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Mexico
 
[Spanish War Ensign
                                    (1785-1931)(Spain)]
to 28 Sep 1821

[Standard of the
                                      Virgen de Guadalupe 1810-1811
                                      (Mexico)]
16 Sep 1810 - Mar 1811
Hidalgo Revolt Banner

[Morelos Revolt Banner
                                      1812-c.1815 (Mexico)]
19 Aug 1812 - c.1815
Morelos Revolt Banner

[Mexico revolt flag 14 Jul 1815
                                    - 1817]
14 Jul 1815 - 1817
Revolt Flag
 
[Flag of the 2nd
                                    Infantry Regiment of the (Army of
                                    the Three Guarantees) 1821
                                    (Mexico)]
14 Apr 1821 - 1 Nov 1821
Flag of the Army of Three Guarantees
 
[Mexican (First) Empire flag
                                    1821-1823]
2 Nov 1821 - 9 Apr 1823
 
 
[Mexico National Flag
                                    1823-1865, 1867-1880]
9 Apr 1823 - 1 Nov 1865,
1 Nov 1865 - 15 May 1867 (in opposition),
15 May 1867 - 30 Dec 1880
 
[Mexican (Second) Empire State
                                    Flag 1865-1867]
1 Nov 1865 - 15 May 1867
 
 
 
[Mexico National Flag
                                    1880-1898]
  30 Dec 1880 - 31 Dec 1898
 
 
 
[Mexico
                                  National Flag 1899-1916]
1 Jan 1899 - 16 Sep 1916
 
[Mexico National Flag
                                    1916-1918]
16 Sep 1916 - 22 Aug 1918
 
[Mexico
                                    flag 1918-1934]
22 Aug 1918 - 5 Feb 1934
 
[Mexico National flag,
                                    1934-1968]
5 Feb 1934 - 17 Sep 1968
[Mexico
                                    Bandera Nacional (National Flag)]
Adopted 17 Sep 1968

Map of Mexico Hear National Anthem
"Himno Nacional Mexicano"
 (National Anthem of Mexico) or
"Mexicanos, al grito de guerra"
 (Mexicans, to the War Cry)

Text of National Anthem
in use from 15 Sep 1854;
Adopted 4 May 1943
Constitution
(5 Feb 1917)

-------------------------------
Former Constitutions

(1824, 1836, 1843, 1857)
Capital: Mexico City
(Ciudad de México)
(Cuernavaca 4 Oct - 15 Nov   1855, imperial summer capital 1864 - 1867; Veracruz 4 May 1858 - 11 Jan 1861)
Currency: Mexican Peso
(MXN); 1535-1822 Spanish
 Escudo (XESE) 
National Holiday: 16 Sep (1810)
Día del Grito de Independencia

(
Cry of Independence Day )
Population: 125,959,205 (2018)
GDP: $2.46 trillion (2017)
Exports: $409.8 billion (2017)
Imports: $420.8 billion (2017)
Ethnic groups: mestizo (Amerindian-Spanish) 62%,
predominantly Amerindian 21%, Amerindian
7%
other
(mostly European) 10% (2012)
Total Active Armed Forces: 267,7506 (2010)
Merchant marine: 617 ships (2018)
Religions: Roman Catholic 82.7%, Pentecostal 1.6%,
Jehovah's Witnesses 1.4%, other Evangelical Churches 5%,
other 1.9%, none 4.7%, unspecified 2.7% (2010)
International Organizations/Treaties: ACS, AG, APEC, APM, BCIE (nonregional), BIS, BTWC, CAN (observer), CAP (observer), Caricom (observer), CCM, CD, CDB, CE (observer), CELAC, CPTPP, CTBT, CWC, EBRD, ECOWAS (observer), EITI, ESCR, FAO, FATF, G-5, G-15, G-20, G-24, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, IRENA, ISA, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, LAES, LAIA, LAP,  LU (permanent observer), Mercosur (observer), MIGA, Moon, NAM (observer), NEA, NPT, NSG, NTBT, OAS, OECD, OIF (observer), OPANAL, OPCW, OPEC (cooperation), OST, PA, Paris Club (associate), PCA, SEGIB, SICA (observer), UN, UNASUR (observer), UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-KP, UNFCC-PA, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, USMCA, WA, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Mexico Index
Chronology

1428 - 1521                Aztec Empire ("Mexica Triple Alliance") in central
                             Mexico, with capital at Tenochtitlan (modern
                             Mexico City).

 8 Nov 1519                Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés enters Mexico-
                             Tenochtitlan (modern Mexico City).
31 Aug 1521                Spanish colony of New Spain (Nueva España)
                             (modern Mexico, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Rep.,
                             El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti [to 1697],
                             Honduras, Jamaica [to 1656], Nicaragua, Venezuela
                             [to 1739], U.S. states of Arizona, California,
                            
Colorado, Florida, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas and
                            
Utah and the Louisiana Territory [1766-1803]).
13 Dec 1527                Real Audiencia de México established in Mexico City
14 Feb 1530                Spanish overthrow the Purépecha (Tarascan) Empire.
11 May 1535                Viceroyalty of New Spain

16 Sep 1810 - 27 Sep 1821  Mexican war of independence.
16 Sep 1810 - 19 Mar 1811  Independence revolt led by Hidalgo.

 6 Nov 1813                Independence of "Northern America" (América
                             Septentrional) and/or "Mexican
America" (América
                             Mexicana
) declared by
the Congress of Anáhuac
                             at Chilpancingo (insurrection against Spain).
24 Oct 1814                Constitution of Apatzingán promulgated.
15 Dec 1815                Insurrection extinguished.
28 Sep 1821                Independence (Mexican Empire [Imperio Mexicano]).
29 Mar 1823                Mexico (México)
 
1 Jul 1823                Central America independent (see Guatemala).
31 May 1841 - 17 Aug 1848  Yucatan declares independence (re-incorporated
                             during 15 Dec 1843 - 1 Jan 1846).
10 Oct 1824                United Mexican States (Estados Unidos Mexicanos).
 3 Nov 1835                Mexican Republic (República Mexicana).
 2 Mar 1836                Texas declares independence.
14 Nov 1837                Spain formally recognizes independence of Mexico.
17 Jan 1840 -  6 Nov 1840  Attempted secession by Republic of the Rio Grande.
22 Aug 1846                United Mexican States (in informal official use,
                             Estados Unidos Mexicanos is often replaced by
                             República Mexicana).

14 Sep 1847 -  1 Aug 1848  Northern and Central Mexico occupied by the
                             United States during the Mexican-American War.
 2 Feb 1848                Mexican cession territories ceded to the U.S.
20 Apr 1853                Mexican Republic (República Mexicana).
16 Sep 1857                United Mexican States (Estados Unidos Mexicanos)
21 Apr 1862                Mexico (México)
31 May 1863 - 12 Mar 1867  Foreign intervention.
11 Jul 1863 - 15 May 1867  Mexican Empire (Imperio Mexicano)(under French
                             occupation).

15 May 1867                United Mexican States (restored).

Mexico
(since 1810)
States
A-L and M-Z
New Spain
(1521-1821)
New Spain
Provinces
Chiapas
(1821-1824)
Republic of
Rio Grande

(1840)
Yucatán
(1821-1824,
 1841-1848)
Historical Maps
of Mexico

(1821-1974)
Map of Mexican
Revolution
(1910-1920)

 

New Spain

Governors
13 Aug 1521 - 24 Dec 1521  Hernán Cortés de Monroy y Pizarro     (b. 1485 - d. 1547)
                            
Altamirano (1st time)  
24 Dec 1521 - 30 Dec 1521  Cristóbal de Tapia                    (d. 1525)
Governors and Captains-general
30 Dec 1521 - 12 Oct 1524  Hernán Cortés de Monroy y Pizarro     (s.a.)
                             Altamirano (2nd time)

12 Oct 1524 - 23 May 1525  Ruling Junta
                           - Alonso de Estrada                   (b. c.1470 - d. 1530)    
                             (to 29 Dec 1524, 17 Feb - 20 Apr 1525)
                           - Rodrigo de Albornoz
                             (to 29 Dec 1524, 17 Feb - 20 Apr 1525)
                           - Alonso de Zuazo (Suazo)             (b. 1466 - d. 1539)
                           - Pedro Almíndez Chirino (Chirinos)   (d. 1549)
                             (from 29 Dec 1524)
                           - Gonzalo de Salazar                  (b. 1492 - d. c.1548)
                             (from 29 Dec 1524) 
24 May 1525 - 28 Jan 1526  Gonzalo de Salazar                    (s.a.)
                           + Pedro Almíndez Chirino              (s.a.)
29 Jan 1526 — 24 Jun 1526  Alonso de Estrada (1st time)          (s.a.)
                           + Rodrigo de Albornoz
25 Jun 1526 -  3 Jul 1526  Hernán Cortés de Monroy y Pizarro     (s.a.)
                             Altamirano (3rd time)

 4 Jul 1526 - 16 Jul 1526  Luis Ponce de León                    (b. c.1461 - d. 1526)
16 Jul 1526 -  1 Mar 1527  Marcos de Aguilar                     (b. c.1460 - d. 1527) 
 2 Mar 1527 — 22 Aug 1527  Alonso de Estrada (2nd time)          (s.a.)
                           + Gonzalo de Sandoval                 (b. 1497 - d. 1528)
                           + Luis de la Torre (1st time)
22 Aug 1527 -  8 Dec 1528  Alonso de Estrada (3rd time)          (s.a.)
                           + Luis de la Torre (2nd time)
 9 Dec 1528 - 21 Dec 1529  Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán                (b. c.1490 - d. 1558)
                             (President of the Audiencia)
21 Dec 1529 -  9 Jan 1531  Juan Ortiz de Matienzo                (b. c.1485 – d. c.1535)
                             (President of the Audiencia)
10 Jan 1531 - 16 Apr 1535  Sebastián Ramírez de Fuenleal,        (b. c.1490 - d. 1547)
                             obispo de Santo Domingo
                             (President of the Audiencia)
Viceroys
17 Apr 1535 - 25 Nov 1550  Antonio de Mendoza y Pacheco          (b. 1495 - d. 1552) 
25 Nov 1550 - 31 Jul 1564  Luis de Velasco y Ruiz de             (b. 1511 - d. 1564)
                             Alarcó
 1 Aug 1564 - 19 Oct 1566  Francisco de Ceinos (Ceynos) Obregón  (d. 1568/69)
                             y Guerra de la Vega (1st time)
                           
(President of the
Audiencia)
19 Oct 1566 - 10 Mar 1568  Gastón de Peralta, marqués de         (b. 1510 - d. 1587) 
                             Falces 
11 Nov 1567 - 14 Apr 1568  Alonso Muñoz                          (b. c.1512 - d. 1568)  
                           + Luis Carrillo (to Apr 1568)         (d. 1568)
                           (Visitadores; Royal Commissioners)
14 Apr 1568 -  4 Nov 1568  Francisco de Ceinos (Ceynos) Obregón  (s.a.)
                             y Guerra de la Vega (2nd time)
                            (President of the
Audiencia)
 5 Nov 1568 -  3 Oct 1580  Martín Enríquez de Almansa            (b. c.1510 - d. 1583)
                             y Ulloa 
 4 Oct 1580 - 29 Jun 1583  Lorenzo Suárez de Mendoza,            (b. c.1518 - d. 1583) 
                             conde de La Coruña 
Jun 1583 - 24 Sep 1584     Luis de Villanueva y Zapata           (b. c.1505 - d. 1584?)
                             (President of the Audiencia)
25 Sep 1584 - 16 Oct 1585  Pedro Moya de Contreras,              (b. 1527 - d. 1591) 
                             arzobispo de México  
17 Oct 1585 - 26 Jan 1590  Álvaro Manrique de Zúñiga,            (b. c.1525 - d. 1590) 
                             marqués de Villamanrique 
27 Jan 1590 -  4 Nov 1595  Luis de Velasco, conde de Santiago    (b. 1539 - d. 1617)
                             (1st time) 
 5 Nov 1595 - 26 Oct 1603  Gaspar de Zúñiga Acevedo y Velasco,   (b. 1560 - d. 1606)  
                             conde de Monterrey 
27 Oct 1603 -  2 Jul 1607  Juan Manuel de Mendoza Manrique       (b. 1571 - d. 1628) 
                             Hurtado y Padilla, marqués de
                             Montesclaros 
 2 Jul 1607 - 10 Jun 1611  Luis de Velasco, conde de Santiago    (s.a.)
                             (from 1609) y marqués de Salinas
                             (2nd time)
 9 Jun 1611 - 22 Feb 1612  Fray Francisco García Guerra,         (b. 1545 - d. 1612)
                             arzobispo de México (interim) 
22 Feb 1612 - 18 Oct 1612  Pedro Otárola
                             (President of the Audiencia)
18 Oct 1612 - 14 Mar 1621  Diego Fernández de Córdoba y Lopez    (b. 1578 - d. 1630)
                             de las Roelas Benavides y Melgarejo, 
                             marqués de Guadalcázar 
14 Mar 1621 - Sep 1621     Paz de Valecillo
                             (President of the Audiencia)
12 Sep 1621 - 15 Jan 1624  Diego Carrillo de Mendoza y Pimentel, (b. c.1560 - d. 1636)
                             marqués de Gelves, y conde de Priego
15 Jan 1624 -  3 Oct 1624  Audiencia (president unknown)
 3 Oct 1624 - 16 Sep 1635  Rodrigo Pacheco y Osorio,             (b. 1580 - d. 1640) 
                             marqués de Cerralvo 
16 Sep 1635 - 27 Aug 1640  Lope Díez de Aux y Armendáriz,        (b. 1575 - d. 1644) 
                             marqués de Cadereyta 
28 Aug 1640 - 10 Jun 1642  Diego López Pacheco Cabrera y         (b. 1599 - d. 1653)  
                             Bobadilla, marqués de Villena,
                             duque de Escalona
10 Jun 1642 - 23 Nov 1642  Juan de Palafox y Mendoza,            (b. 1600 - d. 1659)
                             obispo de Puebla de los Ángeles
                             (interim)
23 Nov 1642 - 13 May 1648  García Sarmiento de Sotomayor         (b. c.1590 - d. 1659) 
                             Enríquez de Luna, conde de
                             Salvatierra y marqués de Sobroso 
13 May 1648 - 22 Apr 1649  Marcos de Torres y Rueda,             (b. 1588 - d. 1649) 
                             obispo de Yucatán (interim) 
22 Apr 1649 - 28 Jun 1650  Matías de Peralta Cabeza de Vaca      (b. 1581 - d. 1655)
                             (President of the Audiencia)
28 Jun 1650 - 14 Aug 1653  Luis Enríquez de Guzmán y Coresma,    (b. c.1600 - d. 1667) 
                             marqués de Villaflor y
                             conde de Alba de Liste 
15 Aug 1653 - 15 Sep 1660  Francisco Fernández de la Cueva,      (b. 1616 - d. 1676)
                             duque de Alburquerque 
16 Sep 1660 - 29 Jun 1664  Juan de Leyva de la Cerda,            (b. 1604 - d. 1678) 
                             marqués de de Leiva y de Ladrada
                             y conde de Baños 
29 Jun 1664 - 15 Oct 1664  Diego Osorio de Escobar y Llamas,     (b. 1608 - d. 1673) 
                             obispo de Puebla de los Ángeles
                             (interim)

15 Oct 1664 - 20 Nov 1673  Antonio Sebastián Álvarez de Toledo   (b. 1622 - d. 1715) 
                             Molina y Salazar, marqués de Mancera 
20 Nov 1673 - 13 Dec 1673  Pedro Nuñez Colón de Portugal y       (b. 1628 - d. 1673) 
                             Castro, duque de Veragua y 
                             de la Vega y marqués de Jamaica
13 Dec 1673 -  7 Nov 1680  Payo Enríquez de Rivera Manrique,     (b. 1622 - d. 1685) 
                             arzobispo de México
 7 Nov 1680 - 16 Jun 1686  Tomás Antonio de la Cerda y Aragón,   (b. 1638 - d. 1692)
                             conde de Paredes y marqués de 
                             la Laguna 
16 Jun 1686 - 19 Nov 1688  Melchor Portocarrero Lasso de la      (b. 1636 - d. 1705) 
                             Vega, conde de Monclova 
20 Nov 1688 - 26 Feb 1696  Gaspar de la Cerda Sandoval Silva y   (b. 1653 - d. 1697)
                             Mendoza, conde de Galves 
27 Feb 1696 - 13 Dec 1696  Juan de Ortega y Montañés (1st time)  (b. 1627 - d. 1708)
                             (acting)
13 Dec 1696 -  4 Nov 1701  José Sarmiento y Valladares,          (b. 1643 - d. 1688)
                             conde de Moctezuma y de Tula
 4 Nov 1701 - 27 Nov 1702  Juan de Ortega y Montañés (2nd time)  (s.a.)
                             (acting)
27 Nov 1702 - 15 Jan 1711  Francisco Fernández de la Cueva       (b. 1666 - d. 1733)
                             Enríquez, duque d'Albuquerque,
                             marqués de Cuéllar 
15 Jan 1711 - 16 Aug 1716  Fernando de Alencastre Noroña y       (b. 1662 - d. 1717)
                             Silva, marqués de Valdefuentes,
                             duque de Linares 
16 Aug 1716 - 14 Oct 1722  Baltasar de Zúñiga, marqués de        (b. 1658 - d. 1727)
                             Valero, duque de Arión 
15 Oct 1722 - 17 Mar 1734  Juan de Acuña, marqués de             (b. 1657 - d. 1734)
                             Casafuerte 
17 Mar 1734 - 17 Aug 1740  Juan Antonio de Vizarrón y            (b. 1682 - d. 1747)
                             Eguiarreta             
17 Aug 1740 - 22 Aug 1741  Pedro de Castro y Figueroa,           (b. 1678 - d. 1741)
                             marqués de Gracía Real,
                             duque de la Conquista
23 Aug 1741 -  3 Nov 1742  Pedro Malo de Villavicencio           (b. 1673 - d. 1744)
                             (President of the Audiencia)
 3 Nov 1742 -  8 Jul 1746  Pedro Cebrián y Agustín, conde        (b. 1687 - d. 1752)
                             de Fuenclara 
 9 Jul 1746 -  9 Nov 1755  Juan Francisco de Güemes y            (b. 1682 - d. 1768)
                             Horcasitas, conde de Revillagigedo 
10 Nov 1755 -  5 Feb 1760  Agustín de Ahumada y Villalón,        (b. 1702 - d. 1760)
                             marqués de las Amarillas 
 5 Feb 1760 - 28 Apr 1760  Francisco Antonio de Echévarri        (b. 1700 - d. 1774)
                             (President of the Audiencia)
28 Apr 1760 -  5 Oct 1760  Francisco Antonio Cagigal de la       (b. 1691 - d. 1777)
                             Vega, marqués de Cagigal (interim)
 6 Oct 1760 - 23 Aug 1766  Joaquín de Montserrat y Ciurana,      (b. 1700 - d. 1771)
                             marqués de Cruillas 
23 Aug 1766 - 23 Sep 1771  Carlos Francisco de Croix,            (b. 1699 - d. 1786)
                             marqués de Croix 
23 Sep 1771 -  9 Apr 1779  Antonio María de Bucareli y Ursúa     (b. 1717 - d. 1779)
                             Hinostrosa Lasso de la Vega 
 9 Apr 1779 - 23 Aug 1779  Francisco Romá y Rosell               (b. 1725 - d. 1784)
                             (President of the Audiencia)
23 Aug 1779 - 28 Apr 1783  Martín de Mayorga Ferrer              (b. 1721 - d. 1783)
29 Apr 1783 -  3 Nov 1784  Matías de Gálvez García Madrid y      (b. 1717 - d. 1784)
                             Gallardo
Nov 1784 - 17 Jun 1785     Vicente de Herrera y Rivero           (b. 1743 - d. 1794)
                             (President of the Audiencia)
17 Jun 1785 - 30 Nov 1786  Bernardo Vicente Polinarde de         (b. 1746 - d. 1786)
                             Gálvez y Gallardo, conde de Gálvez 
30 Nov 1786 -  8 May 1787  Eusebio Sánchez Pareja y Beleño       (b. 1716 - d. 1787)
                             (President of the Audiencia)
 8 May 1787 - 18 Aug 1787  Alonso Núñez de Haro y Peralta,       (b. 1729 - d. 1800)
                             arzobispo de México (acting)
18 Aug 1787 - 17 Oct 1789  Manuel Antonio Flores Maldonado       (b. 1723 - d. 1799)
                             Martínez de Angulo y Bodquín 
17 Oct 1789 - 11 Jul 1794  Juan Vicente de Güemes-Pacheco de     (b. 1740 - d. 1799)
                             Padilla y Horcasitas,
                             conde de Revillagigedo 
12 Jul 1794 - 31 May 1798  Miguel de la Grúa Talamanca           (b. c.1755 - d. 1812)
                             y Branciforte, marqués de 
                             Branciforte
31 May 1798 - 30 Apr 1800  Miguel José de Azanza                 (b. 1746 - d. 1826)
30 Apr 1800 -  4 Jan 1803  Félix Berenguer de Marquina           (b. 1738 - d. 1826)
 4 Jan 1803 - 16 Sep 1808  José de Iturrigaray y Aréstegui       (b. 1742 - d. 1815)
16 Sep 1808 - 19 Jun 1809  Pedro de Garibay                      (b. 1727 - d. 1815)
19 Jun 1809 -  8 May 1810  Francisco Javier de Lizana y          (b. 1750 - d. 1811)
                             Beaumont, arzobispo de México
 8 May 1810 - 14 Sep 1810  Pedro Catani                          (b. 1739 - d. c.1815)
                             (President of the Audiencia)
14 Sep 1810 -  4 Mar 1813  Francisco Javier Venegas de Saavedra, (b. 1760 - d. 1838)
                             marqués de la Reunión de Nueva España
 4 Mar 1813 - 20 Sep 1816  Félix María Calleja del Rey,          (b. 1753 - d. 1828)
                             conde de Calderón
20 Sep 1816 -  5 Jul 1821  Juan Ruíz de Apodaca y Eliza López    (b. 1754 - d. 1835)
                             de Letona y Lasquetty, conde de 
                             Venadito
 6 Jul 1821 - 30 Jul 1821  Francisco Novella Azabal Pérez y      (b. 1769 - d. 1822)
                             Sicardo (acting)
30 Jul 1821 - 28 Sep 1821  Juan de O'Donojú O'Ryan               (b. 1762 - d. 1821)


Mexico


Generalissimo of the North American Armies 

16 Sep 1810 - 21 Mar 1811  Miguel Gregorio Antonio Hidalgo y  (b. 1753 - d. 1811)
                             Costilla Gallaga Mandarte y
                             Villaneñor 
President of the Supreme Government Junta of America
21 Aug 1811 - 15 Sep 1813  José Ignacio Antonio López Rayón   (b. 1773 - d. 1832)
Generalissimo of the North American Armies
15 Sep 1813 - 14 Mar 1814  José María Teclo Morelos y Pérez   (b. 1765 - d. 1815)
                             Pavón
President of the Supreme Mexican Congress

14 Mar 1814 - 24 Oct 1814  José María Nestorio Liceaga y Reyna(b. 1780? - d. 1818)
Presidents of the Supreme Mexican Government
24 Oct 1814 - 24 Feb 1815  José María Nestorio Liceaga y Reyna(s.a.)
24 Feb 1815 - 13 Nov 1815  José María Teclo Morelos y Pérez   (s.a.) 
                            
Pavón
13 Nov 1815 - 15 Dec 1815  Ignácio Alas                       (b. 1780 - d. 1843)
15 Dec 1815 - 1817         Executive Commission 
                           - José Manuel Rafael Simeón de     (b. 1789 - d. 1832)
                              
Mier y Terán y Teruel
                           - Ignácio Alas                     (s.a.)
                           - Antonio Cumplido                 (d. af.1823)
President of the Provisional Governing Junta
24 Aug 1821 - 28 Sep 1821  Agustín Cosme Damián de Iturbide   (b. 1783 - d. 1824)  Mil
                             y Arámburu 
President of the Regency of the Empire (nominally in the name of Fernando VII of Spain)
28 Sep 1821 - 19 May 1822  Agustín Cosme Damián de Iturbide   (s.a.)               Mil
                             y Arámburu 

Emperor¹
19 May 1822 - 29 Mar 1823  Agustín I                          (s.a.)
                           
(= Agustín Cosme Damián de Iturbide y Arámburu)
President of the Constituent Congress
(de facto supreme executive power)
29 Mar 1823 -  2 Apr 1823  José Mariano Marín                 (b. 1782 - d. 1863)  Lib 
Presidents of the Supreme Executive Power
 2 Apr 1823 - 30 Apr 1823  Pedro Celestino Negrete Santesteban(b. 1777 - d. 1846)  Lib
 1 May 1823 - 31 May 1823  José Mariano Buenaventura de       (b. 1772 - d. 1852)  Lib
                             Michelena y Gil de Miranda
                            
(1st time)

 1 Jun 1823 - 30 Jun 1823  Nicolás Bravo Rueda (1st time)     (b. 1786 - d. 1854)  Lib
 1 Jul 1823 - 31 Jul 1823  José Mariano Buenaventura de       (s.a.)               Lib
                             Michelena y Gil de Miranda
                             (2nd time)

 1 Aug 1823 - 31 Aug 1823  Miguel Ramón Sebastián Domínguez   (b. 1756 - d. 1830)  Lib 
                             de Alemán (1st time)  
                             (
= José Miguel Domínguez)
 1 Sep 1823 - 30 Sep 1823  Vicente Ramón Guerrero Saldaña     (b. 1783 - d. 1831)  Lib
                             (1st time) 
 1 Oct 1823 - 31 Oct 1823  José Mariano Buenaventura de       (s.a.)               Lib
                             Michelena y Gil de Miranda
                             (3rd time)

 1 Nov 1823 - 30 Nov 1823  Miguel Ramón Sebastián Domínguez   (s.a.)               Lib
                             de Alemán (2nd time)
 1 Dec 1823 -  8 Dec 1823  Vicente Ramón Guerrero Saldaña     (s.a.)               Lib 
                             (2nd time)
 8 Dec 1823 - 31 Dec 1823  Miguel Ramón Sebastián Domínguez   (s.a.)               Lib 
                             de Alemán (3rd time)
 1 Jan 1824 - 31 Jan 1824  José Mariano Buenaventura de       (s.a.)               Lib
                             Michelena y Gil de Miranda
                             (4th time)

 1 Feb 1824 - 29 Feb 1824  Miguel Ramón Sebastián Domínguez   (s.a.)               Lib 
                             de Alemán (4th time)
 1 Mar 1824 - 31 Mar 1824  Vicente Ramón Guerrero Saldaña     (s.a.)               Lib 
                             (3rd time)
 1 Apr 1824 - 30 Apr 1824  Nicolás Bravo Rueda (2nd time)     (s.a.)               Lib
 1 May 1824 - 31 May 1824  Miguel Ramón Sebastián Domínguez   (s.a.)               Lib 
                             de Alemán (5th time)
 1 Jun 1824 - 30 Jun 1824  Vicente Ramón Guerrero Saldaña     (s.a.)               Lib 
                             (4th time)
 1 Jul 1824 - 31 Jul 1824  Guadalupe Victoria (1st time)      (b. 1786 - d. 1843)  Lib
                             (= José Miguel Ramón Adaucto Fernández y Félix
 1 Aug 1824 - 31 Aug 1824  Nicolás Bravo Rueda (3rd time)     (s.a.)               Lib
 1 Sep 1824 - 30 Sep 1824  Miguel Ramón Sebastián Domínguez   (s.a.)               Lib 
                             de Alemán (6th time)
 1 Oct 1824 - 10 Oct 1824  Guadalupe Victoria (2nd time)      (s.a.)               Lib
Presidents
10 Oct 1824 -  1 Apr 1829  Guadalupe Victoria                 (s.a.)               Lib
 1 Apr 1829 -  4 Feb 1830  Vicente Ramón Guerrero Saldaña     (s.a.)               Lib 
                             (absent from 18 Dec 1829; deposed on 4 Feb 1830,
                             but continues in dissidence to 20 Jan 1831
)
18 Dec 1829 - 23 Dec 1829  José Maria Bocanegra y Villalpando (b. 1787 - d. 1862)  Lib
                             (acting for absent Guerrero)  
23 Dec 1829 -  1 Jan 1830  Provisional Supreme Executive Power
                           - José Pedro Vélez de Zúñiga       (b. 1787 - d. 1848)  Lib
                           - Lucas Ignacio de Paula Alamán y  (b. 1792 - d. 1853)  Con
                               Escalada 
                           - José Luis Quintanar y Soto       (b. 1772 - d. 1837)  Mil
                           (acting for Guerrero)
 1 Jan 1830 - 26 Dec 1832  Anastasio Bustamante y Oseguera    (b. 1780 - d. 1853)  Con
                             (1st time)(acting [ostensibly for Guerrero to 4 Feb 1830])
14 Aug 1832 - 27 Dec 1832  Melchor de Eca y Múzquiz           (b. 1790 - d. 1844)  Lib
                             (acting [for Bustamante to 26 Dec 1832])
26 Dec 1832 -  1 Apr 1833  Manuel Gómez Pedraza y Rodríguez   (b. 1789 - d. 1851)  Lib
 
1 Apr 1833 -  1 Apr 1837  Antonio López de Santa Anna y      (b. 1794 - d. 1876)  Lib
                             Pérez de Lebrón (1st time)
                            
(Texan prisoner 22 Apr - 26 Nov 1836, then
                            
in the U.S. Nov 1836 - 31 Jan 1837)
 1 Apr 1833 - 16 May 1833  José María Valentín Gómez de la    (b. 1781 - d. 1858)  Lib

                             Vara y Martínez Farías (1st time)
                             (acting
for Santa Anna)
28 Jan 1835 -  1 Mar 1836  Miguel Francisco Barragán Andrade
  (b. 1789 - d. 1836)  Lib
                             (acting for Santa Anna)
27 Feb 1836 - 19 Apr 1837  José Justo Corro Silva (interim)   (b. 1794 - d. 1864)  Con
                             (acting for Barragán to 1 Mar 1836,
                             then acting for Santa Anna to 1 Apr 1837)

19 Apr 1837 -  6 Oct 1841  Anastasio Bustamante y Oseguera    (s.a.)               Con
                             (2nd time) 
18 Mar 1839 - 10 Jul 1839  Antonio López de Santa Anna y      (s.a.)               Lib
                             Pérez de Lebrón
                             (acting for Bustamante)
10 Jul 1839 – 17 Jul 1839  Nicolás Bravo Rueda                (s.a.)               Lib
                             (acting for Bustamante)
23 Sep 1841 –  1 Oct 1841  Francisco Javier Echeverría
       (b. 1797 - d. 1852)  Con
                             (acting for Bustamante)
 
6 Oct 1841 - 10 Oct 1841  Vacant
10 Oct 1841 -  1 Feb 1844  Antonio López de Santa y Pérez     (s.a.)               Lib 

                             de Lebrón Anna (2nd time)
                             (provisional) 
26 Oct 1842 -  3 Mar 1843  Nicolás Bravo Rueda                (s.a.)               Lib
                             (acting for Santa Anna)
 
4 Oct 1843 -  4 Jun 1844  José Valentín Raimundo Canalizo    (b. 1794 - d. 1850)  Lib
                             Bocadillo (acting for Santa Anna
                             to 1 Feb 1844; then interim)

 4 Jun 1844 - 21 May 1845  Antonio López de Santa y Pérez     (s.a.)               Lib
                             de Lebrón Anna (3rd time) 
                             (captured by a belligerent force 15 Jan 1845)
12 Sep 1844 - 21 Sep 1844  José Joaquín Antonio Florencio de  (b. 1792 - d. 1854)  Lib
                             Herrera y Ricardos
                             (acting for Santa Anna)
21 Sep 1844 -  7 Dec 1844  José Valentín Raimundo Canalizo    (s.a.)               Lib
                            
Bocadillo (acting for Santa Anna)  
15 Dec 1844 - 30 Dec 1845  José Joaquín Antonio Florencio de  (s.a.)               Lib

                             Herrera y Ricardos (1st time)
                             (interim to 16 Sep 1845)
30 Dec 1845 -  4 Jan 1846  Vacant
 
2 Jan 1846 -  4 Aug 1846  José Mariano Epifanio Paredes y    (b. 1797 - d. 1849)  Con
                             Arrillaga
                             (General-in-Chief to 4 Jan 1846, then interim)

 5 Aug 1846 - 24 Dec 1846  José Mariano de Salas Barbosa      (b. 1797 - d. 1867)  Con

                             (General-in-chef, exercising supreme executive power)
                             (1st time)
24 Dec 1846 - 16 Sep 1847  Antonio López de Santa Anna y      (s.a.)               Lib 
                             Pérez de Lebrón (4th time)(interim) 
24 Dec 1846 - 22 Mar 1847  José María Valentín Gómez de la    (s.a.)               Lib
                             Vara y Martínez Farías (2nd time)
                             (acting for Santa Anna)

 
1 Apr 1847 - 19 May 1847  Pedro María Anaya y de Álvarez     (b. 1794 - d. 1854)  Lib
                             (acting for Santa Anna)
16 Sep 1847 - 22 Sep 1847  
Vacant
22 Sep 1847 - 12 Nov 1847  Manuel José de la Peña y Peña      (b. 1789 - d. 1850)  Lib
                             (1st time) (acting) 
12 Nov 1847 -  8 Jan 1848  Pedro María Anaya y de Álvarez     (s.a.)               Lib
                             (interim) 
 8 Jan 1848 -  3 Jun 1848  Manuel José de la Peña y Peña      (s.a.)               Lib
                             (2nd time)(acting to 15 May 1848, then interim)
 3 Jun 1848 - 15 Jan 1851  José Joaquín Antonio Florencio de  (s.a.)               Lib
                             Herrera y Ricardos (2nd time) 
15 Jan 1851 -  6 Jan 1853  José Mariano García de Arista y    (b. 1802 - d. 1855)  Lib 
                            
Nuez
 6 Jan 1853 -  7 Feb 1853  Juan Bautista Ceballos Gómez       
(b. 1811 - d. 1859)  Lib
                             Sañudo (provisional to 6 Jan 1853, then interim) 
 
7 Feb 1853 - 20 Apr 1853  Manuel Apolinario José María       (b. 1802 - d. 1853)  Con
                             Ignacio Lombardini de la Torre
                             (acting)(repository of the Supreme Executive Power)
20 Apr 1853 - 12 Aug 1855  Antonio López de Santa Anna y      (s.a.)               Con
                             Pérez de Lebrón (5th time) 
12 Aug 1855 - 15 Aug 1855  Vacant
13 Aug 1855 - 15 Aug 1855  Rómulo Díaz de la Vega (1st time)  (b. 1804 - d. 1877)  Mil
/Con
                             (Division General-in-Chief of the Forces of District of Mexico)
15 Aug 1855 - 12 Sep 1855  Martín Carrera Sabat (interim)     (b. 1806 - d. 1871)  Con
12 Sep 1855 -  4 Oct 1855  Rómulo Díaz de la Vega (2nd time)  (s.a.)               Mil/Con
                             (governor of District of Mexico and Commander-in-Chief)
 4 Oct 1855 -  1 Dec 1857  Juan Álvarez Hurtado (interim)     (b. 1790 - d. 1867)  Mil/Lib
                             (in dissidence as general-in-chief of the  
                             Army Restorer of Liberty 14 Mar - 4 Oct 1855)
11 Dec 1855
- 21 Jan 1858  José Ignacio Gregorio Comonfort de (b. 1812 - d. 1863)  Lib
                             los Ríos (acting for Álvarez to 1 Dec
                             1857; provisional from 19 Dec 1857)
19 Jan 1858 - 15 May 1867  Benito Pablo Juárez García         (b. 1806 - d. 1872)  Lib
                             (in opposition [interim to 11 Jun 1861];
                             in Mexico City 11 Jan 1861 - 31 May 1863;
                             in dissidence from 31 May 1863)

21 Jan 1858 - 23 Dec 1858  Félix María Zuloaga Trillo         (b. 1813 - d. 1898)  Mil/Con
                             (= José Félix de la Santísima Trinidad Zuloaga Trillo)
                             (1st time)(General-in-chief to 24 Jan 1858; then interim)

23 Dec 1858 -  2 Jan 1859  Vacant
 
2 Jan 1859 - 22 Jan 1859  José Manuel Susano de la Luz       (b. 1817 - d. 1862)  Con
                            
Robles Pezuela (acting)
                            
(in charge of Public Power)
22 Jan 1859 - 23 Jan 1859  José Mariano de Salas Barbosa      (s.a.)               Con

                             (2nd time) (acting)
24 Jan 1859 -  2 Feb 1859  Félix María Zuloaga Trillo         (s.a.)               Con
                             (2nd time) (interim)
 2 Feb 1859 - 13 Aug 1860  Miguel Gregorio de la Luz          (b. 1831 - d. 1867)  Con

                             Atenógenes Miramón y Tarelo 
                             (1st time) (interim)
13 Aug 1860 - 15 Aug 1860  José Ignacio Pavón (acting)        (b. 1791 - d. 1866)  Con
                            
(= José Ignacio María del Corazón de Jesús de Santa Clara
                              Francisco Javier Juan Nepomuceno Antonio de Padua Pavón Jiménez
                             (depository of the Executive Power)
15 Aug 1860 - 24 Dec 1860  Miguel Gregorio de la Luz          (s.a.)               Con

                             Atenógenes Miramón y Tarelo 
                             (2nd time) (interim)
28 Dec 1860 - 23 Mar 1862  Félix María Zuloaga Trillo         (s.a.)               Con
                             (3rd time) (interim)
21 Apr 1862 - 12 Jan 1863  Juan Nepomuceno Almonte            (b. 1803 - d. 1869)  Con
                             (interim Supreme Chief of the Mexican Nation)
                            
(not recognized by the French "intervention" forces)
22 Jun 1863 - 24 Jun 1863  Teodosio Lares                     (b. 1806 - d. 1870)  Con

                             (President of the Superior Governing Junta)
24 Jun 1863 - 20 May 1864  Supreme Provisional Executive Power 
                           (from 11 Jul 1863, Imperial Regency)
                           - Juan Nepomuceno Almonte          (s.a.)               Con
                           - Juan Bautista Pascual José de    (b. 1812 - d. 1884)  Con
                               Ormaechea y Ernaiz, obispo de 
                               Tulancingo (to 18 Oct 1863)
                           - José Mariano de Salas Barbosa    (s.a.)               Con                            - José Antonio Pelagio de la       (b. 1816 - d. 1891)  Con
                               Santísima Trinidad de Labastida
                               y Dávalos, arzobispo de México

                               (18 Oct - 17 Nov 1863)
Emperor¹
10 Apr 1864 - 15 May 1867  Maximiliano I                      (b. 1832 - d. 1867)
                            (= Fernando Maximiliano José de Austria y Baviera)
                            (lands at Veracuz on 29 May 1864) 
Lieutenants of the Emperor
20 Apr 1864 - 12 Jun 1864  Juan Nepomuceno Almonte            (s.a.)               Con
19 Mar 1867 - 15 May 1867  Leonardo Teófilo Guadalupe Ignacio (b. 1820 - d. 1913)  Con
                             Márquez Araujo
Presidents 
15 May 1867 - 18 Jul 1872  Benito Pablo Juárez García         (s.a.)               Lib
                            (in opposition from 19 Jan 1858)
19 Jul 1872 - 28 Nov 1876  Sebastián Marcos Francisco de      (b. 1825 - d. 1889)  Lib

                             Paula Lerdo de Tejada y Corral
                            (interim to 30 Nov 1872; continues in dissidence to 25 Jan 1877)

28 Oct 1876 - 17 Jan 1877  José María Iglesias Inzáurraga     (b. 1823 - d. 1891)  Lib
                            (= José Antonio de Jesús Telésforo Iglesias Inzáurraga)
                            (interim, in dissidence
)
28 Nov 1876 - 30 Nov 1880  José de la Cruz Porfirio Díaz      (b. 1830 - d. 1915) Mil;1877 Lib
                             Mori (1st time)(general-in-chief of
                             Constitutionalist Army in charge of
                             the executive power to 5 May 1877,

                             then interim president)
                             (de facto ruler to 1 Dec 1884)
 6 Dec 1876 - 15 Feb 1877  Juan Nepomuceno Méndez             (b. 1820 - d. 1894)  Lib
                             (acting for Díaz)  

 1 Dec 1880 - 30 Nov 1884  Manuel del Refugio González Flores (b. 1833 - d. 1893)  Lib

 1 Dec 1884 - 25 May 1911  José de la Cruz Porfirio Díaz      (s.a.)               PNP
                             Mori (2nd time) 
 5 Oct 1910 - 21 May 1911  Francisco Ignacio Madero González  (b. 1873 - d. 1913)  PCP
                             (provisional, in dissidence)
25 May 1911 -  6 Nov 1911  Francisco León de la Barra y       (b. 1863 - d. 1939)  Non-party
                             Quijano (interim)
 6 Nov 1911 - 19 Feb 1913  Francisco Ignacio Madero González  (s.a.)               PCP
 6 Nov 1911 - 19 Feb 1913  Pascual Orozco Vázquez             (b. 1882 - d. 1915)  PNA
                             (pretender in opposition; in Chihuahua) 
15 Feb 1913 (hours)        Emilio Vázquez Gómez               (b. 1858 - d. 1926)  PNA
                             (pretender, in opposition)
18 Feb 1913 - 19 Feb 1913  José Victoriano Huerta Márquez     (b. 1850 - d. 1916)  Mil
                             (in charge of the executive power, in dissidence)
19 Feb 1913 (minutes)      Pedro José Domingo de la Calzada   (b. 1858 - d. 1952)  Non-party

                             Manuel María Lascuráin Paredes
                             (interim)

19 Feb 1913 - 15 Jul 1914  José Victoriano Huerta Márquez     (s.a.)               Mil
                             (interim)
19 Feb 1913 - 15 Jul 1914  José Venustiano Carranza Garza     (b. 1859 - d. 1920)  PNA
                             (pretender, in opposition; in Coahuila and Sonora)
19 Jun 1914 - 10 Apr 1919  Emiliano Zapata Salazar            (b. 1879 - d. 1919)  Conv
                             (commander of Liberation Army of
                             the South; in rebellion, in Morelos)
15 Jul 1914 - 13 Aug 1914  Francisco Sebastián Carvajal y     (b. 1870 - d. 1932)  Non-party
                             Gual (interim)
20 Aug 1914 - 31 Oct 1914  José Venustiano Carranza Garza     (s.a.)               PNA
                            (1st time)(first chief of Constitutionalist
                             Army in charge of the executive power;
                             continues in dissidence to 1 May 1917)
30 Sep 1914 - 29 Jul 1920  Francisco "Pancho" Villa           (b. 1878 - d. 1923)  Conv
                             (commander of Division of the North;
                             in rebellion, in Chihuahua)
31 Oct 1914 -  6 Nov 1914  Antonio Irineo Villarreal González (b. 1879 - d. 1944)  PL
                             (president of Sovereign Revolutionary Convention)
 6 Nov 1914 - 16 Jan 1915  Eulalio Martín Gutiérrez Ortiz     (b. 1881 - d. 1939)  Conv
                             (provisional; continues in dissidence to 2 Jun 1915)
16 Jan 1915 - 10 Jun 1915  Roque Victoriano González de la    (b. 1885 - d. 1962)  Conv
                             Garza (acting) (loyal to Zapata)
10 Jun 1915 - 10 Oct 1915  Francisco Jerónimo de Jesús Lagos  (b. 1878 - d. 1932)  Conv
                             Cházaro Mortero (acting)
                            
(in charge of the Executive Power of the Nation)
10 Oct 1915
 - 21 May 1920  José Venustiano Carranza de la     (s.a.)             Conv;1917 PLC
                             Garza (2nd time)(first chief of Constitutionalist
                             Army in charge of the executive power;
                             in dissidence until 1 May 1917)
23 Apr 1920 - 30 Nov 1920  Felipe Adolfo de la Huerta Marcor  (b. 1881 - d. 1955)  PLC 
                             (interim supreme chief of Constitutionalist Liberal
                             Army to 1 Jun 1920, then substitute president)
 1 Dec 1920 - 30 Nov 1924  Álvaro Obregón Salido              (b. 1880 - d. 1928)  PLM
 1 Dec 1924 - 30 Nov 1928  Plutarco Elías Calles              (b. 1877 - d. 1945)  PLM
                            
(from 1928, self-styled Jefe Máximo de la Revolución
                            
[Maximum Chief of the Revolution])
 1 Dec 1928 -  5 Feb 1930  Emilio Cándido Portes Gil          (b. 1890 - d. 1978)  PNR

                             (provisional)
 5 Feb 1930 -  4 Sep 1932  Pascual Ortiz Rubio                (b. 1877 - d. 1963)  PNR
 4 Sep 1932 - 30 Nov 1934  Abelardo Luján Rodríguez           (b. 1889 - d. 1967)  PNR 
                             (substitute)
 1 Dec 1934 - 30 Nov 1940  Lázaro Cárdenas del Río            (b. 1895 - d. 1970) PNR;1938 PRM
 1 Dec 1940 - 30 Nov 1946  Manuel Ávila Camacho               (b. 1897 - d. 1955) PRM;1946 PRI
 1 Dec 1946 - 30 Nov 1952  Miguel Alemán Váldes               (b. 1900 - d. 1983)  PRI
 1 Dec 1952 - 30 Nov 1958  Adolfo Tomás Ruiz Cortines         (b. 1889 - d. 1973)  PRI
 1 Dec 1958 - 30 Nov 1964  Adolfo López Mateos                (b. 1910 - d. 1969)  PRI
 1 Dec 1964 - 30 Nov 1970  Gustavo Díaz Ordaz Bolaños Cacho   (b. 1911 - d. 1979)  PRI
 1 Dec 1970 - 30 Nov 1976  Luis Echeverría Álvarez            (b. 1922 - d. 2022)  PRI
 1 Dec 1976 - 30 Nov 1982  José Guillermo Abel López Portillo (b. 1920 - d. 2004)  PRI
                             y Pacheco 
 1 Dec 1982 - 30 Nov 1988  Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado        (b. 1934 - d. 2012)  PRI

 1 Dec 1988 - 30 Nov 1994  Carlos Salinas de Gortari          (b. 1948)            PRI
 1 Dec 1994 - 30 Nov 2000  Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de León      (b. 1951)            PRI
 1 Dec 2000 - 30 Nov 2006  Vicente Fox Quesada                (b. 1942)            PAN 
 1 Dec 2006 - 30 Nov 2012  Felipe de Jesús Calderón Hinojosa  (b. 1962)            PAN
 1 Dec 2012 - 30 Nov 2018  Enrique Peña Nieto                 (b. 1966)            PRI
 1 Dec 2018 -              Andrés Manuel López Obrador        (b. 1953)            MORENA

Chairmen of the Council of Ministers
13 Jun 1864 -  6 Oct 1866  José María de la Asunción Juan     (b. 1809 - d. 1869)  Con
                             Nepomuceno de Lacunza y Blengua
 6 Oct 1866 - 19 Mar 1867  Teodosio Lares                     (s.a.)               Con
19 Mar 1867 - 15 May 1867  José Santiago Vidaurri Valdéz      (b. 1808 - d. 1867)  Con
15 May 1867                Post abolished

Commanding generals of the French Expeditionary Corps
 5 Mar 1862 - 24 Sep 1862  Charles Ferdinand Latrille,        (b. 1814 - d. 1892)
                             comte de Lorencez 
24 Sep 1862 -  5 Sep 1863  Elié Frédéric Forey                (b. 1804 - d. 1872) 
 5 Sep 1863 - 12 Mar 1867  François Achille Bazaine           (b. 1811 - d. 1888)

U.S. Commanding generals in Mexico City
14 Sep 184718 Feb 1848  Winfield Scott                     (b. 1786 - d. 1866)
18 Feb 1848 - 16 Mar 1848  William Orlando Butler             (b. 1791 - d. 1880)
16 Mar 1848 - 12 Jun 1848  Stephen Watts Kearny               (b. 1794 - d. 1848)

 ¹Full style of the ruler was:
(a) 19 May 1822 - 29 Mar 1823: por la Divina Providencia y por el Congreso de la Nación, primer Emperador constitucional de México ("by the Divine Providence and by the Congress of the Nation, first constitutional Emperor of Mexico");
(b) 10 Apr 1864 - 15 May 1867: Emperador de México ("Emperor of Mexico"), long form: por la gracia del Dios y la Voluntad de la Gente, Emperador de México ("by the grace of God and the Will of the People, Emperor of Mexico").

Territorial Disputes: Aabundant rainfall in recent years along much of the Mexico-U.S. border region has ameliorated periodically strained water-sharing arrangements; the U.S. has intensified security measures to monitor and control legal and illegal personnel, transport, and commodities across its border with Mexico; Mexico must deal with thousands of impoverished Guatemalans and other Central Americans who cross the porous border looking for work in Mexico and the U.S.; Belize and Mexico are working to solve minor border demarcation discrepancies arising from inaccuracies in the 1898 border treaty.

Party abbreviations: MORENA = Movimiento Regeneración Nacional (National Regeneration Movement, center-left, reformist, populist, social democratic, Cardenism, est.10 Jul 2014); PAN = Partido Acción Nacional (National Action Party, conservative, christian democratic, est.16 Sep 1939); PRI = Partido Revolucionario Institucional (Institutional Revolutionary Party, centerist, socialist, constitutionalist, 1929-1989 state party, 4 Mar 1929-30 Mar 1938 Partido Nacional Revolucionario [National Revolutionary Party][PNR]; 30 Mar 1938-18 Jan 1946 Partido de la Revolución Mexicana [Party of the Mexican Revolution][PRM], est.4 Mar 1929); Mil = Military;
- Former parties: Con = Partido Conservador (Conservative Party, conservative, Catholic, Criollism and monarchist 1849-67, Lib opposition, 1822-1867); Conv = Convencionistas (Conventionists, Villistas and Zapatistas supporters of Convention of Aguascalientes, incl. Carranza, 1914-1915); Lib = Partido Liberal (Liberal Party or Progressive Party [Partido del Progreso], liberal, republican, secular, 1822-1884, succeeded by PNP); PCP = Partido Constitucionalista Progresista (Progressive Constitutionalist Party, liberal, Maderismo, pro-Madero, then Carranza, 1910-1929, merged into PNR); PL = Partido Liberal Mexicano (Mexican Liberal Party, liberal, agrarian, Magonism, anti-Porfiriato, 1905-1918); PLC = Partido Liberal Constitucionalista (Constitutionalist Liberal Party, social democatic, 1916-1924); PLM = Partido Laborista Mexicano (Mexican Labour Party, social democratic, 1919-1940); PNA = Partido Nacional Antirreeleccionista (National Anti-Reelection Party, democratic, constitutionalist, anti-Porfirio Díaz, 22 May 1909-1929); PNP = Partido Nacional Porfirista (Porfirist National Party, authoritarian, Porfiriato, pro-Porfirio Diaz, 1884-1 Jan 1935)



Chiapas
[Chiapas Flag
                          1823-1824 (Mexico)]31 Jul 1823 - 14 Sep 1824

Map of Chiapas
Capital: San Cristóbal de
Las Casas (1786-1892)
Population: 144,100 (1850)
 
1529 - 1821                Part of the colonial Kingdom of Guatemala (see provinces 
                             of New Spain).
20 Sep 1786                Intendencia de Ciudad Real de Chiapas.
 1 Sep 1821                Chiapas declares its acceptance of Mexico's Plan de Iguala,
                             expecting Guatemala to follow.
 3 Sep 1821                Chiapas declares its independence from Spain (Provincia de
                             Ciudad Real de Chiapas).
26 Sep 1821                Chiapas, confronted with the declaration of independence of
                             the Kingdom of Guatemala on 15 Sep 1821, protests its inclusion
                             in the text of that declaration and the fact that it does not 
                             adhere to Mexico.
16 Jan 1822                The Regency of the Mexican Empire decrees the incorporation of
                             Chiapas.
 8 Jun 1823                Chiapas establishes a Provisional Supreme Government Junta.
 1 Jul 1823                The declaration of independence of the United Provinces of Central
                             America omits Chiapas and does not include it in the list of
                             Provinces invited to re-join.
30 Jul 1823                The United Provinces of Central America recognize the Chiapas
                             Provisional Supreme Government Junta and declare the right of 
                             Chiapas to decide its future freely.
31 Jul 1823                The "absolute" independence of Chiapas declared.
 5 Sep 1823                General Filísola (who governed Central America originally on
                             behalf of Mexico, but later served to facilitate the transition 
                             to independence) dissolves the Junta and re-installs the Imperial
                             Diputación Provincial.
24 Oct 1823                Leaders of the Plan de Chiapas Libre proclaim the right of Chiapas
                             Province to chose between Mexico or Central America.
26 Oct 1823                Revolts in various parts of the Province demand independence by
                             the Plan de Chiapa Libre.
31 Oct 1823                The Junta is re-installed.
26 May 1824                Mexico's Constituent Congress declares that Chiapas is free to
                             choose its future.
24 Jul 1824                The district of Soconusco declares its will to be incorporated
                             into Guatemala. It is eventually successful, but remains a source
                             of discord between Guatemala and Mexico throughout the 19th 
                             century.
14 Sep 1824                Following a referendum on either joining Federal Republic of 
                             Central America or Mexico, the government junta proclaims the 
                             definitive incorporation of Chiapas into Mexico.
Intendant and Political Chief
Sep 1821 - 31 Jan 1822     Juan Nepomuceno Batres Nájera
Political Chiefs
31 Jan 1822 - 1822         Manuel José de Rojas (1st time)
22 Aug 1822 - 1822         Tiburcio Farrera Farrera
1822 - 27 Sep 1823         Luis Antonio García (1st time)
27 Sep 1823 - 29 Oct 1823  Manuel José de Rojas (2nd time)
30 Oct 1823 -  2 Dec 1823  Luis Antonio García (2nd time)
 2 Dec 1823 - 16 Feb 1824  Manuel Zebadúa
                             (de facto from Jan 1824)
16 Feb 1824 -  5 Dec 1824  Gregorio Suasnávar
Presidents of the Provisional Government Junta (in opposition)

31 May 1823 – 20 Jun 1823
  Fernando Luis Corona
20 Jun 1823 - 1823         Francisco Guillén
President of the Provincial Junta

1823 -  5 Sep 1823         José Diego Lara  

Mexican Army Commanders

31 Aug 1823 –  5 Sep 1823  Vicente Filísola                      (b. 1789 - d. 1850)
 6 Sep 1823 -  4 Nov 1823  Felipe Codallos
Núñez                 (b. 1790 - d. 18..)
Presidents of the Provisional Supreme Junta
17 Aug 1823 -  2 Dec 1823  Matías Ruiz (in opposition)
                             (head of ayuntamiento in Comitán)

 
5 Sep 1823 - 29 Oct 1823  Junta abolished
29 Oct 1823 - 1823         Luis Antonio Gar
cía
c.9 Dec 1823-c.9 Jan 1824  Carlos Castañón
16 Feb 1824 - 1824         Manuel Ignacio Escarra (1st time)
c.24 Mar1824-c.24 Apr1824  José Siméón Moguel
c.24 Apr1824-c.25 Aug1824  Manuel Ignacio Escarra (2nd time)
c.12 Sep 1824-c.14 Sep1824 Manuel de Jesús Robles



Republic of the Rio Grande


[Flag of the Republic of the Rio Grande
                        1840 (Mexico)]
17 Jan 1840 - 6 Nov 1840

[Alternate Flag of the Republic of the
                        Rio Grande 1840 (Mexico)]
Alternate Version

Map of Rio Grande
Republic
Capital: Laredo
(Guerrero
1840-Mar 1840;

Victoria, Texas
 Mar-Nov 1840)

Currency: Mexican
Peso
(MXN)
Population: N/A

17 Jan 1840                Federalist leaders in states of Coahuila, Nuevo León, and
                             Tamaulipas declare independence from the centralist
                             government of Mexico as the Republic of the Rio Grande
                             (República del Río Grande).
 6 Nov 1840                Leaders surrender to the Mexican army. 

President
17 Jan 1840 -  6 Nov 1840  Jesús de Cárdenas



Yucatán

[Yucatan Republic
                          flag 1841-1843, 1846-1848 (Mexico)]20 Oct 1841 - 15 Dec 1843,
1 Jan 1846 - 17 Aug 1848

Map of the Yucatán Capital: Mérida Currency: Mexican
 Peso
(MXN)
Constitution
(20 Oct 1841;
in Spanish)
Population: 504,600
 (1850 est.)

15 Sep 1821                Captaincy-general of Yucatán declares independence from Spain.
 2 Nov 1821                Incorporation into Mexican Empire (see Mexican states).
16 Mar 1841                Independence rebellion begins.
 1 Oct 1841                Republic of Yucatán (República de Yucatán).
20 Oct 1841                Yucatán declares independence from Mexico.
15 Dec 1843                Re-incorporated into Mexico.
 1 Jan 1846                Independence declared.
23 Feb 1847                Re-incorporation into Mexico declared at Mérida; Campeche proclaims
                             itself the "State of Yucatán" and subsequently occupies entire 
                             peninsula.
17 Aug 1848                Re-incorporated into Mexico.

Superior Political Chief
 1 Jan 1821 - 12 Nov 1821  Juan María de Echéverri y Chacón   (b. 1764 - d. 1823)
Governors
22 Aug 1840 - 11 Jun 1841  Santigao Méndez Ibarra (1st time)  (b. 1789 - d. 1872)
11 Jun 1841 - 13 Oct 1841  Miguel Barbachano Terrazo          (b. 1806 - d. 1859)
                             (1st time)
13 Oct 1841 - 18 Aug 1842  Santigao Méndez Ibarra (2nd time)  (s.a.)
18 Aug 1842 - 14 Nov 1843  Miguel Barbachano Terrazo          (b. 1806 - d. 1859)
                             (2nd time)
14 Nov 1843 - 15 May 1844  Santiago Méndez Ibarra (3rd time)  (s.a.)
15 May 1844 -  2 Jun 1844  Miguel Barbachano Terrazo          (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)
 2 Jun 1844 -  1 Jan 1846  José Tiburcio López Constante      (b. c.1790 - d. 1858)
                             (4th time)
 1 Jan 1846 - 23 Jan 1847  Miguel Barbachano Terrazo          (s.a.)
                             (4th time)
23 Jan 1847 -  3 Oct 1847  Domingo Barret (provisional)
 3 Oct 1847 - 26 Mar 1848  Santiago Méndez Ibarra (4th time)  (s.a.)
26 Mar 1848 - 13 Feb 1853  Miguel Barbachano Terrazo          (s.a.)
                             (5th time)







© Ben Cahoon