Mongolia
 

29 Dec 1911 - 2 Jan 1920, 15 Feb 1921 - 26 Nov 1924 2 Jan 1920 - 15 Feb 1921 26 Nov 1924 - 1930 1930 - 30 Jun 1940 30 Jun 1940 - 7 Oct 1945 7 Oct 1945 - 12 Feb 1992 Adopted 12 Feb 1992 Map of Mongolia Hear National Anthem  "Mongol ulsyn töriin duulal"  (National Anthem of Mongolia) Adopted 1950 Former National Anthem "Mongol Intyörnatsional"  (Mongol Internationale) (1924-1950) Constitution  (12 Feb 1992) Capital: Ulaanbaatar (Ulan Bator 1924-1991) (Niyslel Khüree 1911 - 26 Nov 1924; Ikh Khüree [Yihe Huree] 1706-1911; Örgöö [Urga]  1639-1706; Khanbaliq [Dadu]  1294-1368; Šandu [Shangdu]; 1368-1369; Yingchang 1369-1370; Karakorum [Kharkhorin] c.1235-1264,  1371-1388) Currency: Tögrög/Tugrik (MNT); 1915-1921 Russian  Ruble (RUES); 1890-1915 Chinese Yuan (CND) National Holiday: 11 Jul (1921) Independence Day (Revolution Day) Population: 3,103,428 (2018) GDP: $39.73 billion (2017) Exports: $5.83 billion (2017) Imports: $4.34 billion (2017) Ethnic groups: Khalkh 84.5%, Kazak 3.9%, Dorvod 2.4%, Bayad 1.7%, Buryat-Bouriates 1.3%, Zakhchin 1%, other 5.2% (2015) Total Active Armed Forces: 10,000 (2010) Merchant marine: 265 (2018) Religions: Buddhist 53%, Muslim 3%, Christian 2.2%, Shamanist 2.9%, other 0.4%, none 38.6% (2010) International Organizations/Treaties: ADB, AIIB, ANT, APA, ARF, BTWC, CD, CICA, CIS (observer), CP, CTBT, CWC, EBRD, EITI, ENMOD, ESCR, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBEC, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IIB, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, Intersputnik, IOC, IOM, IPU, IRENA, ISA, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NAM, NATO (global partner), NPT, NTBT, OPCW, OSCE, OST, PCA, SCO (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNCLOS, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-KP, UNFCC-PA, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Mongolia Index Chronology 1203                       Chinggis Khaan (Genghis Khan)(b. 1162 - d. 1227)                              unites the Mongol tribes.  1 Jul 1251                Great Mongol Empire (Da Mengguguo/yeke Mongγol ulus).  5 May 1260 – 18 Feb 1294  Khubilai (Kublai) Khan (b. 1215 - d. 1294) rules. 18 Dec 1271 - 14 Sep 1368  Mongol (Yuan) rule over China (Da Yuan). 14 Sep 1368                Ming expel the Mongol Yuan rulers from China. On                              14 Sep 1468 Dadu (Khanbaliq) is captured by the                              army of Ming, also taking Shangdu in 1369 and                              Yingchang in 1370. 14 Sep 1368 - Feb 1635     Remnant "Northern" Yuan dynasty rules from Mongolia                              after being expelled from China. The dynastic name                              Great Yuan (Da Yuan [Ta Yüan]) is abandoned in                              1388. The rule of the Khans becomes increasingly                              nominal.  1388                       Ming forces sack and destroy Karakorum. c.1411                     Mongolia largely disintegrates into feudal entities. 1576                       Buddhism becomes the state religion of the Yuan. 1624                       Manchus subjugated Eastern Mongols. 1636                       Mongols south of the Gobi Desert submit to the Qing                              (Ch'ing) Empire. 1639                       The son of the Mongol Khan is named a Living                              Buddha (Bogd gegeen); an alliance of Buddhist                              theocratic and secular aristocratic rule begins. 1688 - 12 Jun 1696         Dzungar khanate (Dörben Oyirad) occupies Mongolia. 27 Aug 1689                Treaty of Nerchinsk (Nerchinskiy dogovor/Nibuchu                              tiaoyue) between Russia and China establishes the                              northern border of Mongolia. May 1691                   Khalkha Mongols subject¹ to Chinese Empire by the                              Dolon Nor Convention. From this era the area of                              modern Mongolia is also called "Outer Mongolia." Jun 1696                   Qing forces take all of Mongolia from the Dzungar                              khanate. 23 Aug 1727                Treaty of Kyakhta (Kyahtinskiy dogovor/Qiaketu                              tiaoyue) between Russia and China fixes border                              of Mongolia west of the Argun River. 1753                       Qing extend administration to the Dörvöd. 1756 - 1757                Mongol rebellion. 16/29 Dec 1911             Independence from China as Mongolian State                              (also in use: Bogd Khaan State).  3 Nov 1912                Mongolian-Russian agreement affirms Mongolian                              autonomy and establishes a Russian protectorate.  5 Nov 1913                Sino-Russian accord recognizes Chinese suzerainty                              over Mongolia. China recognizes Outer Mongolia                              internal autonomy. 25 May 1915                China, Russia and Mongolia sign the Treaty of                              Kyakhta recognizing autonomy of Outer Mongolia. 1918 - 1922                Nomunkhan Dambiyjantsan (b. 1863 - d. 1923) leads                              rebellion around Khovd (Kobdo) province. 29 Oct 1919 -  4 Feb 1921  Chinese occupation (fully evacuated 2 Apr 1921). 17 Nov 1919                Resumption of Chinese sovereignty recognized                               by the Bogd Khaan (effective 2 Jan 1920).  2 Jan 1920 - 15 Feb 1921  Re-annexation to China.  4 Feb 1921 -  6 Jul 1921  "White" Russian anti-Communist forces led by Baron                              Roman Nikolay Fyodorovich fon Ungern-Sternberg                              (b. 1885 - d. 1921), commander of the Asiatic                              Cavalry Division, expels Chinese forces and                              restores the Bogd Khaan under his protection. 15 Feb 1921                Mongolian State (independence restored). 13 Mar 1921 - 11 Jul 1921  Mongolian Communists form a "People's Government"                              in opposition to "White" occupation. On 10 Apr                              1921 it requests Russian Bolshevik intervention. 14 Aug 1921                Independence declared by Tannu Tuva. 25 Nov 1924                Mongolian People's Republic (literally: "All                              Reconciled Mongol Commoner's State").  5 Jan 1946                Independence formally recognized by China. 12 Feb 1992                Mongolian State Exile People's Government (1921) Tibetan Buddhist Mongolia (Bogdo gegeen)

Chairmen of the Central Committee of the Mongolian People's Party (from Aug 1924,
Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party)
 3 Mar 1921 - Sep 1921     Soliyn Danzan                      (b. 1884 - d. 1924)
Sep 1921 -  7 Jan 1922     Dogsomyn Bodoo                     (b. 1895 - d. 1922)
15 Mar 1922 -  2 Jan 1923  Tseren-Ochiryn Dambadorj (1st time)(b. 1899 - d. 1934)
 2 Jan 1923 - 31 Aug 1924  Ajvaagiyn Danzan                   (b. 1895 - d. 1932)
31 Aug 1924 - Oct 1928     Tseren-Ochiryn Dambadorj (2nd time)(s.a.)
Secretaries of the Central Committee of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party
(serving jointly to 1937)
11 Dec 1928 - 30 Jun 1932  Ölziytiyn Badrakh                  (b. 1895 - d. 1941)
11 Dec 1928 - 13 Mar 1930  Bat-Ochiryn Eldev-Ochir (1st time) (b. 1905 - d. 1937)
11 Dec 1928 - 30 Jun 1932  Peljidiyn Genden                   (b. 1892 - d. 1937)
13 Mar 1930 - 30 Jun 1932  Zolbingiyn Shijee                  (b. 1901 - d. 1941)
30 Jun 1932 - 1937         Bat-Ochiryn Eldev-Ochir (2nd time) (s.a.)
30 Jun 1932 - 1933         Jambyn Lhümbe                      (b. 1902 - d. 1934)
30 Jun 1932 - 1937         Dorgijavyn Luvsansharav            (b. 1900 - d. 1941)
 5 Oct 1934 - 15 Aug 1936  Has-Ochiryn Luvsandorj             (b. 1910 - d. 1937)
 7 Oct 1936 - 22 Feb 1940  Banzarjavyn Baasanjav              (b. 1906 - d. 1940)
 4 Jul 1939 -  8 Apr 1940  Dashiyn Damba                      (b. 1908 - d. 1989)
General Secretaries of the Central Committee of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party
 8 Apr 1940 -  4 Apr 1954  Yumjaagiyn Tsedenbal (1st time)    (b. 1916 - d. 1991)
 4 Apr 1954 - 22 Nov 1958  Dashiyn Damba (first secretary)    (s.a.)
22 Nov 1958 - 24 Aug 1984  Yumjaagiyn Tsedenbal (2nd time)    (s.a.)
                             (first secretary to 30 May 1981)
24 Aug 1984 - 14 Mar 1990  Jambyn Batmönkh                    (b. 1926 - d. 1997)
14 Mar 1990 - 13 Apr 1990  Gombojavyn Ochirbat                (b. 1929)
                           ("leading role" of the party abolished 23 Mar 1990)

Khans (title Khagan of the Mongols)
1519 - 1547                Bodi Alagh                         (b. 1504 - d. 1547)
1547 - 1557                Daraisung Guden                    (b. 1520 - d. 1557)
1558 - 1592                Tümen Zasagt                       (b. 1539 - d. 1592)
1592 - 1604                Buyan Chechen                      (b. 1554 - d. 1604)
1604 - 1634                Ligden Khutugtu (Lindan)           (b. 1588 - d. 1634)
1634 - 12 Jun 1635         Erke Khongghor (Ezhe)              (b. 1622 - d. 1641)
Spiritual Leaders (title Bogd Gegeen)¹
(Mongolian and ceremonial Tibetan-language names)
1635 - 1723                Zanabazar Öndur Gegeen             (d. 1723)
                             Luvsadambiyjaltsan
                            (blo-bzang-bstan-pa'i-rgyal-mtshan)
1724 - 1757                Luvsandambiydonmi                  (d. 1757)
                            (blo-bzang-bstan-pa'i-srgon-me)
1758 - 1773                Ishdambiynyam                      (d. 1773)
                            (Ye-shes-bstan-pa'i-nyi-ma)
1775 - 1813                Luvsantüvdenvanchug                (d. 1813)
                            (blo-bzang-thub-bstan-dbang-phyug)
1815 - 1841                Luvsanchültimjigmed                (d. 1841)
                            (blo-bzang-tshul-khrim-'jigs-med)
1843 - 1848                Luvsantüvdenchoyjijaltsan          (d. 1848)
                            (blo-bzang-dpal-ldan-bstan-pa)
1850 - 1868                Agvaanchoyjivanchugperenlaijamts   (b. 1849 - d. 1868)
                            (Ngag-dbang-chos-kyi-dbang-phyug-
                            'phrin-las-rgya-mtsho)
1870 - 16/29 Dec 1911      Agvaanluvsan Choijiinyam Danzanvanchig
                             Balsambuu
                            (Ngag-dbang-blo-bzang-chos-rje-
                             nyi-ma-bstan-'dzin-dbang-phyug
                             rJe-btsun-dam-pa bla-ma)         (b. 1869 - d. 1924)
                            (from 16/29 Dec 1911, Bogd Khaan)
Bogd Khaan (from Dec 1919, Hutagt Khaan)(reincarnated lama ruler)²
16/29 Dec 1911- 2 Jan 1920 Javzandamba (1st time)             (s.a.)               Non-party
                             era name: Olnoo örgögdsön (Olan-a Ergügdegsen)
Chinese Governors-general (Northwest Frontier Commissioners)
27 Dec 1919 -  3 Jul 1920  Xu Shuzheng (Hsü Shu-cheng)        (b. 1880 - d. 1925)  Mil
 4 Jul 1920 - 15 Aug 1920  Li Yuan (Li Yüan) (acting)         (b. 1879 - d. 19..)
15 Aug 1920 - 15 Feb 1921  Chen Yi (Ch'en I)                  (b. 1873 - d. 1927)  Mil
Bogd Khaan (reincarnated lama ruler)²
15 Feb 1921 - 20 May 1924  Javzandamba (2nd time)             (s.a.)               Non-party
                             era name: Olnoo örgögdsön
Acting head of state
20 May 1924 - 28 Nov 1924  Balingiyn Tserendorj Beyse         (b. 1868 - d. 1928)  MAKN
Chairman of the State Great Hural
28 Nov 1924 - 29 Nov 1924  Navaandorjiyn Jadambaa             (b. 1899 - d. 1939)  MAKN
Chairmen of the Presidium of the State Little Hural
29 Nov 1924 - 15 Nov 1927  Peljidiyn Genden                   (s.a.)               MAKN
16 Nov 1927 - 23 Jan 1929  Jamtsangiyn Damdinsüren            (b. 1898 - d. 1938)  MAKN
24 Jan 1929 - 27 Apr 1930  Khorloogiyn Choybalsan             (b. 1895 - d. 1952)  MAKN
                             (Horloogiyn Dugar)
27 Apr 1930 -  2 Jul 1932  Losolyn Laagan                     (b. 1887 - d. 1940)  MAKN
 2 Jul 1932 - 22 Mar 1936  Agdanbuugiyn Amar (Anandyn Amar)   (b. 1886 - d. 1941)  MAKN
22 Mar 1936 -  9 Jul 1939  Dansrabilegiyn Dogsom              (b. 1884 - d. 1941)  MAKN
 9 Jul 1939 -  6 Jul 1940  Vacant
 6 Jul 1940 -  6 Jul 1951  Gonchigiyn Bumtsend                (b. 1881 - d. 1953)  MAKN
Chairmen of the Presidium of the State Great Hural 
(from 7 Jul 1960, People's Great Hural)
 6 Jul 1951 - 23 Sep 1953  Gonchigiyn Bumtsend                (s.a.)               MAKN
23 Sep 1953 -  7 Jul 1954  Dashiyn Tsedev (acting)            (b. 1913 - d. 1996)  MAKN
 7 Jul 1954 - 20 May 1972  Jamsrangiyn Sambuu                 (b. 1895 - d. 1972)  MAKN
20 May 1972 - 29 Jun 1972  Tsagaanlamyn Dügersüren (acting)   (b. 1914 - d. 1986)  MAKN
29 Jun 1972 - 11 Jun 1974  Sonomyn Luvsan (acting)            (b. 1912 - d. 1994)  MAKN
11 Jun 1974 - 23 Aug 1984  Yumjaagiyn Tsedenbal               (s.a.)               MAKN
23 Aug 1984 - 12 Dec 1984  Nyamyn Jagvaral (acting)           (b. 1919 - d. 1987)  MAKN
12 Dec 1984 - 21 Mar 1990  Jambyn Batmönkh                    (s.a.)               MAKN
21 Mar 1990 -  3 Sep 1990  Punsalmaagiyn Ochirbat             (b. 1942)            MAKN
                             (Gendenjavyn Ochirbat)
Presidents
 3 Sep 1990 - 20 Jun 1997  Punsalmaagiyn Ochirbat             (s.a.)           MAKN;1993 MSDN
20 Jun 1997 - 24 Jun 2005  Natsagiyn Bagabandi                (b. 1950)            MAKN
24 Jun 2005 - 18 Jun 2009  Nambaryn Enkhbayar                 (b. 1958)            MAKN
18 Jun 2009 - 10 Jul 2017  Tsakhiagiyn Elbegdorj              (b. 1963)            AN
10 Jul 2017 - 25 Jun 2021  Khaltmaagiyn Battulga              (b. 1963)            AN
25 Jun 2021 -              Ukhnaagiyn Khürelsükh              (b. 1968)            MAN

Chief minister
16 Dec 1911 - 13 Jul 1912  Da Lam Tserenchimed                (b. 1869 - d. 1914)  Non-party
Prime ministers
13 Jul 1912 -  9 Jun 1915  Sain Noyon Khan Namnansüren        (b. 1878 - d. 1919)  Non-party
                             (Tögs-Ochiryn Namnansüren)
 9 Jun 1915 - Feb 1919     Post abolished
Feb 1919 - Nov 1919        Chin Van Badamdorj                 (b. 18.. - d. 1919)  Non-party
                             (Gonchigjalzangiyn Badamdorj)
 1 Dec 1919 - 15 Feb 1921  Post abolished
15 Feb 1921 - 13 Mar 1921  Khatanbaatar Sandagdorjiyn         (b. 1878 - d. 1927)  Non-party
                             Magsarjav (acting)
13 Mar 1921 - 11 Jul 1921  Sodnomyn Damdinbazar (1st time)    (b. 1874 - d. 1923)  Non-party  
11 Jul 1921 -  7 Jan 1922  Dogsomyn Bodoo                     (s.a.)               MAKN
 3 Mar 1922 - 23 Jun 1923  Sodnomyn Damdinbazar (2nd time)    (s.a.)               MAKN
28 Sep 1923 - 13 Feb 1928  Balingiyn Tserendorj Beyse         (s.a.)               MAKN
21 Feb 1928 - 27 Apr 1930  Agdanbuugiyn Amar (1st time)       (s.a.)               MAKN
27 Apr 1930 -  2 Jul 1932  Tsengeltiyn Jigjidav (acting)      (b. 1894 - d. 1933)  MAKN
 2 Jul 1932 - 22 Mar 1936  Peljidiyn Genden                   (s.a.)               MAKN
22 Mar 1936 -  7 Mar 1939  Agdanbuugiyn Amar (2nd time)       (s.a.)               MAKN
24 Mar 1939 - 26 Jan 1952  Khorloogiyn Choybalsan             (s.a.)               MAKN
26 Jan 1952 - 27 May 1952  Chimeddorjiyn Sürenjav (acting)    (b. 1914 - d. 1998)  MAKN
27 May 1952 -  7 Apr 1956  Yumjaagiyn Tsedenbal               (s.a.)               MAKN
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers 
 7 Apr 1956 - 11 Jun 1974  Yumjaagiyn Tsedenbal               (s.a.)               MAKN
11 Jun 1974 - 12 Dec 1984  Jambyn Batmönkh                    (s.a.)               MAKN
12 Dec 1984 - 21 Mar 1990  Dumaagiyn Sodnom                   (b. 1933)            MAKN
21 Mar 1990 - 11 Sep 1990  Sharavyn Gungaadorj                (b. 1935)            MAKN
Prime ministers
11 Sep 1990 - 21 Jul 1992  Dashiyn Byambasüren                (b. 1942)            MAKN
21 Jul 1992 - 19 Jul 1996  Puntsagiyn Jasrai                  (b. 1933 - d. 2007)  MAKN
19 Jul 1996 - 23 Apr 1998  Mendsaikhany Enkhsaikhan           (b. 1955)            MUAN
23 Apr 1998 -  9 Dec 1998  Tsakhiagiyn Elbegdorj (1st time)   (s.a.)               MUAN
 9 Dec 1998 - 22 Jul 1999  Janlavyn Narantsatsralt            (b. 1957 - d. 2007)  MUAN
22 Jul 1999 - 30 Jul 1999  Nyam-Osoryn Tuyaa (f) (acting)     (b. 1958)            MUAN
30 Jul 1999 - 26 Jul 2000  Rinchinnyam Amarjargal             (b. 1961)            MUAN
26 Jul 2000 - 13 Aug 2004  Nambaryn Enkhbayar                 (s.a.)               MAKN
13 Aug 2004 - 20 Aug 2004  Chultem Ulaan (acting)             (b. 1954)            MAKN
20 Aug 2004 - 25 Jan 2006  Tsakhiagiyn Elbegdorj (2nd time)   (s.a.)               AN
25 Jan 2006 - 22 Nov 2007  Miyeegombyn Enkhbold               (b. 1964)            MAKN
22 Nov 2007 - 28 Oct 2009  Sanjaagiyn Bayar                   (b. 1956)            MAKN
28 Oct 2009 - 29 Oct 2009  Norovyn Altankhuyag (1st time)     (b. 1958)            AN
                             (acting)
29 Oct 2009 - 10 Aug 2012  Sükhbaataryn Batbold               (b. 1963)          MAKN;2010 MAN
10 Aug 2012 -  5 Nov 2014  Norovyn Altankhuyag (2nd time)     (s.a.)               AN
 5 Nov 2014 - 21 Nov 2014  Dendeviyn Terbishdagda (acting)    (b. 1955)            MAKHN
21 Nov 2014 -  7 Jul 2016  Chimediyn Saikhanbileg             (b. 1969)            AN
 7 Jul 2016 -  4 Oct 2017  Jargaltulgyn Erdenebat             (b. 1974)            MAN
 4 Oct 2017 - 27 Jan 2021  Ukhnaagiyn Khürelsükh              (s.a.)               MAN
27 Jan 2021 -              Luvsannamsrain Oyun-Erdene         (b. 1980)            MAN

Chinese Ministers (Khüree amban Noyan) in Mongolia (in Örgöö [Urga])
(Chinese names given in Hanyu Pinyin romanization with Wei Tuoma
or Weishi Pinyin [Wade-Giles] in parentheses)
1758 - 1770?               Sanjai Dorji (San-chai Duo'erji)
                             (in Khüree)
1762 - 1763                Nuomuhun (No-mo-hun)
1763 - 1764                Fude (Fu-te)
1764 - 1765                Chouda (Ch'ou-ta)
1765                       Suolin (So-lin) (1st time)
1765 - 1767                Funai (Fu-nai)
1767 - 1771                Zhangjia Qinggui                   (b. 1737 - d. 1816)
                             (Chang-chia Ch'ing-kuei)
1771 - 1775                Bokun (Po-k'un)
1775 - 1778                Suolin (2nd time)
1778 - 1780                Fuchatuo Boqing'e                  (b. 1721 - d. 1785)
                             (Fu-ch'a-t'o Po-ch'ing'e)
1780 - 1785                Feimo Lebao (Fei-mo Le-pao)        (b. 1739 - d. 1819)
1785 - 1828                Yunden Dorji (Yün-ten Duo'erji)
1791                       Pu-fu (P'u-fu) (1st time)          (d. 1805)
1795 - 1798                Te-ke-shen (T'e-k'o-sh'en)         (d. 1810)
                             (1st time)
1796 - 1799                Pu-fu (2nd time)                   (s.a.)
1799 - 1803                Fo-er-qing-e (Fou-erh-ch'ing-e)    (d. 1812)
1803 - 1806                De-le-ke-zha-bu (Te-le-k'o-cha-pu) (d. 1809)
1804 - 1810                Yu-heng (Y'u-heng)                 (d. 1819) 
1805                       Fu-hai (Pu-hai)
1808                       Beng-wu-bu (Pen-wu-pu)
1810                       Te-ke-shen (2nd time)              (s.a.)
1810 - 1813                Tai-fei-yin (Tai-fei-yin)          (d. 1817?)
1812 - 1815                Su-chong-a (Su-ch'ung-a)           (d. 1829)
1815 - 1818                Ba-yan-tu (Pa-yen-t'u)
1815 - 1822                Chang-qing (Ch'ang-ch'ing)
1821 - 1824                Guangqing (Kuang-ch'ing)
1824 - 1826                Songchang (Sung-ch'ang)
1826 - 1830                Yilete Leshan (I-le-t'e Le-shan)    (d. 1860)
1830 - 1831                Yihao (I-hao)
1831 - 1834                Lianjing (Lien-ching)
1835 - 1836                Kuobutongwu (K'uo-pu-t'ung-wu)
1836 - 1840                Fuying (Fu-ying)
1839 - 1863                Delegdorji (Te-le-duo'erji)
1842 - 1843                Wenqing (Wen-ch'ing)               (b. 1796 - d. 1856)
1845 - 15 Sep 1846         Linqing (Lin-ch'ing)               (b. 1791 - d. 1846)
1846 - c.1881              Setsen Khan Artased (or Arthasiddha)
                             (Se-ts'en Han Ar-t'as-e'd)
1881 - 1883                Xichang (Hsi-ch'ang)
1883 - 1886                Guixiang (Kuei-hsiang)             (d. 1896)
1886 - 1887                Seleng'e (Se-leng-o)
1887 - 1895                Ande (An-te)
1897 - 1910                Darhan Jin Wan Puntsagtseren
                             (Dar-han Chin Wan P'u-ts'e-jen)
10 Mar 1910 -  5 Dec 1911  Sanduo (San-to)                    (b. 1871 - d. 1941)
Chinese military governors in Uliastai
1729 - 1733                Xibao Shucheng (Hsi-pao Shu-ch'eng)
1733 - 1750                Tsereng Chaoyang                   (b. 16.. - d. 1750)
                             (Ts'e-jeng Chao-yang) 
1750                       Luobocang (Lo-pu-ts'ang) (acting)
1750 - 1754                Cenggu Jabu Chaoyang (1st time)    (d. 1771) 
                             (Ts'eng-ku Cha-pu Chao-yang)
1754                       Elinqin Dorji (acting)
                             (E-lin-ch'in Duo'erji)
1754                       Amarsanaa (A-mar-sa-na) (1st time) (b. 1723 - d. 1757)
1755                       Sebutengba'erzhuer (acting)
                             (Se-pu-teng-ba'er-chu-er)
1755                       Amarsanaa (A-mar-sa-na)(2nd time)  (s.a.)
1755                       Daleidanga (Daldangga)             (d. 1760)
1755 - 1757                Hadaha (Ha-ta-ha)                  (d. 1759)
1757 - 1771                Cenggu Jabu Chaoyang (2nd time)    (s.a.)
1771 - 1773                Chebudengzhabu (Zebdenzab)         (b. 1704 - d. 1782)
1773 - 1776                Hutulinga (Hu-t'u-ling-a)
1776 - 1780                Lavan Dorji Chaoyang               (d. 1816)
                             (Lhawang Duo'erji Chao-yang)
1780 - 1781                Qinggui (Ch'ing-kuei) (1st time)   (b. 1737 - d. 1816)
1781 - 1785                Quilin (Kuilin)                    (d. 1792)
1785                       Lavandorzi (Lawang duoerji)(acting)(b. 1754 - d. 1816)
1785 - 1789                Fuxing (Fu-hsing)                  (d. 1789)
1789 - 1791                Qinggui (2nd time)                 (s.a.)
1791 - 1795                Aixinjueluo (Ai-hsin-chüeh-luo)    (d. 1801)
1795                       Yongkun (Yung-k'un) (1st time)     (d. 1802)
1795 - 1797                Tusang'a (T'u-sang)
1797 - 1799                Yongkun (Yung-k'un) (2nd time)     (s.a.)
1799 - 1803                Zuo (Tso)
1803 - 1807                Cheng-kuan (Ch'eng-k'uan)          (d. 1807)
1807 - 1809                Jinchang (Chin-ch'ang)             (b. 1759 - d. 1828)
1809 - 1810                Da-lu (Ta-lu)
1810 - 1811                Chang-ling (Ch'ang-ling)           (d. 1838)
1812 - 1814                Yu-ning (Y'u-ning)                 (d. 1814?)
1814 - 1817                Yi-chonga (I-ch'ung-a)             (d. 1829)
                             (= Uksun Icungga)
1817 - 1818                Xi-ming (Hsi-ming)                 (d. 1818)
1818 - 1822                Teyishunbao (T'e-i-shun-pao)       (b. 1768 - d. 1840)
1822 - 1823                Yi Hao (I Hao)                     (b. 1784 - d. 1844)
1823 - 1824                Guole Fenge (Kuo-le Feng-o)(acting)
1824 - 1825                Qinbao (Ch'in-pao)
1825                       Song Yun (Sung Yün) (acting)       (b. 1752 - d. 1835)
1826 - 1827                Gebushe (Ko-pu-she)
1827 - 1830                Yantak (Yen-tak)
1830 - 1833                Leshan (Len-shan)                  (d. 1839)
1833 - 1834                Qingshan (Ch'ing-shan)
1834 - 1835                Wu Zhonge (Wu Chung-ko)            (b. 1775 - d. 1847)
1835 - 1839                Changqing (Ch'ang-ch'ing)          (d. 1850)
14 Sep 1839 - 1840         Lianjing (Lien-ching)              
21 Sep 1840 - 22 Nov 1840  Delenge (Te-leng-o)
22 Nov 1840 - 10 Dec 1840  Lupu (Lu-p'u) (1st time)
10 Dec 1840 - 1843         Yixiang (I-hsiang) (1st time)      (b. 1796 - d. 1881)
26 Mar 1843 - 28 Mar 1843  Lupu (2nd time)
28 Mar 1843 - 21 Apr 1843  Yixing (I-hsing) (1st time)  
21 Apr 1843 - 1846         Guilun (Kuei-lun)
21 Dec 1846 -  6 Feb 1849  Teyishun (T'e-i-shun)              (d. 1849)
 6 Feb 1849 - 1852         Yige (I-ke)                        (b. 1805 - d. 1858)
Jul 1852 - Aug 1852        Uksun Xantou (acting)              (b. 1817 - d. 1861)
12 Aug 1852 - 1854         Zhalafentai (Cha-la-fen-t'ai)
12 Dec 1854 - 1855         Yixing (2nd time)
15 Oct 1855 - 1856         Yixiang (2nd time)                 (s.a.)
23 Jan 1856 - 1859         Qingru (Ch'ing-ju)
20 Nov 1859 - 1866         Mingyi (Ming-i)                    (b. 1792 - d. 1868)
 2 Aug 1866 - 1867         Delekeduorji (Te-le-k'o-to-chi)
                             (acting)
26 May 1867 - 1869         Linxing (Lin-hsing)
14 May 1869 - 1871         Fuji (Fu-chi)                      (b. 1811 - d. 1875)
13 Jun 1871 - 1872         Jinshun (Chin-shun)                (d. 1885)
1872                       Kui Chang (K'uei Ch'ang) (acting)
23 Sep 1872 - 1874         Changshun (Ch'ang-shun)            (b. 1839 - d. 1904)
 4 Jun 1874 - 1877         Olohubu (or Erhebu)                (b. 1826 - d. 1900)
                             (O-lo-hu-p'u)
20 Aug 1877 - 14 Sep 1877  Hengxun (Heng-hsün)
Sep 1877 - 1879            Chunfu (Ch'un-fu)                  (b. 1836 - d. 1885)
23 Dec 1879 - 1880         Jihe (Chi-ho)
16 Jul 1880 - 1889         Dukar (or Dugaer) (Tu-k'a-erh)     (d. 1889)
 3 May 1889 - 1891         Tuoketuan (T'o-k'o-t'uan)
27 Aug 1891 - 1894         Yongde (Yung-te)
 4 Dec 1894 - 1897         Chonghuan (Ch'ung-huan)
 6 Dec 1897 - 1898         Guiheng (Kuei-heng)
27 Oct 1898 - 1905         Lianshun (Lien-shun)               (b. 1844 - d. 1906)
10 Jan 1905 - 10 Jul 1905  Kuishun (K'uei-shun)
10 Jul 1905 - 1908         Maliang (Ma-liang)                 (b. 1845 - d. 1909)
24 May 1908 - 1910         Kunxiu (K'un-hsiu)
 8 Oct 1910 - Dec 1911     Kuifang (Kuei-fang)
1912                       Nayantu (Na-yen-t'u)(acting)       (b. 1867 - d. 1938)
Governors in Khovd (Kobdo)
1881 - 1886                Qing'an (Ch'ing-an)
1886 - 1892                Shakodulinzhabu
                             (Sha-ke-tu-lin-cha-pu)
1893 - 1895                Guifu (Kuei-fu)                    (b. 1859 - d. ....)
1895                       Deming (Te-ming) (in Kalgan)
Chinese High Commissioners
16 Jun 1915 -  4 Aug 1916  Chen Lu (Ch'en Lu)                 (b. 1877 - d. 1939)
                             (grand officer superintendent)
 4 Aug 1916 - 31 Mar 1917  Chen Wenyun (Ch'en Wen-yun)        (b. 1880 - d. 19..)
31 Mar 1917 -  7 Aug 1917  Li Kaishen (Li Kai-shen)           (b. 1871 - d. 1929)
 7 Aug 1917 -  1 Dec 1919  Chen Yi (Ch'en I)                  (s.a.)               Mil

Rival Government: People's Government of Mongolia

Prime ministers
13 Mar 1921 - 16 Apr 1921  Dambyn Chagdarjav                  (b. 1880 - d. 1922)  MAKN
                             (in Altanbulag, Mongolia)
16 Apr 1921 - 11 Jul 1921  Dogsomyn Bodoo (in Altanbulag)     (s.a.)               MAKN 

 ¹under Chinese imperial administration Mongolia was not a unified province. The Mongols were organized into a complicated system of "banners." 

 ²personal name is unknown; Javzandamba, in Khalkha Mongol, is a religious title in Tibetan Buddhism (Rje Btsun Dam Pa or Jetsun Dampa in Tibetan - meaning "the Enlightened One"); other religious titles: Hutagt, Bogd Gegeen, and Ezen Haan.

Party abbreviations: AN = Ardchilsan Nam (Democratic Party, center-right, reformist party, 1990-92, merged into MUAN, re-est.Jan 2000); Ind = Independent; MAN = Mongol Ardiin Nam (Mongolian People's Party, democratic socialist, former MAKN, est.Nov 2010); MAKHN = Mongol Ardyn Khuvsgalt Nam (Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party, left-wing, slit from MAN, not same as former MAKN, est.2011); Mil = Military;
- Former parties: MAKN = Mongol Ardyn Khuvsgalt Nam (Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party, Marxist-Leninist communist to 1990 then democratic socialist, 1921-1990 only legal party, 1921-24 named MAN, 1920-Nov 2010, renamed MAN); MSDN = Mongolyn Sotsial Demokrat Nam (Mongolian Social Democratic Party, social-democratic, 1990-2000, merged into AN); MUAN = Mongolyn Ündesnii Ardchilsan Nam (Mongolian National Democratic Party, center-right, reformist, Oct 1992-1999)