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Guatemala
 
[Spanish War Ensign (1785-1931)]
to 15 Sep 1821
 
[Kingdom of Guatemala flag 1821-1822]
15 Sep 1821 - 5 Jan 1822
 
[Central American Federation 1823-1824]
21 Aug 1823 - 22 Nov 1824
 
[Central American Federation 1824-1839]
22 Nov 1824 - 1839
 
[Guatemala Civil Flag 1825-1851]
1 Jan 1825 - 14 Mar 1851 Civil Flag
 
[Guatemala State Flag 1839-1843]
1839 - 26 Oct 1843 State Flag
 
[Guatemala State Flag 1843-1851]
26 Oct 1843 - 14 Mar 1851 State Flag
 
[Guatemala state flag, 1851-1858]
14 Mar 1851 - 31 May 1858 State Flag
 
[Guatemala Civil Flag 1851-1858]
14 Mar 1851 - 31 May 1858 Civil Flag
 
[Guatemala State Flag 1858-1871]
31 May 1858 - 17 Aug 1871 State Flag
 
[Guatemala Civil Flag 1858-1871]
31 May 1858 - 17 Aug 1871 Civil Flag
[Guatemala civil flag, 1871]
17 Aug 1871 - 18 Nov 1871
 
[Guatemala state flag 1871-c.1900]  
18 Nov 1871 - c.1900 State Flag
 
[Guatemala state flag c.1900-1968]  
c.1900 - 15 Sep 1968 State Flag
[Guatemala state flag]  
Adopted 15 Sep 1968 State Flag
 Map of Guatemala  Hear National Anthem
  "Himno Nacional de Guatemala"
 (National Anthem of Guatemala)
 		 Text of National Anthem
Adopted 28 Oct 1896
(lyrics 26 Jul 1934)
 		 Constitution
 (14 Jan 1986, suspended
25 May-2 Jun 1993; in Spanish) 
Capital: Guatemala City
(Ciudad de Guatemala)
(Nueva Guatemala de
la Asunción 1776-1821;
Santiago de los Caballeros
 de Guatemala 1527-1776;
Tecpan Guatemala 1524-27)
Currency: Quetzal (GTQ);
and from 2001 US Dollar (USD); 1847-1925 Guatemala Peso (GTP); 1839-1847 Central American Escudo (XCAE)
National Holiday: 15 Sep (1821)
Día de la Independencia de Guatemala
(Independence Day of Guatemala)
 Population: 17,980,803 (2023)
GDP: $152.7 billion (2021)
Exports: $15.3 billion (2021) 
Imports: $27.4 billion (2021) 
Ethnic groups: Mestizo (mixed Amerindian-Spanish - in local Spanish called Ladino) 56%, Maya 41.7%, Xinca (Indigenous, non-Maya) 1.8%, African descent 0.2%, Garifuna (mixed West and Central African, Island Carib, and Arawak) 0.1%, foreign 0.2% (2018)
Total Active Armed Forces: 18,050 (2019)
Merchant marine: 9 ships (2022)
Religions: Roman 41.7%, Evangelical 38.8%, other 2.7%, atheist 0.1%, none 13.8%, unspecified 2.9% (2018)
International Organizations/Treaties: ACS, ANT, APM, BCIE, BTWC, CACM, CAFTA, CAP, CCM, CD, CELAC, CTBT, CWC, EITI, ENMOD, ESCR, FAO, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, IRENA, ISA, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, LAES, LAIA (observer), LAP, LU, MIGA, Moon (signatory), NAM, NPT, NTBT, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PA (observer), PCA, SEGIB, SICA, UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-KP, UNFCC-PA, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Guatemala
Index
Chronology
 
25 Jul 1524                Spanish possession, Santiago de los Caballeros de
                             Guatemala founded (Province of Guatemala).
1527 - 1544                Subordinated to New Spain (see Mexico).
20 Nov 1542                Real Audiencia de los Confines de Guatemala y
                             Nicaragua established.
16 May 1544 - 1560         Part of Captaincy of Gracias (Yucatan,
                             Chiapas, Tabasco, Panama, and Central America).
1564                       Subordinated to New Spain (see Mexico).
1560                       Kingdom of Guatemala (Reino de Guatemala),
                             subordinated to New Spain (Chiapas, Costa Rica,
                             Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Yucatan, and
                             from 1786 El Salvador).
1565                       Audiencia de Guatemala 
 1 May 1570                Kingdom of Guatemala also a Captaincy-general.  
13 Mar 1697                Final independent Maya kingdom, Nojpetén, falls to
                             the Spanish, marking the last step in the Spanish
                             conquest of Guatemala.
15 Sep 1821                Independence of the colonial "Kingdom of Guatemala"
                            (now Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras,
                             Nicaragua, and Chaipas).
 5 Jan 1822                Incorporation into Mexico.
 1 Jul 1823                Independence restored.
10 Jul 1823 - 17 Apr 1839  State of Guatemala, part of United Provinces of 
                             the Center of America (also styled Republic of
                             the Center of America), from 1825 Federal Republic
                             of Central America)(see Central America).
15 Sep 1824                State of Guatemala     
21 Mar 1847                Republic of Guatemala
20 Jun 1864                Spain recognizes the independence of Guatemala.
 1 Oct 1921 - 14 Jan 1922  State of Guatemala, during a later aborted attempt
                             at recreating a Central American Federation
                             (see Central America).
14 Jan 1922                Republic of Guatemala
Guatemala
(since 1824)
Kingdom of
Guatemala
(1524-1821)
 Central America
(1821-1840,
1844,1852,1898,
1921-1922)
Los Altos
(1838-1840,
1848-1849)
 Santo Tomas
(1843-1854)
 
 
 
 
 

Kingdom of Guatemala

25 Jul 1524                Province of Guatemala
20 Nov 1542                Real Audiencia de los Confines de Guatemala y Nicaragua
                             established.
1560                       Kingdom of Guatemala (Reino de Guatemala) a Captaincy-general,
                              subordinated to New Spain (Chiapas, Costa Rica, and El Salvador,
                              Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua).
 15 Sep 1821                Independence of the colonial "Kingdom of Guatemala" (modern
                             Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua
                              and Chaipas)(see Central America).
Lieutenant governor
 6 Dec 1523 - 18 Dec 1527  Pedro de Alvarado y Contreras         (b. 1485 - d. 1541)
1526                       Gonzalo de Alvarado y Contreras       (b. 1482 - d. 1541)
                             (acting)
Aug 1526 - 1527            Pedro de Portocarrero (acting)        (b. c.1504 - d. c.1539)
Governors
18 Dec 1527 - 14 Aug 1529  Pedro de Alvarado y Contreras         (s.a.)
                             (1st time)
1527 - 14 Aug 1529         Jorge de Alvarado (1st time)(acting)  (b. c.1480 - d. c.1553)
14 Aug 1529 - 1530         Francisco de Orduña (acting)          (b. c.1486 - d. 1550)
1530 - 1533                Pedro de Alvarado y Contreras         (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
1533 - Apr 1535            Jorge de Alvarado (2nd time)(acting)  (s.a.)
Apr 1535 - Feb 1536        Pedro de Alvarado y Contreras         (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)  
Feb 1536 - 1539            Alonso de Maldonado (acting)          (b. 1480 - d. 1564)
1539 -  4 Jul 1541         Pedro de Alvarado y Contreras         (s.a.)
                             (4th time)
 4 Jul 1541 -  9 Sep 1541  Francisco de la Cueva y Villacreces   (b. 1510 - d. 1576)
                             (1st time)(acting)
 9 Sep 1541 - 11 Sep 1541  Beatríz de Alva de la Cueva (f)       (b. 1490 - d. 1541)
11 Sep 1541 - 17 Sep 1541  Francisco de la Cueva y Villacreces   (s.a.)
                              (2nd time)(acting)
 17 Sep 1541 - 17 May 1542  Francisco de Marroquín Hurtado,       (b. 1499 - d. 1563)
                              obispo de Santiago de Guatemala
17 May 1542 - 16 Sep 1543  Alonso de Maldonado (2nd time)        (s.a.)
                             (interim)
Presidents of the Real Audiencia de los Confines de Guatemala
16 Sep 1543 - 26 May 1548  Alonso de Maldonado                   (s.a.)
 26 May 1548 - 14 Jan 1555  Alonso López de Cerrato               (b. c.1489 - d. 1555)
 Governors and Presidents of the Audiencia
14 Jan 1555 - 20 Oct 1555  Antonio Rodríguez de Quesada          (d. 1557)
1555 - 1556                Alonso de Zorita (acting)             (b. 1512 - d. 1586)
1556 -  2 Sep 1559         Pedro Ramírez de Quiñónes (regent)    (d. 1582)
  2 Sep 1559 -  2 Aug 1564  Juan Martínez de Landecho             (b. c.1510 - d. c.1570)      
 2 Aug 1564 -  5 Jan 1570  Francisco Briceño (interim)           (b. 1500 - d. 1575)
 Governors, Captains-general, and Presidents  
 5 Jan 1570 - 26 Jan 1573  Antonio González                      (b. c.1535 - d. 1601)
26 Jan 1573 -  4 Feb 1578  Pedro de Villalobos                   (b. c.1520 - d. 1579)
 4 Feb 1578 - 21 Jul 1589  Diego García de Valverde              (b. c.1515 - d. 1589)
21 Jul 1589 -  3 Aug 1594  Pedro Mallén de Rueda                 (d. af.1595)
 3 Aug 1594 - 20 Jun 1596  Francisco de Sande Picón (interim)    (b. c.1540 - d. 1602)
20 Jun 1596 - 19 Sep 1598  Álvaro Gómez de Abáunza y Castro      (d. af.1609)
                             (regent)
19 Sep 1598 - 19 Sep 1611  Alonso Criado de Castilla             (b. 1540 - d. 1611)
19 Sep 1611 - 21 Apr 1627  Antonio Peraza de Ayala Castilla      (b. 1549 - d. 1629)
                             y Rojas, conde de la Gomera
21 Apr 1627 - 16 Mar 1634  Diego de Acuña
16 Mar 1634 - 16 Mar 1642  Álvaro de Quiñónes y Osorio,          (b. c.1575 - d. 1642)
                             marqués de Lorenzana
16 Mar 1642 -  2 Aug 1649  Diégo de Avendaño                     (d. 1649)
 2 Aug 1649 - 1654?        Antonio de Lara y Mogrovejo (interim) (d. 1668)
14 May 1654 - 28 Mar 1657  Fernando de Altamirano y Velasco,     (b. c.1589 - d. 1657)
                             conde de Santiago de Calimaya
28 Mar 1657 -  6 Jan 1659  Pedro de Melián (interim)             (d. 1659)
 6 Jan 1659 -  8 Jan 1667  Martín Carlos de Mencos y Arbizú      (b. 1597 - d. 1667)
18 Jan 1667 - 29 Oct 1670  Sebastián Álvarez Alfonso Rosica      (b. 1609 - d. 1672)
                             de Caldas
29 Oct 1670 -  9 Jun 1672  Juan de Sancto Mathía Sáenz de        (b. 1611 - d. 1675)
                             Mañozca y Murillo, obispo de Guatemala
 9 Jun 1672 - 22 Dec 1678  Fernando Francisco de Escobedo        (b. 1625 - d. 1688)
22 Dec 1678 - 23 Dec 1681  Lope de Sierra Osorio y Valdés        (b. 1643 - d. 1702)
                             (interim)
23 Dec 1681 - 14 Dec 1683  Juan Miguel de Agurto y Salcedo       (b. 1630 - d. 1686)
                             (interim)
14 Dec 1683 - 26 Jan 1688  Enrique Enríquez de Guzmán
26 Jan 1688 -  1 Feb 1691  Jacinto de Barrios y Leal (1st time)  (b. 1656 - d. 1695)
 1 Feb 1691 - 23 Nov 1693  Fernando López de Ursino y Orbaneja   (b. 1600 - d. 1699)
                             (interim)
23 Nov 1693 - 12 Nov 1695  Jacinto de Barrios y Leal (2nd time)  (s.a.)
14 Nov 1695 - 26 Mar 1696  José de Scals de la Scala y Jover     (b. 1658 - d. af.1701)
                             (interim)
27 Mar 1696 - 19 Feb 1700  Gabriel Sánchez de Berrospe (1st time)(b. 16.. - d. 1702)
20 Feb 1700 - 12 Mar 1700  Gregorio Carrillo y Escudero          (b. 1663 - d. 1723)
                             (1st time)(interim)
12 Mar 1700 - 22 Mar 1700  Juan Jerónimo Duardo (Heduardo)       (b. 16.. - d. 1717)
                             (1st time)(interim)
22 Mar 1700 -  5 Apr 1700  Bartolomé de Amésquita (acting)
 5 Apr 1700 -  6 Apr 1700  Gregorio Carrillo y Escudero          (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)(interim)
 6 Apr 1700 - Feb 1702     Gabriel Sánchez de Berrospe (2nd time)(s.a.)
 Feb 1702 - 20 May 1702     Juan Jerónimo Duardo (Heduardo)       (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)(interim)
14 May 1702 - 27 Oct 1703  Alonso de Ceballos y Villagutierra    (b. 1633 - d. 1703)
 27 Oct 1703 - 30 Aug 1706  José Osorio Espinosa de Los Monteros  (b. 16.. - d. af.1715)
                             (acting to 1704)
 30 Aug 1706 -  8 Oct 1716  Toribio José Miguel de Cosío y        (b. 1665 - d. 1743)
                              Campa, marqués de Torre Campo
 8 Oct 1716 -  1 Dec 1724  Francisco Rodríguez de Rivas          (b. 1662 - d. c.1731)
 2 Dec 1724 - 11 Jul 1733  Antonio Pedro de Echevers y           (b. 1652 - d. 1733)
                             Suviza
11 Jul 1733 - 16 Oct 1742  Pedro de Rivera y Villalón            (b. c.1664 - d. 1745)
16 Oct 1742 - 26 Sep 1748  Tomás de Rivera y Santa Cruz          (b. 1710 - d. 1765)
26 Sep 1748 - 17 Jan 1752  José de Araujo y Río                  (d. 1754)
17 Jan 1752 - 24 Jun 1753  José Vásquez Prego Montaos y          (d. 1753)
                             Sotomayor
24 Jun 1753 - 17 Oct 1754  Juan de Velarde y Cienfuegos          (b. c.1709 - d. 1793)
                             (1st time) (interim)
17 Oct 1754 - 27 Oct 1760  Alonso de Arcos y Moreno              (b. 1700 - d. 1760)
27 Oct 1760 - 14 Jun 1761  Juan de Velarde y Cienfuegos          (s.a.)
                             (2nd time) (interim)
14 Jun 1761 -  3 Dec 1765  Alonso Fernández de Heredia           (b. 17.. - d. 1772)
 3 Dec 1765 - 20 May 1771  Pedro de Salazar y Herrera Nájera y   (b. 1704 - d. 1771)
                             Mendoza
20 May 1771 - 12 Jun 1773  Juan Manuel González Bustillo y       (b. 1725 - d. 1797)
                             Villaseñor (interim)
12 Jun 1773 -  4 Apr 1779  Martín de Mayorga y Ferrer            (b. 1721 - d. 1783)
 4 Apr 1779 -  3 Apr 1783  Matías de Gálvez y Gallardo Madrid    (b. 1717 - d. 1784)
                             y Cabrera (acting to 14 May 1779)
 3 Apr 1783 - 29 Dec 1789  José de Estachería y Hernández        (b. 1727 - d. 1802)
31 Dec 1789 - 25 May 1794  Bernardo Troncoso Martínez del Rincón (b. 1730 - d. 1804)
25 May 1794 - 28 Jul 1801  José Domás y Valle                    (b. 1723 - d. 1803)
28 Jul 1801 - 14 Mar 1811  Antonio González Mollinedo y Saravia  (b. 1743 - d. 1812)
14 Mar 1811 - 28 Mar 1818  José de Bustamante y Guerra           (b. 1759 - d. 1825)
28 Mar 1818 -  9 Sep 1821  Carlos de Urrutia y Montoya           (b. 1750 - d. 1825)
 9 Sep 1821 - 15 Sep 1821  Gabino de Gaínza y Fernández de       (b. 1753 - d. 1829)
                              Medrano (interim)

Central America
 
[United States (Provinces) of Central America (1823-1824)]
21 Aug 1823 - 22 Nov 1824 State Flag
 
[state flag Federal Republic of Central America (1824-1840)]
22 Nov 1824 - Mar 1840 State Flag
 
[Merchant flag Federal Republic of Central America (1823-1840)]
21 Aug 1823 - Mar 1840 Merchant Flag
 
[Greater Republic of Central America flag 1896-1898]
15 Sep 1896 - 30 Nov 1898


Map of Central America Hear National Anthem
"Himno Nacional de las
 Provincias Unidas del
Centro de América"
(a.k.a. La Granadera)
(National Anthem of the
 United Provinces of
Central America) 		Text National Anthem
(1823-1839)
 Constitution
(22 Nov 1824; in Spanish)
-------------------------------
Later Constitutions
(1835, 1 Nov 1898,
1 Oct 1921; in Spanish)
Capital: San Salvador,
El Salvador 1835-1840;
(Sonsonate, El Salvador
1834-1835; Guatemala City, Guatemala 1821-1834; León, Nicaragua 1851-1852)		 Currency: Central
American Escudo
(XCAE)(1823-1839)		 National Holiday: N/A Population: 1,900,000
(1839 est.)
Military Force: 19,800 (1824)
 Exports: $3.8 million (1835)
Imports: $3.6 million (1835)
 Ethnic groups: Mestizo (mixed) 39%, Amerindian 37%, Creole (white) 23%, black 1% (1840 est.)
 Religions: Roman Catholic 85%, other 15% (1824 est.)

15 Sep 1821                Independence of colonial "Kingdom of Guatemala" (Reino de
                             Guatemala)(now Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras,
                             Nicaragua and Chiapas); also styled Provinces of Central America
                             (Provincias del Centro de América).
 5 Jan 1822 - 30 Jun 1823  Incorporation into Mexico.
30 Jun 1823                Incorporation into the Mexican Empire is declared null and void.
 1 Jul 1823                Provinces represented in an assembly meeting in Guatemala City are
                             proclaimed free and independent from Spain and Mexico and form a
                             federation (El Salvador and Guatemala); United Provinces of
                             Central America (Provincias Unidas del Centro de América).
 2 Jul 1823                Nicaragua joins.
10 Jul 1823                United Provinces of the Center of America (Provincias Unidas del
                             Centro de América), also styled "Republic of the Centre of
                             America" (República del Centro de América)(El Salvador,
                             Guatemala, and Nicaragua).
 2 Oct 1823                Declaration of independence is confirmed and ratified by resolution
                             of National Constituent Assembly (passed 1 Oct 1823).
 6 Mar 1824                Costa Rica admitted (passed 4 Mar 1823).
22 Nov 1824                Honduras joins.
22 Nov 1824                Federal Republic of Central America (República Federal de
                             Centroamérica). Constitution of 1824 prescribed the following
                             name: Federation of Central America (Federación de Centro
                             América). In official use "República Federal de Centroamérica"
                             was most common.
 2 May 1838                Nicaragua exits the Federation.
30 May 1838                Constituent states of the Central-American Federation are declared
                             free to choose a form of government provided that it is based on
                             popular representation.
16 Aug 1838                Departments of Sololá, Totonicapán and Quetzaltenango are
                             authorized to form a new member state of the Central American
                             Federation, decree of the Congress (passed by the Chamber of
                             Deputies 5 Jun 1838, passed by the Senate 14 Aug 1838).
16 Aug 1838 - 29 Jan 1840  State of Los Altos part of the federation.
26 Oct 1838                Honduras exits the Federation.
15 Nov 1838                Costa Rica exits the Federation.
17 Apr 1839                Guatemala exits the Federation.
Mar 1840                   Federation effectively dissolved after successive secessions
                             of the states.
 2 Feb 1841                El Salvador becomes a republic (officially end of the federation).
29 Mar 1844 -  1 Dec 1844  Abortive attempt to create a Confederation of Central America
                             (El Salvador, Guatemala [to Jun 1844], Honduras, Nicaragua).
13 Oct 1852 - 10 Nov 1852  Abortive attempt to create a Federation of Central America
                             (El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua).
20 Jun 1895                Treaty of the Union is signed in Amapala, Honduras, by the
                             representatives of El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua.
 3 Aug 1895                Ratified by Nicaragua.
 5 May 1896                Ratified by El Salvador.
15 Sep 1896                Republic of Greater Central America (República Mayor de Centro
                             América)(El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua); provisional
                             federal authority is constituted at a meeting in San Salvador,
                             El Salvador.
 1 Nov 1898                Renamed United States of Central America (Estados Unidos de
                             Centro América).
25 Nov 1898                El Salvador resumes full sovereignty and independence.
29 Nov 1898                Honduras resumes full sovereignty and independence.
30 Nov 1898                Federation is dissolved.
 1 Dec 1898                Nicaragua resumes full sovereignty and independence.
19 Jan 1921                Pact of the Union is signed in San José de Costa Rica by the
                             representatives of El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Costa
                             Rica.
 3 Feb 1921                Ratified by Honduras.
25 Feb 1921                Ratified by El Salvador.
 9 Apr 1921                Ratified by Guatemala.
13 Jun 1921                Federation of Central America (Federación de Centro América)
                             (El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras); provisional federal
                             authority is constituted at a meeting in Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
 1 Oct 1921                Renamed Republic of Central America (República de Centro América).
14 Jan 1922                Guatemala resumed full sovereignty and independence.
 4 Feb 1922                El Salvador resumed full sovereignty and independence.
 7 Feb 1922                Honduras resumed full sovereignty and independence.
Superior Political Chiefs, Captains General and Intendants General of the Provinces of Guatemala
15 Sep 1821 - 22 Jun 1822  Gabino de Gaínza y Fernández de    (b. 1753 - d. 1829)
                             Medrano
22 Jun 1822 - 17 Jul 1823  Vicente Filísola de Martínez       (b. 1785 - d. 1850)
Supreme Executive Power of the United Provinces of Central America
(from 22 Nov 1824, Federal Republic of Central America)
[three members, presidency rotated monthly in order of their appointment]
10 Jul 1823 -  5 Oct 1823  First Triumvirate
                           - Antonio Rivera Cabezas           (b. 1784 - d. 1851)
                           - Pedro José Antonio Molina        (b. 1777 - d. 1854)
                               Mazariegos
                           - Juan Vicente Villacorta Díaz     (b. 1764 - d. 1828)
 5 Oct 1823 - 29 Apr 1825  Second Triumvirate
                           - Tomás Antonio O'Horan y Argüello (b. 1776 - d. 1848)
                           - José Santiago Milla Pineda       (b. 1783 - d. ....)
                               Arriaga (to 5 Feb 1824)
                           - Juan Vicente Villacorta Díaz     (s.a.)
                              (substitute; 8? Oct 1823 - 15 Mar 1824)
                           - José Cecilio Díaz del Valle y    (b. 1780 - d. 1834)  Con
                               Díaz del Valle (from 5 Feb 1824)
                           - Manuel José Arce y Fagoaga       (b. 1768 - d. 1847)  Lib
                              (15 Mar 1824 - 4 Sep 1824)
                           - José Manuel de la Cerda y        (b. c.1780 - d. 1840)
                               Aguilar (from 25 Oct 1824)
President of the Federal Republic of Central America
29 Apr 1825 - 13 Apr 1829  Manuel José Arce y Fagoaga         (s.a.)               Lib
General in Chief of the Allied Armies Protectors of the Law
13 Apr 1829 - 25 Jun 1829  José Francisco Morazán Quezada     (b. 1792 - d. 1842)  Lib
                             (1st time)(General-in-chief)
Senator President of the Federal Republic of Central America
26 Jun 1829 - 16 Sep 1830  José Francisco María Pedro Regalado(b. 1787 - d. 1854)
                             Juan Nepomuceno del Santísimo
                             Sacramento Barrundia Cepeda
                             (acting)
Presidents of the Federal Republic of Central America
16 Sep 1830 - 16 Sep 1834  José Francisco Morazán Quezada     (s.a.)               Lib
                             (2nd time)
16 Sep 1834 - 14 Feb 1835  José Gregorio Salazar Lara (acting)(b. 1773 - d. 1838)
14 Feb 1835 -  1 Feb 1839  José Francisco Morazán Quezada     (s.a.)               Lib
                             (3rd time)
 1 Feb 1839 - Mar 1840     Diego Vigil Cocaña (acting)        (b. 1799 - d. 1845)
President of the Federal Council of the Confederation of Central America
Mar 1844 - 29 Mar 1844     Juan Nepomuceno Fernández Lindo    (b. 1790 - d. 1857)  Con
                             y Zelaya (Honduras)
Supreme Delegate of the Confederation of Central America
29 Mar 1844 -  1 Dec 1844  José Fruto Chamorro Pérez          (b. 1806 - d. 1855)
                             (Nicaragua)
Provisional Presidents of the Federation of Central America
13 Oct 1852 - 28 Oct 1852  José Trinidad Cabañas Fiallos      (b. 1805 - d. 1871)
                             (elected, but did not take office)
                             (Honduras)
28 Oct 1852 - 10 Nov 1852  Francisco Antonio Castellón        (b. 1815 - d. 1855)
                             Sanabria (Nicaragua)
Diet of the Republic of Greater Central America
15 Sep 1896 -  1 Nov 1898  Jacinto Castellanos Rivas          (b. 1843 - d. 1897)
                             (El Salvador)(to 189.)
                             (from 17 Sep 1896, president of the Diet)
                           + Enrique Constantino Fiallos      (b. 1861 - d. 1910)
                               Moreno (Honduras)(to 189.)
                           + Eugenio Mendoza (Nicaragua)
                               (to 1898)
                           + Juan Bautista Soriano
                              (Honduras)(189. - 189.)
                           + Rafael Reyes (El Salvador)
                              (189. - 1 Nov 1898)
                           + Pedro H. Bonilla (Nicaragua)
                              (189. - 1 Nov 1898)
Federal Executive Council of the United States of Central America
 1 Nov 1898 - 29 Nov 1898  Manuel Coronel Matus (Nicaragua)   (b. 1864 - d. 1910)
                           + Salvador Gallegos Valdez         (b. 1844 - d. 1919)
                              (El Salvador)
                           + Ángel Ugarte Vega (Honduras)     (b. 1856 - d. 1926)
President of the Provisional Federal Council of Central America
(from 9 Sep 1921, Republic of Central America)¹
13 Jun 1921 - 29 Jan 1922  José Vicente Martínez              (b. 1863 - d. 1922)
                             (Guatemala)

 ¹Elected delegates of the Council were: José Llerena (b. 1849 - d. 1924)(Guatemala; never takes office), José Vicente Martínez (Guatemala; substitute for Llerena)(s.a.), Francisco Martínez Suárez (El Salvador), and Dionisio Gutiérrez (Honduras)(b. 1853 - d. 1935).
  On 22 Dec 1921, Marcial Prem Bolaños (b. 1856 - d. 1942) is elected sole member for Guatemala while the election of Llerena and Martínez is declared illegal, he is not allowed to take his seat on the Council and Martínez continues in office without consent of the government of Guatemala.
   The sessions are suspended by decree of the Council of 29 Jan 1922 and never resumed until the last member of the Federation (Honduras) re-assumes full sovereignty and independence on 7 Feb 1922.
Party abbreviations: Con = Conservador (Conservative); Lib = Liberal

Guatemala

10 Jul 1823                State of Guatemala; constituent state of the Central American
                             Federation to 17 Apr 1839.
21 Mar 1847                Republic of Guatemala
13 Jun 1921 - 14 Jan 1922  State of Guatemala, during a later aborted attempt at
                             recreating a Central American Federation
14 Jan 1922                Republic of Guatemala.

Supreme Chiefs of State
10 Jul 1823 - 15 Sep 1824  direct rule by Federation government
15 Sep 1824 - 12 Oct 1824  Alejandro Díaz Cabeza de Vaca      (b. 1766 - d. 18..)  Con 
                             y Palacios (provisional)
12 Oct 1824 -  9 Sep 1826  Juan Nepomuceno Barrundia Cepeda   (b. 1787 - d. 1854)  Lib 
                             (1st time)
 9 Sep 1826 - 13 Oct 1826  José Cirilo Flores Estrada (acting)(b. 1779 - d. 1826)
13 Oct 1826 -  2 Jan 1827  direct rule by Federation government
 2 Jan 1827 -  1 Mar 1827  José Domingo Estrada (acting)                           Con
 1 Mar 1827 - 13 Apr 1829  Mariano de Aycinena y Piñol        (b. 1789 - d. 1855)  Con
13 Apr 1829 - 30 Apr 1829  Mariano Zenteno (provisional)      (b. 1773 - d. 1838)
30 Apr 1829 - 30 Aug 1829  Juan Nepomuceno Barrundia Cepeda   (s.a.)               Lib 
                             (2nd time)
30 Aug 1829 - 27 Oct 1830  Pedro José Antonio Molina          (b. 1777 - d. 1854)  Lib
                             Mazariegos
27 Oct 1830 - 10 Feb 1831  Antonio Rivera Cabezas (acting)    (b. 1784 - d. 1851)
10 Feb 1831 - 28 Aug 1831  José Gregorio Márquez (acting)
28 Aug 1831 -  3 Mar 1838  José Mariano Felipe Goyena y Gálvez(b. 1794 - d. 1862)  Lib
 3 Mar 1838 - 29 Jul 1838  Pedro José Ignacio de Santa Marta  (b. 1797 - d. 1865)  Lib
                             Valenzuela y Jáuregui (acting)
29 Jul 1838 - 30 Jan 1839  Mariano Rivera Paz (1st time)      (b. 1804 - d. 1849)  Con
                             (acting)
30 Jan 1839 - 13 Apr 1839  Carlos Salazar Castro (provisional)(b. 1800 - d. 1867)
13 Apr 1839 -  3 Dec 1839  Mariano Rivera Paz (2nd time)      (s.a.)               Con
                             (acting)
Presidents
 3 Dec 1839 - 25 Feb 1842  Mariano Rivera Paz (1st time)      (s.a.)               Lib
14 Dec 1841 - 14 May 1842  José Venancio López Requena        (b. 1791 - d. 1863)  Lib
                             (acting for Rivera Paz to 25 Feb 1842)
14 May 1842 - 14 Dec 1844  Mariano Rivera Paz (2nd time)      (s.a.)               Con
14 Dec 1844 - 16 Aug 1848  José Rafael Carrera Turcios        (b. 1814 - d. 1865)  Con
                             (1st time) 
16 Aug 1848 - 28 Nov 1848  Juan Antonio Martínez Martínez     (b. 1783 - d. 1854)  Con
                             (interim)
28 Nov 1848 -  3 Jan 1849  José Bernardo Escobar (interim)    (b. 1797 - d. 1849)  Con
  3 Jan 1849 -  6 Nov 1851  José Mariano de Jesús Paredes      (b. 1800? - d. 1856) Lib
                             (interim)
 6 Nov 1851 - 14 Apr 1865  José Rafael Carrera Turcios        (s.a.)               Con
                             (2nd time)
14 Apr 1865 - 24 May 1865  Pedro de Alcántara de Santa Teresa (b. 1802 - d. 1897)  Con
                             de Aycinena y Piñol (acting)
24 May 1865 - 29 Jun 1871  Vicente Cerna Cerna                (b. 1810 - d. 1885)  Lib
 29 Jun 1871 -  4 Jun 1873  Miguel García Granados Zavala      (b. 1809 - d. 1878)  Lib
                             (provisional; in rebellion from 3 Jun 1871)
 4 Jun 1873 -  2 Apr 1885  Justo Rufino Barrios Auyón         (b. 1835 - d. 1885)  Lib
 2 Apr 1885 -  5 Apr 1885  Alejandro Manuel Sinibaldi y       (b. 1825 - d. 1896)  Lib
                             Castro (acting)  
 5 Apr 1885 - 15 Mar 1892  Manuel Lisandro Barillas Bercián   (b. 1845 - d. 1907)  Lib
                             (acting to 15 Mar 1886)
15 Mar 1892 -  8 Feb 1898  José María Reina Barrios           (b. 1854 - d. 1898)  Lib
 8 Feb 1898 - 15 Apr 1920  Manuel José Estrada Cabrera        (b. 1857 - d. 1924)  Lib
                             (acting to 21 Mar 1898)
15 Apr 1920 - 10 Dec 1921  Carlos Rafael Herrera y Luna       (b. 1856 - d. 1930)  Con
                             (acting to 15 Sep 1920; Head of State from 1 Oct 1921;
                             in rebellion 8-15 Apr 1920)
10 Dec 1921 - 26 Sep 1926  José María Orellana Pinto          (b. 1872 - d. 1926)  Lib
                             (acting to 4 Mar 1922)
26 Sep 1926 -  2 Jan 1931  Lázaro Chacón González             (b. 1873 - d. 1931)  Lib
                             (acting to 18 Dec 1926; incapacitated from 12 Dec 1930)
12 Dec 1930 - 17 Dec 1930  Baudilio Palma                     (b. 1874 - d. 1930)  Lib
                             (provisional, acting for Chacón González)
17 Dec 1930 -  2 Jan 1931  Manuel María Orellana Contreras    (b. 1870 - d. 1940)  Mil
                             (provisional, acting for Chacón González)
 2 Jan 1931 - 14 Feb 1931  José María Reina Andrade (acting)  (b. 1860 - d. 1947)  Con
14 Feb 1931 -  4 Jul 1944  Jorge Ubico y Castañeda            (b. 1878 - d. 1946)  Lib
 4 Jul 1944 - 20 Oct 1944  Juan Federico Ponce Vaides (acting)(b. 1889 - d. 1956)  Mil
20 Oct 1944 - 15 Mar 1945  Revolutionary Government Junta
                           - Francisco Javier Arana Castro    (b. 1905 - d. 1949)  Mil
                           - Jacobo Árbenz Guzmán             (b. 1913 - d. 1971)  Mil
                           - Jorge Toriello Garrido           (b. 1908 - d. 1998)  Non-party
15 Mar 1945 - 15 Mar 1951  Juan José Arévalo Bermejo          (b. 1904 - d. 1990)  PAR
15 Mar 1951 - 27 Jun 1954  Jacobo Árbenz Guzmán               (s.a.)               PAR
27 Jun 1954 - 28 Jun 1954  Carlos Enrique Díaz de León        (b. 1910 - d. 1971)  Mil
                             (provisional)
28 Jun 1954 - 29 Jun 1954  Government Junta
                           - Carlos Enrique Díaz de León      (s.a.)               Mil
                              (junta chairman)
                           - Élfego Hernán Monzón Aguirre     (b. 1912 - d. 1981)  Mil
                           - José Ángel Sánchez Barillas      (b. 1913 - d. 1981)  Mil
29 Jun 1954 -  7 Jul 1954  Élfego Hernán Monzón Aguirre       (s.a.)               Mil
                             (junta chairman)
 7 Jul 1954 - 26 Jul 1957  Carlos Castillo Armas              (b. 1914 - d. 1957)  Lib
                            (in rebellion as head of the provisional 
                             government from 18 Jun 1954 - 2 Jul 1954;
                             junta chairman 7 Jul 1954 - 1 Sep 1954)
27 Jul 1957 - 24 Oct 1957  Luis Arturo González López (acting)(b. 1900 - d. 1965)  PAN 
24 Oct 1957 - 26 Oct 1957  Óscar Alberto Mendoza Azurdia      (b. 1917 - d. 1995)  Mil/MLN
                             (chairman of military junta)
27 Oct 1957 -  2 Mar 1958  Guillermo Flores Avendaño (acting) (b. 1894 - d. 1982)  Mil/MLN
 2 Mar 1958 - 31 Mar 1963  José Miguel Ramón Ydígoras Fuentes (b. 1895 - d. 1982)  PRN 
31 Mar 1963 -  1 Jul 1966  Alfredo Enrique Peralta Azurdia    (b. 1908 - d. 1997)  Mil 
                             (Chief of government to 5 May 1966 and then Chief of State)
 1 Jul 1966 -  1 Jul 1970  Julio César Méndez Montenegro      (b. 1915 - d. 1996)  PR 
 1 Jul 1970 -  1 Jul 1974  Carlos Manuel Arana Osorio         (b. 1918 - d. 2003)  Mil/MLN 
 1 Jul 1974 -  1 Jul 1978  Kjell Eugenio Laugerud García      (b. 1930 - d. 2009)  Mil/MLN/PID
 1 Jul 1978 - 23 Mar 1982  Fernando Romeo Lucas García        (b. 1924 - d. 2006)  Mil/PID/PR
23 Mar 1982 -  8 Aug 1983  José Efraín Ríos Montt             (b. 1926 - d. 2018)  Mil
                             (president of the military junta to 9 Jun 1982)
 8 Aug 1983 - 14 Jan 1986  Óscar Humberto Mejía Victores      (b. 1930 - d. 2016)  Mil
                             (Chief of State)
14 Jan 1986 - 14 Jan 1991  Marco Vinicio Cerezo Arévalo       (b. 1942)            PDCG 
14 Jan 1991 -  5 Jun 1993  Jorge Antonio Serrano Elías        (b. 1945)            MAS
 6 Jun 1993 - 14 Jan 1996  José Ramiro de León Carpio         (b. 1942 - d. 2002)  Non-party
14 Jan 1996 - 14 Jan 2000  Álvaro Enrique Arzú Irigoyen       (b. 1946 - d. 2018)  PAN
14 Jan 2000 - 14 Jan 2004  Alfonso Antonio Portillo Cabrera   (b. 1951)            FRG
14 Jan 2004 - 14 Jan 2008  Óscar José Rafael Berger Perdomo   (b. 1946)          PSN;2005 GANA
14 Jan 2008 - 14 Jan 2012  Álvaro Colom Caballeros            (b. 1951 - d. 2023)  UNE
14 Jan 2012 -  3 Sep 2015  Otto Fernando Pérez Molina         (b. 1950)            PP
 3 Sep 2015 - 14 Jan 2016  Héctor Alejandro Baltazar          (b. 1936)            Non-party
                             Maldonado Aguirre
14 Jan 2016 - 14 Jan 2020  Jimmy Morales Cabrera              (b. 1969)            FCN
                             (James Ernesto Morales Cabrera)
14 Jan 2020 - 15 Jan 2024  Alejandro Eduardo Giammattei Falla (b. 1956)            Vamos
15 Jan 2024 -              César Bernardo Arévalo de León     (b. 1958)            MS

Territorial Disputes: Demarcated but disputed boundary due to Guatemala's claims to more than half of Belizean territory; line of Adjacency operates in lieu of an international boundary to control influx of Guatemalan squatters onto Belizean territory; smuggling, narcotics trafficking, and human trafficking are also problems; the dispute was referred to the ICJ in 2019 for binding resolution; the 12-nm territorial sea claims of Belize and Honduras close off Guatemalan access to Caribbean in the Bahia de Amatique; maritime boundary remains unresolved pending further negotiation; thousands of impoverished Guatemalans and other Central Americans cross the porous border with Mexico looking for work in Mexico and the U.S.
Party abbreviations: FCN = Frente de Convergencia Nacional (National Convergence Front, nationalist, conservative, est.7 Jan 2008); MAS = Movimiento de Acción Solidaria (Solidarity Action Movement, liberal conservative, est.1986); MS = Movimiento Semilla (Seed Movement, social democratic, center-left, progressive, suspended from 28 Aug 2023, est.21 Nov 2018); PAN = Partido de Avanzada Nacional (National Progress Party, conservative, est.15 May 1989); UNE = Unidad Nacional de la Esperanza (National Unity of Hope, social democratic, est.6 Sep 2002); Vamos = Vamos por una Guatemala Diferente (Let's go for a Different Guatemala, center-right, social conservative, economic liberal, est.2017); Mil = Military;
- Former parties: Con = Conservador (Conservative); FRG = Frente Republicano Guatemalteco (Guatemalan Republican Front, right-wing, populist, 1989-Jan 2013, renamed Partido Republicano Institucional [Institutional Republican Party]); GANA = Gran Alianza Nacional (Grand National Alliance, center-right, liberal, 30 Aug 2005 - 28 Sep 2018, formerly coalition of PSN, PP & Movimiento Reformador and Moviemiento 17, 2003 - 30 Aug 2005); Lib = Liberal; MLN = Movimiento de Liberación Nacional de Guatemala (National Liberation Movement of Guatemala, authoritarian, far-right, 1954-1999); PAR = Partido Acción Revolucionaria (Revolutionary Action Party, leftist, Oct 1945-1954); PDCG = Partido Democracia Cristiana Guatemalteca (Guatemalan Christian Democratic Party, christian-socialist, center-left, 24 Aug 1955-28 Jul 2008); PID = Partido Institucional Democrática (Institutional Democratic Party, center-right, civic nationalist, 1963-10 Jan 1990); PP = Partido Patriota (Patriotic Party, conservative, 13 Mar 2001 - 31 Jan 2017); PR = Partido Revolucionario (Revolutionary Party, ruling party 1967-1970, moderate left, from 1967 conservative, 1957-c.1990); PRDN = Partido Democrático Nacional de Reconciliación "Redencion" (National Democratic Reconciliation Party "Redemption", moderate conservative, 1950-1963); PSN = Partido Solidaridad Nacional (National Solidarity Party, conservative, 2002-Nov 2005)

Los Altos

[Los Altos State Flag 1838-1840 (Guatemala)]
State Flag: 5 Feb 1838 - 29 Jan 1840;
5 Sep 1848 - 15 May 1849
  



Map of  Los Altos
Capital: Quetzaltenango
Population: 320,000
 (1840 est.)

 2 Feb 1838                Municipality of Quetzaltenango issues a declaration of secession
                              from Guatemala, with a view of forming a new component of the
                              Central American Federation, and forms a provisional government
                              subjected to the federal authorities.
  5 Feb 1838                Municipalities of Totonicapán and Sololá join Quetzaltenango to
                              form a provisional government of the State of Los Altos
                              (Estado de los Altos).
  5 Feb 1838 - 29 Jan 1840  State of Los Altos (Estado de los Altos).
 16 Aug 1838                Departments of Sololá, Totonicapán and Quetzaltenango are
                             authorized to form a new member state of the Central-American
                              Federation, decree of the Congress (passed by the Chamber of
                              Deputies 5 Jun 1838, passed by the Senate 14 Aug 1838,
                             promulgated as a decree 16 Aug 1838).
 16 Aug 1838 - 29 Jan 1840  Constituent state of the Central American Federation when federal
                              Congress passes a resolution recognizing its secession from
                              Guatemala and admission to the federation.
 29 Jan 1840                Polity disintegrates upon the occupation of the seat of government
                             by the armed forces of Guatemala.
 26 Aug 1848                Municipality of Quetzaltenango declares the continued existence
                             of the State of Los Altos, and calls for the other cities to
                             join.
  5 Sep 1848                Delegates from six municipalities meet and appoint a provisional
                              government of the State of Los Altos (Estado de los Altos).
 5 Sep 1848 - 15 May 1849  State of Los Altos (Estado de los Altos).
 25 Oct 1848                Guatemala occupies Quetzaltenango, but provisional government
                              remains in dissidence.
 15 May 1849                Ratification of convention between Guatemala and Los Altos for
                              incorporation of the communities of Los Altos into Guatemala.


 2 Feb 1838 -  5 Mar 1838  Provisional Government
                           - José María Marcelo Molina Mata   (b. 1800 - d. 1879)  Lib
                           - José María Gálvez Valiente
                           - José Antonio Claro Aguilar       (b. 1800 - d. 18..)
                               Colomo (to 5 Feb 1838)
                            - Joaquín Mont Prats
                              (from 5 Feb 1838)
                            - Felix Juárez (from 5 Feb 1838)
President of the Governing Junta
  5 Mar 1838 - 28 Dec 1838  José María Marcelo Molina Mata     (s.a.)               Lib
Chiefs of State
28 Dec 1838 - 29 Jan 1840  José María Marcelo Molina Mata     (s.a.)               Lib 
29 Jan 1840 -  5 Sep 1848  Re-incorporated into Guatemala
 5 Sep 1848 - 25 Dec 1848  Provisional Government
                           - Fernando Antonio Dávila          (b. 1783 - d. 1851)
                               Sotomayor
                           - José Velasco Yxquetey
                           - Rafael de la Torre López         (b. 1814? - d. 1848)
                               (to 21 Oct 1848)
 25 Dec 1848 - 15 May 1849  Agustín Guzmán López (acting)      (d. 1849)            Mil/Lib 

Party abbreviation: Lib = Liberal; Mil = Military


Santo Tomás (Verapas)

[Compagnie Belge de Colonisation, 1843-1854 (Guatemala)]
c.1843 - 1854
Map of Santo Tomás
Capital: St. Thomas
(Verapaz)
Population: 345  (1850)
(of which 189 Belgians)

 7 Oct 1841                Belgian Colonization Company (Compagnie Belge de Colonisation)
                              chartered in Belgium.
 19 Apr 1843                Santo Tomás de Castilla territory, at Bahía de Amatique at
                              the mouth of the Dulce River in eastern Guatemala (now Izabal
                             Department), authorized by Guatemalan Congress to be
                             administered "in perpetuity" by the Compagnie Belge de
                             Colonisation (under the patronage of King Léopold I).
 May 1843                   First settlers arrive from Antwerp, Belgium. The colony is
                              named Verapas (Verapaz, Verapa).
 1854                       Settlement abandoned.
 1855                       Concession rescinded by Guatemala.
Colonial Directors
 19 May 1843 - 24 Oct 1843  J.P.E. Philippot                  (d. 1844)
 24 Oct 1843 -  6 Mar 1844  Perre Vande Walle (acting)
                             (chairman of colonial council)
  6 Mar 1844 -  1 Nov 1844  Augustin Scévola de Guillaumot    (b. 1799 - d. 1867)
  5 Nov 1844 -  1 Apr 1845  Jean Dorn (acting)
 11 Apr 1845 - Jan 1847     Georg Alexander Freiherr von      (b. 1801 - d. 1856)
                              Bülow
Jan 1847 - 185.            Jean-Pierre Aguet
185. - 1854                ....







© Ben Cahoon