Mozambique
 

to 25 Jun 1975               1967  proposed colonial flag         5 Sep 1974 - 25 Jun 1975 (provisional)                    25 Jun 1975 - Apr 1983           Apr 1983 - 1 May 1983 (provisional)                     Adopted 1 May 1983   Map of Mozambique Hear National Anthem "Pátria Amada" (Beloved Country) Adopted 30 Apr 2002 Hear Former Anthem "Viva, viva a FRELIMO" (Alive, Alive FRELIMO!) (1975-2002) Constitution (30 Nov 1990) Capital: Maputo (to 3 Feb 1976  Lourenço Marques) Currency: Metical (MZM) National Holiday: 25 Jun (1975) Independence Day Population: 20,905,585 (2007) GDP: $29.32 billion (2006) Exports: $2.42 billion (2006) Imports: $2.81 billion (2006) Ethnic groups: indigenous tribal groups 99.66% (Makuana 15.3%, Sena 8%, Makua 14.5%, Tswa 5.7%, Tsonga 8.6%, Lomwe 7.1%, Chwabo 8.6% and others 31.8%), Europeans 0.06%, Euro-Africans 0.2%, Indians 0.08% (2000) Total Armed Forces: 8,200 (2003) Merchant marine:  2 ships (2006) Religions: traditional beliefs 50.4%, Christian 38.4% (of which Roman Catholic 15.8%, Protestant 8.9%, other Christian 13.7%), Muslim 10.5% (2000) International Organizations/Treaties: ACP, AfDB, APM, AU, C, CPLP, CTBT (signatory), FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC, KP, LU, MIGA, NAM, NPT, OIC, OIF (observer), OPCW, SADC, UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Mozambique Index Chronology  1 Mar 1498                Claimed for Portugal by Vasco da Gama. 1501                       Portuguese administration begins, Captaincy of                              Sofala (subordinated to Goa).  8 Sep 1507                Portuguese occupation of Mozambique Island;                               Captaincy of Sofala and Moçambique                              (subordinated to Goa). 1531                       First Portuguese inland settlement at Sena. 1534                       Settlement at Quelimane founded. 1569                       Captaincy-general of Moçambique 1609                       Colony of Moçambique, Sofala, Ríos de Cuama,                               and Monomatapa (subordinated to Goa). Mar 1721 - 27 Dec 1730     Dutch settlement at Delagoa Bay. 1752                       Colony of Moçambique, the Zambesi and Sofala. Mar 1836                   Moçambique Colony (also called Portuguese                               East Africa). 10 Jan 1920                Treaty of Versailles cedes the Kionga Triangle,                               formerly part of German East Africa                               (Tanganyika), to Portuguese Moçambique. 11 Jun 1951                Overseas province of Portugal. 20 Sep 1974                Local administration begins. 25 Jun 1975                Independence from Portugal                               (People's Republic of Mozambique).  1 Dec 1990                Republic of Mozambique Traditional States RENAMO Govt. (1975-1992) Dutch Delagoa Bay (1721-1730) Historical Maps of Mozambique

Presidents of the Liberation Front of Mozambique (FRELIMO)
May 1970 -  19 Oct 1986    Samora Moisés Machel                (b. 1933 - d. 1986)
 6 Nov 1986 - 30 Nov 1990  Joaquim Alberto Chissanó            (b. 1939)
                          (renounces communism 30 Jul 1989; moves to multi-party rule)
 

Captains-major
1501 -  4 May 1505         Sancho de Tovar (1st time)
 4 May 1505 - Mar 1506     Pedro da Naia
Mar 1506 - Dec 1506        Manuel Fernandes
Dec 1506 -  8 Sep 1507     Nunho Vaz Pereira
 8 Sep 1507 - Feb 1508     Vasco de Abreu
Feb 1508 - 1509            Rui de Brito Patalim (acting)
1509 - 24 Jun 1512         António de Saldanha
24 Jun 1512 - Jun 1515     Simão de Miranda de Azevedo
Jun 1512 - Jul 1515        Sancho de Tovar (2nd time)(acting)
Jul 1515 - Jun 1518        Cristóvão de Távora
Jun 1518 - Jul 1521        Sancho de Tovar (3rd time)
Jul 1521 - 1525            Diogo de Sepúlveda
1525 - 1528                Lopo de Almeida
1528 - 1531                António da Silveira de Meneses
1531 - 1538                Vicente Pegado
1538 - 1541                Alexio Chicorro
1541 - 1548                João de Sepúlveda
1548 - 1551                Fernão de Sousa de Távora
1551 - 1553                Diogo de Mesquita
1553 - 1557                Diogo de Sousa
1557 - 1560                Sebastião de Sá
1560 - 1564                Pantaleão de Sá
1564 - 1567                Jerónimo Barreto
1567 - 1569                Pedro Barreto Rolim
Captains-general
1569 - Jun 1573            Francisco Barreto
Jun 1573 - 1577            Vasco Fernandes Homem (acting)
1577                       Fernando Monroi (acting)
1577                       Simão de Silveira (acting)
1577 - 1582                Pedro de Castro
1582 - 1586                Nunho Pereira
1586 - 1589                Jorge Telo de Meneses
1589 - 1590                Lourenço de Brito
1590 - 1595                Pedro de Sousa
1595 - 1598                Nunho da Cunha Ataíde
1598 - 1601                Álvaro Abranches
1601 - 1604                Vasco de Mascarenhas
1604 - 1607                Sebastião de Macedo
1607 - 1609                Estévão de Ataíde
Governors 
1609 - 1611                Nunho Álvares Pereira (1st time)
1611 - 1612                Estévão de Ataíde
1612                       Diogo Simoes de Madeira (acting)
1612 - 1614                João de Azevedo 
1614 - 1618                Rui de Melo Sampaio
1618 - 1623                Nunho Álvares Pereira (2nd time)
1623 - 1624                Lopo de Almeida
1624 - 1627                Diogo de Sousa de Meneses 
                             (1st time)
1627 - 1631                Nunho Álvares Pereira (3rd time)
1631 - 1632                Cristóvão de Brito e Vasconcelos
                             (acting)
1632 - 1633                Diogo de Sousa de Meneses 
                             (2nd time)
1633 - 1634                Filipe de Mascarenhas
1634 - 1639                Lourenço de Souto-Maior
1639 - 1640                Diogo de Vasconcelos
1640 - 1641                António de Brito Pacheco
1641 - 1642                Francisco da Silveira
1642 - 1646                Júlio Moniz da Silva
1646 - 1648                Fernão Dias Baião
1648 - 1651                Álvaro de Sousa de Távora
1651 - 1652                Francisco de Mascarenhas
1652 - 1657                Francisco de Lima
1657 - 1661                Manuel Corte-Real de Sampaio
1661 - 1664                Manuel de Mascarenhas
1664 - 1667                António de Melo e Castro
1667 - 1670                Inácio Sarmento de Carvalho
1670 - 1673                João de Sousa Freire (1st time)
1673 - 1674                Simpao Gomes da Silva 
1674                       André Pinto da Fonseca
1674 - 1676                Manuel da Silva (acting)
1676 - 1682                João de Sousa Freire (2nd time)
1682 - 1686                Caetano de Melo e Castro
1686 - 1689                Miguel de Almeida
1689 - 1692                Manuel dos Santo Pinto
1692 - 1693                Tomé de Sousa Correia
1693 - 1694                Francisco Correia de Mesquita
                             (acting)
1694 - 1695                Estévão Jose da Costa
1695 - 1696                Francisco da Costa
1696 - 1699                Luís de Melo Sampaio
1699 - 1703                Jácome de Morias Sarmento
1703 - 1706                João Fernandes de Almeida
                             (1st time)
1706 - 1708                Luís de Brito Freire
1708 - 1712                Luís Gonçalves da Câmara
1712 - 1714                João Fernandes de Almeida 
                             (2nd time)
1714 - 1716                Francisco de Mascarenhas
1716 - 1719                Francisco de Souto-Maior           (b c.1700 - d. 17..)
1719 - 1722                Francisco de Alarcão e Souto-Maoir
1722 - 1723                Álvaro Caetano de Castro e Melo
1723 - 1726                António João Sequeira e Faria
1726 - 1730                António Cardim Fróis
1730 - 1733                António Casco de Melo
1733 - 1736                José Barbosa Leal
1736 - 1740                Nicolau Tolentino de Almeida
1740 - 1743                Lourenço de Noronha                (b. c.1690 - d. 17..)
1743 - 1746                Pedro do Rêgo Barreto da Gama 
                             e Castro
1746 - 1750                Caetano Correia da Sá
1750 - Mar 1758            Francisco de Melo e Castro         (b. 1702 - d. 17..)
Mar 1758 - Apr 1758        João Manuel de Melo
Apr 1758 - 28 May 1759     David Marques Pereira
28 May 1759 - Jan 1763     Pedro de Saldanha e Albuquerque    (d. 1783)
                             (1st time) 
 6 Jan 1763 - 1765         João Pereira da Silva Barba Alardo (b. 1709 - d. 17..)
1765 - Jun 1779            Baltazar Manuel Pereira do Lago
Jun 1779 - 1780            Provisional Administration
1780 - 1781                José de Vasconcelos e Almeida
1781 -  4 Jan 1782         Vicente Caetano da Maria e 
                             Vasconcelos (acting)
 4 Jan 1782 - 21 Aug 1782  Pedro de Saldanha e Albuquerque    (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
21 Aug 1782 - 1786         Provisional Administration
1786 - 1793                António de Melo e Castro
1793 - 1797                Diogo de Sousa Coutinho
1797 - Sep 1801            Francisco Guedes de Carvalho       (b. 1757 - d. 1833)
                             Meneses da Costa
Sep 1801 - Aug 1805        Isidro de Sousa e Sá
Aug 1805 - Dec 1807        Francisco de Paula de Albuquerque  (b. 1759 - d. 1807)
                             do Amaral Cardoso
Dec 1807 - 14 Aug 1809     Provisional Administration
14 Aug 1809 - Aug 1812     António Manuel de Melo e Castro    (b. 17.. - d. 1812)
                             de Mendonça 
Aug 1812 - Feb 1817        Marcos Caetano de Abreu e Meneses
Feb 1817 - Sep 1818        José Francisco de Paula Cavalcanti 
                             de Albuquerque
Sep 1818 - Nov 1819        Provisional Administration
Nov 1819 - Jun 1821        João da Costa M. Brito-Sanches
Jun 1821 - Jun 1824        Provisional Administration
Jun 1824 - Jan 1825        João Manuel da Silva
20 Jan 1825 - Aug 1829     Sebãstiao Xavier Botelho           (b. 1768 - d. 1840)
Aug 1829 - 28 Jan 1832     Paulo José Miguel de Brito         (d. 1832)
Jan 1832 - Mar 1834        Provisional Administration
Mar 1834 - Mar 1836        José Gregório Pagado
Mar 1836 - Mar 1837        Provisional Administration
Governors-general
Mar 1837 - Oct 1837        António José de Melo
Oct 1837 - Mar 1838        João Carlos Augusto de Oeynhausen  (b. 1776 - d. 1838)
                             e Gravenburg, marquês de Aracaty
Mar 1838 - 25 Mar 1840     Juiz A. de Ramalho de Sá
                             (president of Governing Council)
25 Mar 1840 - May 1841     Joaquim Pereira Marinho            (b. 1782 - d. 1854)
May 1841 - 15 Feb 1843     João da Costa Xavier
15 Feb 1843 - May 1847     Rodrigo Luciano de Abreu e Lima    (b. c.1815 - d. ....)
May 1847 - Oct 1851        Domingos Fortunato de Vale
Oct 1851 - Apr 1854        Joaquim Pinto de Magalhães
Apr 1854 - Sep 1857        Vasco Guedes de Carvalho e Meneses (b. 1824 - d. 1905)
                             (acting)
Sep 1857 - Feb 1864        João Tavares de Almeida            (b. 1816 - d. 1877)
Feb 1864 - Apr 1864        Candido M. Montes
                             (president of Governing Council)
Apr 1864 - Oct 1867        M. António do Canto e Castro
Oct 1867 - 31 Aug 1868     António Augusto de Almeida         (b. 1804 - d. 1868) 
                             Portugal Correia de Lacerda
Sep 1868 - Feb 1869        Manuel Nicolau de Pontes Ataíde    (b. 1822 - d. ....)
                             e Azevedo
                             (president of Governing Council)
Feb 1869 - Apr 1869        António Tavares d'Almeida          (b. 1820 - d. 1901)
Apr 1869 - 29 Dec 1869     Fernão da Costa Leal               (d. 1829)
Dec 1869 - Jun 1870        Ernesto Kopke da Fonseca e Gouveia (b. 1839 - d. 1915)
                             (president of Governing Council)
Jun 1870 - Aug 1870        Inácio A. Alves (acting)
Aug 1870 - Dec 1873        José Rodrigues Coelho do Amaral    (b. 1808 - d. 1873)
Dec 1873 - Aug 1874        Juiz J.M. Crispiniano da Fonseca   (b. c.1840 - d. ....)
                             (president of Governing Council)
Aug 1874 - Dec 1877        José Guedes de Carvalho e Meneses  (b. 1814 - d. 1879)
Dec 1877 - Jan 1880        Francisco Maria da Cunha           (b. 1832 - d. 1909)
Jan 1880 - Aug 1881        Augusto César Rodrigues Sarmento
                             (acting)
Aug 1881 - Feb 1882        Carlos Eugénio Correia da Silva,   (b. 1834 - d. 1905)
                             visconde de Paco d'Arcos
Feb 1882 - Apr 1882        José de Almeida d'Ávila (acting)   (b. 1843 - d. 1901)
Apr 1882 - Apr 1885        Agostinho Coelho                   (b. 1828 - d. 1888)
Apr 1885 - Jul 1885        D. Henrique Real da Silva
                             (president of Governing Council)
Jul 1885 - Mar 1889        Augusto Vidal de Castilho Barreto  (b. 1841 - d. 1912)
                             e Noronha
Mar 1889 - Jul 1889        José Joaquim d'Almeida (acting)
Jul 1889 - Jul 1890        José Antonio de Brissac das        (b. 1846 - d. 1902)
                             Neves Ferreira
Jul 1890 -  2 Jul 1891     Joaquim José Machado (1st time)    (b. 1847 - d. 1925)
 2 Jul 1891 - May 1893     Raphael Jácome Lopes de Andrade    (b. 1851 - d. 1900)
May 1893 - 13 Jan 1894     Francisco Teixeira da Silva        (b. 1826 - d. 1894)
Jan 1894 - Jul 1894        Joaquim da Graça Correia e Lança   (b. 1856 - d. 1900)
                             (1st time) (acting)
Jul 1894 - Jan 1895        Fernão de Magalhães e Meneses
Jan 1895 - Dec 1895        António José Enes -Commissioner    (b. 1848 - d. 1901)
Jan 1896 - Mar 1896        Joaquim da Graça Correia e Lança   (s.a.)
                             (2nd time) (acting)
Mar 1896 - Nov 1897        Joaquim Mousinho de Albuquerque    (b. 1855 - d. 1902)
Nov 1897 - Aug 1898        Baltasar Friere Cabral (acting)    (b. 1867 - d. 1924)
Aug 1898 - Dec 1898        Carlos Alberto Schultz Xavier
Dec 1898 - Mar 1900        Álvaro António da Costa Ferreira   (b. 1853 - d. 1933)
Mar 1900 - May 1900        Júlio José, marqués da Costa
May 1900 - Oct 1900        Joaquim José Machado (2nd time)    (s.a.)
Oct 1900 - Dec 1902        Manuel Rafael Gorjão               (b. 1846 - d. 1918)
Dec 1902 - Feb 1905        Thomás António García Rosado
Feb 1905 - Oct 1906        João António de Azevedo Coutinho   (b. 1865 - d. 1944)
                             Fragoso de Sequeira
Oct 1906 - Nov 1910        Alfredo Augusto Freire de Andrade  (b. 1859 - d. 1929)
Nov 1910 - May 1911        José de Freitas Ribeiro (acting)   (b. 1868 - d. 1929)
May 1911 - Feb 1912        José Francisco de Azevedo e Silva
Feb 1912 - Mar 1913        José Alfredo Mendes de Magalhães   (b. 1870 - d. 1957)
Mar 1913 - Apr 1914        Augusto Ferreira dos Santos
Apr 1914 - May 1915        Joaquim José Machado (3rd time)    (s.a.)
May 1915 - Oct 1915        Alfredo Baptista Coelho
Oct 1915 - Apr 1918        Álvaro Xavier de Castro            (b. 1878 - d. 1928)
Apr 1918 - Apr 1919        Pedro Francisco Massano do Amorim  (b. 1862 - d. 1929)
Apr 1919 - Mar 1921        Manuel Luiz Moreira da Fonseca 
                             (1st time)(acting)
High Commissioners and Governors-general
Mar 1921 - Sep 1923        Manuel de Brito Camacho            (b. 1862 - d. 1934)
Sep 1923 - Nov 1924        Manuel Luiz Moreira da Fonseca
                             (2nd time)(acting)
Nov 1924 - May 1926        Víctor Hugo de Azevedo Coutinho    (b. 1871 - d. 1955)
May 1926 - Nov 1926        Artur Ivens Ferraz (acting)        (b. 1870 - d. 1933)
Nov 1926 - Apr 1938        José Ricardo Pereira Cabral        (b. 1879 - d. 1956)
Apr 1938 - 1941            José Nicolau Nunes de Oliveira     (b. 1890 - d. 19..)
1941 - 1946                José Tristão de Bettencourt        (b. 1880 - d. 1954)
May 1947 - Dec 1948        Luis de Sousa e Vasconcelos e      (b. 1897 - d. 19..)
                             Funchal 
Dec 1948 - 1958            Gabriel Maurício Teixeira          (b. 1897 - d. 19..)
1958 - 1961                Pedro Correia de Barros
1961 - 1964                Manuel Maria Sarmento Rodrigues    (b. 1899 - d. 1979)
1964 - 1968                José Augusto da Costa Almeida      (b. 1912)
12 Jul 1968 - 1970         Baltazar Rebelo de Sousa           (b. 1921 - d. 2002)
1970 - 1972                Eduardo Arantes e Oliveira         (b. 1907)
1972 - 1974                Manuel Pimentel Pereira dos Santos
27 Apr 1974 - 11 Jun 1974  David Teixeira Ferreira (acting)
11 Jun 1974 - 17 Aug 1974  Henrique Soares de Melo
19 Aug 1974 - 12 Sep 1974  Jorge Augusto da Cunha Ferro       (b. 1928 - d. 1992)
                             Ribeiro (acting)
12 Sep 1974 - 25 Jun 1975  Vítor Crespo                       (b. 1932)
Presidents
25 Jun 1975 - 19 Oct 1986  Samora Moisés Machel               (s.a.)               FRELIMO 
19 Oct 1986 -  6 Nov 1986  Political Bureau of the Central 
                           Committee of FRELIMO (acting)
                           - Marcelino dos Santos             (b. 1929)            FRELIMO 
                           - Joaquim Alberto Chissano         (s.a.)               FRELIMO 
                           - Alberto Joaquim Chipande                              FRELIMO 
                           - Armando Emílio Guebuza           (b. 1943)            FRELIMO 
                           - Jorge Rebelo                     (b. 1940)            FRELIMO 
                           - Mariano de Araújo Matsinhe       (b. 1953)            FRELIMO 
                           - Sebastião Marcos Mabote          (b. 1941 - d. 2001)  FRELIMO 
                           - Jacinto Soares Veloso            (b. 1937)            FRELIMO 
                           - Mário da Graça Machungo          (b. 1940)            FRELIMO
                           - José Óscar Monteiro
 6 Nov 1986 -  2 Feb 2005  Joaquim Alberto Chissanó           (s.a.)               FRELIMO 
 2 Feb 2005 -              Armando Emílio Guebuza             (s.a.)               FRELIMO 

Prime ministers
20 Sep 1974 - 25 Jun 1975  Joaquim Alberto Chissanó           (s.a.)               FRELIMO
25 Jun 1975 - 12 Jul 1986  Post abolished
17 Jul 1986 - 16 Dec 1994  Mário Fernandes da Graça Machungo  (s.a.)               FRELIMO 
16 Dec 1994 - 17 Feb 2004  Pascoal Mocumbi                    (b. 1941)            FRELIMO 
17 Feb 2004 -              Luisa Dias Diogo (f)               (b. 1958)            FRELIMO 

Party abbreviations: FRELIMO = Frente da Libertação de Moçambique (Liberation Front of Mozambique, authoritarian/socialist, renounces Marxist-Leninism 30 Jul 1989); 
RENAMO = Resistencia Nacional Moçambicana (Mozambican National Resistance)

Mar 1976                   Civil war begins against the central government. 
1981                       RENAMO occupies most of the interior of Mozambique.
 7 Aug 1992                Truce signed with the government of Mozambique.
 9 Oct 1992                Accord with the government, civil war ended.

Chairmen
1976 - 1978                Andre Mtsangaissa                  (d. 1978)            MNR
1978 - 1987                Afonso Marceta Macacho Dhlakama    (b. 1953)            MNR/RENAMO
President of National Council
1987 -  9 Oct 1992         Afonso Marceta Macacho Dhlakama    (s.a.)               RENAMO

Party abbreviation: RENAMO = Resistencia Nacional Moçambicana (Mozambican National Resistance, conservative, authoritarian; 1976-1981 as MNR = Movimento Nacional da Resistencia de Mocambique [Mozambique National Resistance])

Mar 1721                   Dutch Fort Lijdzaamheid (Lydsaamheid) at Delagoa Bay
                             near modern day Maputo; under Dutch East India Company
                             (subordinated to Cape Colony).
Apr 1722 - 28 Aug 1722     Pirates led by Taylor occupy the settlement.
27 Dec 1730                Post is abandoned.

Opperhoofden (Chiefs)
Mar 1721 - May 1721        Willem van Taak
May 1721 - 1722            Casparus Swertner
Apr 1722 - 28 Aug 1722     Taylor -Pirate rule
1722 - May 1724            Jean Michel
Jun 1724 - 1726            Jan van de Capelle (1st time)
1726 -  8 Jan 1727         Jan de Koning 
 8 Jan 1727 - 27 Dec 1730  Jan van de Capelle (2nd time)