Switzerland
 

13 Feb 1799 - 10 Mar 1803        1815 - 12 Dec 1889 (unofficial)       Adopted 12 Dec 1889   Map of Switzerland Hear National Anthem "Schweizerpsalm" "Cantique suisse" "Salmo svizzero" (Swiss Psalm) Adopted 1961 Formally from 1 Apr 1981 Former National Anthem "Vaterlandslied" (Fatherland's Song) unofficial but de facto to 1961 Constitution  (1 Jan 2000) ------------------------------ Helvetic Constitution (12 Apr 1798-7 Nov 1800; in French) Capital: Bern (Mar-Sep 1798 Aarau;  20 Sep 1798-1803 Lucerne; 1803-1813 rotated annually among Bern, Basel, Fribourg,  Lucerne, Solothurn & Zurich) Currency: Swiss Franc (CHF)  National Holiday: 1 Aug (1291) Founding of the Swiss Confederation Population: 7,639,961 (2011) GDP: $324.5 billion (2010) Exports: $258.5 billion (2010) Imports: $246.2 billion (2010) Ethnic groups: Swiss 79.4%, Yugoslav 4.7%, Italian 4.1%, Portuguese 2.2%, German 2%, Turkish 1%, other 6.6% (2004) Total Active Armed Forces: 22,059 (2010) (excludes 174,000 reservists) Merchant marine: 35 ships (2010) Religions: Roman Catholic 41.8%, Protestant 33%, Muslim 4.3%,other Christian 2.7%, Orthodox Christian 1.8%, Jewish 0.2%, other 0.8%, unknown 4.3%, nonreligious 11.1% (2000)  International Organizations/Treaties: ADB (nonregional), AfDB (nonregional), AG, ANT, APM, BIS, BTWC, CCM, CE, CERN, CTBT, CWc, EAPC, EBRD, EFTA, ESA, ESCR, FAO, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partner), ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, IRENA, ISA, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, KP, LAIA (observer), MIGA, MTCR, NAM (guest), NEA, NPT, NSG, NTBT, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC Switzerland Index Chronology  1 Aug 1291                Swiss Confederation founded (Uri, Schwyz, and                              Unterwalden), called forest sites (Waldstätten). 15 Nov 1315                Swiss troops defeat the Austrian under Leopold I                              of Habsburg at Battle of Morgarten. 19 Jul 1318                Habsburgs relinquish (by cease-fire agreement)                               suzerainty over Waldstätten. 22 Sep 1499                The Holy Roman Emperor recognizes the de facto                               independence of the Swiss Confederation.  8 Feb 1649                Peace of Westphalia treaties go into effect,                               recognizing the sovereign independence of the                              full members of the Swiss Confederation                              (no central government; see separate cantons). 27 Jan 1798 - 31 Dec 1813  French occupation. 12 Apr 1798                Proclamation of Helvetic Republic, One and                               Indivisible; abolition of cantonal sovereignty                              and feudal rights (Helvetian Republic). 10 Mar 1803                Napoléon's "Mediation" re-establishes the Swiss                              Confederation (canton sovereignty largely                              restored). 18 Aug 1815                Swiss Confederation reorganized. 20 Oct 1815                Allied powers accept formally the neutrality                              of Switzerland at the 2nd Peace of Paris. 11 Dec 1845 -  1 Dec 1847  Sonderbund formed by 7 Catholic cantons. 21 Nov 1848                Federal constitution goes into effect. Swiss Cantons A-F and G-N O-S and T-Z Sonderbund (1845-1847) Administrative Divisions Map  Map of Swiss Cantons in 1798 Map of Switzerland 1555 - 1791 Map of Helvetic Republic Historical Maps of Switzerland

Mediator of the Helvetic (from 10 Mar 1803, Swiss) Confederation¹
19 Feb 1803 - 31 Dec 1813  Napoléon Bonaparte                 (b. 1769 - d. 1821)
                           (from 18 May 1804, Napoléon I Emperor of the French) 

Presidents of the Executive Directory
22 Apr 1798 - 31 May 1798  Johann Lukas Legrand               (b. 1755 - d. 1836)
 1 Jun 1798 -  1 Jul 1798  Urs Viktor Oberlin (1st time)      (b. 1747 - d. 1818)
 2 Jul 1798 - 31 Jul 1798  Pierre Maurice Glayre (1st time)   (b. 1743 - d. 1819)
 1 Aug 1798 - 31 Aug 1798  Frédéric César de La Harpe         (b. 1754 - d. 1838)
                             (1st time)
 1 Sep 1798 - 30 Sep 1798  Peter Ochs (1st time)              (b. 1752 - d. 1821)
 1 Oct 1798 - 21 Nov 1798  Frédéric César de La Harpe         (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
22 Nov 1798 - 12 Jan 1799  Urs Viktor Oberlin (2nd time)      (s.a.)
13 Jan 1799 -  5 Mar 1799  Pierre Maurice Glayre (2nd time)   (s.a.)
 6 Mar 1799 - 26 Apr 1799  David Ludwig Bay                   (b. 1749 - d. 1832)
27 Apr 1799 - 23 Jun 1799  Peter Ochs (2nd time)              (s.a.)
24 Jun 1799 -  4 Sep 1799  Frédéric César de La Harpe         (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)
 5 Sep 1799 - 17 Nov 1799  François Pierre Savary             (b. 1750 - d. 1821)
18 Nov 1799 -  7 Jan 1800  Johann Rudolf Dolder               (b. 1753 - d. 1807)
President of the Provisional Executive Power
 7 Jan 1800 - 11 Jan 1800  Johann Rudolf Dolder               (s.a.)
Presidents of the Provisional Executive Commission
12 Jan 1800 - 27 May 1800  Johann Rudolf Dolder               (s.a.)
28 May 1800 - 25 Jun 1800  Karl Albrecht Frisching            (b. 1734 - d. 1801)
26 Jun 1800 - 23 Jul 1800  François Pierre Savary             (s.a.)
24 Jul 1800 -  8 Aug 1800  Johann Konrad Finsler              (b. 1765 - d. 1839)
Presidents of the Provisional Executive Council
 9 Aug 1800 - 30 Sep 1800  Karl Albrecht Frisching (1st time) (s.a.)
 1 Oct 1800 - 31 Oct 1800  Johann Rudolf Dolder (1st time)    (s.a.)
 1 Nov 1800 - 30 Nov 1800  Karl Friedrich Zimmermann          (b. 1765 - d. 1823)
                             (1st time)
 1 Dec 1800 - 31 Dec 1800  Johann Jakob Schmid (1st time)     (b. 1765 - d. 1828)
 1 Jan 1801 - 31 Jan 1801  Vinzenz Rüttimann (1st time)       (b. 1769 - d. 1844)
 1 Feb 1801 - 28 Feb 1801  François Pierre Savary (1st time)  (s.a.)
 1 Mar 1801 - 31 Mar 1801  Karl Albrecht Frisching (2nd time) (s.a.)
 1 Apr 1801 - 30 Apr 1801  Johann Rudolf Dolder (2nd time)    (s.a.)
 1 May 1801 - 31 May 1801  Karl Friedrich Zimmermann          (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
 1 Jun 1801 - 30 Jun 1801  François Pierre Savary (2nd time)  (s.a.)
 1 Jul 1801 - 31 Jul 1801  Johann Jakob Schmid (2nd time)     (s.a.)
 1 Aug 1801 - 31 Aug 1801  Vinzenz Rüttimann (2nd time)       (s.a.)
 1 Sep 1801 - 30 Sep 1801  Paulus Usteri                      (b. 1768 - d. 1831)
 1 Oct 1801 - 27 Oct 1801  Johann Rudolf Dolder (3rd time)    (s.a.)
President of the Provisional Executive
28 Oct 1801 - 22 Nov 1801  Johann Rudolf Dolder               (s.a.) 
Erster Landammann/Premier Landamman 
23 Nov 1801 -  6 Feb 1802  Aloys Reding von Biberegg          (b. 1765 - d. 1818)  Fed
Landammänner/Landammans
 6 Feb 1802 - 20 Apr 1802  Aloys Reding von Biberegg          (s.a.) 
20 Apr 1802 -  5 Jul 1802  Vinzenz Rüttimann (acting)         (s.a.) 
 5 Jul 1802 -  8 Mar 1803  Johann Rudolf Dolder               (s.a.) 
Aug 1802 - Sep 1802        Aloys Reding von Biberegg          (s.a.) 
                             (in dissidence) 
Heads of the Confederation (the chief magistrates of the canton hosting the Diet)
with the title Landammann der Schweiz/Landamman de la Suisse/Landamano della Svizzera
10 Mar 1803 - 31 Dec 1803  Louis d'Affry (1st time)           (b. 1743 - d. 1810)
 1 Jan 1804 - 31 Dec 1804  Niklaus Rudolf von Wattenwyl       (b. 1760 - d. 1832)
                             (1st time) 
 1 Jan 1805 - 31 Dec 1805  Peter Joseph Johann Anton von      (b. 1754 - d. 1835)
                             Glutz-Ruchti 
 1 Jan 1806 - 31 Dec 1806  Andreas Merian                     (b. 1742 - d. 1811)
 1 Jan 1807 - 31 Dec 1807  Hans von Reinhard (1st time)       (b. 1755 - d. 1835)
 1 Jan 1808 - 31 Dec 1808  Vinzenz Rüttimann (1st time)       (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1809 - 31 Dec 1809  Louis d'Affry (2nd time)           (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1810 - 31 Dec 1810  Niklaus Rudolf von Wattenwyl       (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
 1 Jan 1811 - 31 Dec 1811  Heinrich Daniel Balthasar Joseph   (b. 1754 - d. 1821)
                             Grimm von Wartenfels 
 1 Jan 1812 - 31 Dec 1812  Peter Burckhardt                   (b. 1742 - d. 1817)
 1 Jan 1813 - 31 Dec 1813  Hans von Reinhard (2nd time)       (s.a.)
Presidents of the Diet 
 6 Apr 1814 - 1814         Hans von Reinhard (1st time)       (s.a.)
24 Jun 1814 - 12 Dec 1814  Hans Konrad von Escher vom Luchs   (b. 1743 - d. 1814)
12 Dec 1814 - 21 Dec 1814  Johann Konrad Finsler (interim)    (s.a.)
21 Dec 1814 - 31 Dec 1815  David von Wyss II (1st time)       (b. 1763 - d. 1839)
 1 Jan 1816 - 31 Dec 1816  Hans von Reinhard (2nd time)       (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1817 - 31 Dec 1817  Niklaus Rudolf von Wattenwyl       (s.a.)
                             (1st time) 
 1 Jan 1818 - 31 Dec 1818  Niklaus Friedrich von Mülinen      (b. 1760 - d. 1833)
                             (1st time) 
 1 Jan 1819 - 31 Dec 1819  Josef Karl Xaver Leopold Leodegar  (b. 1777 - d. 1848)
                             Amrhyn (1st time) 
 1 Jan 1820 - 31 Dec 1820  Vinzenz Rüttimann (2nd time)       (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1821 - 31 Dec 1821  David von Wyss II (2nd time)       (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1822 - 31 Dec 1822  Hans von Reinhard (3rd time)       (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1823 - 31 Dec 1823  Niklaus Rudolf von Wattenwyl       (s.a.)
                             (2nd time) 
 1 Jan 1824 - 31 Dec 1824  Niklaus Friedrich von Mülinen      (s.a.)
                             (2nd time) 
 1 Jan 1825 - 31 Dec 1825  Josef Karl Xaver Leopold Leodegar  (s.a.)
                             Amrhyn (2nd time) 
 1 Jan 1826 - 31 Dec 1826  Vinzenz Rüttimann (3rd time)       (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1827 - 31 Dec 1827  David von Wyss II (3rd time)       (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1828 - 31 Dec 1828  Hans von Reinhard (4th time)       (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1829 - 31 Dec 1829  Niklaus Rudolf von Wattenwyl       (s.a.)
                             (3rd time) 
 1 Jan 1830 - 31 Dec 1830  Emanuel Friedrich von Fischer      (b. 1786 - d. 1870)
 1 Jan 1831 - 31 Dec 1831  Josef Karl Xaver Leopold Leodegar  (s.a.)
                             Amrhyn (3rd time) 
 1 Jan 1832 - 31 Dec 1832  Eduard Pfyffer von Altishoven      (b. 1782 - d. 1834)
 1 Jan 1833 - 31 Dec 1833  Johann Jakob Hess (1st time)       (b. 1791 - d. 1854)
 1 Jan 1834 - 31 Dec 1834  Konrad Melchior Hirzel             (b. 1793 - d. 1843)  FDP
 1 Jan 1835 - 31 Dec 1835  Franz Karl von Tavel               (b. 1801 - d. 1865)
 1 Jan 1836 - 31 Dec 1836  Karl Friedrich Tscharner           (b. 1772 - d. 1844)
                             (1st time) 
 1 Jan 1837 - 31 Dec 1837  Josef Karl Xaver Leopold Leodegar  (s.a.)
                             Amrhyn (4th time) 
 1 Jan 1838 - 31 Dec 1838  Georg Jakob Kopp                   (b. 1786 - d. 1859)
 1 Jan 1839 - 31 Dec 1839  Johann Jakob Hess (2nd time)       (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1840 - 31 Dec 1840  Johann Konrad von Muralt           (b. 1779 - d. 1869)
 1 Jan 1841 - 31 Dec 1841  Johann Karl Friedrich Neuhaus      (b. 1796 - d. 1849)
 1 Jan 1842 - 31 Dec 1842  Karl Friedrich Tscharner           (s.a.)
                             (2nd time) 
 1 Jan 1843 - 31 Dec 1843  Rudolf Rüttimann
 1 Jan 1844 - 31 Dec 1844  Konstantin Siegwart-Müller         (b. 1801 - d. 1869)  Con
 1 Jan 1845 -  2 Apr 1845  Johann Heinrich Emmanuel Mousson   (b. 1803 - d. 1869)
 2 Apr 1845 - 31 Dec 1845  Jonas Furrer                       (b. 1805 - d. 1861)  FDP
 1 Jan 1846 - 31 Dec 1846  Johann Ulrich Zehnder              (b. 1798 - d. 1877)
 1 Jan 1847 - 28 May 1847  Alexander Ludwig Funk (1st time)   (b. 1806 - d. 1871)  FDP
28 May 1847 -  5 Nov 1847  Johann Ulrich Ochsenbein           (b. 1811 - d. 1890)  FDP
                             (1st time) 
 5 Nov 1847 -  2 Dec 1847  Johann Rudolf Schneider (acting)   (b. 1804 - d. 1880)
 2 Dec 1847 - 31 May 1848  Johann Ulrich Ochsenbein           (s.a.)               FDP
                             (2nd time) 
31 May 1848 - 20 Nov 1848  Alexander Ludwig Funk (2nd time)   (s.a.)               FDP
Presidents²
21 Nov 1848 - 31 Dec 1849  Jonas Furrer (1st time)            (s.a.)               FDP
 1 Jan 1850 - 31 Dec 1850  Daniel Henri Druey                 (b. 1799 - d. 1855)  FDP
 1 Jan 1851 - 31 Dec 1851  Martin Josef Munzinger             (b. 1791 - d. 1855)  FDP
 1 Jan 1852 - 31 Dec 1852  Jonas Furrer (2nd time)            (s.a.)               FDP
 1 Jan 1853 - 31 Dec 1853  Wilhelm Matthias Näff              (b. 1802 - d. 1881)  FDP
 1 Jan 1854 - 31 Dec 1854  Friedrich Frey-Hérosé (1st time)   (b. 1801 - d. 1873)  FDP
 1 Jan 1855 - 31 Dec 1855  Jonas Furrer (3rd time)            (s.a.)               FDP
 1 Jan 1856 - 31 Dec 1856  Jakob Stämpfli (1st time)          (b. 1820 - d. 1879)  FDP
 1 Jan 1857 - 31 Dec 1857  Charles Emmanuel Constant Fornerod (b. 1819 - d. 1899)  FDP
                             (1st time) 
 1 Jan 1858 - 31 Dec 1858  Jonas Furrer (4th time)            (s.a.)               FDP
 1 Jan 1859 - 31 Dec 1859  Jakob Stämpfli (2nd time)          (s.a.)               FDP
 1 Jan 1860 - 31 Dec 1860  Friedrich Frey-Hérosé (2nd time)   (s.a.)               FDP
 1 Jan 1861 - 31 Dec 1861  Melchior Josef Martin Knüsel       (b. 1813 - d. 1889)  FDP
                             (1st time) 
 1 Jan 1862 - 31 Dec 1862  Jakob Stämpfli (3rd time)          (s.a.)               FDP
 1 Jan 1863 - 31 Dec 1863  Charles Emmanuel Constant Fornerod (s.a.)               FDP
                             (2nd time) 
 1 Jan 1864 - 31 Dec 1864  Jakob Dubs (1st time)              (b. 1822 - d. 1879)  FDP
 1 Jan 1865 - 31 Dec 1865  Karl Schenk (1st time)             (b. 1823 - d. 1895)  FDP
 1 Jan 1866 - 31 Dec 1866  Melchior Josef Martin Knüsel       (s.a.)               FDP
                             (2nd time) 
 1 Jan 1867 - 31 Dec 1867  Charles Emmanuel Constant Fornerod (s.a.)               FDP 
                             (3rd time) 
 1 Jan 1868 - 31 Dec 1868  Jakob Dubs (2nd time)              (s.a.)               FDP
 1 Jan 1869 - 31 Dec 1869  Friedrich Emil Welti (1st time)    (b. 1825 - d. 1899)  FDP
 1 Jan 1870 - 31 Dec 1870  Jakob Dubs (3rd time)              (s.a.)               FDP
 1 Jan 1871 - 31 Dec 1871  Karl Schenk (2nd time)             (s.a.)               FDP
 1 Jan 1872 - 31 Dec 1872  Friedrich Emil Welti (2nd time)    (s.a.)               FDP
 1 Jan 1873 - 31 Dec 1873  Paul Cérésole                      (b. 1832 - d. 1905)  FDP
 1 Jan 1874 - 31 Dec 1874  Karl Schenk (3rd time)             (s.a.)               FDP
 1 Jan 1875 - 31 Dec 1875  Johann Jakob Scherer               (b. 1825 - d. 1878)  FDP
 1 Jan 1876 - 31 Dec 1876  Friedrich Emil Welti (3rd time)    (s.a.)               FDP
 1 Jan 1877 - 31 Dec 1877  Joachim Heer                       (b. 1825 - d. 1879)  FDP
 1 Jan 1878 - 31 Dec 1878  Karl Schenk (4th time)             (s.a.)               FDP
 1 Jan 1879 - 31 Dec 1879  Johann Bernhard Hammer (1st time)  (b. 1822 - d. 1907)  FDP
 1 Jan 1880 - 31 Dec 1880  Friedrich Emil Welti (4th time)    (s.a.)               FDP
 1 Jan 1881 - 31 Dec 1881  Numa Droz (1st time)               (b. 1844 - d. 1899)  FDP
 1 Jan 1882 - 31 Dec 1882  Simeon Bavier                      (b. 1825 - d. 1896)  FDP
 1 Jan 1883 - 31 Dec 1883  Antoine Louis John Ruchonnet       (b. 1834 - d. 1893)  FDP
                             (1st time) 
 1 Jan 1884 - 31 Dec 1884  Friedrich Emil Welti (5th time)    (s.a.)               FDP
 1 Jan 1885 - 31 Dec 1885  Karl Schenk (5th time)             (s.a.)               FDP
 1 Jan 1886 - 31 Dec 1886  Adolf Deucher (1st time)           (b. 1831 - d. 1912)  FDP
 1 Jan 1887 - 31 Dec 1887  Numa Droz (2nd time)               (s.a.)               FDP
 1 Jan 1888 - 27 Nov 1888  Wilhelm Friedrich Hertenstein      (b. 1825 - d. 1888)  FDP
27 Nov 1888 - 31 Dec 1889  Johann Bernhard Hammer (2nd time)  (s.a.)               FDP
                             (acting to 31 Dec 1888)
 1 Jan 1890 - 31 Dec 1890  Antoine Louis John Ruchonnet       (s.a.)               FDP
                             (2nd time) 
 1 Jan 1891 - 31 Dec 1891  Friedrich Emil Welti (6th time)    (s.a.)               FDP
 1 Jan 1892 - 31 Dec 1892  Walter Hauser (1st time)           (b. 1837 - d. 1902)  FDP
 1 Jan 1893 - 31 Dec 1893  Karl Schenk (6th time)             (s.a.)               FDP
 1 Jan 1894 - 31 Dec 1894  Emil Johann Rudolf Frey            (b. 1838 - d. 1922)  FDP
 1 Jan 1895 - 31 Dec 1895  Joseph Zemp (1st time)             (b. 1834 - d. 1908)  CVP
 1 Jan 1896 - 31 Dec 1896  Adrien Louis Lachenal              (b. 1849 - d. 1918)  FDP
 1 Jan 1897 - 31 Dec 1897  Adolf Deucher (2nd time)           (s.a.)               FDP
 1 Jan 1898 - 31 Dec 1898  Eugène Ruffy                       (b. 1854 - d. 1919)  FDP
 1 Jan 1899 - 31 Dec 1899  Eduard Müller (1st time)           (b. 1848 - d. 1919)  FDP
 1 Jan 1900 - 31 Dec 1900  Walter Hauser (2nd time)           (s.a.)               FDP
 1 Jan 1901 - 31 Dec 1901  Ernst Brenner (1st time)           (b. 1856 - d. 1911)  FDP
 1 Jan 1902 - 31 Dec 1902  Joseph Zemp (2nd time)             (s.a.)               CVP
 1 Jan 1903 - 31 Dec 1903  Adolf Deucher (3rd time)           (s.a.)               FDP
 1 Jan 1904 - 31 Dec 1904  Hugo Robert Comtesse (1st time)    (b. 1847 - d. 1922)  FDP
 1 Jan 1905 - 31 Dec 1905  Marc-Émile Ruchet (1st time)       (b. 1853 - d. 1912)  FDP
 1 Jan 1906 - 31 Dec 1906  Johann Ludwig Forrer (1st time)    (b. 1845 - d. 1921)  FDP
 1 Jan 1907 - 31 Dec 1907  Eduard Müller (2nd time)           (s.a.)               FDP
 1 Jan 1908 - 31 Dec 1908  Ernst Brenner (2nd time)           (s.a.)               FDP
 1 Jan 1909 - 31 Dec 1909  Adolf Deucher (4th time)           (s.a.)               FDP
 1 Jan 1910 - 31 Dec 1910  Hugo Robert Comtesse (2nd time)    (s.a.)               FDP
 1 Jan 1911 - 31 Dec 1911  Marc-Émile Ruchet (2nd time)       (s.a.)               FDP
 1 Jan 1912 - 31 Dec 1912  Johann Ludwig Forrer (2nd time)    (s.a.)               FDP
 1 Jan 1913 - 31 Dec 1913  Eduard Müller (3rd time)           (s.a.)               FDP
 1 Jan 1914 - 31 Dec 1914  Hermann Artur Hoffmann             (b. 1857 - d. 1927)  FDP
 1 Jan 1915 - 31 Dec 1915  Giuseppe Motta (1st time)          (b. 1871 - d. 1940)  CVP
 1 Jan 1916 - 31 Dec 1916  Camille Decoppet                   (b. 1862 - d. 1925)  FDP
 1 Jan 1917 - 31 Dec 1917  Edmund Schulthess (1st time)       (b. 1868 - d. 1944)  FDP
 1 Jan 1918 - 31 Dec 1918  Felix Louis Calonder               (b. 1863 - d. 1952)  FDP
 1 Jan 1919 - 31 Dec 1919  Gustave Ador                       (b. 1845 - d. 1928)  LPS
 1 Jan 1920 - 31 Dec 1920  Giuseppe Motta (2nd time)          (s.a.)               CVP
 1 Jan 1921 - 31 Dec 1921  Edmund Schulthess (2nd time)       (s.a.)               FDP
 1 Jan 1922 - 31 Dec 1922  Robert Haab (1st time)             (b. 1865 - d. 1939)  FDP
 1 Jan 1923 - 31 Dec 1923  Karl Alfred Scheurer               (b. 1872 - d. 1929)  FDP
 1 Jan 1924 - 31 Dec 1924  Ernest-Louis Chuard                (b. 1857 - d. 1942)  FDP
 1 Jan 1925 - 31 Dec 1925  Jean-Marie Musy (1st time)         (b. 1876 - d. 1952)  FDP
 1 Jan 1926 - 31 Dec 1926  Heinrich Häberlin (1st time)       (b. 1868 - d. 1947)  CVP
 1 Jan 1927 - 31 Dec 1927  Giuseppe Motta (3rd time)          (s.a.)               CVP
 1 Jan 1928 - 31 Dec 1928  Edmund Schulthess (3rd time)       (s.a.)               FDP
 1 Jan 1929 - 31 Dec 1929  Robert Haab (2nd time)             (s.a.)               FDP
 1 Jan 1930 - 31 Dec 1930  Jean-Marie Musy (2nd time)         (s.a.)               FDP
 1 Jan 1931 - 31 Dec 1931  Heinrich Häberlin (2nd time)       (s.a.)               CVP
 1 Jan 1932 - 31 Dec 1932  Giuseppe Motta (4th time)          (s.a.)               CVP
 1 Jan 1933 - 31 Dec 1933  Edmund Schulthess (4th time)       (s.a.)               FDP
 1 Jan 1934 - 31 Dec 1934  Marcel Pilet-Golaz (1st time)      (b. 1889 - d. 1958)  FDP
 1 Jan 1935 - 31 Dec 1935  Rudolf Minger                      (b. 1881 - d. 1955)  SVP
 1 Jan 1936 - 31 Dec 1936  Albert Meyer                       (b. 1870 - d. 1953)  FDP
 1 Jan 1937 - 31 Dec 1937  Giuseppe Motta (5th time)          (s.a.)               CVP
 1 Jan 1938 - 31 Dec 1938  Johannes Baumann                   (b. 1874 - d. 1953)  FDP
 1 Jan 1939 - 31 Dec 1939  Philipp Etter (1st time)           (b. 1891 - d. 1977)  CVP 
 1 Jan 1940 - 31 Dec 1940  Marcel Pilet-Golaz (2nd time)      (s.a.)               FDP
 1 Jan 1941 - 31 Dec 1941  Ernst Wetter                       (b. 1877 - d. 1965)  FDP
 1 Jan 1942 - 31 Dec 1942  Philipp Etter (2nd time)           (s.a.)               CVP
 1 Jan 1943 - 31 Dec 1943  Enrico Celio (1st time)            (b. 1889 - d. 1980)  CVP
 1 Jan 1944 - 31 Dec 1944  Walter Stampfli                    (b. 1884 - d. 1965)  FDP
 1 Jan 1945 - 31 Dec 1945  Eduard von Steiger (1st time)      (b. 1881 - d. 1962)  SVP
 1 Jan 1946 - 31 Dec 1946  Karl Kobelt (1st time)             (b. 1891 - d. 1968)  FDP
 1 Jan 1947 - 31 Dec 1947  Philipp Etter (3rd time)           (s.a.)               CVP
 1 Jan 1948 - 31 Dec 1948  Enrico Celio (2nd time)            (s.a.)               CVP
 1 Jan 1949 - 31 Dec 1949  Ernst Nobs                         (b. 1886 - d. 1957)  SPS
 1 Jan 1950 - 31 Dec 1950  Max Petitpierre (1st time)         (b. 1899 - d. 1994)  FDP
 1 Jan 1951 - 31 Dec 1951  Eduard von Steiger (2nd time)      (s.a.)               SVP
 1 Jan 1952 - 31 Dec 1952  Karl Kobelt (2nd time)             (s.a.)               FDP
 1 Jan 1953 - 31 Dec 1953  Philipp Etter (4th time)           (s.a.)               CVP
 1 Jan 1954 - 31 Dec 1954  Rodolphe Rubattel                  (b. 1896 - d. 1961)  FDP
 1 Jan 1955 - 31 Dec 1955  Max Petitpierre (2nd time)         (s.a.)               FDP
 1 Jan 1956 - 31 Dec 1956  Markus Feldmann                    (b. 1897 - d. 1958)  SVP
 1 Jan 1957 - 31 Dec 1957  Hans Streuli                       (b. 1892 - d. 1970)  FDP
 1 Jan 1958 - 31 Dec 1958  Thomas Holenstein                  (b. 1896 - d. 1962)  CVP
 1 Jan 1959 - 31 Dec 1959  Paul Chaudet (1st time)            (b. 1904 - d. 1977)  FDP
 1 Jan 1960 - 31 Dec 1960  Max Petitpierre  (3rd time)        (s.a.)               FDP
 1 Jan 1961 - 31 Dec 1961  Friedrich Traugott Wahlen          (b. 1899 - d. 1985)  SVP
 1 Jan 1962 - 31 Dec 1962  Paul Chaudet (2nd time)            (s.a.)               FDP
 1 Jan 1963 - 31 Dec 1963  Willy Spühler (1st time)           (b. 1902 - d. 1990)  SPS
 1 Jan 1964 - 31 Dec 1964  Ludwig von Moos (1st time)         (b. 1910 - d. 1990)  CVP
 1 Jan 1965 - 31 Dec 1965  Hans Peter Tschudi (1st time)      (b. 1913 - d. 2002)  SPS
 1 Jan 1966 - 31 Dec 1966  Hans Schaffner                     (b. 1908 - d. 2004)  FDP
 1 Jan 1967 - 31 Dec 1967  Roger Bonvin (1st time)            (b. 1907 - d. 1982)  CVP
 1 Jan 1968 - 31 Dec 1968  Willy Spühler (2nd time)           (s.a.)               SPS
 1 Jan 1969 - 31 Dec 1969  Ludwig von Moos (2nd time)         (s.a.)               CVP
 1 Jan 1970 - 31 Dec 1970  Hans Peter Tschudi (2nd time)      (s.a.)               SPS
 1 Jan 1971 - 31 Dec 1971  Rudolf Gnägi (1st time)            (b. 1917 - d. 1985)  SVP
 1 Jan 1972 - 31 Dec 1972  Nello Celio                        (b. 1914 - d. 1995)  FDP
 1 Jan 1973 - 31 Dec 1973  Roger Bonvin (2nd time)            (s.a.)               CVP
 1 Jan 1974 - 31 Dec 1974  Ernst Brugger                      (b. 1914 - d. 1998)  FDP
 1 Jan 1975 - 31 Dec 1975  Pierre Graber                      (b. 1908 - d. 2003)  SPS
 1 Jan 1976 - 31 Dec 1976  Rudolf Gnägi (2nd time)            (s.a.)               SVP
 1 Jan 1977 - 31 Dec 1977  Kurt Furgler (1st time)            (b. 1924 - d. 2008)  CVP
 1 Jan 1978 - 31 Dec 1978  Willi Ritschard                    (b. 1918 - d. 1983)  SPS
 1 Jan 1979 - 31 Dec 1979  Hans Hürlimann                     (b. 1918 - d. 1994)  CVP
 1 Jan 1980 - 31 Dec 1980  Georges-André Chevallaz            (b. 1915 - d. 2002)  FDP
 1 Jan 1981 - 31 Dec 1981  Kurt Furgler (2nd time)            (s.a.)               CVP
 1 Jan 1982 - 31 Dec 1982  Fritz Honegger                     (b. 1917 - d. 1999)  FDP
 1 Jan 1983 - 31 Dec 1983  Pierre Aubert (1st time)           (b. 1927)            SPS
 1 Jan 1984 - 31 Dec 1984  Leon Schlumpf                      (b. 1925 - d. 2012)  SVP
 1 Jan 1985 - 31 Dec 1985  Kurt Furgler (3rd time)            (s.a.)               CVP
 1 Jan 1986 - 31 Dec 1986  Alphons Egli                       (b. 1924)            CVP
 1 Jan 1987 - 31 Dec 1987  Pierre Aubert (2nd time)           (s.a.)               SPS
 1 Jan 1988 - 31 Dec 1988  Otto Stich (1st time)              (b. 1927 - d. 2012)  SPS
 1 Jan 1989 - 31 Dec 1989  Jean-Pascal Delamuraz (1st time)   (b. 1936 - d. 1998)  FDP
 1 Jan 1990 - 31 Dec 1990  Arnold Koller (1st time)           (b. 1933)            CVP
 1 Jan 1991 - 31 Dec 1991  Flavio Cotti (1st time)            (b. 1939)            CVP
 1 Jan 1992 - 31 Dec 1992  René Felber                        (b. 1933)            SPS
 1 Jan 1993 - 31 Dec 1993  Adolf Ogi                          (b. 1942)            SVP
 1 Jan 1994 - 31 Dec 1994  Otto Stich (2nd time)              (s.a.)               SPS
 1 Jan 1995 - 31 Dec 1995  Kaspar Villiger (1st time)         (b. 1941)            FDP
 1 Jan 1996 - 31 Dec 1996  Jean-Pascal Delamuraz (2nd time)   (s.a.)               FDP
 1 Jan 1997 - 31 Dec 1997  Arnold Koller (2nd time)           (s.a.)               CVP 
 1 Jan 1998 - 31 Dec 1998  Flavio Cotti (2nd time)            (s.a.)               CVP 
 1 Jan 1999 - 31 Dec 1999  Ruth Dreifuss (f)                  (b. 1940)            SPS
 1 Jan 2000 - 31 Dec 2000  Adolf Ogi (2nd time)               (s.a.)               SVP
 1 Jan 2001 - 31 Dec 2001  Moritz Leuenberger (1st time)      (b. 1946)            SPS
 1 Jan 2002 - 31 Dec 2002  Kaspar Villiger (2nd time)         (s.a.)               FDP
 1 Jan 2003 - 31 Dec 2003  Pascal Couchepin (1st time)        (b. 1942)            FDP
 1 Jan 2004 - 31 Dec 2004  Joseph Deiss                       (b. 1946)            CVP
 1 Jan 2005 - 31 Dec 2005  Samuel Schmid                      (b. 1947)            SVP
 1 Jan 2006 - 31 Dec 2006  Moritz Leuenberger (2nd time)      (s.a.)               SPS
 1 Jan 2007 - 31 Dec 2007  Micheline Calmy-Rey (f)(1st time)  (b. 1945)            SPS
 1 Jan 2008 - 31 Dec 2008  Pascal Couchepin (2nd time)        (s.a.)               FDP
 1 Jan 2009 - 31 Dec 2009  Hans-Rudolf Merz                   (b. 1942)            FDP
 1 Jan 2010 - 31 Dec 2010  Doris Leuthard (f)                 (b. 1963)            CVP
 1 Jan 2011 - 31 Dec 2011  Micheline Calmy-Rey (f)(2nd time)  (s.a.)               SPS
 1 Jan 2012 - 31 Dec 2012  Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf (f)        (b. 1956)            BDP
 1 Jan 2013 -              Ueli Maurer                        (b. 1950)            SVP

 ¹The full style: Médiateur de la Confédération Suisse (Mediator of the Swiss Confederation).

   ²The Swiss government consists of 7 members of the Federal Council who are elected by the United Federal Assembly for a 4 year mandate. The President of the Swiss Confederation is elected for 1 year and is regarded as Primus inter pares, or first among equals, for this period. He or she leads the meetings of the Federal Council and undertakes special representational duties.

Party abbreviations: BDP = Bürgerlich-Demokratische Partei Schweiz/French: Parti Bourgeois Démocratique Suisse (Conservative Democratic Party of Switzerland, centter-right, est.2008, split from SVP); CVP = Christlich-Demokratische Volkspartei der Schweiz/Parti Démocrate Chrétien Suisse (Christian Democratic People's Party, christian-democratic; before 1912 Catholic Conservative Party, 1912-57 Swiss Conservative People's Party, 1957-70 Conservative Christian Social People's Party); FDP = Freisinnig-Demokratische Partei der Schweiz/Parti Radical-Démocratique Suisse (Freethinking-Democratic Party of Switzerland or predecessors, liberal, from 2009 named FDP.The Liberals [FDP.Die Liberalen/PLR.Les Libéraux-Radicaux]); SPS = Sozialdemokratische Partei der Schweiz (Social-Democratic Party of Switzerland, social-democratic); SVP = Schweizerische Volkspartei/Union Démocratique du Centre (Swiss People's Party/Democratic Centre Union, conservative; 1921-71 Peasants', Business, and Citizens' Party);
- Former parties: Cent = Centralist; Con = Conservative; Fed = Federalist; LPS = Liberale Partei der Schweiz/Parti Libéral Suisse (Liberal Party of Switzerland or predecessors, liberal, merged with FDP, 1913-2009)

11 Dec 1845                The Sonderbund, formally Schutzvereinigung ("Defense Union"), 
                             formed by the seven Roman Catholic Swiss cantons (Luzern, 
                             Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden, Zug, Fribourg and Valais) to 
                             oppose anti-Catholic measures of liberal Protestant cantons.
14 Nov 1847                Fribourg capitulates.
20 Nov 1847                Zug capitulates.
24 Nov 1847                Luzern capitulates.
25 Nov 1847                Uri, Schwyz and Unterwalden capitulate.
 1 Dec 1847                Valais capitulates; the Sonderbund is terminated by the
                             intervention of federal authorities.

Leader (a Schultheiss of Luzern)
11 Dec 1845 - 29 Nov 1847  Konstantin Siegwart-Müller           (b. 1801 - d. 1869)

Commanding general
11 Dec 1845 - 29 Nov 1847  Johann Ulrich von Salis-Soglio       (b. 1790 - d. 1847)