Thailand
 

c.1656 - c.1790 Civil Ensign c.1790  - 1855   c.1790 - 1817   1817 - 1855   1855 - 2 Nov 1916, Regional Flag Dec 1941 - 1945   2 Nov 1916 - 28 Sep 1917 1917 - 28 Sep 1917 Civil Ensign Adopted 28 Sep 1917 Map of Thailand Hear National Anthem "Phleng Chat Thai" (National Anthem of Thailand) Text of National Anthem Adopted 20 Aug 1934 (lyrics 10 Dec 1939) Constitution (6 Apr 2017) -------------------------------- Former Constitutions (1997, 2006, 2007, 2014) Administrative Divisions Map Hear Royal Anthem "Phleng Sansasoen Phra Barami" (A Salute to the Monarch) Text of Royal Anthem Adopted 1 Mar 1913 (national anthem to Jul 1932) 1991 Constitution (7 Dec 1991-11 Oct 1997) Capital: Bangkok (Krung Thep) (Ayutthaya 1351-1463, 1488-1767; Phitsanulok 1463-1488, Lavo [Lopburi] co-capital c.1666-88; Thonburi 1767-1782; [Sukhothai Kingdom: Sukhothai 1238-1347, Song Khwae [Phitsanulok] 1347-1438]) Currency: Baht (THB); 1800-1928 Thailand Silver Tical (THT) National Holiday: 28 Jul (1952) Wạn c̄helimphrachnmphrrs̄ʹā phrabāth s̄mdĕc phracêāxyū̀h̄ạw (Birthday of King Vajiralongkorn) ----------------------------------- 1946-2016: 5 Dec (1927) Birthday of King Bhumibol  Population: 69,920,998 (2024) GDP: $1.51 trillion (2023) Exports: $336.8 billion (2023) Imports: $328 billion (2023) Ethnic groups: Thai 97.5%, Burmese 1.3%, other 1.1%, unspecified 0.1% (2015) Total Active Armed Forces: 360,850 (2023) U.S. (JUSMAGTHAI) Forces: 113 (2023) Merchant marine: 884 ships (2023) Religions: Buddhist 92.5%, Muslim 5.4%, Christian 1.2%, other 0.9% (includes animist, Confucian, Hindu, Jewish, Sikh, and Taoist) (2021) International Organizations/Treaties: ADB, AIIB, APA, APEC, ARF, APM, ASEAN, BIMSTEC, BIS, BRICS (partner), BTWC, CD, CICA, CP, CTBT, CWC, EAS, ESCR, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, ICSID (signatory), IDA, IEA (association), IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IORA, IPU, IRENA, ISA, ISESCO (observer), ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NAM, NPT, NTBT, OAS (observer), OECD (candidate), OIC (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE (partner), OST, PA (observer), PCA, PIF (partner), RCEP, UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-KP, UNFCC-PA, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Thailand Index Chronology 468 - 1388                 Kingdom of Lavo (modern Lopburi) on the left-bank of                              the Chao Phraya River in the Upper Chao Phraya valley. 1022 - 1106                Lavo part of the Khmer state. 1238 - 1438                Kingdom of Sukhothai (Anachak Sukhothai)(in modern                              northern Thailand; tributary of Ayutthaya 1378–1438). c.1278 - 1767              Tributary of China.  4 Mar 1351                Kingdom of Ayutthaya (Anachak Ayutthaya). 1438                       Sukhothai annexed by Ayutthaya. 18 Feb 1564 -  3 May 1584  Ayutthaya a vassal of Burma (Toungoo). Oct 1687 - Sep 1688        French forts at Bangkok, Mergui (Myeik)(to 24 Jun 1688). Apr 1689 - Feb 1690        French occupation of Phuket Island under Marshal                              Desfarges (d. 1690). 1767 - 1853                Siam a tributary of China.  7 Apr 1767 - Oct 1767     Burmese occupation. 1767 - 1770                State fractured into competing governments at Phimai                              (to 1768), Nakhon Si Thammarat (to 1769), Phitsanulok                              and Fang (Sawangkhaburi)(to 1770) and Thonburi which                              conquers its competitors becoming the successor state.  28 Dec 1767                Kingdom of Thonburi (Anachak Thonburi).  6 Apr 1782                Kingdom of Krung Thep (Bangkok)(Anachak Rattanakosin). c.1856                     Kingdom of Siam (Ratcha-anachak Sayam)(this term comes                              into gradual official use). 18 Apr 1904 - 14 Jul 1925  France (to 14 Feb 1925) and U.K. partition Siam into                              spheres of influence (France to the east of the                              Menam River basin and U.K. over the territory to                              the west of the Menam basin and Gulf of Siam). 23 Mar 1907                Battambang, Siem Reap, and Srisophon ceded to                              French Indochina (Cambodia) and west-bank                              Champasak and Xainyaburi to Laos in exchange                              for Dansai and Krat by treaty with France.  9 Jul 1909                Renounces sovereignty over Perlis, Kedah, Kelantan,                              and Terengganu by Treaty with U.K.  23 Jun 1939                Kingdom of Thailand (Ratcha-anachak Thai).  9 May 1941 - Jan 1947     Annexes western provinces of Cambodia (Siem Reap                               and Battambang); and parts of Laos (Xainyaburi                              and West-bank, Champasak) to 7 Dec 1946.  9 Dec 1941 -  2 Sep 1945  Japanese forces garrison Thailand. 18 Aug 1943 - Sep 1945     Annexes parts of Shan States (Kengtung and Möngpan)                              from Burma 18 Aug 1943 - 22 Sep 1945 and areas                              in Malaya 20 Aug 1943 - 8 Sep 1945 (Perlis,                              Terengganu, Kedah and Kelantan).  8 Sep 1945 - 20 Jul 1949  Name "Siam" authorized for foreign use. Chiang Saen (to 1805) Lanna (Chiang Mai) (1675-1939) Lampang (1732-1925) Lamphun (1775-1943) Mae Hong Son (1874-1941) Nan (1689-1931) Patani (1584-1902) Nakhon Si Thammarat (1689-1901) Phrae (1768-1902) Songkhla (1605-1901) Buddhist Thailand Supreme Patriarchs  Historical Maps of Thailand  Ethno-linguistic map of Thailand

Kings¹
26 Oct 1656 - 10 Jul 1688  Narai Maharaj (= Ramathibodi III)  (b. 1631 - d. 1688)
11 Jul 1688 -  5 Feb 1703  Phetracha (= Ramesuar II)          (b. 1632 - d. 1703)
 5 Feb 1703 - May 1709     Suriyenthrathibodi (= Sanphet VIII)(b. 1661 - d. 1709)
                             (Luang Sorasak "Phra Chao Sua" ["Tiger King"])
May 1709 -  9 Dec 1732     Phumintharacha "Thai Sa"           (b. 1679 - d. 1732)
                             (= Sanphet IX)
 9 Dec 1732 - 13 Apr 1758  Boromakot (= Mahathammaraja I)     (b. c.1681 - d. 1758)
                             (= Boromaracha Dhiraj III)
13 Apr 1758 - Aug 1758     Uthumphon (= Ramathibodi IV)       (b. c.1733 - d. 1796)
                             (co-ruler Mar - Jun 1760)
Aug 1758 -  7 Apr 1767     Ekathat (= Boromraja V)            (b. 1718 - d. 1767)
 7 Apr 1767 - 28 Dec 1767  interregnum
28 Dec 1767 -  6 Apr 1782  Takhsin (= Boromraja IV Maharaj)   (b. 1734 - d. 1782)
 6 Apr 1782 -  7 Sep 1809  Buddha Yodfa Chulalok (= Rama I)   (b. 1737 - d. 1809)
 7 Sep 1809 - 21 Jul 1824  Buddha Loetla Nabhalai (= Rama II) (b. 1767 - d. 1824)
21 Jul 1824 -  2 Apr 1851  Nangklao (= Rama III)              (b. 1788 - d. 1851)
 3 Apr 1851 -  1 Oct 1868  Mongkut (= Rama IV)                (b. 1804 - d. 1868)
 1 Oct 1868 - 23 Oct 1910  Chulalongkorn (= Rama V)           (b. 1853 - d. 1910)
 1 Oct 1868 - 16 Nov 1873  Chao Phraya Sri Suriwongse -Regent (b. 1808 - d. 1883)
                             (= Somdet Chao Phraya Borom Maha Prayurawongse)
 7 Apr 1897 - 16 Dec 1897  Queen Saovabha Phongsri (f)-Regent (b. 1864 - d. 1919)
                             (= Sri Bajarindra)
27 Mar 1907 - 17 Nov 1907  Prince Maha Vajiravudh -Regent     (b. 1881 - d. 1925)
23 Oct 1910 - 25 Nov 1925  Vajiravudh (= Rama VI)             (s.a.)
25 Feb 1925 - 25 Nov 1925  Prince Prajadhipok Sakdidej -Regent(b. 1893 - d. 1941)
25 Nov 1925 -  2 Mar 1935  Prajadhipok (= Rama VII)           (s.a.)
12 Jan 1934 -  2 Mar 1935  Prince Narisara Nuwattiwong        (b. 1863 - d. 1947)
                             of Chitcharoen -Regent
 2 Mar 1935 -  9 Jun 1946  Ananda Mahidol (= Rama VIII)       (b. 1925 - d. 1946)
                             (in Switzerland to 5 Dec 1945)
 7 Mar 1935 - 12 Aug 1935  Prince Oscar Anuvatana -Regent     (b. 1883 - d. 1935)
                             (president of Council of Regency)
12 Aug 1935 - 31 Jul 1944  Prince Aditya Dibabha -Regent      (b. 1904 - d. 1946)
                             (president of Council of Regency)
31 Jul 1944 -  5 Dec 1945  Pridi Banomyong -Regent            (b. 1900 - d. 1983) 
 9 Jun 1946 - 13 Oct 2016  Bhumibol Adulyadej (= Rama IX)     (b. 1927 - d. 2016)
16 Jun 1946 - 24 Mar 1950  Prince Rangsit of Chainat -Regent  (b. 1885 - d. 1951)
                             (president of Council of Regency)
                             (1st time)
 5 Jun 1950 -  6 Mar 1951  Prince Rangsit of Chainat -Regent  (s.a.)
                             (president of Council of Regency)
                             (2nd time)
12 Mar 1951 - 19 Dec 1952  Prince Dhani Nivat -Regent         (b. 1885 - d. 1974)
                             (president of Council of Regency)
22 Oct 1956 -  5 Nov 1956  Queen Sirikit (f) -Regent          (b. 1932)
13 Oct 2016 -  1 Dec 2016  Prem Tinsulanonda -Regent          (b. 1920 - d. 2019)  Mil
 1 Dec 2016 -              Maha Vajiralongkorn (= Rama X)     (b. 1952)

Viceroys
1688 - Feb 1703            Prince Sorasak                     (s.a.)
                             (= Suriyenthrathibodi)
1703 - 1709                Prince Phet (= Phumintharacha)     (s.a.)
1709 - 1732                Prince Phon (= Borommakot)         (s.a.)
1732 - 1746                Prince Senaphithak (Chao Fa Kung)  (d. 1746)
1757 - 1758                Prince Phonphinit (= Uthumphon)    (s.a.)
17.. -  6 Apr 1782         Prince Inthra Phithak              (d. 1782)
                             (Chao Fa Krom Khun Inthra Phithak)
1782 -  3 Nov 1803         Somdet Phra Bawornrajchao Maha     (b. 1744 - d. 1803)
                             Sura Singhanat
1808 -  7 Sep 1809         Prince Itsarasunthon               (s.a.)
                             (= Loetla Nabhalai [Rama II])
 7 Sep 1809 - 16 Jul 1817  Maha Senanurak                     (b. 1773 - d. 1817)
21 Jul 1824 -  1 May 1832  Somdet Phra Bawonratchao Maha      (b. 1785 - d. 1832)
                             Sakdi Polsep
25 May 1851 -  7 Jan 1866  Phra Pinklao                       (b. 1808 - d. 1866)
 2 Oct 1868 - 28 Aug 1885  Krom Phra Ratchawang Bowon         (b. 1838 - d. 1885)
                             Wichaichan
                            (Phra Ong Chao Yodyingyot)
28 Aug 1885                Post abolished
Chief ministers of the North (Samuha nayok)
1782 - 1805                Chaophraya Rattanaphiphit Son
1809 - 18..                Chaophraya Rattanathibet Kun
1813 - 1827                Chaophraya Aphaiphuthon            (d. 1827)
1827 - 24 Jun 1849         Chaophraya Bodindecha              (b. 1776 - d. 1849)   
1849 - 1863                Chaophraya Nikonbodin
1863 - 1878                Chaophraya Phutharaphai 
1878 - 1886                Prince Mahamala                    (b. 1819 - d. 1886)
1886 - 1892                Chaophraya Rattanabodin
 1 Apr 1892 - 1894         Prince Maha Chakri Sirindhorn      (b. 1862 - d. 1943)
                             Krom Phraya Damrong Rajanubhab
1894                       Post abolished
Chief ministers of the South (Samuha kalahom)
1782 - 1787                Chaophraya Mahasena Pli            (d. 1787)
1787 - 1805                Chaophraya Akkha Mahasena Bunnag   (b. 1737 - d. 1805)
1805 - 1809                Chaophraya Mahasena Pin
1809 - 1811?               Chaophraya Mahasena Bunma
1811? - 1822               Chaophraya Wongsasurasak Saeng     (d. 1822)
1822 - 1824                Chaophraya Mahasena Sang
1824 - 1830                Chao Phraya Mahasena Noi           (d. 1830)
1830 - 1851                Borom Maha Prayurawongse           (b. 1788 - d. 1855)
1851 - 1869                Chao Phraya Sri Suriwongse         (s.a.)
1869 - 1888                Chaophraya Surawongwaiwat          (d. 1888)
1888 - 1894                Chaophraya Phonlathep
                             (= Phum Sichaiyan)
1894                       Post abolished
Chairmen of the Supreme Council of State
28 Nov 1925 - 13 Jun 1928  Bhanurangsi Savangwongse,          (b. 1859 - d. 1928)  Non-party
                             Prince Bhanubandhu Vongsevorade
                             (Maha Chakri Sirindhorn)
13 Jun 1928 - 17 Jul 1932  Prince Maha Chakri Sirindhorn      (s.a.)               Non-party
                             Krom Phraya Damrong Rajanubhab
Prime ministers
28 Jun 1932 - 24 Jun 1933  Phya Manopakornnitithada           (b. 1884 - d. 1948)  Non-party
                             (Public Committee President to 10 Dec 1932)
24 Jun 1933 - 26 Dec 1938  Phya Phaholphonphayuhasena         (b. 1889 - d. 1958)  Mil+KR
26 Dec 1938 -  1 Aug 1944  Plaek Pibulsongkram (1st time)     (b. 1897 - d. 1964)  Mil+KR
                             (Plaek Khittasangkha) 
 1 Aug 1944 - 17 Jul 1945  Khuang Aphaiwong (1st time)        (b. 1902 - d. 1968)  Non-party
31 Aug 1945 - 17 Sep 1945  Thawi Bunyaket                     (b. 1904 - d. 1971)  Non-party
17 Sep 1945 - 31 Jan 1946  Seni Pramoj (1st time)             (b. 1905 - d. 1997)  ST
31 Jan 1946 - 18 Mar 1946  Khuang Aphaiwong (2nd time)        (s.a.)               Non-party
24 Mar 1946 - 23 Aug 1946  Pridi Banomyong                    (s.a.)               ST
23 Aug 1946 -  9 Nov 1947  Thawan Thamrongnawasawat           (b. 1901 - d. 1988)  CF
10 Nov 1947 -  8 Apr 1948  Khuang Aphaiwong (3rd time)(acting)(s.a.)               PP
 8 Apr 1948 - 17 Sep 1957  Plaek Pibulsongkram (2nd time)     (s.a.)              Mil;1956 PSM
17 Sep 1957 - 21 Sep 1957  Sarit Thanarat (1st time)          (b. 1908 - d. 1963)  Mil
                             (Defender of the Capital)
21 Sep 1957 -  1 Jan 1958  Pote Sarasin                       (b. 1905 - d. 2000)  Non-party
 1 Jan 1958 - 20 Oct 1958  Thanom Kittikachorn (1st time)     (b. 1911 - d. 2004)  Mil+CS
20 Oct 1958 -  8 Dec 1963  Sarit Thanarat (2nd time)          (s.a.)               Mil
                             (acting to 10 Feb 1959)
 8 Dec 1963 - 14 Oct 1973  Thanom Kittikachorn (2nd time)     (s.a.)             Mil;1968 SRT;
                            (acting to 9 Dec 1963; chairman National            1971 Non-party
                             Executive Council 26 Nov 1971 - 18 Dec 1972)
14 Oct 1973 - 27 Feb 1975  Sanya Thammasak                    (b. 1907 - d. 2002)  Non-party
27 Feb 1975 - 17 Mar 1975  Seni Pramoj (2nd time)             (s.a.)               PP
17 Mar 1975 - 20 Apr 1976  Kukrit Pramoj                      (b. 1911 - d. 1995)  PKS
20 Apr 1976 -  6 Oct 1976  Seni Pramoj (3rd time)             (s.a.)               PP
 6 Oct 1976 - 23 Nov 1980  Sa-ngad Chaloryu                   (b. 1915 - d. 1980)  Mil
                            (chairman Administration Reform Council; 
                             from 20 Oct 1977, chairman Revolutionary Council;
                             from 12 Nov 1977, chairman National Policy Council)
 8 Oct 1976 - 20 Oct 1977  Thanin Kraivichien                 (b. 1927 - d. 2025)  Non-party
12 Nov 1977 -  3 Mar 1980  Kriangsak Chomanan                 (b. 1917 - d. 2003)  Mil
 3 Mar 1980 -  4 Aug 1988  Prem Tinsulanonda                  (s.a.)             Mil;1982 Ind
 4 Aug 1988 - 23 Feb 1991  Chatichai Choonhavan               (b. 1922 - d. 1998)  CT
23 Feb 1991 -  7 Mar 1991  Sunthorn Kongsompong               (b. 1931 - d. 1999)  Mil
                             (chairman National Peacekeeping Council)
 7 Mar 1991 -  7 Apr 1992  Anand Panyarachun (1st time)       (b. 1932)            Non-party
 7 Apr 1992 - 24 May 1992  Suchinda Kraprayoon                (b. 1933 - d. 2025)  Mil
24 May 1992 - 10 Jun 1992  Meechai Ruchupan (acting)          (b. 1938)            Non-party
10 Jun 1992 - 23 Sep 1992  Anand Panyarachun (2nd time)       (s.a.)               Non-party
23 Sep 1992 - 13 Jul 1995  Chuan Leekpai (1st time)           (b. 1938)            PP
13 Jul 1995 -  1 Dec 1996  Banharn Silpa-archa                (b. 1932 - d. 2016)  CT
 1 Dec 1996 -  9 Nov 1997  Chavalit Yongchaiyudh              (b. 1932)            PKM
 9 Nov 1997 -  9 Feb 2001  Chuan Leekpai (2nd time)           (s.a.)               PP
 9 Feb 2001 - 19 Sep 2006  Thaksin Shinawatra                 (b. 1949)            TRT
 5 Apr 2006 - 23 May 2006  Chidchai Vanasatidya               (b. 1946)            TRT
                             (acting for Thaksin)
19 Sep 2006 -  1 Oct 2006  Sonthi Boonyaratkalin              (b. 1946)            Mil
                             (chairman of Council for Democratic Reform) 
 1 Oct 2006 - 29 Jan 2008  Surayud Chulanont                  (b. 1943)            Non-party
29 Jan 2008 -  9 Sep 2008  Samak Sundaravej                   (b. 1935 - d. 2009)  PPP
 9 Sep 2008 -  2 Dec 2008  Somchai Wongsawat                  (b. 1947)            PPP
                             (acting to 18 Sep 2008)
 2 Dec 2008 - 15 Dec 2008  Chaovarat Chanweerakul (acting)    (b. 1936)            PCT
15 Dec 2008 -  8 Aug 2011  Abhisit Vejjajiva                  (b. 1964)            PP
 8 Aug 2011 -  7 May 2014  Yingluck Shinawatra (f)            (b. 1967)            PTP
 7 May 2014 - 22 May 2014  Niwattumrong Boonsongpaisan        (b. 1948)            PTP
                             (acting)
22 May 2014 -  5 Sep 2023  Prayuth Chan-ocha                  (b. 1954)            Mil; 2018
                             (from 18 Sep 2014, Prayut Chan-o-cha)                 PPP
                             (director of Peace and Order Maintaining Command to 24 Aug 2014;
                             suspended 24 Aug - 30 Sep 2022)
24 Aug 2022 - 30 Sep 2022  Prawit Wongsuwan                   (b. 1945)            PPP
                             (acting for suspended Prayut)
 5 Sep 2023 - 14 Aug 2024  Srettha Thavisin                   (b. 1962)            PTP
14 Aug 2024 - 18 Aug 2024  Phumtham Wechayachai (acting)      (b. 1953)            PTP
18 Aug 2024 -              Paetongtarn Shinawatra (f)         (b. 1986)            PTP 
                             (suspended from 1 Jul 2025)
 1 Jul 2025 -  3 Jul 2025  Suriya Juangroongruangkit          (b. 1954)            PTP
                             (acting for suspended Paetongtarn) 
 3 Jul 2025 -              Phumtham Wechayachai               (s.a.)               PTP
                             (acting for suspended Paetongtarn)

Commander, Japanese Forces in Thailand (Japanese 15th Army) 
 8 Dec 1941 -  4 Jan 1943  Shōjirō Iida                       (b. 1888 - d. 1980)  Mil
Japanese General Officer Commanding the Siam (Thailand) Garrison Force 
(General Officer Commanding the 39th Army 20 Dec 1944 - 14 Jul 1945;
from 14 Jul 1945, Commander-in-chief of the 18th Area Army)
 4 Jan 1943 -  2 Sep 1945  Aketo (Akito) Nakamura             (b. 1889 - d. 1966)  Mil 

 ¹The Chakkri rulers (from 6 Apr 1782) were often referred to as "the king of the first/second/etc. reign." During the king of the third reign, his two predecessors were referred to as "the First King" and "the Middle King," respectively; the then current king not wanting to be "the Last King," but careful to avoid referring to his predecessors "by name," erected two statues to represent them, gave names to the statues (Buddha Yodfa, Buddha Loetla), and made those names the "official" referents for the respective kings; he himself became Nangklao. Vajiravudh, the king of the sixth reign, decided in 1916 to refer henceforth to the rulers of the dynasty as Rama I, Rama II, and so on, he being Rama VI. This device was rejected by his successor Prajadhipok, the king of the seventh reign, but informally re-adopted later. It was quite commonly used by officials under the king of the ninth reign. 

Territorial Disputes: Separatist violence in Thailand's predominantly Malay-Muslim southern provinces prompt border closures and controls with Malaysia to stem insurgent activities; disputed areas are the Bukit Jeli area at the headwaters of the Golok River and the continental shelf boundary in the Gulf of Thailand; talks continue on completion of demarcation with Laos but disputes remain over several islands in the Mekong River; Cambodia and Thailand have agreed to maintain peace along the border regardless of the decision of the ICJ over territorial dispute near Cambodia's Preah Vihear Temple; the ICJ decision of 11 Nov 2013 determined that Cambodia had sovereignty over the whole territory of the promontory of Preah Vihear, but that a nearby hill belonged to Thailand; the border disputes do not involve large amounts of territory, and most of the issues were settled by the 2013 ICJ ruling; in 2016, Thailand expressed its interest in investing in Burma's Hatgyi Dam project on the Salween River near the Thai-Burma border; the dam has the potential to supply electricity and water during the drought season; approximately 100,000 mostly Karen refugees fleeing civil strife, political upheaval, and economic stagnation in Burma live in nine remote camps in Thailand near the border. 

Party abbreviations: CP = Phak Chat Thai Patthana (Nation Development Party, populist, former CT, est.2008); Ind = Independent; PCT = Phak Bhum Jai Thai (Bhumjaithai [Thai Pride] Party, populist, est.2008); PKS = Phak Kit Sangkhom (Social Action Party, liberal conservative, est.1974); PP = Phak Prachathipat (Democrat Party, liberal conservative, monarchist, est.1946); PPP = Phak Phalang Pracharat (People's State Power Party, conservative, nationalist, monarchist, militarist, est.2 Mar 2018); PTP = Phak Phuea Thai (For Thais Party, populist, liberal, PPP & TRT successor, est.2008); Mil = Military;
- Former parties: CF = Phak Rattha Thammanun (Constitution Party, leftist democratic coalition, P. Phanomyong personalist, 1946-1947); CT = Phak Chart Thai (Thai Nation Party, conservative, 1974-2008, succeeded by CP); KR = Khana Ratsadon (People's Party, nationalist, constitutional monarchist, military backed, 1927-1947); CS = Chat Sangkhomniyom (National Socialist Party, 1957-1958); PKM = Phak Khwamwang Mai (New Aspiration Party, populist, 1990-2002, merged into TRT); PPP = Phak Palang Prachachon (People's Power Party, populist, former TRT, 1998-Nov 2008, succeeded by PTP); PSM = Phak Seri Manangkhasila (Free Manangkhasila [Stone Throne] Party, 1955-1958, merged into NSP); SPT = Saha Pracha Thai (United Thai People's Party, government party, 1968-1971); ST = Khabuan Kan Seri Thai (Free Thai Movement, nationalist, anti-Japanese, 1943-1947); TRT = Phak Thai Rak Thai (Thais Love Thais Party, populist, T. Shinawatra personalist, 1998 - 30 May 2007, succeeded by PPP)

Chiang Saen

c.1200                     Chiang Saen (Chiangsean) kingdom founded.
1805                       Merged into Lanna.

Rulers
1632 - 1650                Chaisiri
1666 - 1709                Phaya Chueang
1709 - 1802                ....
.... - 1802                Lao Meng
1802 - 1805                Phaya Mangrai                      (b. 1782 - d. 1854)

1259                       Lanna (Lan Na) kingdom founded (sometimes referred to
                             as Chiang Mai [Chhiangmay], city founded 1296).
1546 - 1547                Under suzerainty of Lan Xang (see unde Laos).
 2 Apr 1558 - 1596         Under Burmese suzerainty.
1602 - 1613                Under Thai suzerainty.
1613 - 1774                Under Burmese suzerainty (except 1727-1757, 1761-Jan 1763).
Feb 1663 - 1664            Thai occupation.
1774                       Under Thai suzerainty.
1776 - 1796                Chiang Mai city abandoned.
14 Jan 1874                Chiang Mai Treaty between Siam and Great Britain led Bangkok to
                             establish a dual government in the north, by installing a
                             commissioner.
1892                       Incorporated into Siam (part of Monthon [circle] Lao Chiang [from
                             1900 Monthon Phayap] to 9 Dec 1933 [incl. Chiang Mai, Lamphun,
                             Mae Hong Son, Lampang, Chiang Rai, Nan and Phrae]).
 1 Apr 1916 - 31 Mar 1926  Monthon Maharat (Chiang Rai, Nan, Lampang and Phrae) is split
                             from Monthon Phayap (see under Phrae).
 2 Jan 1931                Chiang Mai province created.
23 Jun 1939                Royalty ended.

Governors
1672 - 1675                Ung Sae (Wang Na)                  (d. 1675)
1675 - 1707                Chephutarai (Jeputry)              (d. 1707)
1707 - 1727                Mungranra (Mangala)                (d. 1727)
1727                       Thepsing (Singha)
1727 - 1759                Ong Kham                           (d. 1759)
                             (in Luang Prabang 1713-1723)
1759 - 1761                Ong Chan
27 Apr 1761 - 1763         Khi Hut (Chao Kee Hut)
1763 - 1768                Aphayakamani (Porai Kamini)        (d. 1768)
1768 - 1774                Moyagamani (Po Mayu'ngwn)
                             (= Sato Mangthang)
1774 - 1776                Phraya Chaban (Bunma)              (b. 1717 - d. 1782)
                             (Phraya Prathet Ratchanakhon)
1782 - 14 Sep 1802         Kawila (Kavila)                    (b. 1742 - d. 1815)
                             (Phraya Wichienprakarn)
Kings 
14 Sep 1802 - 21 Nov 1815  Kawila (Kavila)                    (s.a.)
                             (from 1802, Phra Boromma Rachathibodi)
1815 -  4 May 1822         Thammalangka (Dhammalangka)        (b. 1746 - d. 1822)
                             (= Mai Noi Tham)
                             (viceroy to 26 May 1816)
1822 - 1/13 Feb 1825       Kham Fan (Maha Suphathrarath)      (b. 1756 - d. 1825)
1825 - Jun 1846            Maha Phutthawong (= Suriwong)      (d. 1846)
1846 - 14 Nov 1854         Mahotaraprathet                    (b. 1804 - d. 1854)
                             (= Chao Khanan Mahawong)
                             (viceroy to 1853)
1854 - 29 Jun 1870         Kawilorot Suriyawong (Kavilorot)   (b. c.1799 - d. 1870)
                             (= Chao Nan Suriyawong)
                             (viceroy to 1861)
1870 - 23 Nov 1897         Inthawichayanon (= Inthanon)       (b. 1817 - d. 1897)
                             (viceroy to 14 Jul 1881)
1897 -  5 Jan 1910         Inthawarorot Suriyawong            (b. 1859 - d. 1910)
                             (Intawaroros Suriyawong)
                             (viceroy to 28 Nov 1901)
23 Jan 1910 -  3 Jun 1939  Kaeo Nawarat                       (b. 1862 - d. 1939)
                             (= Kaew na Chiangmai)
                             (viceroy to 11 Nov 1911)

Siamese Royal Commissioners in Chiang Mai
1874 - 1880                Phra Narinthra Ratchaseni          (b. 1820 - d. 1901)
                             (from 1877, Phraya Thepprachun)
                             (= Phum Sichaiyan) (1st time)
1880 - 1883                Phraya Ratchasena
                             (= Suea Phayakkhanan)
1883 - 1884                Phraya Ratcha Sampharakorn         (b. 1837 - d. 1891)
                             (= Luean Suranan)
May 1884 - Jun 1885        Prince Phichit Prichakon           (b. 1855 - d. 1909)
                             (Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Kromluang Pichitpreechakorn)
                             (= Gagananga Yukala)
                             (special commissioner)
1885 - 1887                Phraya Montri Suriyawong           (b. 1846 - d. 1915)
                             (= Chuen Bunnag)
Jul 1887 - 1888            Phraya Phetphichai
                             (= Thongchin Charuchinda)
1888 - 1889                Phraya Mahathep 
                             (= But Bunyaratphan)
                           + Prince Sonnabandit
1889 - 1893                Chaophraya Phonlathep (2nd time)   (s.a.)
                             (= Phum Sichaiyan)
                           + Phraya Kraikosa (= Thet Phumirat)
Governors-general of Monthon (Lao Chiang to 1900) Phayap
1893 - 1899                Phraya Songsuradet (= An Bunnag)
1899 - 1902                Prince Narisonratchakit
20 Jan 1902 - 1915         Chao Phraya Surasri Wisitthasak    (b. 1863 - d. 1942)
                             (Chey Kalayanamitr)
1915 - 1922                Prince Boworadet                   (b. 1877 - d. 1953)
                             (Boworadej Kridakorn)
 1 Aug 1922 - 1926?        Phraya Surabdin Surinthonchai      (b. 1873 - d. 1955)
                              (Phon Charuchinda) 
                             (from 11 Nov 1925, Chao Phraya Surabdin Surinthracha)
1926 - 1928                ....
1928 - 1932                Worawongther Prince Thotsiriwon    (b. 1884 - d. 1950)
1932 - 1933                Phraya Kalayanawattanawisit
                             (Chian Kalayanamit)

....                       Khelang Nakorn
1614 - 1732                Under Burmese rule.
1751 - 15 Jan 1775         Under Burmese suzerainty.
15 Jan 1775                Under Thai suzerainty.
1892                       Incorporated into Siam
1892 - 31 Mar 1916         Part of Monthon Phayap (see Lanna). 
 1 Apr 1916 - 31 Mar 1926  Part of Monthon Maharat(see under Phrae).
 1 Mar 1925                Royalty ends.
 1 Apr 1926 -  9 Dec 1933  Re-incorporated into Monthon Phayap.

Princes (title Chao Phraya Nakorn Lampang)
1732 – 1759                Phya Sulavaluchai Songkram         (b. 1674 - d. 1759)
                             (= Thip Chang)
1759 – 1774                Kaeo (Nai Chai Kaew)               (b. 1712 - d. 1774)
                             (= Singha Ratchathani Chao Fah Luang Chai Kaew)
1774 - 1782                Phra Chao Kawila (Kavila)          (b. 1742 - d. 1815)
1782 – 1794                Phraya Kham Som (Khamsom)          (b. 1744 - d. 1794)
1794 – 30 Mar 1826         Duang Thip (Phrachao Duangthip)    (b. 1748 - d. 1826)
                             (viceroy to 13 Feb 1823)
1826 – 1837                Phraya Chaiwong (Jayavansa)        (b. 1770 - d. 1837)
1837 - 1838                Phraya Khattiya (Khanthiya)        (b. 1772 - d. 1838)
1838 - 1848                Luang Noi In                       (b. 1778 - d. 1848)
1848 - 1850                interregnum
1850 -  7 Jun 1871         Worayannarangsi (Varayanaransi)    (d. 1871)
                             (viceory to 16 Oct 1856)              
1871 - 1873                interregnum
16 Jul 1873 - 25 Jan 1893  Phrommaphiwong                     (d. 1893)
                             (Phromapiphongthada)
1893 - 30 Mar 1896         Noranan Chaichawalit               (d. 1896)
                             (Norananchai Chawalit)
                             (= Chao Noi Thananchai)
 3 Jan 1897 –  5 Oct 1922  Bunyawat Wongmanit                 (b. 1857 - d. 1922)
                             (Bunyavadya Vansamanit)   
1922 -  1 Mar 1925         Ratchabutr (Kaew Mueang Phuan)     (b. 1875 - d. 1925)

c.750 - 1292               Haripuñjaya (Hariphunchai) kingdom.
1292                       Part of Lanna (Lan Na).
1558 - 1775                Under Burmese suzerainty.
1814                       Nakhon Lamphun under Thai suzerainty.
1892                       Incorporated into Siam
1892 -  9 Dec 1933         Part of Monthon Phayap (see Lanna).
 5 Nov 1943                Royalty ends.

Princes (title Chao Phraya Nakorn Lamphun)
1814 – 1815                Kham Fan (Maha Suphathrarath)      (b. 1756 - d. 1825)
1815 – 1827                Bunma (Bunmamueang)                (b. 1760 - d. 1827)
                             (= Phra Nakhon Lamphun Bunma)
1827 - 1838                Luang Noi In (Phraya Noi Inn)      (b. 1778 - d. 1848)
1838 – 1841                Kam Tan (Khamtan)                  (d. 1841)
1841 - 1843                Luang Thammalangka (Dharmalanka)   (d. 1843)
                             (= Phraya Noi Lanka)
1843 - 1871                Chailangkaphisan Sophakkhun        (d. 1871)
                             (Chailangka Phisansophakhun)
1871 - 17 Sep 1891         Daradirekratphairot                (d. 1891)
                             (Dara Direkratanaphairoj)
1891 -  5 Feb 1896         Hemphinphaichit (Hempinthupaijit)  (d. 1896)
                             (= Chao Khamyat)
1896 - 18 Mar 1911         Inthayongyotchot                   (d. 1911)
                             (Indrayongyote Choti)
11 Nov 1911 -  5 Nov 1943  Chakkham Khachonsak                (b. 1875 - d. 1943)
                             (Chakkhamkhajornsak)

Mae Hong Son

1874                       Mae Hong Son re-founded.
1892                       Incorporated into Siam.
1892 - 1916                Part of Monthon Phayap (see Lanna).
 1 Apr 1916 - 31 Mar 1926  Part of Monthon Maharat (see under Phrae).
 1 Apr 1926 -  9 Dec 1933  Re-incorporated into Monthon Phayap.
1941                       Royalty ends.

Rulers (title Partasakti)
1874 - 1884                Phaya Singhanat Racha (Chankale)   (d. 1884)
1884 - 1891                Chao Nang Mia                      (d. 1891)
1891 - 1905                Phaya Phithak Sayam Khet           (d. 1905)
                             (Pu Khun Tho)
1905 - 1941                Phaya Phisan Hong Son Buri (Khun Lu)

10th cent. - 13th cent.    Tambralinga predecessor kingdom.
c.1279                     Nakhon Si Thammarat kingdom (Nagara Sri Dharmarashtra also
                             called Lingor kingdom) founded by Sri Thammasokaraj.
c.1279 - 1438              Vassal of the Sukhothai kingdom.
16th cent. - 1767          Vassal of Ayutthaya kingdom.
1767 - 1769                Independence declared.
1770 - 1782                Vassal of Thonburi kingdom.
1782                       Vassal of Siam.
1896                       Incorporation into Siam.
11 Oct 1896 -  9 Dec 1933  Part of Monthon (circle) Nakhon Si Thammarat (Songkhla, Nakhon Si
                             Thammarat, Phattalung; from 31 Mar 1926, Satun and monthon
                             Phuket; and from 1 Apr 1932, Pattani).
1901                       Royalty ended.
10 Mar 1909                British recognize sovereignty of Siam over Nakhon Si Thammarat.

Princes (title Chao Phraya Nakhon Sri Thammarat from 1742; Chao Phraya Nakhon to 1758; Chao Muang Nakhon Sri Thammarat 1758 - 1760; Chao Nakhon 1760-1767, Chao Muang 1770-77; Phra Chao Nakhon Sri Thammara 1777-1784; Chao Phraya Nakhon Sri Thammarat 1784-1894)
1689 - 1692                Phraya Ram Dejo
1692 - ....                ....
.... - 1742                ....
1742 - 17..                Phraya Chaiathibet
17.. - 1758                Phraya Sukhotai
1758 - 1760                Phraya Rachasutawadi 
1760 - 1769                Phra Palat Nu (1st time)
                             (= Luangsit Nai Wan Mahatlek)
1769 - 1776                Chao Nara Suriyawong               (d. 1776)
15 Sep 1776 - 1784         Chao Phraya Nakorn (Nu)(2nd time)
1784 - 1811                Phraya Suthamontri (Phat)          (d. 1814)
                            (Si Thammasokrat Chatdechochai Mahaisuriyathidee
                             Aphai Phiriya Prakrom Phahu)
1811 - 14 May 1839         Phra Aphirakphubet (Noi Na Nakhon) (b. 1776 - d. 1839)
                            (Si Thammasokrat Chatdechochai Mahai Suriyathibodi)
1839 - 1867                Phra Sanchamontri (Noi Klang)
1867 - 1894                Chao Phraya Suthammontri (Nu Prom) (b. 1851 - d. 1931)
Governor of Nakhon Si Thammarat (title Pu Wah Ratchakarn)
1894 - 1901                Chao Phraya Suthammontri (Nu Prom) (s.a.)
Commissioner in Songkhla, Nakhon Si Thammarat and Phatthalung (in Nakhon Si Thammarat)
1894 - 11 Oct 1896         Phraya Yomarat (Pan Sukhum)        (b. 1862 - d. 1938)
                             (from 1 May 1893, Phra Wichit Worasas)
Governors-general of Monthon Nakhon Si Thammarat
11 Oct 1896 - 1906         Phraya Sukhumnaiwinit (Pan Sukhum) (s.a.)
1906 - 1910                Phraya Chonlaburanurak
                             (Charoen Charuchinda)
1910 - 1925                Yugala Dighambara,                 (b. 1882 - d. 1932)
                             Prince Lopburi Ramet
31 Mar 1925 - 1926         Phraya Surintharacha               (b. 1879 - d. 1941)
                             (Nok Nok Wisetkul)
1927 -  9 Dec 1933         Phraya Si Thammarat                (b. 1884 - d. 1954)
                             (Thongkum Kanchanachot)

1282                       Nakhon Nan founded.
1450 - 1558                Under suzerainty of Lanna.
1558                       State destroyed by the Burmese.
1560 - 1783                Under Burmese suzerainty.
1783 - 1892                Under Thai suzerainty.
1892                       Incorporated into Siam.
1892 - 1916                Part of Monthon Phayap (see Lanna).
 1 Apr 1916 - 31 Mar 1926  Part of Monthon Maharat (see under Phrae).
 1 Apr 1926 -  9 Dec 1933  Re-incorporated into Monthon Phayap.
17 Aug 1931                Royalty ends.

Princes (title Chao)
1689 - 1703                Phraya Phra Muang Racha
1703 - 1708                Phra Na Sai (Noi In)(1st time)
1708 - 1714                Fah Mueang Kong
1714 - 1716                Myoza                              (d. 1716)
1716 - 1726                Phra Na Kwai (Noi In)(2nd time)
11 May 1726 - 16 Jun 1751  Luang Tin Mahawong                 (d. 1751)
30 Sep 1754 -  4 Oct 1768  Luang Ariyawong
 4 Oct 1768 - 10 Jul 1769  Luang Nai Ai                       (d. 1769)
10 Sep 1769 - 25 Mar 1774  Luang Manoracha (Nan Mano)         (d. 1784)
25 Mar 1774 - 31 Mar 1778  Luang Witoon (Phraya Witoon)       (d. 1778)
1778 - 1783                Vacant
 2 Apr 1783 -  2 Feb 1786  Mongkhonworayot (= Chantapachot)
                             (Mongkhon Yotprathetraj)
1786 - 1788                Vacant
19 Aug 1788 - 23 Jan 1810  Atthawarapanyo (= Noi Attha)       (d. 1810)
                             (Somdet Chao Fa Attawarapanyo)
13 Feb 1810 - 26 Jun 1825  Sumon Thewarat                     (b. 1751 - d. 1825)
                             (Phraya Sumonthevarat)
 6 Sep 1825 - 30 Jan 1835  Mahayat (Chao Luang Mahayat)       (d. 1835)
27 Dec 1835 - 11 Oct 1837  Luang Achitwong (Chao Achitwongsa) (d. 1837)
                             (viceroy to 28 Jan 1836)
23 Apr 1838 - 23 Oct 1851  Luang Mahawong (Phrachao Mahawong) (d. 1851)
14 May 1852 - 28 May 1892  Anantaworitthidet (Anantayot)      (b. 1805 - d. 1892)
                             (Phraya Mongkhonworayot)
                             (viceroy to 7 Apr 1857)
1892 -  5 Apr 1918         Suriyapong Pharitdet (= Suriya)    (b. 1831 - d. 1918)
                             (viceroy to 21 Feb 1894)
22 Apr 1918 - 17 Aug 1931  Maha Phrom Suratada                (b. 1846 - d. 1931)
                             (viceroy to 11 Nov 1919)

 

Map of Patani

Capital: Patani (to 1816)

bf.1390                    Predecessor kingdom of Kota Mahligai founded.
c.1400 - 1569              Vassal of Siam.
c.1457                     Royal court converts to Islam, Patani Sultanate (Kesultanan
                             Pattani).
c.1500 - 1511              Vassal of Malacca
1636 - c.1646              Vassal of Siam.
1650 - 1767                Vassal of Siam.
1786                       Occupied by Siam.
1791 - 1816                Occupied by Siam.
1791 - 1902                Vassal of Siam (confirmed 1832).
1816 - 1902                Split into 7 divisions (Patani, Nong Cik [Nongchik], Jering,
                             Jalur, Teluban [Sai or Saiburi], Legeh [Ra-Ngae], and Reman).
1829 - 1832                Kedah spreads into the seven provinces of Patani.
1902                       Incorporation into Siam.
27 Jul 1906 - 31 Mar 1932  Part of Monthon (circle) Pattani (Pattani, Yala, Saiburi, and
                             Rangae [from 19 Jun 1915, Narathiwat]).
10 Mar 1909                British recognize sovereignty of Siam over Patani.
 1 Apr 1932 -  9 Dec 1933  Part of Monthon Nakhon Si Thammarat.

Queens
1584 - 28 Aug 1616         Ratu Hijau "the Green Queen"       (d. 1616)
1616 - 1624                Ratu Biru "the Blue Queen"         (b. c.1566 - d. 1624)
1624 - 1635                Rato Ungu "the Purple Queen"       (d. 1635)
1635 - 1688                Ratu Kuning "the Yellow Queen"     (d. 1688)
Kings
1688 - 1690                Raja Bakar                         (d. 1690)
1690 - 1707                Raja Mas Kelatan
1707 - 1710                Raja Mas Chayam (Jayam)(1st time)
1710 - 1719                Raja Dewi (f)
1719 - 1723                Raja Bendang Badan                 (d. 1734)
1723 - 1724                Raja Laksamana Dajang
1724 - 1726                Raja Mas Chayam (Jayam)(2nd time)
1726 – 12 Aug 1729         Sultan Along Yunus                 (d. 1729)
1729 – 1749                Raja Yunus
1749 - 1771                Raja Long Nuh
1771 – 1786                Sultan Mahmud Abdul Jalil
                             Karimullah Mualim Shah           (d. 1786)
                             (= Sultan Muhammad Duwa)
1786 – 1791                Tengku Lamiddin Raja Bendang Badang
Siamese Governors
1791 – 1808                Raja Jaafar Datu Pengkalan
1808 – 1815                Nai Kwan Sai Raja Chenak
1815 – 1816                Nai Phai (Nai Phyai)
Kings (title Raja dan Sultan di Pattani Darussalam)
1816 – 1832                Tuan Sulung
1832 – 1842                Nik Yusuf (= Raja Tokki)
1842 – 1856                Sultan Phaya Long Muhammad ibni    (d. 1856)
                             Raja Muda Kelantan
                            (Sultan Phaya Long Muhammad ibni
                             Tengku Raja Muda Ismail "Tuan Besar")
1856 – 1881                Tuan Long Puteh Bin Sultan Phraya  (d. 1881)
                             Long Muhammad (Tengku Ahmad)
1881 – 1890                Tuan Besar Bin Tuan Long Puteh     (d. 1890)
                             (Tuan Timung) 
1890 – 1899                Sultan Sulaiman Sharif Alauddin    (d. 1899)
                             Syah (Phraya Wichitphakdi)
1899 – 21 Feb 1902         Sultan Abdul Kadir Kamaruddin Syah (b. 1877 - d. 1933)
                             (Phraya Vijitbhakti)
                             (Thai prisioner 21 Feb 1902 - 21 Mar 1904)
Commissioner
1902 - 1906?               Phraya Mahiban Borirak
                             (Sawat Phumirat)
Governors-general of Monthon Pattani
1906 - 1923                Phraya Sakseninarong (Sakseni)
                             (Phraya Dechanuchit) 
1923 - 1925                Prince Saritidet Chayangkun        (b. 1881 - d. 1955)
1926 - 1932                Phraya Udompong Pensawat           (b. 1873 - d. 1958)
                             (Prayoon Isarasak)

1371 - 1443                Phon Nakhon under Khmer suzerainty.       
1443 - 1558                Under Lanna suzerainty.
1558 - 1767                Under Burmese suzerainty.
1768                       Nakhon Phrae under Thai suzerainty.
1892                       Incorporated into Siam.
1892 - 1916                Part of Monthon Phayap (see Lanna).
25 Sep 1902                Royalty ended.
 1 Apr 1916 - 31 Mar 1926  Part of Monthon (circle) Maharat (Chiang Rai, Nan, Lampang,
                             and Phrae) split from Monthon Phayap.
 1 Apr 1926                Monthon Maharat merged back into Monthon Phayap (see Lanna).

Princes of Phrae
bf.1766 - 1787             Phraya Sri Suriyawong              (d. 1805)
                             (Phra Mueang Chai)
1787 - bf.1805             Phraya Saen Sai
bf.1805 - 1816             Phraya Thepwong (Luang Upasene)    (d. 1816)
1816 - 1847                Phraya Inthawichai                 (b. 1781 - d. 1847)
                             (Noi Inthawichai)
1874 - 1886                Phraya Pimpisaracha (Phimsarn)     (b. 1811 - d. 1886)
1886 - 25 Sep 1902         Piriyathepwong (Nong Thepwong)     (b. 1836 - d. 1912)
                             (viceroy 1878 - 5 Apr 1890)
Governors-general of Monthon Maharat
1916 - 1922                Phraya Petcharat Songkhram
                             (Leung Phumirat)
1922 - 1923                Phraya Krai Petchratanasongkhram
                             (Som Chotikapukkana)
1923 - 1926                Phraya Dechanuchit Siamamitsphakdi
                             (Na Bunnag)