Comoros 
 

24 Jun 1886 - 13 Jul 1963	13 Jul 1963 - 12 Nov 1975	12 Nov 1975 - 23 May 1978
24 May 1978 - 7 Jun 1992	7 Jun 1992 - 3 Oct 1996	3 Oct 1996 - 21 Jan 2002
Adopted 21 Jan 2002

Map of Comoros Hear National Anthem "Udzima wa ya Masiwa" (Union of the Great Islands) Adopted 1978 Former National Anthem "Comor Masiwa Mane" (Four Comorian Islands) (1975-1978) Constitution (21 Jan 2002) -------------------------------- Former Constitutions (1977, 1978, 1996, 1999) Capital: Moroni (Dzaoudzi 1887-1962) Currency: Comorian Franc (KMF); 1945-75 Madagascar- Comores CFA Franc (XMCF);  1925-45 Madagascar Franc  (MGG) National Holiday: 6 Jul (1975) Independence Day Population: 821,164 (2018) GDP: $1.32 billion (2017)  Exports: $18.9 million (2017) Imports: $207.8 million (2017) Ethnic groups: Comorian (a mixture of Bantu, Arab, Malay, and Malagasy peoples) 97.1%, Makoa 1.6%, French 0.4%, Arab 0.1%, other (Antalote, Cafre, Oimatsaha, Sakalava) 0.8% (2000) Total Police Force: 500 (2012) Merchant marine: 218 ships (2018) Religions: Sunni Muslim (official) 98.3%, Christian 0.4%, other (including Shia Muslim) and none 1.2% (2015) International Organizations/Treaties: ACP, AfCFTA, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AOAD, AOSIS, APM, AU, CAEU (candidate), CCM, CEN-SAD, COMESA, CTBT, CWC, ESCR (signatory), FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, InOC, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IORA, IPU, IRENA, ISA, ISESCO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NAM, NPT, OIC, OIF, OPCW, SADC, UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-KP, UNFCC-PA, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Comoros Index Chronology c.1505                     Comoros sighted by Portuguese explorers. 25 Apr 1841                France purchases Mayotte (ratified 13 Jun 1843)                              (Mayotte protectorate). 24 Jun 1886                Ngazidja (Grande Comore), Ndzuwani (Anjouan)(21 Apr                              1886), and Mwali (Mohéli)(26 Apr 1886) become                              French protectorates (subordinated to Mayotte).  5 Sep 1887                Renamed Protectorate of the Comoros (Protectorat                              français aux Comores)(subordinated to Mayotte).  9 Apr 1908                Comoros a dependent territory of Madagascar. 25 Jul 1912                Annexed by France (incorporated, with Mayotte, as                               part of Madagascar and Dependencies)(de facto                              on 23 Feb 1914). 16 Jun 1940 - 25 Sep 1942  Administration loyal to Vichy France (from May 1943,                              under Free French). 25 Sep 1942 - 13 Oct 1946  British occupation (see under Madagascar), French                              civil administration continues. 25 Sep 1946                Administration reorganized.  1 Jan 1947                Territory of the Comoros (Territoire des Comores),                              enjoying administrative and financial autonomy                              (by law of 9 May 1945, published 10 Oct 1946). 22 Jun 1956                A measure of autonomy granted to the Comoros by the                              Defferre Law (creating a Council of Government at                              Dzaoudi on Mayotte and an Assembly sitting at                              Moroni on Grande Comore). 23 Dec 1961                Full internal autonomy granted (amended 4 Jan 1968). 22 Dec 1974                Comoros opts for independence by referendum                              with 94.57% (of which Anjouan 99.93%, Grande                              Comore 99.98%, Mohéli 99.92%, and Mayotte 36.78%).  6 Jul 1975                Comoros declare independence (Comores = Juzur al-                              Qumr)(not recognized in Mayotte).  9 Jul 1975                Comorian State (État Comorien = Dawlat Juzur al-                              Qumr)(constituted by Anjouan, Mohéli and Grande                              Comore, claiming, but not recognized by, Mayotte).  9 Jul 1975                France recognizes independence of Comoros (without                              Mayotte). 13 May 1977                Comorian Republic (République Comorienne = Jumhuriyya                              Juzur al-Qumr). 13 May 1978                Coup d'État led by French mercenary Robert "Bob"                              Denard. 23 May 1978                Federal Islamic Republic of Comoros (République                              Fédérale Islamique des Comores = Jumhuriyya Juzur                              al-Qumr al-Ittihadiyya al-Islamiyya). 28 Sep 1995                Coup d' État (Operation Kaskari) again led by French                              mercenary "Bob" Denard.  3 Aug 1997 - 14 Apr 2002  Secession of Anjouan (Ndzuwani)(not recognized). 11 Aug 1997 - 1998         Secession of Mohéli (Mwali)(not recognized). 21 Jan 2002                Union of Comoros (Union des Comores = al-Ittihad                              al-Qumriyy). Anjouan (Ndzuwani) Moheli (Mwali) Ngazidja (Grande Comore) Bambao Itsandra Mitsamihuli Bajini Hambu Washili Hamahame Mbude Hamamvu Mbaku La Dombe

Administrators
24 Jun 1886 - 25 Jul 1912  the Administrators of Mayotte
25 Jul 1912 - 21 Feb 1913  Gabriel Samuel Garnier-Mouton      (b. 1864 - d. 1914)
21 Feb 1913 - 23 Feb 1914  Honoré Lucien Cartron              (b. 1867 - d. 1937)
23 Feb 1914 - 24 Oct 1946  province of Madagascar
Administrators-superior
24 Oct 1946 - 31 Dec 1948  Eugène Alain Charles Louis Alaniou (b. 1896 - d. 1969)
31 Dec 1948 - Dec 1950     Roger Marie Adolphe Emmanuel Rémy  (b. 1897 - d. 1992)
                             (acting)
Dec 1950 - 21 Apr 1956     Pierre Léonard Alphonse Coudert    (b. 1900 - d. 1970)
21 Apr 1956 - 30 Jun 1959  Georges Victor Maurice Arnaud      (b. 1919 - d. 1971)
                             (acting to 11 Feb 1958)
30 Jun 1959 - 14 Dec 1960  Georges Gabriel Joseph Savignac    (b. 1917 - d. 1987)
                             (acting)
14 Dec 1960 - 27 Feb 1962  Louis Joseph Édouard Saget         (b. 1915 - d. 2010)
High Commissioners
27 Feb 1962 - 22 May 1962  Louis Joseph Édouard Saget         (s.a.)
22 May 1962 - 15 Feb 1963  Yves de Daruvar                    (b. 1921 - d. 2018)
15 Feb 1963 - 26 Jul 1966  Henri Joseph Marie Bernard         (b. 1920 - d. 2000)
26 Jul 1966 - Nov 1969     Antoine Padouan Colombani          (b. 1919 - d. 2007)
Nov 1969 - 17 Jul 1973     Jacques Mouradian                  (b. 1910 - d. 1992)
18 Jul 1973 - 1974         Georges Poulet                     (b. 1914 - d. 2008)
Nov 1974 -  9 Jul 1975     Henri Charles Beaux                (b. 1922 - d. 2006)
President of the Council of Government
 6 Jul 1975 -  9 Jul 1975  Ahmed Abdallah Abderemane          (b. 1919 - d. 1989)  UDC
Head of State
 9 Jul 1975 -  3 Aug 1975  Ahmed Abdallah Abderemane          (s.a.)               UDC
President of the National Council of the Revolution
 4 Aug 1975 - 10 Aug 1975  Saïd Mohamed Jaffar El Amdjade     (b. 1918 - d. 1993)  FNU
President of the National Executive Council, Head of State
10 Aug 1975 -  2 Jan 1976  Saïd Mohamed Jaffar El Amdjade     (s.a.)               FNU
Head of State
 3 Jan 1976 - Oct 1977     Ali Soilihi Mtsachioi              (b. 1937 - d. 1978)  RDPC
President
Oct 1977 - 13 May 1978     Ali Soilihi Mtsachioi              (s.a.)               RDPC
President of the Political-Military Directory
13 May 1978 - 14 May 1978  Political-Military Directory
                           - Abdillahi Mohamed                (b. 19.. - d. 2000)  UDC
                           - Abbas Djoussouf                  (b. 1942 - d. 2010)  RDPC
                           - Robert "Bob" Denard              (b. 1929 - d. 2007)  Mil
                              (= Saïd Moustoifa Mhadjou)
14 May 1978 - 17 May 1978  Saïd Atthoumani (Athouman)                              FNU
Prime minister, Head of the Government
17 May 1978 - 23 May 1978  Abdillahi Mohamed (acting)         (s.a.)               UDC
Presidents of the Political-Military Directory
23 May 1978 - 22 Jul 1978  Ahmed Abdallah Abderemane          (s.a.)               UDC
                           + Mohamed Ahmed                    (b. 1917 - d. 1984)  UDC
Presidents of the Directory
22 Jul 1978 - 25 Oct 1978  Ahmed Abdallah Abderemane          (s.a.)               UDC
                           + Mohamed Ahmed (to 3 Oct 1978)    (s.a.)               UDC
Presidents
25 Oct 1978 - 26 Nov 1989  Ahmed Abdallah Abderemane          (s.a.)               UCP
26 Nov 1989 - 27 Nov 1989  Haribon Chebani (interim)                               UCP
27 Nov 1989 - 28 Sep 1995  Saïd Mohamed Djohar (1st time)     (b. 1918 - d. 2006)  Non-party;
                             (interim to 20 Mar 1990)                            Oct 1993: RDR
Presidents of the Transitional Military Committee
28 Sep 1995 -  2 Oct 1995  Combo Ayouba (Kombo Ayuba)         (b. 1953? - d. 2010) Mil
Heads of State
 2 Oct 1995 -  5 Oct 1995  Mohamed Taki Abdoulkarim (1st time)(b. 1936 - d. 1998)  UNDC
                           + Saïd Ali Kemal                   (b. 1938 - d. 2020)  CHUMA
 5 Oct 1995 - 26 Jan 1996  Mohamed Caabi El-Yachroutu         (b. 1948?)           RDR
                             (prime minister; acting)
Presidents
26 Jan 1996 - 25 Mar 1996  Saïd Mohamed Djohar (2nd time)     (s.a.)               RDR
25 Mar 1996 -  6 Nov 1998  Mohamed Taki Abdoulkarim (2nd time)(s.a.)          UNDC:Oct 1996 RND
 6 Nov 1998 - 30 Apr 1999  Tadjidine ben Saïd Massoundi       (b. 1933 - d. 2004)  Non-party
                             (interim)
Chief of Staff of the National Development Army
30 Apr 1999 -  6 May 1999  Azali Assoumani                    (b. 1959)            Mil
Heads of State
 6 May 1999 - 21 Jan 2002  Azali Assoumani (1st time)         (s.a.)               Mil
21 Jan 2002 - 26 May 2002  Hamada Madi "Boléro" (acting)      (b. 1965)            PRC
Presidents
26 May 2002 - 26 May 2006  Azali Assoumani (2nd time)         (s.a.)               CRC
26 May 2006 - 26 May 2011  Ahmad Abdallah Mohamed Sambi       (b. 1958)            BC
26 May 2011 - 26 May 2016  Ikililou Dhoinine                  (b. 1962)            BC
26 May 2016 -              Azali Assoumani (3rd time)         (s.a.)               CRC
13 Feb 2019 -  2 Apr 2019  Moustadroine Abdou                 (b. 1969)            CRC
                             (acting for Assoumani)

Vice President of the Government Council
13 Aug 1957 -  3 Jan 1962  Mohamed Ahmed                      (s.a.)               UNR
Presidents of the Government Council
 3 Jan 1962 - 16 Mar 1970  Saïd Mohamed Cheikh                (b. 1904 - d. 1970) UDSR;1968 UDC
16 Mar 1970 -  2 Apr 1970  .... (acting)
 2 Apr 1970 - 16 Jun 1972  Saïd Ibrahim ben Ali               (b. 1911 - d. 1975)  UDC
16 Jun 1972 - 24 Dec 1972  Saïd Mohamed Jaffar El Amdjade     (s.a.)               RDPC
24 Dec 1972 -  6 Jul 1975  Ahmed Abdallah Abderemane          (s.a.)               UDC
 6 Jul 1975 -  6 Jan 1976  Vacant
Prime ministers
 6 Jan 1976 - 22 Dec 1978  Abdillahi Mohamed                  (s.a.)               UDC
22 Dec 1978 -  8 Feb 1982  Salim ben Ali                      (b. 1918 - d. 2002)  UDC
 8 Feb 1982 - 31 Dec 1984  Ali Mroudjae                       (b. 1939 - d. 2019)  UCP
31 Dec 1984 -  1 Jan 1993  Post abolished
 1 Jan 1993 - 26 May 1993  Ibrahim Abderamane Halidi          (b. 1954 - d. 2020)  UDD
26 May 1993 - 19 Jun 1993  Saïd Ali Mohamed                   (b. 1946)            PSN
19 Jun 1993 -  2 Jan 1994  Ahmed ben Cheikh Attoumane         (b. 1938)       None;Oct 1993 RDR
 2 Jan 1994 - 14 Oct 1994  Mohamed Abdou Madi                 (b. 1956)            RDR
14 Oct 1994 - 29 Apr 1995  Halifa Houmadi                     (b. 1947)            RDR
29 Apr 1995 - 27 Mar 1996  Mohamed Caabi El-Yachroutu         (s.a.)               RDR 
31 Oct 1995 - 26 Jan 1996  Saïd Ali Mohamed                   (b. 1946)            PSN 
                             (acting for Caabi)
28 Mar 1996 - 27 Dec 1996  Tadjidine ben Saïd Massoundi       (s.a.)               UCP
27 Dec 1996 -  9 Sep 1997  Ahmed Abdou                        (b. 1936)            RND 
 9 Sep 1997 -  7 Dec 1997  Vacant
 7 Dec 1997 - 30 May 1998  Nourdine Bourhane                  (b. 1958)            RND
30 May 1998 - 24 Nov 1998  Vacant
24 Nov 1998 - 30 Apr 1999  Abbas Djoussouf                    (s.a.)               MDP + FRN
30 Apr 1999 -  1 Dec 1999  Vacant 
 1 Dec 1999 - 29 Nov 2000  Bianrifi (Biarifi) Tarmidi         (b. 1958)            Non-party
29 Nov 2000 - 21 Jan 2002  Hamada Madi "Boléro"               (s.a.)               PRC
21 Jan 2002                Post abolished

Party abbreviations: BC = Baobab Coalition (presidential coalition, supports Sambi & Dhoinine, est.2009); CHUMA = Chama cha Upvamodja na Mugangna wa Massiwa "Chuma"/Parti de la Fraternité et de l'Unité des îles (Islands' Fraternity and Unity Party, democratic, Saïd Ali Kemal personalist, est.1980's); CRC = Convention pour le Renouveau des Comores (Convention for the Renewal of the Comoros, social democratic, federalist, Assoumani personalist, est.Sep 2002); FNJ = Front National pour la Justice (National Front for Justice, moderate Islamist, est.c.1989); MDP = Mouvement pour la Démocratie et le Progrès (Movement for Democracy and Progress, est.1992?); PCP = Parti Comorien du Peuple (Comorian People's Party, pro-Sambi, est.Jan 2012); PRC = Parti Républicain des Comores (Republican Party of the Comoros, est.1998); RDR = Rassemblement pour la Démocratie et le Renouveau (Rally for Democracy and Renewal, est.Oct 1993); RND = Rassemblement National pour le Développement (National Rally for Development, conservative traditionalist, de facto state party Oct 1996-Nov 1998, former UNDC, est.6 Oct 1996); Mil = Military;
- Former parties (Political parties banned 8 Feb 1982-3 Aug 1991): FNU = Front National Uni (United National Front, anti-Ahmed Abdallah, 1974-1978?); FNUK-Unikom = Front National Uni des Komores-Union des Komoriens (Comoran National United Front - Union of Comorans, anti-Soilih, est.1982); FRN = Forum pour le Redressement National (Forum for National Recovery, anti-RDR alliance of parties, federalist, Jan 1994-1994); PSN = Parti pour le Salut National (Party for National Salvation, Islamic democracy); PUIC = Parti pour l'Indépendance et l'Unité des Comores (Party for Independence and Unity for the Comoros, formed by RDPC and UDC in 1973); RDPC = Rassemblement Démocratique des Peuples Comoriens (Democratic Assembly of the Comorian People, conservative-progressive, called 'Les Blancs' [Whites], 1968-1982); UCP = Union Comorienne pour le Progrès "Udzima" (Comorian Union for Progress, "Union", 1982-1993, only legal party 8 Feb 1982-91, merged into UNDC); UDC = Union Démocratique des Comores "Les Verts" (Comoros Democratic Union "the Greens", conservative, 1968-1982); UDD = Union des Démocrates pour le Développement (Union of Democrats for Development); UDSR = Union Démocratique et Socialiste de la Résistance (Democratic and Socialist Union of the Resistance, French liberal, socialist, 1945-1964); UNDC = Union Nationale pour la Démocratie aux Comores (National Union for Democracy in Comoros, 1992-1996, then RND); UNR = Union pour la Nouvelle République (Union for the New Republic, French Gaullist, conservative, 1956-1967)

1886                       The ruler of Bambao unifies the island (the local rulers
                             retaining their titles) into the State of Ngazidja.
24 Jun 1886                Ngazidja (Grand Comore) a French protectorate.
 6 Jan 1892                Local sultanates suppressed.
1909                       A French court rules the 1892 ouster of Saidi Ali as Sultan of
                             Grande Comoro illegal. He is not allowed to return to power and
                             force to accept financial compensation.
 3 Feb 1910                The Sultan of Grande Comoro Saidi Ali bin Saidi Omar visits France
                             and formally cedes his sovereign rights to France.
1911                       Annexed by France (officially ratified 23 Feb 1914).
 6 Jul 1975                Part of independent Comoros.
 7 Apr 2002                New constitution approved by referendum, establishing
                             Grande Comore as an autonomous part of the Union of Comoros,
                             Autonomous Island of Grande Comore (Île Autonome de la Grande
                             Comore).

Note: Some rulers of Bambao and of Itsandra acquired the paramount-ruler style tibe. 
These are marked (tibe #), where # indicates the order in which they held it.

Bambao

Sultans (also styled mfalme [plural wafalme])
.... - ....                Ngoma Mrahafu
.... - ....                Mwasi Pirusa
.... - ....                Fum Mbavu Inkwaba
.... - ....                Mwenye Mji wa Mwenye Mambo
.... - ....                Inye wa Mantsi
.... - ....                Mwenye Mji wa Mwanze
.... - ....                Tambavu mna Muhame wa Saidi
.... - ....                Tambavu Inkwaba
.... - ....                Fum Nau wa Kori Dozi (tibe i)
.... - ....                Mwenye Mji wa Mvunza Panga
.... - ....                Mla Nau (tibe ii)
.... - ....                Fozi Wa
.... - ....                Suja Oma Inkwaba
.... - ....                Nyau wa Faume (f)
.... - ....                Bamba Oma wa Ju Mamba (1st time)
.... - ....                Ahmed bin Shekhe Ngome (1st time)  (b. c.1793 - d. 1875) 
                             (tibe iv)
.... - ....                Bamba Oma wa Ju Mamba (2nd time)
.... - ....                Ahmed bin Shekhe Ngome (2nd time)  (s.a.)
.... - ....                Saidi Bakari
.... - 1875                Ahmed bin Shekhe Ngome (3rd time)  (s.a.)
.... - ....                Mwenye Mambo
.... - ....                Ju Mamba
.... - ....                Mohamed bin Ahmed (1st time)
18.. - 18..                Ahmed bin Shekhe Ngome (4th time)  (s.a.)
                             (tibe x)
18.. - 18..                Abdallah bin Saidi Hamza (1st time)
1874?                      Mohamed bin Ahmed (2nd time)
18.. - 18..                Mwenye Mji (1st time)
18.. - 18..                Abdallah bin Saidi Hamza (2nd time)
18.. - 18..                Saidi Bakari bin Ahmed (1st time)
18.. - 18..                Mwenye Mji (2nd time)
18.. - 18..                Abdallah bin Saidi Hamza (3rd time)
18.. - 18..                Saidi Bakari bin Ahmed (2nd time)
18.. - 1886                Saidi Ali bin Saidi Omar (tibe xv) (b. c.1856 - d. 1915)

Sultans (also styled mfalme)
.... - ....                Fey Owa Mbaya
.... - ....                Fey Mwenza
.... - ....                Fey Jumbe
.... - ....                Ju Mwamba Pirusa
.... - ....                Zombe Ilingo
.... - ....                Nguzo wa Inehili
.... - ....                Tibe wa Kanzu
.... - ....                Mkongo
.... - ....                Mna Musa Hibu
.... - ....                Muhammadi Saidi
.... - ....                Mvunza Panga
.... - ....                Fey Beja wa Wabeja (f)
.... - ....                Fum Nau wa Kori Dozi (tibe i)
.... - ....                Fey Fumu (1st time) (tibe iii)
.... - ....                Bwana Fumu (1st time) (tibe v)
.... - ....                Fey Fumu (2nd time) (tibe vi)
.... - ....                Bwana Fumu (2nd time) (tibe vii)
.... - ....                Fey Fumu (3rd time) (tibe viii)
.... - ....                Fum Mbavu (tibe ix)
.... - ....                Musa Fumu wa Fey Fumu (1st time)   (d. 1883)
                             (tibe xi)
.... - ....                Tibe Bamba (1st time) (tibe xii)
.... - ....                Musa Fumu wa Fey Fumu (2nd time)   (s.a.)
                             (tibe xiii)
.... - ....                Tibe Bamba (2nd time) (tibe xiv)
.... - ....                Musa Fumu wa Fey Fumu (3rd time)   (s.a.)
.... - ....                Tibe Bamba (3rd time) 
.... - ....                Musa Fumu wa Fey Fumu (4th time)   (s.a.)
.... - ....                Tibe Bamba (4th time)
.... - ....                Kalega

Sultans (also styled mfalme)
.... - ....                Mahame Msahi
.... - ....                Fozi wa Mahame
.... - ....                Mbantsi
.... - ....                Ju Mambu Madi wa Musa Fumu
.... - ....                Jumbe Fumu Mfaume wa Domba (1st time)
                           - jointly with following -
.... - ....                Kori Dazi
.... - ....                Jumbe Fumu Mfaume wa Domba (2nd time)
.... - ....                Tambavu wa Jumbe Fumu
.... - ....                Fozi Wa
.... - ....                Suja Fumu Mbamba
                           - jointly with following -
.... - ....                Mba Fumu wa Jumbe Fumu
.... - ....                Msa Fumu wa Tambwe
                           - jointly with following -
.... - ....                Jumbe Fumu wa Jumbe Mfumu
.... - ....                Mbandhi wa Bwana Haji
                           - jointly with following -
.... - ....                Abdallah bin Ahmed
.... - 1886?               Bwana Fumu

Sultans (also styled mfalme)
.... - ....                Mwenye Bamba I
.... - ....                Bamba Jumbe
.... - ....                Tambe Mbafu wa Fum Nau
.... - ....                Ju Mamba Oma wa Mla Nau
                           - jointly with following -
.... - ....                Mwambatsi
.... - ....                Mwenye Bamba II
.... - ....                Bamba Oma
                           - jointly with the following two -
.... - ....                Suja Oma wa Tambwe
.... - ....                Shekani
.... - ....                Fumu Oma
                           - jointly with following -
.... - 1884                Oma wa Dari                        (d. 1884)
188. - 188.                Ja Mhaba (f)
188. - 188.                Hashimu bin Ahmed (1st time)       (d. 1889)
188. - 188.                Hadija bint Ahmed (f)
188. - 1886                Hashimu bin Ahmed (2nd time)       (s.a.)
1889                       Hashimu bin Ahmed (3rd time)       (s.a.)

Sultans (also styled mfalme)
.... - ....                Beja Mbuyuni
.... - ....                Nau wa Migira
.... - ....                Nau wa Moro
.... - ....                Fumu Nau
.... - ....                Yasi Azi
.... - ....                Demani Mtango
.... - ....                Fumu Jimba wa Idimani
.... - ....                Madi Jimbwa wa Tangwe
                           - jointly with following -
.... - ....                Dari wa Mla Nau
.... - ....                Jumbe Fumu wa Suja Oma Inkwaba
.... - ....                Suja Oma wa Tambwe
.... - ....                Mrunda Mijo
                           - jointly with the following two -
.... - ....                Fey Mwando wa Tambwe
.... - ....                Bamba Oma wa Ju Mamba
.... - ....                Tambwe wa Hinye
.... - ....                Abudu bin Mohamed bin Sultani
                           - jointly with following -
.... - ....                Bamba Oma wa Oma

.... - ....                Subordinated to Itsandra.

Sultans (also styled mfalme)
.... - ....                Mohama Mdume wa Beja
.... - ....                Fey Zinda wa Mawana
.... - ....                Fey Zinda wa Makasara
.... - ....                Tambwe Msa Fumu
                           - jointly with following-
.... - ....                Tambwe wa Habadi
.... - ....                Jumbe Fumu wa Mlala Bwani
c.1760 - ....              Tambwe No Fumu wa Mla Nau          (b. 1735 - d. 1815)
.... - ....                Ju Mwamba Mwenye Majini
.... - ....                Mba Fumu wa Suja Fumu Bamba
                           - jointly with following-
.... - ....                Shekhe Salim
.... - ....                Mavunzanga
.... - ....                Tibe Mle
.... - ....                Abudu

.... - ....                Subordinated to Itsandra.

Sultans (also styled mfalme)
.... - ....                Nye Hila
.... - ....                Haji wa No Fumu
.... - ....                Suja Oma Mshinda Kodo
.... - ....                Jumbe Fumu Madi
.... - ....                Bwana Haji Musa
.... - ....                Simai
.... - ....                Dari Oma
.... - ....                Fumu Oma wa Nasiri
.... - ....                Suja Oma wa Fumu
.... - ....                Mba Fumu wa Bwana Haji
.... - ....                Suja Oma Bwana

c.1860 - 1872              Subordinated to Itsandra.
1872 - 1873                Subordinated to Bambao.
1873 - 1880                Subordinated to Itsandra.
1880 - 1892                Subordinated to Bambao.

Sultans (also styled mfalme)
.... - ....                Msa Mwinza
.... - ....                Bamba
.... - ....                Lwali
.... - ....                Jumbe Fumu wa Tambwe
.... - ....                Dari Mbamba
.... - ....                Mwandhi Oma wa Jumbe Fumu
.... - ....                Bamba Oma wa Suja Funu
.... - ....                Jumbe Fumu Mna Mango
.... - ....                Bamba wa Madi Jimba
.... - ....                Jumbe Fumu wa Sinai

Sultans (also styled mfalme)
.... - ....                ....

Sultans (also styled mfalme)
.... -  ....               Bwana Fumu

Sultans (also styled mfalme)
.... -  ....               Febeja Mambwe

 7 Apr 2002                Autonomous Island of Ngazidja (île autonome de Ngazidja).

Sultani tibe
1886 - 1911                Saidi Ali ben Saidi Omar           (s.a.)
                            (in exile from 19 Sep 1893 [Diégo-Suarez; from 1897, Réunion])
Presidents
29 May 2002 - 28 May 2007  Abdou Soulé Elbak                  (b. 1954)            FNJ
26 May 2007 - 29 May 2007  Soulé Ahamada Mroivili (acting)
30 May 2007 - 30 Jun 2007  Soudjay Hamadi (acting)            (b. 1955?)
30 Jun 2007 - 23 May 2009  Mohamed Abdouloihabi (Abdoulwahab) (b. 1959)            MP-Union
Governors
23 May 2009 - 22 May 2011  Mohamed Abdouloihabi (Abdoulwahab) (s.a.)               MP-Union
23 May 2011 - 22 May 2016  Mouigni Baraka Saïd Soilihi        (b. 1968)            UPDC
23 May 2016 - 22 May 2019  Hassani Hamadi                     (b. 1961)            CRAN
13 Feb 2019 - Apr 2019     Abdourahim Said Bacar              (b. 1953)            CRAN
                             (acting for Hamadi)
23 May 2019 - 22 May 2024  Mhoudine Sitti Farouata (f)        (b. 1958)            CRC
23 May 2024 -              Ibrahim Mze Mohamed                (b. 1960)            CRC + AMP

French Administrateurs principal and Residents 
(subordinated to the commandants/governors on Mayotte)
Nov 1886 - Dec 1887        Louis Édmond Weber                 (b. 1855 - d. ....)
Jan 1888 - Nov 1888        Jules Le Corney                    (b. 1860 - d. ....)
Nov 1888 - Nov 1889        Claude Jean Henri Pupier           (b. 1860 - d. ....)
Nov 1889 - Jun 1896        Henry Joseph Léon Humblot          (b. 1852 - d. 1914)
                             ("the White Sultan")
Jun 1896 - Nov 1897        Eugène Louis Frédéric Decazes      (b. 1844 - d. 1913)
Nov 1897 - Apr 1899        Charles Henri Olivier Pobéguin     (b. 1856 - d. 1951)
Apr 1899 - Sep 1899        Emilien Célestin Nicolas du        (b. 1871 - d. ....)
                             Plantier 
Sep 1899 - Dec 1899        Jean Louis Edmond Alby             (b. 1865 - d. 1948)
Dec 1899 - Apr 1900        de Bellemare
Apr 1900 - Aug 1900        Évariste Paul Sallefranque         (b. 1873 - d. 1943)
Aug 1900 - Jul 1901        Alexis Joseph Gratian              (b. 1864 - d. 19..)
Jul 1901 - Aug 1902        François Henri Félix Veisseyre     (b. 1865 - d. 19..)
Aug 1902 - Apr 1903        René Pierre
May 1903 - Sep 1903        Mainguy (acting)
Sep 1903 - Oct 1903        Louis Célestin Jean Baptiste       (b. 1860 - d. 19..)
                             Lemaire
Oct 1903 - Apr 1904        Massol
May 1904 - Dec 1904        Louis Victor Ferdinand Feuillard   (b. 1864 - d. 19..)
Jan 1905 - Jun 1907        Carten
Jun 1907 - Jun 1909        Pierre Martin (1st time)
Jun 1909 - May 1911        Ernest Philippe François Lachat    (b. 1876 - d. 1950)
May 1911 - 1912            Pierre Martin (2nd time)

Party abbreviations: AMP = Alliance de la Mouvance Présidentielle (Alliance for the Presidential Movement, pro-presidential, Azali Assoumani personalist, CRC ally); CRAN = Parti Cran (Cran Party, UPDC opposition); CRC = Convention pour le Renouveau des Comores (Convention for the Renewal of the Comoros, social democratic, federalist, Assoumani personalist, est.Sep 2002); FNJ = Front National pour la Justice (National Front for Justice, Islamic fundamentalist, est.c.1989); Juwa = JUWA (Le Soleil) Parti (Juwa [The Sun] Party, supporters of former President Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed Sambi, est.Oct 2013); MP-Union = Mouvement Présidentielle-Union (Presidential Movement-Union); UPDC = Union pour le Développement des Comores (Union for the Development of the Comoros)

to 1833	1833 - 1891	3 Aug 1997 - 2002,  10 Mar 2002 - 2 Feb 2012
Adopted 2 Feb 2012

Map of Anjouan	Hear Local Anthem "Wusawa" Adopted 2002	Former Anthem "Wuvwamajo" (1998-2002)	Constitution (10 Mar 2002-Feb 2012; in French) ------------------------ Former Constitution (25 Feb 1998 - 2002; in French)
Capital: Mutsamudu (Domoni 16.. - 179.)	Currency: Comoran Franc (KMF)	Former Holiday: 3 Aug (1997) Independence Day	Population: 306,800 (2012); 188,953 (1991); 25,927 (1912)

Sultans 
c.1676 - c.1711            Alimah III (f)
c.1711 - 1741              Salim                              (d. 1741)
1741 - 1782                Saidi Ahamd
1782 - 1788                Abdallah I (1st time)
1788 - 1792                Halimah (f)
1792 - 1796                Abdallah I (2nd time)
1796 - 1816                Alawi bin Husain "Mwinye Fani"
1816 - 1832                Abdallah II bin Alawi (1st time)   (d. 1836)
1832 - 1833                Ali bin Salim
1833 - 1836                Abdallah II bin Alawi (2nd time)   (s.a.)
1836 - 1837                Saidi Alawi bin Abdallah           (d. 1842)
1837 - 1852                Salim bin Alawi
1852 -  2 Feb 1891         Saidi Abdallah bin Salim           (d. 1891)
Feb 1891 -  2 Apr 1891     Salim bin Abdallah
 2 Apr 1891 - 14 Apr 1892  Saidi Omar bin Saidi Hasan         (d. 1892)
14 Apr 1892 - 25 Jul 1912  Saidi Mohamed bin Saidi Omar       (b. 18.. - d. 1931)
French Administrators and Residents (subordinated to the administrators of Mayotte)
 2 Aug 1886 - Nov 1888     Théodore Troupel                   (b. 1852 - d. 1897)
Nov 1888 - 30 May 1895     Louis Auguste Bertrand Ormières    (b. 1851 - d. 1914)
1892 - 189.                Jean-Baptiste Castaing             (b. 1864 - d. 1915)
                             (acting for Ormières)
Heads of State 
 5 Aug 1997 -  3 Aug 1999  Abdallah Ibrahim                   (b. 1925? - d. 2018) MPA 
 3 Aug 1999 -  9 Aug 2001  Saïd Abeid Abderemane              (b. 1941)            Mil
                             (National Coordinator to 25 Nov 1999)   
10 Aug 2001 - 24 Aug 2001  Presidium of the Politico-Military
                           Transitional Commission
                           - Halidi Charif                    (b. 196.)            Mil
                           - Mohamed Bacar                    (b. 1962)            Mil
                           - Hassane Ali Toiliha              (b. 196.)            Mil
24 Aug 2001 - 14 Apr 2002  Mohamed Bacar                      (s.a.)               Mil
24 Sep 2001 - 25 Sep 2001  Ahmed Aboubacar Foundi                                  Mil
                             (premier chef d'autorité de l'île, in rebellion)
Presidents
14 Apr 2002 - 28 Apr 2007  Mohamed Bacar (1st time)           (s.a.)               MPA
28 Apr 2007 - 11 May 2007  Kaambi Houmadi (acting)            (b. 1943 - d. 2017)
11 May 2007 - 14 Jun 2007  Dhoihirou Halidi (acting)          (b. 1965)            Non-party
14 Jun 2007 - 25 Mar 2008  Mohamed Bacar (2nd time)           (s.a.)               MPA
26 Mar 2008 - 31 Mar 2008  Ikililou Dhoinine (provisional)    (b. 1962)            Non-party  
31 Mar 2008 -  7 Jul 2008  Lailizamane Abdou Cheik (acting)   (b. 1959?)           Non-party
 7 Jul 2008 - 23 May 2009  Moussa Toybou                      (b. 1962)            Non-party
Governors
23 May 2009 - 22 May 2011  Moussa Toybou                      (s.a.)               SNDD
23 May 2011 - 22 May 2016  Anissi Chamsidine (1st time)                            UPDC
23 May 2016 - 22 May 2019  Abdou Salami Abdou                                      Juwa
                             (under arrest from 21 Oct 2018)
 8 Nov 2018 - 22 May 2019  Abdallah Mohamed (administrator)                        PRC
23 May 2019 - 23 May 2024  Anissi Chamsidine (2nd time)                            Soma
 5 Feb 2021 - 28 Apr 2021  Afraitane Saïd Bacar Abdoulhamid
                             (acting for absent Chamsidine)
24 May 2024 -              Zaidou Youssouf                                         CRC + AMP

Prime ministers
 8 Mar 1998 -  7 Jul 1998  Chamasse Saïd Omar                 (b. 1935?)           MPA
19 Jul 1998 - Dec 1998     Abdou Mohamed Mhindi
Dec 1998 - Jan 1999        Abdou Mohammed Hussain

Party abbreviations: AMP = Alliance de la Mouvance Présidentielle (Alliance for the Presidential Movement, pro-presidential, Azali Assoumani personalist, CRC ally); CRC = Convention pour le Renouveau des Comores (Convention for the Renewal of the Comoros, social democratic, federalist, Assoumani personalist, est.Sep 2002); Juwa = JUWA (Le Soleil) Parti (Juwa [The Sun] Party, supporters of former President Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed Sambi, est.Oct 2013); MPA = Mouvement Populaire Anjouanais (Anjouan People's Movement, Anjouan separatist, est.1997); SNDD = Solidarité Nationale pour la Démocratie et le Développement (National Solidarity for Democracy and Development, est.2009 by Toybou); Soma = Soma ("Learn", est.Oct 2016); UPDC = Union pour le Développement des Comores (Union for the Development of the Comoros); Mil = Military

c.1830 - 1871	1871 - 1891	11 Aug 1997 - 1998, 2002- 2003
Adopted 2003	Variant 2002 - 2003

Map of Moheli	Hear Local Anthem	Former Anthem (1997-1998)	Constitution (10 Mar 2002; in French)
Capital: Fomboni	Currency: Comoran Franc (KMF)	Former Holiday: 11 Aug (1997) Independence Day	Population: 47,900 (2012); 24,331 (1991); 4,516 (1912)

Sultans
1830 - 1842                Ramanetaka (later Abderremane)     (d. 1842)
1842 - 1865                Raketaka Jombe Sudy (f)(1st time)  (b. c.1836 - d. 1878)
                             (from 1851, Jumbe Fatima bint Abderremane)
1842 - 26 May 1849         Regency
                           - Rovao (f)
                           - Tsivandini (to 1847)
Sep 1865 - 1874            Mohamed ben Saidi Hamadi Makadara  (b. c.1859 - d. 1874)
Sep 1865 - 1868            Jumbe Fatima bint                  (s.a.)
                             Abderremane (f) -Regent (1st time) 
1868 - Jan 1871            Joseph Lambert, duc                (b. 1824 - d. 1873)
                             d'Imerina -Regent
Jan 1871 - 1874            Jumbe Fatima bint                  (s.a.)
                             Abderremane (f) -Regent (2nd time) 
1874 - 1878                Jumbe Fatima bint Abderremane (f)  (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
1878 - 1885                Abderremane ben Saidi Hamadi       (b. c.1860 - d. 1885)
                             Makadara
1885 - 1886                Mohammed Shekhe                    (b. c.1830 - d. ....)
1886 - 1888                Marjani ben Abudu Shekhe           (b. c.1851 - d. ....)
1888 - 1909                Salima Machamba bint Saidi Hamadi  (b. 1874 - d. 1964)
                             Makadara (f)(did not reign) 
1888 - 1889                Regents
                           - Fadeli ben Othman
                           - Balia Juma (f)
                           - Abudu Tsivandini
1889 - 1897                Mahmudu ben Mohamed                (b. 1863 - d. 1898)
                             Makadara -Regent
French Administrators and Residents (subordinated to the French administrators of Mayotte)
1886 - 1887                Louis Hyacinthe Désiré Jules       (b. 1846 - d. 1894)
                             Vincent 
1887 - 1888                Germain Barneaud (1st time)(acting)(b. 1861 - d. ....)
1888 - 1889                Edmond Édouard Régnot              (b. 1850 - d. 1891)
1889                       Germain Barneaud (2nd time)(acting)(s.a.)
1889 - 1912                the residents of Anjouan
 7 Apr 1897 - 1898         Gustave Adolphe Paul Émile Dufour  (b. 1862 - d. 19..)
                             (representing the resident of Anjouan)
Presidents
11 Aug 1997 - 1998         Saïd Mohamed Soefou (Martial)                           Mko
19 May 2002 - 18 May 2007  Mohamed Saïd Fazul (1st time)      (b. 1960)            UCP
19 May 2007 - 22 May 2007  Vacant
22 May 2007 -  1 Jul 2007  Youssouf El-Farouk (acting)
 1 Jul 2007 - 23 May 2003  Mohamed Ali Saïd                                        Non-party
Governors
23 May 2009 - 22 May 2016  Mohamed Ali Saïd                                        Non-party
23 May 2016 - 23 May 2024  Mohamed Saïd Fazul (2nd time)      (s.a.)               Non-party
13 Feb 2019 - Apr 2019     Youssouf Saïd Moissi
                             (acting for Fazul)
24 May 2024 -              Chamina Ben Mohamed (f)            (b. c.1990)          CRC + AMP

Prime minister
11 Aug 1997 - 1998         Soidri Ahmed                                            RDM

Party abbreviations: AMP = Alliance de la Mouvance Présidentielle (Alliance for the Presidential Movement, pro-presidential, Azali Assoumani personalist, CRC ally); CRC = Convention pour le Renouveau des Comores (Convention for the Renewal of the Comoros, social democratic, federalist, Assoumani personalist, est.Sep 2002); RDM = Rassemblement des Mohéliens (Rally for the Mohelians, Moheli separatist); UCP = Union Comorien pour le Progrès (Comoran Union for Progress, Moheli regionalist, Said Fazul personalist, est.2002); Mil = Military;
- Former parties: Mko = Mokoutrouo (Rupture, Moheli militant separatist);