - 28 Apr 1936  Fuad I                             (s.a.)
28 Apr 1936 - 26 Jul 1952  Faruq I                            (b. 1920 - d. 1965)
28 Apr 1936 -  8 May 1936  Ali Mahir Pasha -Regent            (b. 1882 - d. 1960)  IP
                             (1st time)(ex officio)
 8 May 1936 - 29 Jul 1937  Prince Muhammad Ali -Regent        (b. 1875 - d. 1955)  Non-party
                             (chairman Council of Guardianship)
26 Jul 1952 - 18 Jun 1953  Ahmad Fuad II                      (b. 1952)
26 Jul 1952 -  5 Aug 1952  Ali Mahir Pasha -Regent            (s.a.)               IP 
                             (2nd time)(ex officio)
 5 Aug 1952 - 14 Oct 1952  Amir Muhammad Abdul Moneim -Regent (b. 1899 - d. 1979)  Non-party
                             (1st time)(chairman Provisional Guardianship)
14 Oct 1952                Muhammad Yusuf Naguib -Regent      (s.a.)               Mil
                             (ex officio)
14 Oct 1952 - 18 Jun 1953  Amir Muhammad Abdul Moneim -Regent (s.a.)               Non-party
                             (2nd time)(Provisional Guardian of the Throne)
President
18 Jun 1953 - 25 Feb 1954  Muhammad Yusuf Naguib (1st time)   (s.a.)               Mil/LR
President of the Revolutionary Command Council
25 Feb 1954 - 27 Feb 1954  Gamal Abdel Nasser (1st time)      (s.a.)               Mil/LR
President
27 Feb 1954 - 14 Nov 1954  Muhammad Yusuf Naguib (2nd time)   (s.a.)               Mil/LR
President of the Revolutionary Command Council
14 Nov 1954 - 17 Nov 1954  Gamal Abdel Nasser (2nd time)      (s.a.)               Mil
President of the Council of Ministers
17 Nov 1954 - 25 Jun 1956  Gamal Abdel Nasser                 (s.a.)               Mil
Presidents
25 Jun 1956 - 28 Sep 1970  Gamal Abdel Nasser                 (s.a.)       Mil;1957 NU;1962 ASU
                             (from 22 Feb 1958, Head of State of United Arab Republic)
29 Sep 1970 -  6 Oct 1981  Anwar al-Sadat                     (b. 1918 - d. 1981) ASU;1978 HDW
                             (interim to 17 Oct 1970)
 6 Oct 1981 - 14 Oct 1981  Sufi Hasan Abu Talib (interim)     (b. 1925 - d. 2008)  HDW
14 Oct 1981 - 11 Feb 2011  Muhammad Hosni Mubarak             (b. 1928 - d. 2020)  HDW
20 Jun 2004 -  7 Jul 2004  Atef Ebeid (acting for Mubarak)    (b. 1932 - d. 2014)  HDW
 6 Mar 2010 - 27 Mar 2010  Ahmed Nazif (acting for Mubarak)   (b. 1952)            HDW
10 Feb 2011 - 11 Feb 2011  Omar Suleiman (acting for Mubarak) (b. 1936 - d. 2012)  Non-party
11 Feb 2011 - 30 Jun 2012  Muhammad Hussein Tantawi Sulayman  (b. 1935 - d. 2021)  Mil
                             (president of Supreme Council for the Armed Forces)
30 Jun 2012 -  3 Jul 2013  Muhammad Morsi Isa al-Ayyat        (b. 1951 - d. 2019)  Non-party
 3 Jul 2013 -  8 Jun 2014  Adli Mahmud Mansour (interim)      (b. 1945)            Non-party
 8 Jun 2014 -              Abdel Fattah al-Sisi               (b. 1954)            Non-party

Grand Viziers
1808 - 1828                Muhammad Ali Lazoghli Pasha        (d. 1828)
                             (= Muhammad Laz Bey)
1857 - 1858                Zulfiqar Pasha (1st time)          (b. 1815 - d. 1900)
1858 - 1861                Mustafa Pasha      
1861 - 1864                Zulfiqar Pasha (2nd time)          (s.a.)
1864 - 1866                Ismail Raghib Pasha (1st time)     (b. 1819 - d. 1884)
                             (acting)
1866 - Sep 1867            Muhammad Sharif Pasha (1st time)   (b. 1823 - d. 1887)
Sep 1867 - Sep 1868        Ismail Raghib Pasha (2nd time)     (s.a.)
                             (acting)
Sep 1868 - 1872            Muhammad Sharif Pasha (2nd time)   (s.a.)
1872                       Boghos Nubar Pasha                 (b. 1825 - d. 1899)
1872 - 28 Aug 1878         Prince Muhammad Tawfiq Pasha       (s.a.)
Prime ministers
28 Aug 1878 - 23 Feb 1879  Boghos Nubar Pasha (1st time)      (s.a.)               Non-party
23 Feb 1879 - 10 Mar 1879  Khedive Ismail Pasha               (s.a.)               Non-party
10 Mar 1879 -  7 Apr 1879  Prince Muhammad Tawfiq Pasha       (s.a.)               Non-party
                             (1st time)
 7 Apr 1879 - 18 Aug 1879  Muhammad Sharif Pasha (1st time)   (s.a.)               Non-party
18 Aug 1879 - 21 Sep 1879  Khedive Muhammad Tawfiq Pasha      (s.a.)               Non-party
                             (2nd time) 
21 Sep 1879 - 10 Sep 1881  Riyad Pasha (1st time)             (b. 1836 - d. 1911)  Non-party
14 Sep 1881 -  4 Feb 1882  Muhammad Sharif Pasha (2nd time)   (s.a.)               Non-party
 4 Feb 1882 - 26 May 1882  Mahmoud Sami al-Baroudi            (b. 1838 - d. 1904)  Non-party
18 Jun 1882 - 21 Aug 1882  Ismail Raghib Pasha                (s.a.)               Non-party
Jul 1882 - 13 Sep 1882     Arabi Pasha (in rebellion)         (b. 1841 - d. 1911)  Mil
21 Aug 1882 -  7 Jan 1884  Muhammad Sharif Pasha (5th time)   (s.a.)               Non-party
10 Jan 1884 -  9 Jun 1888  Boghos Nubar Pasha (2nd time)      (s.a.)               Non-party
 9 Jun 1888 - 12 May 1891  Riyad Pasha (2nd time)             (s.a.)               Non-party
12 May 1891 - 15 Jan 1893  Mustafa Fahmi Pasha (1st time)     (b. 1840 - d. 1914)  Non-party
15 Jan 1893 - 17 Jan 1893  Hussein Fakhri Pasha               (b. 1843 - d. 1910)  Non-party
17 Jan 1893 - 16 Apr 1894  Riyad Pasha (3rd time)             (s.a.)               Non-party
16 Apr 1894 - 12 Nov 1895  Boghos Nubar Pasha (3rd time)      (s.a.)               Non-party
12 Nov 1895 - 12 Nov 1908  Mustafa Fahmi Pasha (2nd time)     (s.a.)               Non-party
12 Nov 1908 - 21 Feb 1910  Boutros Ghali Pasha                (b. 1847 - d. 1910)  Non-party
22 Feb 1910 -  5 Apr 1914  Muhammad Said Pasha (1st time)     (b. 1863 - d. 1928)  Non-party
 5 Apr 1914 - 12 Apr 1919  Hussein Rushdi Pasha               (b. 1863 - d. 1928)  Non-party
21 May 1919 - 19 Nov 1919  Muhammad Said Pasha (2nd time)     (s.a.)               Non-party
19 Nov 1919 - 20 May 1920  Yusuf Wahba Pasha                  (b. 1865 - d. 1933)
20 May 1920 - 16 Mar 1921  Muhammad Tawfiq Nasim Pasha        (b. 1874 - d. 1938)  
                             (1st time) 
16 Mar 1921 -  1 Mar 1922  Adli Yakan Pasha (1st time)        (b. 1864 - d. 1933)  
 1 Mar 1922 - 30 Nov 1922  Abdel Khalek Sarwat Pasha          (b. 1873 - d. 1928)  LCP
                             (1st time) 
30 Nov 1922 - 15 Mar 1923  Muhammad Tawfiq Nasim Pasha        (s.a.)               
                             (2nd time)
15 Mar 1923 - 26 Jan 1924  Yahya Ibrahim Pasha                (b. 1861 - d. 1936)  Non-party
26 Jan 1924 - 24 Nov 1924  Saad Zaghlul Pasha                 (b. 1857 - d. 1927)  WM 
24 Nov 1924 -  7 Jun 1926  Ahmad Ziwar Pasha                  (b. 1864 - d. 1945)  FP
 7 Jun 1926 - 26 Apr 1927  Adli Yakan Pasha (2nd time)        (s.a.)               LCP
26 Apr 1927 - 16 Mar 1928  Abdel Khalek Sarwat Pasha          (s.a.)               LCP
                             (2nd time) 
16 Mar 1928 - 27 Jun 1928  Mustafa an-Nahhas Pasha (1st time) (b. 1879 - d. 1965)  WM
27 Jun 1928 -  4 Oct 1929  Muhammad Mahmoud Pasha (1st time)  (b. 1877 - d. 1941)  LCP
 4 Oct 1929 -  1 Jan 1930  Adli Yakan Pasha (3rd time)        (s.a.)               LCP
 1 Jan 1930 - 20 Jun 1930  Mustafa an-Nahhas Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)               WM
20 Jun 1930 - 22 Sep 1933  Ismail Sedki Pasha (1st time)      (b. 1875 - d. 1950)  HS
22 Sep 1933 - 15 Nov 1934  Abdel Fattah Yahya Ibrahim Pasha   (b. 1876 - d. 1951)  IP
15 Nov 1934 - 30 Jan 1936  Muhammad Tawfiq Nasim Pasha        (s.a.)               IP
                             (3rd time) 
30 Jan 1936 -  9 May 1936  Ali Maher Pasha (1st time)         (s.a.)               IP
 9 May 1936 - 29 Dec 1937  Mustafa an-Nahhas Pasha (3rd time) (s.a.)               WM 
29 Dec 1937 - 18 Aug 1939  Muhammad Mahmoud Pasha (2nd time)  (s.a.)               WM
18 Aug 1939 - 28 Jun 1940  Ali Maher Pasha (2nd time)         (s.a.)               IP
28 Jun 1940 - 14 Nov 1940  Hassan Sabry Pasha                 (b. 1879 - d. 1940)  Non-party
15 Nov 1940 -  5 Feb 1942  Hussein Sirri Pasha (1st time)     (b. 1894 - d. 1960)  Non-party
 5 Feb 1942 - 10 Oct 1944  Mustafa an-Nahhas Pasha (4th time) (s.a.)               WM
10 Oct 1944 - 24 Feb 1945  Ahmad Maher Pasha                  (b. 1888 - d. 1945)  SIP
26 Feb 1945 - 17 Feb 1946  Mahmoud an-Nukrashi Pasha          (b. 1888 - d. 1948)  SIP
                             (1st time)
17 Feb 1946 -  9 Dec 1946  Ismail Sedki Pasha (2nd time)      (s.a.)               HS
 9 Dec 1946 - 28 Dec 1948  Mahmoud an-Nukrashi Pasha          (s.a.)               SIP
                             (2nd time)
28 Dec 1948 - 26 Jul 1949  Ibrahim Abdel Hadi Pasha           (b. 1896 - d. 1981)  SIP
26 Jul 1949 - 12 Jan 1950  Hussein Sirri Pasha (2nd time)     (s.a.)               Non-party
12 Jan 1950 - 27 Jan 1952  Mustafa an-Nahhas Pasha (5th time) (s.a.)               WM 
27 Jan 1952 -  2 Mar 1952  Ali Mahir Pasha (3rd time)         (s.a.)               IP
 2 Mar 1952 -  2 Jul 1952  Ahmad Naguib Hilali Pasha          (b. 1891 - d. 1958)  WM
                             (1st time)
 2 Jul 1952 - 22 Jul 1952  Hussein Sirri Pasha (3rd time)     (s.a.)               Non-party
22 Jul 1952 - 23 Jul 1952  Ahmad Naguib Hilali Pasha          (s.a.)               WM
                             (2nd time)
23 Jul 1952 -  7 Sep 1952  Ali Mahir Pasha (4th time)         (s.a.)               IP
 7 Sep 1952 - 25 Feb 1954  Muhammad Yusuf Naguib (1st time)   (s.a.)               Mil
25 Feb 1954 -  8 Mar 1954  Gamal Abdel Nasser (1st time)      (s.a.)               Mil/LR
 8 Mar 1954 - 18 Apr 1954  Muhammad Yusuf Naguib (2nd time)   (s.a.)               Mil/LR
18 Apr 1954 - 29 Sep 1962  Gamal Abdel Nasser (2nd time)      (s.a.)    Mil/LR;1956 NU;1962 ASU
Chairmen of the Executive Council of the Egyptian Region
 7 Oct 1958 - 20 Sep 1960  Nureddin Tarraf                    (b. 1910 - d. 1995)  NU
20 Sep 1960 - 16 Aug 1961  Kamaleddin Hussein                 (b. 1921 - d. 1999)  NU
Prime ministers
29 Sep 1962 -  3 Oct 1965  Ali Sabri                          (b. 1920 - d. 1991)  ASU
 3 Oct 1965 - 10 Sep 1966  Zakaria Mohieddin                  (b. 1918 - d. 2012)  ASU
10 Sep 1966 - 19 Jun 1967  Muhammad Sedki Sulayman            (b. 1919 - d. 1996)  ASU
19 Jun 1967 - 28 Sep 1970  Gamal Abdel Nasser (3rd time)      (s.a.)               ASU
21 Oct 1970 - 17 Jan 1972  Mahmoud Fawzi                      (b. 1900 - d. 1981)  ASU
17 Jan 1972 - 26 Mar 1973  Aziz Sedki                         (b. 1920 - d. 2008)  ASU
26 Mar 1973 - 25 Sep 1974  Anwar al-Sadat (1st time)          (s.a.)               ASU
25 Sep 1974 - 16 Apr 1975  Abdel Aziz Muhammad Hejazi         (b. 1923 - d. 2014)  ASU
16 Apr 1975 -  2 Oct 1978  Mamdouh Muhammad Salem             (b. 1918 - d. 1988) ASU;1978 HDW
 2 Oct 1978 - 15 May 1980  Mustafa Khalil                     (b. 1920 - d. 2008)  HDW
15 May 1980 -  6 Oct 1981  Anwar al-Sadat (2nd time)          (s.a.)               HDW
 7 Oct 1981 -  2 Jan 1982  Muhammad Hosni Mubarak             (s.a.)               HDW
 2 Jan 1982 -  5 Jun 1984  Ahmad Fuad Mohieddin               (b. 1926 - d. 1984)  HDW
 5 Jun 1984 -  4 Sep 1985  Kamal Hassan Ali                   (b. 1921 - d. 1993)  HDW
                             (acting to 17 Jul 1984)
 4 Sep 1985 - 10 Nov 1986  Ali Mahmoud Lutfi                  (b. 1935 - d. 2018)  HDW
10 Nov 1986 -  4 Jan 1996  Atef Muhammad Naguib Sedki         (b. 1930 - d. 2005)  HDW
 4 Jan 1996 -  5 Oct 1999  Kamal Ganzouri (1st time)          (b. 1933 - d. 2021)  HDW
 5 Oct 1999 - 14 Jul 2004  Atef Ebeid                         (s.a.)               HDW
14 Jul 2004 - 31 Jan 2011  Ahmed Nazif                        (s.a.)               HDW
31 Jan 2011 -  7 Mar 2011  Ahmed Muhammad Shafiq              (b. 1941)            HDW
 7 Mar 2011 -  7 Dec 2011  Essam Abdel-Aziz Sharaf            (b. 1952)            Non-party
 7 Dec 2011 -  2 Aug 2012  Kamal Ganzouri (2nd time)          (s.a.)               Non-party
 2 Aug 2012 -  8 Jul 2013  Hisham Qandil                      (b. 1962)            Non-party
 8 Jul 2013 - 16 Jul 2013  Vacant
16 Jul 2013 -  1 Mar 2014  Hazem al-Beblawi                   (b. 1936)            Non-party
 1 Mar 2014 - 19 Sep 2015  Ibrahim Mahlab                     (b. 1949)            Non-party
19 Sep 2015 -  7 Jun 2018  Sherif Ismail                      (b. 1955 - d. 2023)  Non-party
23 Nov 2017 - 27 Jan 2018  Mostafa Madbouli                   (b. 1966)            Non-party
                             (acting for Ismail)
 7 Jun 2018 -              Mostafa Madbouli                   (s.a.)               Non-party
                             (acting to 14 Jun 2018)

 
British Consul-general
1802 - 1815                Ernest Missett (agent to 1804)     (b. c.1765 - d. 1820)
Controller-generals of Finances
25 Dec 1876 - 28 Aug 1878  William Govett Romaine (U.K.)      (b. 1815 - d. 1893)
                           + Joseph Alphonse Paul Martin      (b. 1820 - d. 1886)
                             d'Ayguesvives, Baron de Malaret
                            (France)
28 Aug 1878 -  7 Sep 1879  Vacant
 4 Sep 1879 -  7 Dec 1882  Sir Evelyn Baring (U.K.)           (b. 1841 - d. 1917)
                              (to 23 Jun 1880)
                           + Ernest Gabriel Le Barbier de     (b. 1834 - d. 1900)
                             Blignières (France)(to 12 Mar 1882)
                           + Sir Auckland Colvin (U.K.)       (b. 1838 - d. 1908)
                              (from 23 Jun 1880)
                           + Louis Léon Brédif (France)       (b. 1835 - d. 1909)
                              (from 13 Mar 1882)
  7 Dec 1882                Post abolished
Agents and Consuls-general in Egypt
10 Oct 1879 - 11 Sep 1883  Sir Edward Baldwin Malet           (b. 1837 - d. 1908)
11 Sep 1883 -  6 May 1907  Sir Evelyn Baring (from 15 Jun     (s.a.)
                             1892, Evelyn Baring, Baron Cromer;
                             from 30 Jan 1899, Evelyn Baring,
                             Viscount Cromer; from 8 Aug 1901,
                             Evelyn Baring, Earl of Cromer) 
16 May 1907 - 12 Jul 1911  Sir John Eldon Gorst               (b. 1861 - d. 1911)
29 Jul 1911 - 19 Dec 1914  Horatio Herbert Kitchener,         (b. 1850 - d. 1916)
                             Viscount Kitchener 
High Commissioners to Egypt and the Sudan
19 Dec 1914 -  9 Jan 1915  Sir Joshua Milne Crompton Cheetham (b. 1869 - d. 1938)
                             (acting)
 9 Jan 1915 -  1 Jan 1917  Sir Vincent Arthur Henry McMahon   (b. 1862 - d. 1949)
 1 Jan 1917 -  7 Oct 1919  Sir Francis Reginald Wingate       (b. 1861 - d. 1953)
 7 Oct 1919 - 15 Jun 1925  Edward Henry Hynman Allenby,       (b. 1861 - d. 1936)
                             Viscount Allenby 
20 Oct 1925 -  8 Aug 1929  Sir George Ambrose Lloyd,          (b. 1879 - d. 1941)
                            (from 16 Nov 1925, George Ambrose 
                             Lloyd, Baron Lloyd of Dolobran) 
 8 Aug 1929 - 16 Dec 1933  Sir Percy Lyham Loraine            (b. 1880 - d. 1961)
 8 Jan 1934 - 14 Nov 1936  Sir Miles Wedderburn Lampson       (b. 1880 - d. 1964)
                             (ambassador to Egypt, High Commissioner for Sudan to 21 Feb 1946)
Ministers Resident in the Middle East
(from 28 Jan 1944, Ministers of State in the Middle East)
19 Feb 1942 - 19 Mar 1942  Oliver Lyttelton                   (b. 1893 - d. 1972)
19 Mar 1942 - 28 Jan 1944  Richard Gavin Gardiner Casey       (b. 1890 - d. 1976)
28 Jan 1944 -  6 Nov 1944  Walter Edward Guinness, Baron Moyne(b. 1880 - d. 1944)
21 Nov 1944 - 27 Jul 1945  Sir Edward William Macleay Grigg   (b. 1879 - d. 1955)
                             (from 3 Aug 1945, Edward William Macleay 
                             Grigg, Viscount Altrincham of Tormarton)

Ottoman High Commissioners in Egypt (in Cairo)
 5 Nov 1885 - 1908         Gazı Ahmed Mukhtar Pasha           (b. 1839 - d. 1919)
1908 - 1909                Ali Rida al-Rikabi Pasha           (b. 1868 - d. 1942)
23 Feb 1909 -  5 Aug 1914  Mehmed Şerif Rauf Pasha            (b. 1838 - d. 1923)

 ¹Full style of the ruler:
(a) 8 Jun 1867 - 19 Dec 1914: Khidiw Misr (in Turkish: Mısır Hıdivi)("Khedive of Egypt");
(b) 19 Dec 1914 - 16 Mar 1922: Sultan Misr ("Sultan of Egypt");
(c) 16 Mar 1922 - 16 Oct 1951: Malik Misr ("King of Egypt");
(d) 16 Oct 1951 - 18 Jun 1953: Malik Misr wa-al-Sudan ("King of Egypt and of the Sudan");
(e) 1899 - 16 Oct 1951: in occasional official use with the (titular to 19 Dec 1914) addition of "Sovereign of Nubia, the Sudan, Kordofan, and Dar Fur."

Territorial Disputes: the Halaib Triangle and Wadi Halfa Salient are controlled by Egypt, but also claimed by The Sudan. Each country claims that Bir Tawil trapezoid belongs to the other, and neither clearly controls it; Egypt no longer shows its administration of the Bir Tawil trapezoid in The Sudan on its maps; Egypt constructed a barrier and established a buffer zone on its border with Gaza to halt the passage of weapons and militants through cross-border smuggling tunnels and pressure the Palestinian HAMAS terrorist group that runs the Gaza Strip; Egyptian-administered islands of Tiran and Sanafir, administered by Egypt since 1950 (based on 1906 Egyptian-Ottoman border delineation) were ceded to Saudi Arabia on 24 Jun 2017; Ethiopia's construction of a large dam (the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam) on the Blue Nile in northern Ethiopia since 2011 has become a focal point of relations with Egypt and The Sudan; Egypt has described the giant hydroelectric project as an existential threat because of its potential to control the flow of the river that is a key source of water for the country; Ethiopia completed filling the dam in 2023.

Party abbreviations: DP = Hizb el-Dostour (Constitution Party, democratic liberal, est.2012);  HHA = Hizb Al-Hurriya wa Al-’Adala (Freedom and Justice Party, nominally independent, has strong links to Muslim Brotherhood of Egypt, islamist, est.2011, banned 23 Sep 2013); Mil = Military;
- Former parties: ASU = al-Ittihad al-Istiraki al-'Arabi (Arab Socialist Union, nasserist arab socialism, pan-arabist, only legal party 1962-1978); FP = Federal Party; HDW = Hizb al-Dimuqratiyah al-Wataniyah (National Democratic Party, centrist, authoritarian, 1978-16 Apr 2011); HS = Hizb al-Sha'b (People's Party, Ismail Sedki personalist, anti-Wafd, 1930-1946); IP = Ittihad Party (Union Party, royalist); LCP = Hizb al-Ahrar al-Dusturiyyin (Liberal-Constitutional Party, liberal, split from WM, 1922-1953); LR = Liberation Rally (government party, secular, revolutionary republican, only legal party Feb 1953-1956, replaced by NU); NU = al-Ittihad al-Kawmi (National Union, Arab nationalist, Arab socialist, Nasserism, anti-communist, U.A.R. national party, 28 May 1957-1962, merged into Arab Socialist Union); SIP = Saadist Institutional Party (split from WM, est.1938); UMMA = al Hizb al Umma or Umma Party (People's Party, Egyptian nationalist, moderate, 1907-1925); WM = al Wafdu al Misri (Egyptian Delegation "Wafd", national-liberal 1919-1953); WP = Watani Party (National Party, conservative, islamist, Egyptian nationalist, 1907-1953)

25 Aug 1882 - 13 Jun 1956

Suez Canal Company Flag

Map of Suez Canal Zone

Headquarters: Ismailia (Ismailiyah) and Cario -------------------------- UK Forces: 80,000 (1951)

Population: 91,090 (Canal governorate)(1917), 30,996 (Suez governorate) (1917)

Presidents of the Council of Administration of the Universal Company
of the Suez Maritime Canal (in Paris)
15 Dec 1855 -  7 Dec 1894  Ferdinand, vicomte de Lesseps      (b. 1805 - d. 1894)
17 Dec 1892 - 17 Jul 1896  Jules Guichard                     (b. 1827 - d. 1896)
                             (acting for de Lesseps to 7 Dec 1894)
17 Jul 1896 -  3 Aug 1896  Raphaël Auguste Roualle, dit de    (b. 1839 - d. 1901)
                             Rouville (acting)
 3 Aug 1896 - 19 May 1913  Auguste Louis Albéric,             (b. 1837 - d. 1924)
                             prince d'Arenberg
19 May 1913 -  4 Apr 1927  Charles Célestin Auguste Jonnart   (b. 1857 - d. 1927)
 4 Apr 1927 -  1 Mar 1948  Louis, marquis de Vogüé            (b. 1868 - d. 1948)
 4 Apr 1948 - 26 Jul 1956  François Jules Charles-Roux        (b. 1879 - d. 1961)
Agents supérieur of the Suez Company in Egypt (in Alexandria to 1879, then Cairo)
30 Apr 1855 - 13 Aug 1861  Samuel Willem Ruijssenaers         (b. 1815 - d. 1877)
                            (Ruyssenaërs)(provisional to 17 Dec 1858)
13 Aug 1861 - 21 Jun 1867  Prosper Gérardin
21 Jun 1867 - 1870         François Philippe Voisin           (b. 1821 - d. 1918)
                             "Voisin-Bey"
 1 Jan 1870 - 31 May 1876  Émile Daubrée                      (b. 1814 - d. 1896)
 1 Jun 1876 - 31 Dec 1882  Aimé Victor de Lesseps             (b. 1848 – d. 1896)
 1 Jan 1883 - 31 Jul 1893  Raphaël Auguste Roualle, dit de    (s.a.)
                             Rouville
1894 - 1929                Charles, comte de Sérionne         (b. 1863 - d. 1939)
Jan 1929 - 1948            Louis, baron de Benoist            (b. 1882 - d. 1957)
1948 - 26 Jul 1956         Jean-Philippe, comte de Grailly    (b. 1899 - d. 1989)

British Vice-Consuls at Port Tawfiq (Port Suez)
1922 - 1924                George Evelyn Arthur Cheyne        (b. 1886 - d. 1939)
                             Monck-Mason      
1924 - 1925                Gabriel Cyprael Pierides (acting)  (b. 1852 - d. 1928)
1925 - 1926                Thomas Cecil Rapp                  (b. 1893 - d. 1984)
1926                       Abbas Barry (acting)
Mar 1926 - 1929            Edward Hubert Lascelles Hadwen     (b. 1900 - d. 1947)
                             (acting to 3 Feb 1927)
1929 - 1934                Albert Napier Williamson-Napier    (b. 1894 - d. 1969)
                             (acting to 1930)
1934 - 1936                Harry Maurice Eyres                (b. 1898 - d. 1962)
1936 - 1939                David Jarvis Mill Irving           (b. 1904 - d. 1978) 
20 Jun 1939 - 1941         Robert Giffen Dundas               (b. 1909 - d. 1984)
Consuls for Governorate of the Suez Canal (in Suez)
1941 - 1942                Robert Giffen Dundas               (s.a.)
1942 - 1944                Herbert George Jakins              (b. 1897 - d. 1988)
1944 - 1946                Wolstan Beaumont Charles Weld      (b. 1899 - d. 1961)
                             Forester
1946 - 1947                Frederick Herbert Gamble           (b. 1907 - d. 1983)
1947 - 1948                Randle Martin Mainwaring Brett     (b. 1902 - d. 1972)
                             (acting)
1948 - 1954                Chantry Hamilton Page              (b. 1896 - d. 1974)
1954 - 1955                Francis Justinian Pelly            (b. 1913 - d. 2009)
1955 - 1956                James Andrew Duncan Stewart-       (b. 1906 - d. ....)
                             Robinson (acting)
1956                       Joseph Todd Mulvenny               (b. 1897 - d. 1959)

British General Officers Commanding-in-chief, Middle East (from 1945, Middle East Land Forces)
12 Apr 1934 - 1939         Sir George Alexander Weir          (b. 1876 - d. 1951)
1938 - 1939                Sir Robert "Copper" Gordon-        (b. 1881 - d. 1956)
                             Finlayson
28 Jul 1939 -  4 Jul 1941  Sir Archibald Wavell               (b. 1883 - d. 1950)
 5 Jul 1941 - 14 Aug 1942  Sir Claude John Eyre Auchinleck    (b. 1884 - d. 1981)
15 Aug 1942 - 19 Feb 1943  Harold Rupert Leofric George       (b. 1891 - d. 1969)
                             Alexander
19 Feb 1943 -  6 Jan 1944  Henry Maitland Wilson              (b. 1881 - d. 1964)
 6 Jan 1944 - Jun 1946     Sir Bernard Charles Tolver Paget   (b. 1887 - d. 1961)
Jun 1946 - Jun 1947        Miles Christopher Dempsey          (b. 1896 - d. 1969)
Jun 1947 - 25 Jul 1950     Sir John Tredinnick Crocker        (b. 1896 - d. 1963)
25 Jul 1950 - Apr 1953     Sir Brian Hubert Robertson         (b. 1896 - d. 1974) 
Apr 1953 - 28 Sep 1953     Sir Cameron Gordon Graham Nicholson(b. 1898 - d. 1979)
28 Sep 1953 - 13 Jun 1956  Sir Charles Frederic Keightley     (b. 1901 - d. 1974)
British Commander-in-chief, Middle East Land Forces
 5 Nov 1956 - 22 Dec 1956  Sir Charles Frederic Keightley     (s.a.)
                             (U.K.)