Panama
-
- to 6 Oct
1821
|
-
- 6 Oct 1821 -
1831
|
-
- 1831 - 9 May 1834
|
-
- 9 May 1834 - 1855
|
-
- 1855 - 26 Jul 1861
-
|
-
- 26 Jul 1861
- 26 Nov 1861
|
-
- 26 Nov 1861 - 1886
-
|
-
- 1886 - 3 Nov 1903
-
|
4 Nov 1903 - 20 Dec 1903
|
Adopted 20 Dec 1903
(officially adopted 28 Mar
1941)
|
|
Map
of Panama
|
Hear
National Anthem
"Himno Istemño"
(Isthmus Hymn)
|
Text
of National Anthem
Adopted 1925
|
Constitution
(11 Oct 1972; in
Spanish)
|
Capital:
Panama City
(Ciudad de Panama)
(Darien 1510-1521)
|
Currencies:
Balboa (PAB);
&
US Dollar (USD); 1871-1903
Colombian Peso (COP)
|
National
Holiday: 3 Nov (1903)
Independence Day
|
Population:
3,559,408 (2013)
|
|
GDP: $61.54
billion (2013)
|
Exports:
$18.8 billion (2013)
Imports: $26.6
billion (2013)
|
Ethnic groups:
mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white)
58.1%,
black and mulatto 14%,
Amerindian 6.7%, white 8.6%,
Asian 5.5%, other 7.1%
(2000)
|
Total Public
Security Forces: 12,000 (2012)
(military abolished 19
Feb 1990)
Merchant marine:
6,414 ships (2010)
|
Religions:
Roman Catholic 70.6%, Protestant 14%,
Muslim 4.4%, Baha'i 1.2%, Buddhist
0.8%, traditional
beliefs 0.7%, nonreligious 2.5%,
other 5.8% (2000)
|
International
Organizations/Treaties: ACS,
APM, BCIE (nonregional), BTWC, CAN
(observer), CAP, CCM, CD, CELAC, CTBT,
CWC, ENMOD, ESCR, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO,
IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU,
IRENA, ISA, ISO,
ITSO, ITU, ITUC, KP, LAES, LAIA, LAP,
LU, MIGA, NAM, NPT, NTBT, OAS, OPANAL,
OPCW, OST (signatory), PA
(observer), PCA, SEGIB, SICA,
UN, UNASUR
(observer), UNCLOS, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-PA, UNHCR,
UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WTO
|
|
Panama
Index
|
Chronology
Mar
1501
Discovered by Rodrigo de Bastidas.
5
Oct
1502
Discovered by Columbus and claimed for
Spain.
1508
Spanish settlement at Darien, Gobernación
de
Veragua.
1510
Spanish colony, Santa María de la
Antigua del
Darien founded.
1513
Province of Castilla de Oro (part of
Spanish
colony of Peru).
29 Sep
1513
Isthmus crossed by Vasco Nuñez de
Balboa.
15 Aug
1519
Panama city founded.
1529
Renamed Panamá
26 Feb
1538 - 1543
Audiencia y
Cancillería Real de
Panamá en
Tierrafirme.
15 May
1565 -
1718
Audiencia
of Panamá (restored).
3 Nov 1698 - 11 Apr
1700 Scottish colony at Darien.
21 Jul
1722 - 1752
Audiencia of
Panamá (restored).
20 Aug
1739
Panama subjected to Viceroyalty of New
Granada
(see Colombia).
20 Jul
1812 -
1816
Remains loyal to Spain during
Colombian
independence revolt.
28 Nov
1821
Independence from Spain, part of New
Granada
(see Colombia).
18 Nov
1840
State of Panama (secession from
Colombia).
20 Mar
1841
State of the Isthmus (Estado
del Istmo).
31 Dec
1841
Re-incorporation into Colombia.
27 Feb
1855 - 5 Aug 1886
Provinces of New Granada (including
Panama)
organized as sovereign states, but
remaining
part of New Granada (see Colombian
states).
27 Apr
1885 - 30 Apr 1885 U.S. troops
deployed in Panama City.
20 Nov 1901 - 4 Dec 1901
U.S. troops deployed.
17 Sep 1902 - 18
Nov 1902 U.S. troops deployed.
3 Nov
1903
Spontaneous declarations in favour of
separation
from Colombia in Panama
City.
4 Nov
1903
Independence from Colombia (Republic
of Panama).
4 Nov 1903 - 13 Feb
1904 U.S. intervention.
6 Nov 1903
U.S. recognizes Panamanian
independence (formally
18 Nov 1903).
13 Feb 1904 - 25 Jul 1939
U.S. protectorate.
17 Nov 1904 - 24 Nov 1904
U.S. troops deployed in Ancon.
13 May 1912 - 21 Jan 1914 U.S.
troops deployed.
4 May 1904 - 30 Sep
1979 Panama Canal Zone
under U.S. administration.
1 Mar 1922
Colombia formally recognizes
Panamanian
independence.
20 Dec 1989 - 31 Jan 1990 U.S.
occupation.
|
Canal
Zone
(1903-1979)
|
New
Caledonia
(1698-1700)
|
| Comarcas
|
| |
|
|
| |
| |
| |
| |
|
De facto rulers
11 Oct 1968 - 31 Jul 1981 Omar Efraín
Torrijos Herrera (b.
1929 - d. 1981) Mil; 1978
(commander National Guard; from 11 Oct
1972,
PRD
Maximum Leader of the Panamanian Revolution)
31 Jun 1981 - 3 Mar 1982 Florencio Flores
Aguilar
Mil
(commander National Guard)
3 Mar 1982 - 12 Aug 1983 Rubén Darío
Paredes del
Río (b.
1933)
Mil
(commander National Guard)
12 Aug 1983 - 20 Dec 1989 Manuel Antonio
Noriega Moreno (b. 1934 -
d. 2017) Mil
(commander National Guard [from 29 Sep 1983
Panama Defense Forces]; from 15 Dec 1989,
Maximum Leader of National Liberation)
Governors of Veragua
6 Jun 1508 -
1511
Diego de Nicuesa
(b. c.1464 - d.
1511)
1511 -
1513
Vasco Núñez de Balboa
(b. 1475 - d. 1519)
Governors of Castilla de Oro
1513 -
1520
Pedro Arias Dávila (1st time) (b.
1460? - d. 1631)
1520
Lope de Sosa
1520 -
1526
Pedro Arias Dávila (2nd time)
(s.a.)
1526 -
1529
Pedro de los Ríos y Gutierrez (d.
1547)
de Aguayo
Governors of Panama
5 Aug 1529 - Jul 1532
Antonio de la Gama
1533 - Aug
1536
Francisco de Barrionuevo
1536
Pascual de Andagoya
(b. 1495 - d. 1548)
Sep 1536 - Feb 1539
Pedro Vázquez de Acuña
Feb 1539 -
1543
Francisco Perez de Robles
(president of the Audiencia)
1543 - 1544
Pedro Ramírez de Quiñones
(1st time)
1544
Pedro de Casaos
1544 -
1545
Diego de Herrera
1545 -
1546
Hernando de Bachicao
1546
Juan Ramírez
Apr 1546 - 1547
Pedro De Rivera
1546
Pedro de la Gasca
(b. 1493 - d. 1567)
1547 - 1548
Alonso De
Almaraz
1548
Pedro Ramírez de Quiñones
(2nd time)
Jan 1549 - Mar 1549
Juan Barba de Vallecillo
1549 - 1552
Sancho de Clavijo
Sep 1553 -
1556
Álvaro de Sosa
19 Dec 1556 - 31 Dec 1556 Juan de Barbosa
(acting)
1 Jan 1557 -
1559
Juan Ruiz de Monjaráz
1559 -
1561
Rafael de Figueroa
1 Jan 1561 - Dec
1563 Luis de Guzmán
(d. 1563)
1563
Juan Bustos De Villegas
1563 -
1564
Lope García de Castro
(b. 1516 - d. 1576)
1564 - 1565
Juan de Pineda
1565
Juan De Céspedes
1565 -
1566
Manuel Barros de San Millán
(b. 1523 - d. 1599)
(1st time)
1566 - 1567
Alonso Arias de Herrera
Governor/Presidents
1567 - 1568
Manuel Barros de San Millán
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
1568 - 1575
Diego López de Vera
1575 - 1576
Diego De Ortegón
1576 -
1578
Gabriel de Loarte
1578 - 1579
Juan López de Cepeda (interim)
1579 -
1580
Iñigo De La Mata Fernández
1580 -
1585
Pedro Ramírez de Quiñones
(3rd time)
1585 - 1586
Juan del Barrio Sepúlveda
(1st time)
1586 -
1596
Francisco de Cárdenas
1596
Juan del Barrio Sepúlveda
(2nd time) (interim)
1596 -
1602
Alonso de Sotomayor y Andía
(b. 1545 - d. 1610)
1602 - 1605
Hernando de Añasco
1605 - 1606
Francisco de Valverde y Mercado
1606 - 1614
Diego De Orozco
1614 -
1616
Francisco Manso de Contreras
1616 -
1619
Diego Fernández de Velasco
1619 -
1621
Juan de Santa Cruz Rivadeneira
1621
Alonso Espino De Cáceres
1621
Roque de Cháves
1621 - 1622
Rodrigo Vivero y Velasco
1622 -
1627
Rodrigo De Vivero y Velasco
1627 -
1628
Juan De Andrade Colmenares
1628 - 1633
Álvaro de Quiñones Osorio
1633 - 1635
Sebastián Hurtado de Corcuera (d.
1660)
y Gaviría
1635
Luis de Rojas
1635 - 1639
Enrique Enríquez de Sotomayor (d.
1639)
1639 - 1640
Andrés Garabito de León e Illescas (b. 1600 -
d. 1675)
(interim)
1640 -
1643
Iñigo de la Motta Sarmiento
1643 -
1644
Juan de Vega Bazán (1st time)
1644
Juan Fernández de Córdoba
y (d.
1654)
Coalla
1644 - 1645
Diego De Orozco
1645 - 1649
Juan de Vega Bazán (2nd time)
1649
Francisco
De Guzmán Y Toledo
1649 -
1651
Juan de Bitrián Navarra y
Biamonte (interim)
1651 - 1652
Juan de Vargas Machuca
1652
Francisco de Guzmán de Toledo
(interim)
1652 - 1653
Pedro Carrilla de Guzmán
1653 -
1658
Antonio De La Plaza Esquiluz
1658
Francisco De Herrera Enríquez
1658 -
1663
Fernando Ibáñez de la Riva
(b. 1606 - d. 1683)
Agüero y Setién
1663 -
1665
Pablo de Figueroa
1665 -
1667
Juan Pérez de Guzmán y Gonzaga
(1st time)
1667 -
1669
Agustín de Bracamonte y Zapata
1669 - 1670
Juan Pérez de Guzmán
1669 - 1670
Juan Pérez de Guzmán y Gonzaga
1670 - 1671
Diego de Ibarra (interim)
1671
Luis de Losada Quinoñes
+
Andres Martínez de Amileta
(magistrates)
1671
Francisco Miguel de Marichalar
(1st time)
1671 -
1673
Antonio Fernández de Córdoba y
Mendoza
1673 -
1675
Antonio de León, obispo de Panamá
1675 -
1676
Francisco Miguel de Marichalar
(2nd time)
1676 -
1681
Alonso de Mercado y Villacorta (b.
1620 - d. 1681)
1681 -
1682
Lucas Fernández de Piedrahita, (b. 1624 -
d. 1688)
obispo de Panamá
1682
José Alzamora
1682 -
1690
Pedro de Ponte Llorena Hoyo y (b.
1625 - d. 1705)
Calderón, conde de Palmar
1690 -
1695
Pedro José de Guzmán Dávalos, (b.
c.1650 - d. 1720)
marqués de la Mina
1695 -
1696
Diego Ladrón de Guvera,
(b. 1641 - d. 1718)
obispo de Panamá
1696 -
1699
Pedro Luis Henríquez de Guzmán, (d. 1701)
conde de Canillas (1st time)
1699
José Antonio de la Rocha y
Carranza (1st time)
1699 - 1701
Pedro Luis Henríquez de Guzmán, (s.a.)
conde de Canillas (2nd time)
1702 -
1706
Fernando D'Avila Bravo de Laguna
1706
Juan Eustaquio Vicentel Toledo
y Luca, marqués de Brenes
1706 -
1708
José Antonio de la Rocha y
Carranza, marques de Brenes
(1st time)
1708 -
1709
Fernando Haro de Monterroso
1709 -
1710
Juan Bautista de Ureta e Irusta
1710 -
1711
Juan de la Rañeta y Vera
1711
José Antonio de la Rocha y
Carranza, marques de Brenes
(2nd time)
1711 -
1718
José Hurtado de Amézaga
Governors
1718
Juan José de Llamas y Rivas,
obispo de Panamá
1718 -
1723
Jerónimo Vadillo
Governors/Presidents
1723 -
1724
Gaspar Pérez Buelta
1724
José Alzamora y Ursino (interim)
1724 -
1730
Manuel de Aldrete
1730 -
1735
Juan José de Andía Viero y Velásco,(d. 1741)
marqués de Villa Hermosa
1735 - 1743
Dionisio Martínez de la Vega
1743 -
1749
Dionisio de Alcedo Ugarte y Herrera(b. 1690 - d. 1777)
1749 -
1751
Manuel de Montiano
(b. 1685 - d. 1762)
Governors
1751 -
1758
Manuel de Montiano
(s.a.)
1758 -
1761
Antonio de Guill y Gonzaga
(d. 1768)
1762
José Antonio Raón Gutiérrez (interim)
1762 -
1764
José de Arana y Garnica (interim)
1764 - Jul
1767
José Blasco de
Orozco
(d. 1767)
1767
Joaquín Cabrejo (interim)
1767 -
1768
Manuel de Agreda (interim)
1768 -
1769
Nicolás de Castro (1st time)
(b. 1710 - d. 1772)
Dec 1769 - Jun
1772 Vicente
de
Olaciregui
(d. 1772)
Jun 1772 -
1772
Nicolás de Castro (2nd time)
(s.a.)
(interim)
1773 - May
1774
Nicholás
Quijano
(d. 1774)
May 1774 -
1774
Francisco Navas (interim)
1774 - Nov
1779
Pedro Carbonell Pinto Vigo y (b.
1720 - d. 1825)
Correa
Nov 1779 -
1785
Ramón de Carvajal
1786 -
1793
José Dómas y Valle
1793 -
1803
Antonio Narváez y la Torre
(b. 1733? - d. 1812)
15 Mar 1803 - 22 Feb 1805 Juan de Marcos
Urbina
(b. 17.. - d. 1805)
1805 - 12 Jul
1812
Juan Antonio de la
Mata
(d. 1812)
12 Jul 1812 -
1813
Víctor Salcedo y Somodevilla (b.
1751 - d. 18..)
1813 -
1815
Carlos Meyner
1815 -
1816
Francisco de Ayala Gudiño Medina (b. 1751 - d.
1816)
y Calderón (interim)
1816
José Alvarez (interim)
1816 - 17 Jul
1817
Juan Domingo de Iturralde (interim)(b. 1759 -
d. 18..)
17 Jul 1817 - 8 Jul 1820 Alejandro
de
Hore,
(b. 1778 - d. 1820)
mariscal de Campo
8 Jul 1820 - 28 Dec
1820 Francisco Aguilar (interim)
28 Dec 1820 - 2 Aug 1821 Pedro Ruíz
de
Porras
(b. 1762 - d. 1821)
Aug 1821 - Aug
1821 Tomás
Cires (acting)
Aug 1821 - 22 Oct 1821
Juan de la Cruz Mourgeón y Achet (b. c.1775 - d.
1822)
22 Oct 1821 - 28 Nov 1821 José de Fábrega
(1st time) (b. 1777 - d.
1841)
(interim)
Military governor
9 Feb 1822 -
1826
José María Carreño
(b. 1792 - d. 1849)
Governors
9 Feb 1822 -
1826
Juan José Argote (1st time)
1826
Manuel Muñoz (1st time)(acting)
1826 -
1827
José de Fábrega (1st time)
(s.a.)
1827
José Domingo Espinar (1st time) (b. 1791 -
d. 1862)
1827 - Jun
1828
Manuel Muñoz (2nd time)(acting)
Jun 1828 -
1829
José Sardá
1829 -
1830
José de Fábrega (2nd time)
(s.a.)
1830 - Dec
1830
José Domingo Espinar (2nd time) (s.a.)
Dec 1830 -
1831
Juan Eligio
Alzuru
(b. 1791 - d. 1831)
1 Jul 1831 - Jul
1831 Justo Paredes -Superior
Chief
Jul 1831 -
1832
Tomás de Herrera -Military governor(b.
1804 - d. 1854)
(1st time)
1832
Pedro Jiménez
1832 -
1833
Juan José Argote (2nd time)
1833 -
1834
Juan B. Feraud
1834 -
1836
Manuel José Hurtado
1836 -
1840
Pedro de
Obarrio
(b. 1795 - d. 18..)
18 May 1840 -
1842
Tomás de Herrera (2nd
time) (s.a.)
Superior Civil Chief
18 Nov 1840 - 20 Mar 1841 Tomás José
Ramón del Carmen de (b. 1804 -
d. 1854)
Herrera y Pérez Dávila
Superior Chief of State
20 Mar 1841 - 8 Jun 1841 Tomás José
Ramón del Carmen de (s.a.)
Herrera y Pérez Dávila
President
8 Jun 1841 - 31 Dec
1841 Tomás José Ramón del Carmen
de (s.a.)
Herrera y Pérez Dávila
1842
Miguel Chiari Jiménez
(b. 1808 - d. 1881)
1842
J. Victoria y Echavarría
1843 -
1845
Anselmo Pineda
(b. 1805 - d. 1878)
1845
José de Obaldía y
Orejuela (b.
1806 - d. 1889)
(1st time)
1845 -
1846
Tomás de Herrera (3rd
time) (s.a.)
1846
Manuel Quesada
1846
José María Barriga
1849
Manuel María Díaz (1st time)
(acting)
1849
Tomás de Herrera (4th
time) (s.a.)
1850 -
1851
José de Obaldía y
Orejuela
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
1851
Manuel María Díaz (2nd time)
(acting)
1851
Tomás de Herrera (4th
time) (s.a.)
1851
Juan Antonio Bermúdez
1851
Carlos Icaza Arosemena
(b. 1822 - d. 1896)
1852
Tomás de Herrera (5th
time) (s.a.)
1852
Antonio Planas
1852
Bernardo Arce Mata (1st time)
1852 -
1853
Salvador Camacho Roldán
(b. 1827 - d. 1900)
1 Sep 1853 - 1854
Bernardo Arce
Mata (2nd time)
(acting)
1 Jan 1854 - 1854
José María
Urrutia Añino
1854 -
1855
Juan Echavarría
1855
Isidro de Diego
1855
Damián José Pacheco
1855
Bernardo Arce Mata (3rd time)
19 May 1855 - 18 Jul 1855 Manuel María
Díaz (3rd time)
(acting)
18 Jul 1855 - 3 Oct 1855 Justo
Arosemena
Quesada
(b. 1817 - d. 1896)
(initially provisional head of state)
4 Oct 1855 - 30 Sep
1856 Francisco de Fábrega
(acting) (b. 1815 - d.
1879)
1 Oct 1856 - 6
May 1858 Bartolomé Calvo y Díaz de Lamadrid (b.
1815 - d. 1889)
7 May 1858 - 30 Sep
1858 Ramón Gamboa (acting)
1 Oct 1858 - 1
Nov 1858 Rafael Núñez
(acting)
(b. 1825 - d. 1894)
2 Nov 1858 - 30 Sep
1860 José de Obaldía y
Orejuela
(s.a.)
(3rd time)
1 Oct 1860 - 25 Jul
1862 Santiago de la Guardia y
Arrue (b. 1829 - d. 1862)
26 Jul 1862 - 5 Jul 1863 Manuel
María Díaz (provisional)
(4th time)
6 Jul 1863 - 12 Aug
1863 Pedro Goitía Meléndez
(acting) (d. 1898)
Presidents
13 Aug 1863 - 16 Oct 1864
Peregrino
Santacoloma
(b. 1830 - d. 1890)
17 Oct 1864 - 9 Mar 1865 José
Leonardo Calancha (acting) (b. 1832 - d.
....)
10 Mar 1865 - 30 Sep 1866 Gil
Colunje
(b. 1831 - d. 1899)
(provisional to 1 Jul 1865, then acting)
1 Oct 1866 - 3
Feb 1868 Vicente Olarte
Galindo
(d. 1868)
4 Feb 1868 - 4
Jul 1868 Justo José Díaz (acting)
5 Jul 1868 - 31 Aug
1868 Fernando Ponce (provisional)
1 Sep 1868 - 30 Sep
1872 Buenaventura Correoso (1st time)
(b. 1831 - d. 1911)
(acting to 1 Oct 1868)
16 Aug 1871 - 30 Sep 1871 Jaun Mendoza
(acting for Correoso)
16 Jun 1872 - 28 Aug 1872 Jaun
Mendoza (acting for Correoso)
1 Oct 1872 - 5 Apr 1873
Gabriel Neira (1st time) (acting)
5 Apr 1873 - 8
May 1873 Dámaso A. Cervera (1st
time) (b. 1837 - d.
1898)
(acting)
8 May 1873 - 14 Nov
1873 Gabriel Neira (2nd time)
(acting to 1 Oct 1873, then provisional)
16 Nov 1873 - 20 Sep 1875 Gregorio Miró
1 Oct 1875 - 11 Oct
1875 Pablo Arosemena Alba (1st
time) (b. 1836 - d. 1920)
12 Oct 1875 - 31 Dec 1877 Rafael Aizpuru
(1st time) (b. 1843 -
d. 1919)
(provisional to 1 Jan 1876)
1 Jan 1878 - 28 Dec
1878 Buenaventura Correoso (2nd time)
(s.a.)
29 Dec 1878 - 1 Jun 1879 José
Ricardo Casorla (1st time) (b. 1836 - d.
1880)
(acting)
8 Jun 1879 - 15 Jun
1879 Gerardo Ortega (1st time) (acting) (b. 1843 -
d. 1925)
15 Jun 1879 - 17 Jun 1879 José Ricardo
Casorla (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
17 Jun 1879 - 31 Dec 1879 Gerardo Ortega
(2nd time) (acting) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1880
- 2 Jul 1883 Dámaso A. Cervera (2nd
time) (s.a.)
(acting)
2 Jul 1883 - 6 Jul 1883 Benjamín Ruiz
(1st time) (acting) (b. 1852 - d. 1914)
6 Jul 1883 - 10 Jul 1883 Dámaso A. Cervera
(3rd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
10 Jul 1883 - 13 Jul 1883 Benjamín Ruiz (2nd time)
(acting) (s.a.)
13 Jul 1883 - 27 Nov 1884 Dámaso A. Cervera (4th
time) (s.a.)
(acting)
27 Nov 1884 - 7 Jan 1885 José María Vives
León (acting) (b. 1837 - d.
1898)
7 Jan 1885 - 16 Feb
1885 Ramón Santodomingo Vila (1st time) (b. 18.. -
d. 1914)
16 Feb 1885 - 31 Mar 1885 Pablo Arosemena
Alba (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
31 Mar 1885 - Apr 1885
Carlos A. Gónima
(civil and military chief)
Apr 1885 - 1 May
1885 Rafael Aizpuru (2nd time)
(s.a.)
(civil and military chief)
1 May 1885 - 14 Feb
1886 Miguel Montoya
(civil and miltary chief)
15 Feb 1886 - 5 Jun 1886 Ramón
Santodomingo Vila (2nd time) (s.a.)
(civil and miltary chief)
5 Jun 1886 - 26 Jun 1886 Manuel
Amador Guerrero (acting) (b. 1833 - d.
1909)
(civil and miltary chief)
Governors
26 Jun 1886 - 22 Jul 1887 Alejandro
Posada (1st time)
23 Jul 1887 - 20 Jan 1888 Juan V. Aycardi
(1st time)(interim)
21 Jan 1888 - 9 Mar 1888 Alejandro
Posada (2nd time)
9 Mar 1888 - 31 Aug
1893 Juan V. Aycardi (2nd time)
1 Sep 1893 - 8
Oct 1898 Ricardo Arango
(b.
1839 - d. 1898)
9 Oct 1898 - 31 Dec
1899 Facundo Mutis-Durán (1st time)
(b. 1852 - d. 1913)
2 Jan 1900 -
1900
José María Campo Serrano
(b. 1832 - d. 1915)
1900
Alejandro Victor Orillac (acting) (b.
1855 - d. 1923)
1900 - 20 Jan
1902
Carlos Albán
(b. 1844 - d. 1902)
Jan 1902 - 3 Mar
1902 Aristides Arjona Quintero
(b. 1860 - d.
1935)
3 Mar 1902 - 3
Jan 1903 Víctor Manuel Salazar Vélez
(b. 1869 - d. 1943)
("accidental")
3 Jan 1903 - 1903
Facundo
Mutis-Durán (2nd time) (s.a.)
Aug 1903 - 3 Nov
1903 José Domingo de
Obaldía
(b. 1845 - d. 1910)
President of the Municipal Council of the District of
Panama
3 Nov 1903 - 4
Nov 1903 Demetrio Honorato Brid
Lasso (b. 1859 - d.
1917) PC
Chairman of the Provisional Government Junta
4 Nov 1903 - 20 Feb
1904 José Agustín Arango
Remón
(b. 1841 - d. 1909) PC
Presidents
20 Feb 1904 - 1 Oct 1908 Manuel
Amador
Guerrero
(b. 1833 - d. 1909) PC
1 Oct 1908 - 1
Mar 1910 José Domingo de Obaldía
(s.a.)
PC
1 Mar 1910 - 1
Oct 1910 Carlos Antonio Mendoza
Soto (b. 1858
- d. 1916) PL
(acting)
1 Oct 1910 - 5
Oct 1910 Federico Augusto Boyd
López (b. 1851
- d. 1924) PL
(acting)
5 Oct 1910 - 1
Oct 1912 Pablo Arosemena Alba
(acting) (b. 1836 - d.
1920) PL
1 Oct 1912 - 1
Oct 1916 Belisario Porras
Barahona
(b. 1856 - d. 1942) PL
(1st time)
1 Oct 1916 - 3
Jun 1918 Ramón Maximiliano de la Concepción
(b. 1867 - d. 1918) PL
Valdés Arce
3 Jun 1918 - 1
Oct 1918 Ciro Luis Urriola Garrés (acting)
(b. 1863 - d. 1922) PL
1 Oct 1918 - 12 Oct
1918 Pedro Antonio Díaz de
Obaldía (b. 1847 - d.
1919) PC
(acting)
12 Oct 1918 - 30 Jan 1920 Belisario
Porras
Barahona
(s.a.)
PL
(2nd time)
30 Jan 1920 - 1 Oct 1920 Ernesto
Tisdel Lefevre de la Ossa (b. 1876 - d.
1922) PL
(acting)
1 Oct 1920 - 1
Oct 1924 Belisario Porras
Barahona
(s.a.)
PL
(3rd time)
1 Oct 1924 - 1
Oct 1928 Rodolfo Enrique Chiari
Robles (b. 1869 - d.
1937) PL
1 Oct 1928 - 2
Jan 1931 Florencio Harmodio
Arosemena (b. 1872 -
d. 1945) PL
Guillén
2 Jan 1931 - 16 Jan
1931 Harmodio Arias Madrid (1st time)
(b. 1886 - d. 1962) PLD
(acting for Ricardo Jované)
16 Jan 1931 - 1 Oct 1932 Ricardo
Joaquín Alfaro Jované (b.
1882 - d. 1971) PL
(acting)
1 Oct 1932 - 1
Oct 1936 Harmodio Arias Madrid (2nd time)
(s.a.)
PLD
1 Oct 1936 - 16 Dec
1939 Juan Demóstenes Arosemena Barreati (b. 1879 -
d. 1939) PLN
16 Dec 1939 - 18 Dec 1939 Ezequiel
Fernández Jaén (acting) (b. 1886 - d.
1946) PNR
18 Dec 1939 - 1 Oct 1940 Augusto
Samuel Boyd
Briceño (b.
1879 - d. 1957) PNR
(acting)
1 Oct 1940 - 9
Oct 1941 Arnulfo Arias Madrid (1st
time) (b. 1901 - d. 1988) PNR
9 Oct 1941
(hours) Ernesto Jaén Guardia
(acting) (b. 1895 - d.
1961) Non-party
9 Oct 1941 - 15 Jun
1945 Ricardo Adolfo de la
Guardia (b. 1899 -
d. 1969) Non-party
Arango (acting to 21 Oct 1941)
15 Feb 1945 - 15 Jun 1945 Jeptha Brawner
Duncan Guillén- (b. 1885 - d.
1977) PL
Arosemena (acting, in dissidence)
15 Jun 1945 - 1 Oct 1948 Enrique
Adolfo Jiménez
Brin (b. 1888
- d. 1970) PL
(provisional)
12 Jul 1948 - 13 Jul 1948 Henrique de
Obarrio Vallarino (b. 1898
- d. 1978) Non-party
(provisional, in dissidence)
1 Oct 1948 - 23 Aug
1949 Domingo Díaz
Arosemena
(b. 1875 - d. 1949) PL
28 Jul 1949 - 24 Nov 1949¹
Daniel Chanis
Pinzón
(b. 1891 - d. 1961) PL
(acting for Díaz Arosemena
to 23 Aug 1949)
20 Nov 1949 - 25 Nov 1949¹
Roberto Francisco Chiari Remón
(b. 1905 - d. 1981) PLN
(acting for Pinzón)
25 Nov 1949 - 25 May 1951 Arnulfo Arias
Madrid (2nd time)
(s.a.)
PRA
(suspended from 9 May 1955)
9 May 1951 - 1 Oct 1952
Alcibíades Arosemena
Quinzada (b. 1883 - d.
1958) PRA
(acting for Arnulfo Arias
to 25 May 1951)
1 Oct 1952 - 2 Jan 1955 José
Antonio Remón
Cantera
(b. 1908 - d. 1955) CPN
2 Jan 1955 - 29 Mar
1955 José Ramón Guizado
Valdés
(b. 1899 - d. 1964) CPN
(suspended from 15 Jan 1955)
15 Jan 1955 - 1 Oct 1956 Ricardo
Manuel Arias Espinosa (b.
1912 - d. 1993) CPN
(acting for impeached Guizado
to 29 Mar 1955)
1 Oct 1956 - 1 Oct 1960
Ernesto de la Guardia
Navarro (b. 1904 - d.
1983) CPN
1 Oct 1960 - 1
Oct 1964 Roberto Francisco Chiari
Remón
(s.a.)
PLN
1 Oct 1964 - 1
Oct 1968 Marco Aurelio Robles
Méndez (b.
1905 - d. 1990) PLN
24 Mar 1968 - 5 Apr 1968 Max
Delvalle
Levy-Maduro
(b. 1911 - d. 1979) PR
(in dissidence)
1 Oct 1968 - 11 Oct
1968 Arnulfo Arias Madrid (3rd
time)
(s.a.)
PP
12 Oct 1968 - 19 Dec 1969 José M. Pinilla
Fábrega
(b. 1919 - d. 1979) Mil
(chairman Provisional Junta)
19 Dec 1969 - 11 Oct 1978 Demetrio
Basilio Lakas Bahas
(b. 1925 - d. 1999) Non-party
(chairman Provisional Junta to 11 Oct 1972)
11 Oct 1978 - 31 Jul 1982 Aristides Royo
Sánchez
(b.
1940)
Non-party
31 Jul 1982 - 13 Feb 1984 Ricardo de la
Espriella Toral (b.
1934)
Non-party
13 Feb 1984 - 11 Oct 1984 Jorge Enrique
Illueca Sibauste (b. 1918 - d.
2012) Non-party
11 Oct 1984 - 28 Sep 1985 Nicolás Ardito
Barletta Vallarino (b.
1938)
PRD
28 Sep 1985 - 26 Feb 1988 Eric Arturo
Delvalle Cohen- (b.
1937 - d. 2015) PR
Henríquez (continues
in rebellion to 1 Sep 1989
[from Jan 1989 in Miami exile])
26 Feb 1988 - 1 Sep 1989 Manuel
Solís Palma
(acting) (b.
1917 - d. 2009) PRD
1 Sep 1989 - 20 Dec
1989 Francisco Antonio Rodríguez Poveda (b.
1938)
PRD
(provisional)
20 Dec 1989 - 1 Sep 1994 Guillermo
David Endara Galimany (b. 1936 - d.
2009) PPA;1990 PA
1 Sep 1994 - 1
Sep 1999 Ernesto Pérez Balladares González
(b.
1946)
PRD
Revilla
1 Sep 1999 - 1
Sep 2004 Mireya Elisa Moscoso Rodríguez (f) (b.
1946)
PA
1 Sep 2004 - 1
Jul 2009 Martín Erasto Torrijos
Espino (b.
1963)
PRD
1 Jul 2009 - 1 Jul 2014
Ricardo Martinelli Berrocal
(b. 1952)
PCD
1 Jul 2014
-
Juan Carlos Varela Rodríguez (b.
1963) PP
Chiefs of Government
11 Oct 1972 - 11 Oct 1978 Omar Efraín
Torrijos Herrera
(s.a.)
Mil;
(formally Maximum Leader of the
Panamanian Revolution) 1978 PRD
15 Dec 1989 - 20 Dec 1989 Manuel Antonio
Noriega Morena
(s.a.)
Mil
(formally
Maximum Leader of
National Liberation)
U.S. Military Commanders
20 Nov 1901 - 4 Dec
1901 Thomas Perry
17 Sep 1902 - 18 Nov
1902 George Barnett
(b. 1859 - d.
1923)
20 Dec 1989 - 31 Jan 1990 Carl
Stiner
(b. 1936)
¹By a dubious interpretation of Art.
148 of the 1946 constitution dealing with presidential
resignations, the Supreme Court of Justice
"conditionally" accepted on 20 Nov 1949 President Daniel
Chanis (s.a.) resignation and swore in Roberto Francisco
Chiari Remón (s.a.), his constitutional successor; when
the National Assembly reconvened on 21 Nov 1949, Chanis
"withdrew" his resignation, declaring that it was
coerced, and the Assembly, the body entitled to deal
with resignations of the head of state, on 22 Nov 1949
rejected it. The Supreme Court of Justice
on 24 Nov 1949 agreed that Chanis indeed continued to
hold office.
Territorial Dispute: Organized
illegal narcotics operations in Colombia operate within
the remote border region with Panama.
Party abbreviations: PCD
= Partido Cambio Democrático (Democratic
Change Party, liberal conservative, center-right,
est.1998); PP =
Partido Panameñista (Panamenista Party, populist
conservative, Panameñismo,
nationalist, formerly Arnulfo Arias
personalist, 1941-1969 then renamed PPA; re-est. as
split from PA in 2005); PRD
= Partido Revolucionario Democrático (Revolutionary
Democratic Party, populist, center-left, est.1978); Mil
= Military;
- Former Parties: CPN
= Coalición Patriótica Nacional (National
Patriotic Coalition, populist, conservative,
nationalist, government party, 1952-1981);
PA = Partido Arnulfista (Arnulfist
Party, conservative, nationalist,
former PPA, 1990-2005, renamed PP); PC
= Partido Conservador (Conservative Party, center-right,
1903-1952); PL = Partido
Liberal (Liberal Party, liberal, 1903-2009); PLD
= Partido Liberal Doctrinario (Liberal Doctrinaire
Party, 1932-1947); PLN =
Partido Liberal Nacional (National Liberal Party,
liberal, centrist, 1903-2005); PNR
= Partido Nacional Revolucionario (National
Revolutionary Party, Panameñismo, nationalist,
anti-American, 1932-1941, renamed PR); PPA
= Partido Panameñista Auténtico (Authentic Panamenista
Party, nationalist, former PP, 1969-1990, renamed PA);
PR = Partido Republicano
(Republican Party, right wing, 1960-1991); PRA
= Partido Revolucionario Auténtico
(Authentic Revolutionary Party, 1948-1952)
New Caledonia (Darien)
-
- 3 Nov 1698 - 24 Apr
1700
|
-
- 1698?- 1707 Dairen Company Flag
|
26 Jun
1695
Company of Scotland Trading to Africa and the Indies (also
called
the
Scottish Darien Company) founded (dissolved 1 May 1707).
3 Nov
1698
Colony of New Caledonia, founded by Scotland at Darien
(renamed
New Edinburgh) on the isthmus of Panama.
20 Jun 1699 - 30
Nov 1699 Abandoned.
11 Apr
1700
Colony finally abandoned.
Governors
3 Nov 1698
- 20 Jun 1699 Sir William Paterson
(b. 1658 - d. 1719)
20 Jun 1699 - 30 Nov
1699 Abandoned
30 Nov 1699 - 11 Apr 1700
Alexander Campbell of Fonab
(b. 1660? - d. 1724)
Panama Canal Zone
-
- 18 Nov 1903 - 30 Sep
1979
-
|
-
- 8 Jun 1915 - 30 Sep 1979
- Panama Canal Zone
Governor's Flag
|
Map of the Panama
Canal
Zone
--------------------------------
Canal
Area 1979-1999
|
Hear
National Anthem
"The Star Spangled Banner" |
Unofficial Local Song
"The Panama Canal Waltz" |
Panama Canal
Zone Code
(19 Jun 1934/18
Oct 1962) |
Capital: Balboa Heights
(Culebra 1904-1915)
|
Currency: 1903-31 Dec 1999
US Dollar (USD);
from 2000 Panama Balboa
(PAB)
|
National Holidays: 4 Jul (1776)
U.S. Independence Day;
and 3 Nov (1903)
Panama Independence Day
--------------------------------------
Company Holiday:
15 Aug (1914)
Panama Canal Day
|
Population: 39,000 (1978)
42,122 (1960)
51,827 (1940)
22,858 (1920)
2,810 (1912)
|
Panama Canal
Authority website |
Expend.:
$314 million (1978)
Income: $331 million (1978)
|
Ethnic groups: white 66.9%,
non-white, black, mestizo
Amerindian and other 33.1% (1960)
|
Total U.S. Forces: 9,100 (1978)
Canal Zone Police Force: 400 (1979)
Defense was the Responsibility of the U.S. (1904-1999) |
Religions: Roman Catholic,
Protestant, others |
| International
Organizations/Treaties: UPU |
20 Jan
1881
Construction of the canal begun by the French Compagnie
Universelle
du
Canal Interocéanique de Panama under Ferdinand
de Lesseps.
15 May 1889
Construction
suspended when the French company goes bankrupt.
20 Oct
1894
Compagnie Nouvelle de Canal de Panama is
organized to complete the
canal.
It is sold to the United States on 23 Apr 1904.
18 Nov
1903
Panama Canal Zone (not including
Colón or Ciudad de Panamá) leased
to the U.S. by Panama in the Hay–Bunau Varilla
Treaty (ratified
by U.S.
on 26 Feb 1904).
4 May
1904
Canal Zone formally turned over to the U.S. by Panama.
9 May
1904
Isthmian Canal Commission established (dissolved 31 Mar
1914).
14 May 1904 - 30 Sep 1979 Canal Zone administered
by U.S. War (from 1947 Defense)
Department.
15 Aug
1914
Panama Canal officially opened.
7 Sep 1977
Signing of the Panama
Canal Treaty between Panama and U.S.,
guaranteeing the Canal Zone would be transferred to
Panama on
1 Oct
1979 (ratified by the U.S. on 18 Apr 1978).
1 Oct
1979
U.S. returns the Canal Zone to Panama (minus some specifically
categorized areas and operating facilities), but the
U.S.
continues
operational control of the Canal for 20
years.
31 Dec
1999
U.S. relinquishes operational control
of the Canal, and all areas
in the
former Panama Canal Zone, to Panama.
Chairmen of the Isthmian Canal Commission
8 Mar 1904 - 1 Apr
1905 John Grimes Walker
(b. 1835 - d.
1907) Mil
1 Apr 1905 - 4 Mar 1907 Theodore
Perry Shonts
(b. 1856 - d. 1919) Non-party
4 Mar 1907 - 31 Mar 1907 John Frank
Stevens
(b. 1853 - d. 1943) Non-party
1 Apr 1907 - 31 Mar 1914 George Washington
Goethals
(b. 1858 - d. 1928) Mil
Governors of the Panama Canal Zone
17 May 1904
- 9 May 1905 George Whitefield
Davis
(b. 1839 - d. 1918) Non-party
9 May 1905 - 24 May 1905 William
Crawford Gorgas (acting) (b. 1854 - d.
1920) Mil
25 May 1905 - 25 Sep 1906 Charles Edward
Magoon
(b. 1861 - d. 1920) Non-party
21 Jan 1906 - 10
Apr 1906 Harry Day Reed (acting for Magoon) (b.
1877 - d. 1950) Non-party
26 Sep 1906 - 16 Nov 1906 Harry Day Reed
(acting)
(s.a.)
Non-party
Heads of the Department of Law and Government
17 Nov 1906 - 31 Mar 1907 Richard Reid
Rogers
(b. 1868 - d. 1949) Non-party
26 Nov 1906 - 8 May 1907 Harry
Day Reed
(s.a.)
Non-party
(acting
[for Rogers to 31 Mar 1907])
9 May 1907 - 6 Jan 1908
Joseph Clay Stiles Blackburn
(b. 1838 - d.
1918) Non-party
Heads of the Department of Civil Administration
6 Jan 1908 - 4 Dec 1909
Joseph Clay Stiles Blackburn
(s.a.)
Non-party
4 Dec 1910 - 12 Apr 1910 Harry
Harwood Rousseau (acting) (b. 1870 - d.
1930) Mil
12 Apr 1910 - 8 Aug 1913 Maurice Hudson
Thatcher
(b. 1870 - d. 1973) Non-party
9 Aug 1913
- 31 Mar 1914 Richard Lee Metcalfe
(b. 1861 - d. 1954) Non-party
Governors, Panama Canal
1 Apr 1914 - 10 Jan 1917
George Washington Goethals
(s.a.)
Mil
11 Jan 1917 - 27 Mar 1921 Chester
Harding
(b. 1866 - d. 1936) Mil
28 Mar 1921 - 15
Oct 1924 Jay Johnson
Morrow
(b. 1870 - d. 1937) Mil
16 Oct 1924 - 15
Oct 1928 Meriwether Lewis Walker
(b. 1869 - d. 1947) Mil
16 Oct 1928 - 20
Oct 1932 Harry
Burgess
(b. 1872 - d. 1933) Mil
21 Oct 1932 - 26
Aug 1936 Julian Larcombe
Schley
(b. 1880 - d. 1965) Mil
27 Aug 1936 - 10
Jul 1940 Clarence Self Ridley
(b.
1883 - d. 1969) Mil
11 Jul 1940 - 15
May 1944 Glen Edgar Edgerton
(b. 1887 - d. 1956) Mil
16 May 1944 - 19
May 1948 Joseph Cowles Mehaffey
(b. 1889 - d. 1963) Mil
20 May 1948 - 26
May 1952 Francis Kosier Newcomer
(b. 1889 - d. 1967) Mil
27 May 1952 - 27
May 1956 John States Seybold
(b. 1897 - d. 1984) Mil
28 May 1956 - 30
Jun 1960 William Everett
Potter
(b. 1905 - d. 1988) Mil
1 Jul 1960
- 31 Jan 1962 William Arnold Carter, Jr.
(b. 1907 - d.
1996) Mil
1 Feb 1962
- 31 Jan 1967 Robert John Fleming, Jr.
(b. 1907 - d. 1984) Mil
1 Feb 1967 - 20 Feb 1967 Harold
Robert Parfitt (1st time) (b. 1921 - d.
2006) Mil
(acting)
21 Feb 1967 - 2 Mar 1971
Walter Philip
Leber
(b. 1918 - d. 2009) Mil
3 Mar 1971
- 25 Mar 1975 David Stuart
Parker
(b. 1919 - d. 1990) Mil
26 Mar 1975 - 30
Sep 1979 Harold Robert Parfitt (2nd
time) (s.a.)
Mil
Administrators of the
Panama Canal Commission¹
1 Oct 1979 - 31 Dec
1989 Dennis Philip McAuliffe
(U.S.) (b. 1922 - d. 2012)
Non-party
1 Jan 1990 - 19 Sep
1990 Fernando Manfredo (Panama)²
(b. 1927 - d. 2015) Non-party
(acting)
20 Sep 1990 - 17 Aug
1996 Gilberto Guardia Fábrega
(b. 1930) Non-party
(Panama)
18 Aug 1996 - 31 Dec
1999 Alberto Alemán Zubieta (Panama)
(b. 1951) Non-party
(also from 1998, administrator of Panama Canal
Authority)
- Deputy Administrators -
1 Oct 1979 - 31 Dec
1989 Fernando Manfredo (Panama)
(s.a.)
Non-party
1 Jan 1990 - 12 Jul
1995 Raymond Philip Laverty, Jr. (U.S.) (b. 1932 -
d. 1996) Non-party
(acting to 20 Sep 1990)
18 Aug 1996 - 31 Dec 1999 Joseph W.
Cornelison
(U.S.) (b.
1947)
Non-party
¹The Panama Canal Treaty mandated that "the
U.S. shall employ a national of the U.S. as
Administrator of the Panama Canal Commission, and a
Panamanian nation as deputy administrator, through 31
Dec 1989. Beginning 1 Jan 1990, a Panamanian national
shall be employed as the administrator and a national of
the U.S. shall occupy the position of deputy
administrator."
2Manfredo
accepted the request of President George H.W. Bush to
serve as acting administrator of the commission until
such time as a Panamanian administrator proposed by a
legitimate Panamanian government might be appointed by
the U.S.
Indigenous Comarcas
Note: In addition to the three provincial-level
Indigenous administrative regions or Comarcas (comarca
indígena) listed below, there are two
municipal-level native Comarcas that are part of the
provinces of Panamá and Darién respectively: Kuna de
Madungandí (established 12 Jan 1996) and Kuna de Wargandí
(established 25 Jul 2000).
Emberá-Wounaan
![[Embera-Wounaan
Comarca flag unofficial (Panama)]](pa_Embera-Wounaan.png)
8 Nov 1983
Comarca of Emberá
9 Apr 1999
Comarca of Emberá-Wounaan
General Caciques
bf.2000 - af.2002
Narciso Pacheco
c.2004
Francisco Agapi (1st
time)
c.2006
Clímaco Dogirama
200. – 2008
Francisco Agapi (2nd time)
2008 – 2013
Betanio Chiquidama
2013 – 2014
Cándido Mézua
2014 -
Edilfonso Aji
Guna Yala
-
- Flag Adopted 1925
|
-
- Guna Yala Comarca Adopted 2004
|
1880
General Congress of
Kuna first meets.
1908
Kuna (western part)
recognize Panama authority
(in 1919 also the eastern part).
12 Feb
1925
Independence from Panama proclaimed as "Republic
of Tule"
in a brief rebellion until 27 Feb 1925.
16 Sep 1938
Comarca of San Blas, remains
subject to the province of Colon.
18 Dec
1945
La Carta Organica de San Blas
adopted.
19 Feb 1953
Autonomy confirmed by statute.
23 Oct 1968
Definitely separated from
province of Colon.
23 Dec 1998
Comarca of Kuna Yala
13 Aug 2010
Spelling changed to Guna Yala.
General Caciques (title: Saila
Dumad)
1880 – 1907
Inanaginya
(b. 18.. - d. 1907)
1907 – 1938
Inabaginya
(d. 1938)
(from 1908, only in the east)
1908 – 1926
Simral Colman (in the
west) (b.
1840 - d. 1929)
1926 – 1944
Nele Kantule (in the
west) (b.
1868 – d. 1944)
1938 – 1945
Yabiliginya (in the
east)
(d. 1972)
1944 – 1945
Olodebiliginya (in the
west) (b.
1896 – d. 1970)
First General Caciques (longest
serving of the three general caciques)
1945 – 1970
Yabiliginya
(s.a.)
1970 – 1979
Estanislao
López
(d. 1982)
1976 – 1977
Leonidas Kantule Valdéz (1st time)
(b. 1918 – d. 2010)
(in opposition)
1979 – 1983
Ceferino
Colman
(d. 1983)
1983 – 1989
Kawidi
(d. 1994)
1989 – 1999
Leonidas Kantule Valdéz (2nd time)
(s.a.)
1999 – 2010
Gilberto Arias
2010 –
2014
Inocencio Martínez
2014 -
Baglio Pérez
Ngäbe-Buglé
-
- Adopted 2009
|
-
- Proposed
21 Sep 2012
|
1978
General Congress of
Ngöbe-Buglé founded.
7 Mar
1997
Comarca of Ngöbe-Buglé
2010
Spelling changed to Ngäbe-Buglé.
Presidents of General Congress
1978 – 2003
....
c.1994
Isidro Acosta
c.1997
Marcelino
Montezuma
General Caciques
2003 – 2010
Máximo Saldaña
(continues in opposition to 2011)
2010 – 2011
Rogelio Moreno
2011 -
Silvia Carrera
Concepción (f) (b. 1970)
© Ben Cahoon
|