Kazakhstan 
     

1824 - Dec 1917   Alash-Orda Military Flag in 1919 (possible reconstruction)     30 Dec 1922 - 25 Dec 1991   10 Dec 1991 - 4 Jun 1992   Adopted 4 Jun 1992      Map of Kazakhstan  Hear National Anthem "Mening Qazaqstanym" (My Kazakhstan) Adopted 6 Jan 2006  Former National Anthem "Qazaqstan Respüblïkasynyng Memlekettik Änurany) (National Anthem of the Republic of Kazakhstan) 1992 - 6 Jan 2006  Constitution (30 Aug 1995) Capital: Astana (Nur-Sultan 23 Mar 2019 - 19 Sep 2022; Astana 6 May 1998 - 23 Mar 2019; Akmola 10 Dec 1997- 6 May 1998; Almaty [Alma-Ata¹] 1929-10 Dec 1997; Qyzylorda [Kyzyl-Orda] 1925-1929; Ak-Mechet' [Aqmeshit] Feb-Apr 1925; Orenburg 1920-1925; Alash-qala [Semipalatinsk] 1917-1920) Currency: Tenge (KZT); 1993 Kazakh Ruble (KZR); 1991-93 Russian Ruble (RUR) National Holiday: 25 Oct (1990)   Respwblïka küni/ Den Respubliki (Republic Day)  Population: 18,744,548 (2018) GDP: $478.6 billion (2017) Exports: $49.3 billion (2017) Imports: $31.9 billion (2017) Ethnic groups: Kazakh (Qazaq) 63.1%, Russian 23.7%,  Uzbek 2.8%, Ukrainian 2.1%, Uighur 1.4%, Tatar 1.3%,   German 1.1%, other 4.5% (2009)  Total Active Armed Forces: 39,000 (2018) Former Nuclear Power: 1,400 weapons (1991-1995) Merchant marine: 121 ships (2018) Religions: Muslim (mostly Sunni) 70.2%, Christian 26.2%  (Russian Orthodox 23.9%, other Christian 2.3%), Buddhist 0.1%, other 0.2%, atheist 2.8%, unspecified 0.5% (2009) International Organizations/Treaties: ACS (observer), ADB, AG (adherent), AIIB, ANT, APA, AU (observer), BRICS (partner), BTWC, CFE, CICA, CIS, CSTO, CTBT, CWC, EAEU, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, EITI (suspended), ENMOD, ESCR, Eutelsat, FAO, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, Intersputnik, IOC, IOM, IPU, IRENA, ISESCO, ISA (observer), ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, Moon, MTCR (adherent), NAM (observer), NPT, NSG, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, OPEC (cooperation), OSCE, OST, OTS, PA (observer), PFP, SCO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-KP, UNFCC-PA, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC Kazakhstan Index Chronology 1465                       Kazakh Khanate founded (see below). 1584                       Yaitskiy Gorodok (from 1775, Ural'sk [Oral]) founded                              by Cossacks (see Ural Cossack Host). 1645                       Russians found Guryev (Atyrau). 1718                       Russians found Semipalatinsk (Semey). Jul 1824 – 1864            Area of the former Khanate (Younger, Middle and                              Elder Zhuzes, called by Russians as Little,                              Middle and Great Kirghiz Hordes) gradually                              annexed by Russia (see Kazakh Khanate below). 1824 - 1881                Former Younger Zhuz included in governorate-general                              of Orenburg (as of 1881, the governorate-general                              covered Orenburg and Ufa governorates, and Ural                              and Turgay oblasti). 1824 - 1882                Former Elder Zhuz included in governorate-general of                              West Siberia (as of 1881, the governorate-general                              covered Tobolsk and Tomsk governorates, and                              Akmolinsk and Semipalatinsk oblasti). Oct 1864                   Russian boundary with China agreed. 1882 - 1917                Russian Governorate-general of the Steppe Kray                              (Stepnoy kray); as of 1917 it covered Akmolinsk                              and Semipalatinsk oblasti (namely Kazakh areas                              of former West Siberia governorate-general). Nov 1916 - Jan 1917        Kazakh rebellion, most actively in Turgay and                              Akmolinsk oblasti. 13 Dec 1917                Alash Autonomy (Alashskaya avtonomiya [Alash                              Aütonomïyasy]) is declared  under the People's                              Council (Alash-Orda) at All-Kirghiz Congress in                              Orenburg (it claimed authority within a federal                              Russian republic over the Kazakh - inhabited                              oblasti of Russia Akmolinsk, Bukey, Semipalatinsk,                              Semirechye, Syr-Darya, Turgay, and Ural). Dec 1917                   Russian Civil War divides present-day Kazakhstan                              into three parts - "White" Cossack: Semirechye                              (see Semirechye Cossack Host), Turgay (see under                              Orenburg Cossack Host), and Ural (see under Ural                              Cossack Host); "White" Siberian: Akmolinsk and                              Semipalatinsk, both related to the Provisional                              Siberian Oblast Council; and "Red": Syr-Darya                             (from 12 Nov 1917; part of Turkestan A.S.S.R.                              from 30 Apr 1918) and from 15 Dec 1917, Bukey. Jan 1918 – Mar 1918        Bolshevik forces take all of present-day Kazakhstan                              (Akmolinsk [modern Astana] on 7 Jan 1918, and                              Semipalatinsk [modern Semey] on 16 Feb 1918),                              Alash-Orda in early Feb 1918 is located at                              Semipalatinsk. Jun 1918 – Jul 1918        Provisional Government of Siberia (see under                              Russian Civil War Polities) troops retake                              the northern and central part of present-day                              Kazakhstan (Akmolinsk on 3 Jun 1918, and                              Semipalatinsk on 11 Jun 1918). 18 Jun 1918                Alash-Orda returns to Semipalatinsk, recognizing                              the authority of "Komuch" (from Jul 1918) then                              the Provisional All-Russian Government (from Sep                              1918)(see under Russian Civil War Polities).  4 Nov 1918                Alash-Orda is declared dissolved by the Provisional                              All-Russian Government, but de facto continues                              mostly in Cossack-held (Ural, Orenburg, and                              Semirechye) areas. Aug 1919 – Dec 1919        Red Army advances against the "White" troops of                              Kolchak, Supreme Ruler of Russia (on 28 Nov 1919                              taking Akmolinsk, Semipalatinsk on 2 Dec 1919);                              on 21 Dec 1919, Alash-Orda submits to the Soviet                              government.  5 Mar 1920                Alash-Orda is dissolved by the Soviet government. 26 Aug 1920                Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (in                              Kazakh: named Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet                              Republic) within Russian S.F.S.R. (see Russia). 19 Apr 1925                Renamed Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic                              (confirmed by R.S.F.S.R. 15 Jun 1925). Sep 1929 – Sep 1931        Several Kazakh rebellions, most actively Feb 1930 -                              Apr 1930 in modern Aktobe and Kostanay regions.  5 Feb 1936                Spelling of the name of state in Russian is changed                              from Kazakskaya to Kazakhskaya.  5 Dec 1936                Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic (a constituent                              republic of the Soviet Union).  1 Jul 1990                Kazakh is designated as the state language (from                              transition from Cyrillic to a Latin script to be                              by 2025 by of 25 Dec 2017). 25 Oct 1990                State sovereignty declared. 10 Dec 1991                Republic of Kazakhstan (Qazaqstan Respýblıkasy)                              (Kazakhstan [Qazaqstan] as an alternative polity                              style is endorsed by the constitution on 5 Sep                              1995). 16 Dec 1991                Independence declared. 26 Dec 1991                Final independence (dissolution of the U.S.S.R.).  7 Jan 2022 - 19 Jan 2022  Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)                              peacekeeping forces deployed following unrest. Kazakhstan Administrative Divisions Kazakh S.S.R. (1920-1991) Kazakh Khanates (1680-1849) Inner Kirghiz Horde (1801-1858) Semirechye Cossacks (1917-1920) Ural Cossacks (1699-1723, 1917-1920) Historical Maps of Kazakhstan

Note: In Kazakhstan until 1991 persons were commonly known by the Russian forms of their names. Therefore, in this record until 1991 Russian name forms are given first, with Kazakh forms in parentheses. After 1991, the Kazakh forms are given first instead, with Russian equivalents in parentheses. Both forms are transliterated using a modified BGN/PCGN romanization system.

Military Governors and Administrators of Civil Affairs of Orenburg
19 Jan 1817 -  7 Feb 1830  Pyotr Kirillovich Essen            (b. 1772 - d. 1844)
 7 Feb 1830 - 20 Apr 1830  Yevgeniy Aleksandrovich Golovin    (b. 1782 - d. 1858)
                             (did not take the office)
21 Apr 1830 - 15 Apr 1833  Graf Pavel Petrovich Sukhtelen     (b. 1788 - d. 1833)
15 Apr 1833 -  7 May 1842  Vasiliy Alekseyevich Perovskiy     (b. 1795 - d. 1857)
10 May 1842 - 20 Mar 1851  Vladimir Afanasyevich Obruchyev    (b. 1795 - d. 1866)
Governors-general of Orenburg (and Samara to 1865)
20 Mar 1851 -  7 Apr 1857  Graf Vasiliy Alekseyevich Perovskiy(s.a.)
 7 Apr 1857 - 24 Jun 1860  Aleksandr Andreyevch Katenin       (b. 1800 - d. 1860)
29 Jul 1860 - 19 Jan 1865  Aleksandr Pavlovich Bezak          (b. 1800 - d. 1868)
 9 Feb 1865 - 11 Jul 1881  Nikolay Andreyevich Kryzhanovskiy  (b. 1818 - d. 1888)
Governors-general of West Siberia kray (at Omsk)
 3 Aug 1822 -  6 Aug 1827  Pyotr Mikhaylovich Kaptsevich      (b. 1772 - d. 1840)
 6 Aug 1827 - 10 Oct 1834  Ivan Aleksandrovich Velyaminov     (b. 1771 - d. 1837)
10 Oct 1834 -  9 Feb 1836  Nikolay Semyonovich Sulima         (b. 1777 - d. 1840)
 9 Feb 1836 - 10 Jan 1851  Knyaz' Pyotr Dmitriyevich Gorchakov(b. 1789 - d. 1868)
10 Feb 1851 - 25 Jan 1861  Gustav Khristianovich Gasfort      (b. 1794 - d. 1874)
                             (Gasford)
25 Jan 1861 -  9 Nov 1866  Aleksandr Osipovich Dyugamel'      (b. 1801 - d. 1880)
 9 Nov 1866 - 13 Jan 1875  Aleksandr Pavlovich Khrushchev     (b. 1806 - d. 1875) 
                             (Khrushchyov)
13 Jan 1875 -  3 Mar 1881  Nikolay Gennadyevich Kaznakov      (b. 1823 - d. 1885)
 3 Mar 1881 - 30 May 1882  Grigoriy Vasilyevich Meshcherinov  (b. 1827 - d. 1901)
Governors-general of the Steppe kray (at Omsk)
 6 Jun 1882 -  5 Nov 1889  Gerasim Alekseyevich Kolpakovskiy  (b. 1819 - d. 1896)
 5 Nov 1889 - 18 Jul 1900  Baron Maksim Antonovich Taube      (b. 1826 - d. 1910)
27 Apr 1901 -  8 May 1906  Nikolay Nikolayevich Sukhotin      (b. 1847 - d. 1918)
 8 May 1906 - 21 Jun 1908  Ivan Pavlovich Nadarov             (b. 1851 - d. 1922)
21 Jun 1908 -  6 Jun 1915  Yevgeniy Ottovich Shmit            (b. 1845 - d. 1915)
 6 Jun 1915 - 17 Mar 1917  Nikolay Aleksandrovich Sukhomlinov (b. 1850 - d. 1918)
Governors of the Semirechensk (Semirechyenskaya) oblast (at Vernyy [now Almaty])
26 Jul 1867 -  1 Jun 1882  Gerasim Alekseyevich Kolpakovskiy  (s.a.)
10 Jun 1882 -  2 Jun 1887  Aleksey Yakovlevich Fride          (b. 1838 - d. 1896)
27 Jun 1887 -  4 Nov 1899  Grigoriy Ivanovich Ivanov          (b. 1841 - d. 1913)
 5 Nov 1899 - 10 Aug 1907  Mikhail Yefremovich Ionov          (b. 1846 - d. 1924)
10 Aug 1907 -  5 Dec 1908  Vasiliy Ivanovich Pokotilo         (b. 1856 - d. af.1919)
 5 Dec 1908 -  4 Nov 1916  Mikhail Aleksandrovich Fol'baum    (b. 1866 - d. 1916)
                            (from 20 Sep 1916, Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sokolov-Sokolinskiy)
 4 Nov 1916 - 1917         Aleksey Ivanovich Alekseyev        (b. 1866 - d. 19..)
                             (acting)
Emir
Nov 1916 - Jan 1917        Äbdighapar Zhanbosynuly            (b. 1870 - d. 1919)
                             (Abdulgafar Zhanbosynov)
                             (in rebellion; in Turgay and Akmolinsk oblasts)
Commissars of the Steppe Kray (at Omsk; with rights of governor-general)
21 Mar 1917 - Apr 1917     Innokentiy Pavlovich Laptev        (b. 1873 - d. 1917)  Non-party?
Apr 1917 - Sep 1917        Ivan Petrovich Zakonov             (b. 1867 - d.af.1920)NSP
Sep 1917 - Dec 1917        Aleksandr Yefremovich Novosyolov   (b. 1884 - d. 1918)  PSR
Chairman of the All-Kirghiz People's Council (Alash-Orda)
13 Dec 1917 -  5 Mar 1920  Älïkhan Nurmukhameduly Bökeykhan   (b. 1866 - d. 1937)  AP
                             (Alikhan Nurmukhamedovich Bukeykhanov)
General Khan
 8 Mar 1930 - 20 Mar 1930  Ayzharqyn Qanayuly (in rebellion)  (b. 1855 - d. 1930)
                             (Ayzharkyn Kanayev)
Presidents
10 Dec 1991 - 20 Mar 2019  Nursultan Äbishuly Nazarbaev       (b. 1940)         KPK;1991 Ind;
                             (from 15 Jun 2010) "Elbasy"                          1999: OTAN
                             (Nursultan Abishevich Nazarbayev "Elbasy")
20 Mar 2019 -              Qasym-Zhomart Kemeluly Toqaev      (b. 1953)         OTAN;2022 AMANAT
                             (Kasym-Zhomart Kemelevich Tokayev)

Prime ministers
10 Dec 1991 - 12 Oct 1994  Sergey Aleksandrovïch Tereshchenko (b. 1951 - d. 2023)  Ind
                             (Sergey Aleksandrovich Tereshchenko)
12 Oct 1994 - 10 Oct 1997  Äkezhan Maghzhanuly Qazhygeldïn    (b. 1952)            PPU
                             (Akezhan Magzhanovich Kazhygeldin) 
10 Oct 1997 -  1 Oct 1999  Nurlan Ötepuly Balghymbaev         (b. 1947 - d. 2015)  PPU
                             (Nurlan Otepovich Balgymbayev)
 1 Oct 1999 - 28 Jan 2002  Qasym-Zhomart Kemeluly Toqaev      (s.a.)               OTAN
                             (Kasym-Zhomart Kemelevich Tokayev)
                             (acting to 12 Oct 1999)
28 Jan 2002 - 13 Jun 2003  Ïmanghalï Nurghalïuly              (b. 1956)            OTAN
                             Tasmaghambetov
                             (Imangali Nurgaliyevich Tasmagambetov)
13 Jun 2003 - 10 Jan 2007  Danïal Kenzhetayuly Akhmetov       (b. 1954)            OTAN
                             (Danial Kenzhetayevich Akhmetov)
10 Jan 2007 - 24 Sep 2012  Kärim Qazhymqanuly Mäsimov         (b. 1965)            OTAN
                             (Karim Kazhimkanovich Masimov)
                             (1st time)
24 Sep 2012 -  2 Apr 2014  Serik Nyghmetuly Akhmetov          (b. 1958)            OTAN
                             (Serik Nygmetovich Akhmetov)
 2 Apr 2014 -  8 Sep 2016  Kärim Qazhymqanuly Mäsimov         (s.a.)               OTAN
                             (2nd time)
 8 Sep 2016 - 21 Feb 2019  Baqytzhan Äbdiruly Saghyntaev      (b. 1963)            OTAN
                             (Bakytzhan Abdirovich Sagyntayev)
                             (acting to 9 Sep 2016)
21 Feb 2019 -  5 Jan 2022  Asqar Uzaqbayuly Mamïn             (b. 1965)            OTAN
                             (Askar Uzakpayevich Mamin)
                             (acting to 25 Feb 2019)
 5 Jan 2022 -  5 Feb 2024  Älihan Asqanuly Smaiylov           (b. 1972)         OTAN;2022 AMANAT
                             (Alikhan Askhanovich Smailov)
                             (acting to 11 Jan 2022)
 5 Feb 2024 -  6 Feb 2024  Roman Vasïlevïç Sklyar (acting)    (b. 1971)            AMANAT
                             (Roman Vasiliyevich Sklyar)
 6 Feb 2024 -              Oljas Abayulı Bektenov             (b. 1980)            AMANAT
                             (Olzhas Abayevich Bektenov)

Commander of the Collective Peacekeeping Forces of the Collective
Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) in the Republic of Kazakhstan
 7 Jan 2022 - 19 Jan 2022  Andrey Nikolayevich Serdyukov      (b. 1962)            Mil
                             (Russia)

 ¹formally Almaty since 20 Apr 1978, but with the former Russian form, Alma-Ata, widely persisting and in semi-official legal use to 15 Sep 1995.

Territorial Disputes: In Jan 2019, the Kyrgyz Republic ratified the demarcation agreement of the Kazakh-Kyrgyz border; the demarcation of the Kazakh-Uzbek borders is ongoing; the ongoing demarcation with Russia began in 2007; demarcation with China completed in 2002; Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Russia ratified Caspian seabed delimitation treaties based on equidistance, while Iran continues to insist on a one-fifth slice of the sea.

Party abbreviations: AMANAT = Amanat ("Deposit", secular, centrist, authoritarian, social conservative, Kazakh nationalist, former OTAN, est.1 Mar 2022); Ind = Independent; 
- Former parties: AP = Alash Partiyasy (Alash Party, Kazakh moderate nationalist party of Alash Autonomy, to 1919 anti-Bolshevik, 1917-1920); KPK = Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Kazakhstana (Communist Party of Kazakhstan, Marxist-Leninist communist, former KPK-B, 13 Oct 1952-7 Sep 1991); NSP = Narodno-Sotsialisticheskaya Partiya (People's Socialist Party, center-left, 1905-1920); OTAN = Partiya "Nur Otan" ("Radiant Fatherland" Party, secular, centrist, authoritarian, social conservative, pro-Nazarbaev to 2021, named Otan [Fatherland] 1 Mar 1999-22 Dec 2006, then 22 Dec 2006-18 Oct 2013 named Narodno-Demokraticheskaya Partiya "Nur Otan" [People's Democratic Party "Light of Fatherland"], est.1 Mar 1999- 1 Mar 2022, renamed "Amanat" ["Deposit"]); PPU = Partiya Narodnogo Yedinstva Kazakhstana (Party of People's Unity of Kazakhstan, liberal nationalist, pro-Nazarbaev, 1993-1 Mar 1999, merged into OTAN); PSR = Partiya Sotsialistov-Revolyutsionerov (Party of Socialists-Revolutionaries, "SRs", democratic socialist, agrarian socialist, split Aug 1917 into Left [became PLSR] and Right wings, Jan 1902-1922)

26 Aug 1920                Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (in Kazakh
                             named: Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic)
                             (Kirgizskaya Avtonomnaya Sotsialisticheskaya Sovetskaya
                             Respublika/Qazaq Avtonomıaly Sosıalıstik Sovettik Respýblıkasy),
                             within the Russian S.F.S.R. (see under Russia).
19 Apr 1925                Renamed Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic
                             (Qazaq Aptonom Sotsijalijstik Sobettik Respuvblijkas [in Kazakh
                             Latin script of the 1930's]/Kazakskaya Avtonomnaya
                             Sotsialisticheskaya Sovetskaya Respublika, name change confirmed
                             by the R.S.F.S.R. on 15 Jun 1925).
 5 Feb 1936                Spelling of the name of state in Russian is changed from Kazakskaya
                             to Kazakhskaya.
 5 Dec 1936                Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic (Qazaq Sovettik Sosıalıstik
                             Respýblıkasy/Kazakhskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya
                             Respublika), a constituent republic of the Soviet Union).
 1 Jul 1990                Kazakh is designated as the state language.
25 Oct 1990                State sovereignty declared.
10 Dec 1991                Republic of Kazakhstan (independence declared 16 Dec 1991).

Note: Russian names with Kazakh in parentheses until 1 Jul 1990, then Kazakh names with Russian in parentheses using a modified BGN/PCGN romanization system.

Secretaries of the Kirghiz (Kazakhstan) Regional Bureau of the Central Committee
of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
30 Apr 1920 - Sep 1920     Stanislav Stanislavovich Pestkovskiy   (b. 1882 - d. 1937)
                             (Stanïslav Stanïslavovïch Pestkovskïy)
Sep 1920 - 10 Jan 1921     Ivan Alekseyevich Akulov               (b. 1888 - d. 1937)
                             (Ïvan Alekseevïch Akülov)
27 Jan 1921 - 11 Jun 1921  Mukhamed-Kafi Murzagaliyev             (b. 1887 - d. 1941)
                             (Mukhamed-Khafïz Myrzaghalïev)
Secretaries of the Kirghiz (Kazakhstan) Regional Committee of the Russian
Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
Jun 1921 - Jul 1921        Mukhamedkhafiy Murzagaliyev            (s.a.)
Jul 1921 - Aug 1921        Mariya Mikhaylovna Kostelovskaya (f)   (b. 1878 - d. 1964)
                             (Marïya Mïkhaylovna Kostelovskaya)
Sep 1921 - Oct 1924        Georgiy Alekseyevich Korostelyev       (b. 1885 - d. 1932)
                             (Georgïy Alekseyevïch Korostelev)
Oct 1924 - 19 Feb 1925     Viktor Ivanovich Naneyshvili           (b. 1878 - d. 1940)
                             (Vïktor Ïvanovïch Naneïshvïlï)
Secretaries of the Kazakh Regional Committee of the Russian Communist Party
(Bolsheviks)(from 31 Dec 1925, All-Union Communist Party [Bolsheviks])
19 Feb 1925 - Jun 1925     Viktor Ivanovich Naneyshvili           (s.a.)
12 Sep 1925 - Feb 1933     Filipp Isayevich Goloshchyokin         (b. 1876 - d. 1941)
                             (Fïlïpp Ïsaevïch Goloshchekïn)
Feb 1933 - 23 Apr 1937     Levon Isayevich Mirzoyan               (b. 1897 - d. 1939)
                             (Levon Ïsaevïch Mïrzoyan)
First Secretaries of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
of Kazakhstan (from 13 Oct 1952, Communist Party of Kazakhstan)
23 Apr 1937 -  3 May 1938  Levon Isayevich Mirzoyan               (s.a.)
 3 May 1938 - May 1945     Nikolay Aleksandrovich Skvortsov       (b. 1899 - d. 1974)
                             (Nïkolay Aleksandrovïch Skvortsov)
May 1945 - 22 Jun 1946     Gennadiy Andreyevich Borkov            (b. 1905 - d. 1983)
                             (Gennadïy Andreevïch Borkov)
22 Jun 1946 -  6 Mar 1954  Dzhumabay Shayakhmetovich Shayakhmetov (b. 1902 - d. 1966)
                             (Zhumabay Shayakhmetuly Shayakhmetov)
 6 Mar 1954 -  7 May 1955  Panteleimon Kondratyevich Ponomarenko  (b. 1902 - d. 1984)
                             (Panteleïmon Kondratevïch Ponomarenko)
 7 May 1955 -  6 Mar 1956  Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev                 (b. 1906 - d. 1982)
                             (Leonïd Ïlïch Brezhnev)
 6 Mar 1956 - 26 Dec 1957  Ivan Dmitriyevich Yakovlev             (b. 1910 - d. 1999)
                             (Ïvan Dmïtrovïch Yakovlev)
26 Dec 1957 - 19 Jan 1960  Nikolay Ilyich Belyayev                (b. 1903 - d. 1966)
                             (Nïkolay Ïlïch Belyaev)
19 Jan 1960 - 26 Dec 1962  Dinmukhamed Akhmedovich Konayev        (b. 1912 - d. 1993)
                             (Dinmukhammed Akhmeduly Qonaev)
                             (1st time) 
26 Dec 1962 -  7 Dec 1964  Ismail Abdurasulovich Yusupov          (b. 1914 - d. 2005)
                             (Ïsmaïl Abdrasüluly Yusüpov)
 7 Dec 1964 - 16 Dec 1986  Dinmukhamed Akhmedovich Konayev        (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
16 Dec 1986 - 22 Jun 1989  Gennadiy Vasilyevich Kolbin            (b. 1927 - d. 1998)
                             (Gennadïy Vasïlevïch Kolbïn)
22 Jun 1989 - 28 Aug 1991  Nursultan Abishevich Nazarbayev        (b. 1940)
                             (Nursultan Äbishuly Nazarbaev)

Chairmen of the Revolutionary Committee of Kirghiz Kray ("Kirrevkom")
 7 Aug 1919 - 15 Sep 1920  Stanislav Stanislavovich Pestkovskiy   (s.a.)               RKP
                             (Stanïslav Stanïslavovïch Pestkovskïy)
                             (appointed 24 Jul 1919)
Aug 1920 - Sep 1920        Sakypkerey Zharmavich Argynshayev      (b. 1887 - d. 1938)  RKP
                             (Saqypkerey Zharmauly Arghynshaev)
                             (acting for absent chairman)
15 Sep 1920 - 13 Oct 1920  Viktor Alekseyevich Radus-Zen'kovich   (b. 1877 - d. 1967)  RKP 
                             (Vïktor Alekseevïch Radüs-Zenkovïch)
                             (arrived at seat of government, Orenburg 15 Sep 1920)
Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee
13 Oct 1920 - 19 Apr 1925  Seytkali Mendeshevich Mendeshev        (b. 1882 - d. 1938)  RKP
                             (Seyitqalï Mengdeshuly Mengdeshev)
19 Apr 1925 -  3 Apr 1927  Dzhalau Mynbayevich Mynbayev           (b. 1892 - d. 1929)  RKP;
                             (Zhalaü Myngbayuly Myngbaev)                            1925: VKP
 3 Apr 1927 -  9 Jan 1935  Yel'tay Yernazarovich Yernazarov       (b. 1887 - d. 1945)  VKP
                             (Tyshkanbayev) 
                             (Eltay Yernazaruly Ernazarov [Tyshqanbaev])
 9 Jan 1935 - Jun? 1937    Uzakbay Dzhel'dirbayevich Kulumbetov   (b. 1891 - d. 1938)  VKP;
                             (Uzaqbay Zhelderbayuly Qulymbetov)                    1937: KPK-B
Jun? 1937 - 28 Oct 1937    Alibi Togzhanovich Dzhangil'din        (b. 1884 - d. 1953)  KPK-B
                             (Älibï Toqzhanuly Zhankeldïn)
                           + Andrey Mikhaylovich Zavorit'ko       (b. 1893 - d. 1955)  KPK-B
                             (Zavarit'ko)
                             (Andrey Mïkhaylovïch Zavorït'ko [Zavarït'ko])
                           (acting)
28 Oct 1937 - 15 Jul 1938  Nurbapa Umirzakov (Nurbapa Ömirzaqov)  (b. 1907 - d. 1947)  KPK-B
Chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
16 Jul 1938 - 20 Mar 1947  Abdisamet Kazakbayev                   (b. 1898 - d. 1959)  KPK-B
                             (Äbdisämet Qazaqbaev)
20 Mar 1947 - 23 Mar 1954  Daniyal Kerimbayevich Kerimbayev       (b. 1909 - d. 1982)  KPK-B
                             (Danïyal Kerimbayuly Kerimbaev)
23 Mar 1954 - 31 Mar 1955  Nurtas Dandibayevich Undasynov         (b. 1904 - d. 1989)  KPK
                             (Ondasunov)
                             (Nurtas Dändibayuly Ongdasynov)
31 Mar 1955 - 20 Jan 1960  Dzhumabek Akhmetovich Tashenev         (b. 1915 - d. 1986)  KPK
                             (Zhumabek Akhmetuly Täshenov)
20 Jan 1960 - 25 Aug 1960  Fazyl Karimovich Karibzhanov           (b. 1912 - d. 1960)  KPK
                             (Fazyl Kärimuly Käribzhanov)
25 Aug 1960 -  3 Jan 1961  Kapitolina Nikolayevna Kryukova (f)    (b. 1914 - d. 2002)  KPK
                             (Kapïtolïna Nïkolaevna Kryukova)
                             (acting)
 3 Jan 1961 -  5 Apr 1965  Isagali Sharipovich Sharipov           (b. 1905 - d. 1976)  KPK
                             (Ïsaghalï Shäripuly Shäripov)
 5 Apr 1965 - 19 Dec 1978  Sabir Bilyalovich Niyazbekov           (b. 1912 - d. 1989)  KPK
                             (Sabyr Biläluly Nïazbekov)
19 Dec 1978 - 14 Dec 1979  Isatay Abdukarimovich Abdukarimov      (b. 1923 - d. 2001)  KPK
                             (Ïsatay Äbdikärimuly Äbdikärimov)
14 Dec 1979 - 22 Feb 1984  Sattar Nurmashevich Imashev            (b. 1925 - d. 1984)  KPK
                             (Sattar Nurmashuly Ïmashev)
22 Feb 1984 - 22 Mar 1984  Andrey Pavlovich Plotnikov (acting)    (b. 1912 - d. 1991)  KPK
                             (Andrey Pavlovïch Plotnïkov)
22 Mar 1984 - 27 Sep 1985  Bayken Ashimovich Ashimov              (b. 1917 - d. 2010)  KPK
                             (Bäyken Äshimuly Äshimov)
27 Sep 1985 -  9 Feb 1988  Salamat Mukashevich Mukashev           (b. 1927 - d. 2004)  KPK
                             (Salamat Muqashuly Muqashev)
 9 Feb 1988 -  6 Dec 1988  Zakash Kamalidenovich Kamalidenov      (b. 1936 - d. 2017)  KPK
                             (Zaqash Kamalïdenuly Kamalïdenov)
 6 Dec 1988 - 10 Mar 1989  Vera Vasilyevna Sidorova (f) (acting)  (b. 1934 - d. 2025)  KPK 
                             (Vera Vasïl'evna Sïdorova)
10 Mar 1989 - 22 Feb 1990  Makhtay Ramazanovich Sagdiyev          (b. 1929 - d. 2012)  KPK
                             (Maqtay Ramazanuly Saghdïev)
Chairman of the Supreme Soviet
22 Feb 1990 - 24 Apr 1990  Nursultan Abishevich Nazarbayev        (s.a.)               KPK
                             (Nursultan Äbishuly Nazarbaev)
President
24 Apr 1990 - 10 Dec 1991  Nursultan Äbishuly Nazarbaev           (s.a.)               KPK
                             (Nursultan Abishevich Nazarbayev)

Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars
12 Oct 1920 - Oct 1921     Viktor Alekseyevich Radus-Zen'kovich   (s.a.)               RKP
                             (Vïktor Alekseevïch Radüs-Zenkovïch)
Oct 1921 - Sep 1922        Mukhamed-Kafi Murzagaliyev             (s.a.)               RKP
                             (Mukhamed-Khafïz Myrzaghalïev)
Sep 1922 - Oct 1924        Saken Seyfollayevich Seyfullin         (b. 1894 - d. 1938)  RKP
                             (Säken Seyfollauly Seyfüllïn)
Oct 1924 - May 1928        Nygmet Nurmakovich Nurmakov            (b. 1895 - d. 1937) RKP/VKP
                             (Nyghmet Nurmaquly Nurmaqov)
May 1928 - 24 May 1938     Uraz Dzhanzakovich Isayev              (b. 1899 - d. 1938)  VKP
                             (Oraz Zhanuzaquly Ïsaev)
24 May 1938 - 17 Jul 1938  Ibragim Tausiyevich Tazhiyev           (b. 1904 - d. 1960)  KPK-B
                             (Ybrayym Taüsiquly Tazhïev)
17 Jul 1938 - 15 Mar 1946  Nurtas Dandibayevich Undasynov         (s.a.)               KPK-B
                             (Ondasunov)
                             (Nurtas Dändibayuly Ongdasynov)
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers
15 Mar 1946 - 24 Mar 1954  Nurtas Dandibayevich Undavaysov        (s.a.)               KPK-B
                             (Ondasunov)
24 Mar 1954 - 31 Mar 1955  Yelubay Bazimovich Taybekov            (b. 1901 - d. 1991)  KPK
                             (Elübay Bazïmuly Taybekov)
31 Mar 1955 - 20 Jan 1960  Dinmukhamed Akhmedovich Konayev        (s.a.)               KPK
                             (Dinmukhammed Akhmeduly Qonaev)
                             (1st time)
20 Jan 1960 -  6 Jan 1961  Zhumabek Akhmetovich Tashenov          (s.a.)               KPK
                             (Zhumabek Akhmetuly Täshenov)
 6 Jan 1961 - 13 Sep 1962  Sal'ken Daulenovich Daulenov           (s.a.)               KPK
                             (Sälken Däülenuly Däülenov)
13 Sep 1962 - 26 Dec 1962  Masimkhan Beysebayevich Beysebayev     (b. 1908 - d. 1987)  KPK
                             (Mäsimkhan Beysebayuly Beysebaev)
                             (1st time) 
26 Dec 1962 -  7 Dec 1964  Dinmukhamed Akhmedovich Konayev        (s.a.)               KPK
                             (2nd time)
 7 Dec 1964 - 31 Mar 1970  Masimkhan Beysebayevich Beysebayev     (s.a.)               KPK
                             (2nd time)
31 Mar 1970 - 22 Mar 1984  Bayken Ashimovich Ashimov              (s.a.)               KPK
                             (Bäyken Äshimuly Äshimov)
22 Mar 1984 - 27 Jul 1989  Nursultan Abishevich Nazarbayev        (s.a.)               KPK
                             (Nursultan Äbishuly Nazarbaev)
27 Jul 1989 - 16 Oct 1991  Uzakbay Karamanovich Karamanov         (b. 1937 - d. 2017)  KPK
                             (Uzaqbay Qaramanuly Qaramanov)
16 Oct 1991 - 10 Dec 1991  Sergey Aleksandrovïch Tereshchenko     (b. 1951 - d. 2023)  Non-party
                             (Sergey Aleksandrovich Tereshchenko)

Party abbreviation: KPK = Kazakhstan Kommunistіk Partiyasy/Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Kazakhstana (Communist Party of Kazakhstan, Marxist-Leninist communist, state party, former KPK, 13 Oct 1952-7 Sep 1991);
- Former parties: KPK-B = Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov) Kazakhstana (Communist Party [Bolsheviks] of Kazakhstan, Marxist-Leninist communist, state party, 23 Apr 1937-13 Oct 1952, renamed KPK); RKP = Rossiyskaya Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)(Russian Communist Party [Bolsheviks], communist, former RSDRP-B, state party, 8 Mar 1918-31 Dec 1925, renamed All-Union Communist Party); VKP = Vsesoyuznaya Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)(All-Union Communist Party [Bolsheviks], Marxist-Leninist communist, state party, former RKP, 31 Dec 1925-13 Oct 1952, renamed Communist Party of the Soviet Union)