Algeria
 

to 5 Jul 1830	1671 - 5 Jul 1830  Flag of the Deys	5 Jul 1830 - 3 Jul 1962
23 Nov 1832 - Dec 1847 (alleged flag) Emirate of Mascara in Rebellion	19 Sep 1958 - 3 Jul 1962 Provisional Govt. of Algerian Rep. Flag	Adopted 3 Jul 1962

Map of Algeria Hear National Anthem "Kassaman" (We Pledge) Text of National Anthem  Adopted 3 Jul 1962 Constitution (10 Sep 1963; 28 Feb 1989; 8 Dec 1996; 6 Mar 2016; 1 Jan 2021) Capital: Algiers (Al-Jaza'ir‎) (Alger 1830-1962) Currency: Algerian Dinar (DZD); Algerian Franc (DZF) 1851-1964 National Holiday: 1 Nov (1954) Anniversary of Revolution Day Population: 47,022,473 (2024)  GDP: $699.9 billion (2023)  Exports: $58.8 billion (2023) Imports: $51.5 billion (2023) Ethnic groups: Algerian Arab 59.1%, Amazigh (Berber) 23.2%, Arabized Berber 3%, Bedouin Arab 14.5%, European less than 0.2% (2000) note: although almost all Algerians are Amazigh in origin (not Arab), only a minority identify themselves as Amazigh; these people live  mostly in the mountainous region of Kabylie east of Algiers. Total Active Armed Forces: 130,000 (2021) Merchant marine: 119 ships (2022) Religions: Muslim (official; predominantly Sunni) 99%, other  (includes Christian and Jewish) 1% (2012) International Organizations/Treaties: ABEDA, AfCFTA, AfDB, AFESD, AIIB (nonregional), AL, AMF, AMU, AOAD, APM, Arabsat, AU, BIS, BTWC, CAEU, CD, CTBT, CWC, EBRD, ENMOD, ESCR, FAO, G-15, G-24, G-77, GAFTA, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, IRENA (signatory), ISA, ISESCO, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NAM, NATO (Mediterranean dialogue), NDB, NPT, NTBT (signatory), OAPEC, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, OPEC, OSCE (partner), OST, PAM, UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-KP, UNFCC-PA, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer) Algeria Index Chronology 944                        Algiers (Al-Jaza'ir) founded. 1236 - 1556                Zayyanid, or Banu Zayan, Berber kingdom with                              capital at Tlemcen. 1510 - 29 May 1529         Spanish occupation of Peñón de Algiers. 1536 -  5 Jul 1830         Province of the Ottoman Empire (Eyalet-i Cezayir-i                              Garb). 1543 - 1550                Spanish occupation of Tlemcen. 1554                       Kingdom of Tlemcen (Zayyanid) an Ottoman                              protectorate. 1556                       Western Algeria becomes a beylik of the Regency                              of Algiers. 1671                       Ruled by semi-autonomous Deys (Regency of Algiers). 1711                       Deys recognized as governors by the Ottomans.  5 Jul 1830                Algiers taken by France (Mers el Kebir 13 Dec 1830;                              Oran on 4 Jan 1831; Bone 27 Mar 1832; Bougie 29                              Sep 1833; Arzew 10 Jul 1833; Mostaganem 28 Jul                              1833; Tlemcen 8 Jan 1836; Constantine 13 Oct 1837;                              Djidjelli 23 May 1839; Miliana 8 Jun 1840; Biskra                              17 May 1844; Zaateha 26 Nov 1849; Laghouat 4 Dec                              1852; Tuggurt 2 Dec 1854; Ouargla 1872; Mzab 21                              Dec 1882; Tamanrasset 1899; Igali 5 Apr 1900;                              Tuat 1901; and Tindouf 1934). 22 Nov 1832 - 23 Dec 1847  Emirate of Mascara established in revolt by                               Abdelkedir. 22 Jul 1834                French Possessions in the North of Africa                             (Possessions Françaises dans le Nord de l'Afrique) 1839                       French Algerian Possessions (Possessions                              Algériennes Françaises). 15 Apr 1845                Named Algeria (Algérie). 1847                       Ottoman Sultan de facto gives up his rights on                              Algeria by means of not adding Cezayir-i Garb to                              the list of the Provinces of the empire in the                              Salnâme, indirectly acknowledging French rule in                              Algeria  9 Dec 1848                Algiers, Constantine, and Oran made départements                              of France. 26 Aug 1881                Algeria, Oran, and Constantine (and from 7 Aug                               1955 Bone) départements each administering                               two [later six] territories in the South. 24 Dec 1902                Algeria is divided into two parts, Algeria proper                              and the Southern territories with separate                              administrations under the governor-general of                              Algeria. The six Southern territories were                              consolidated into one unit, the Territoires du                              Sud (Southern Territories); 14 Aug 1905 these are                              organized into four territories: Aïn Sefra,                              Ghardaia, Oasis, and Touggourt.  16 Jun 1940 -  8 Nov 1942  Administration loyal to "Vichy" France (from 8 Nov                              1942 [under François Darlan and Henri Giraud                              to 3 Jun 1943], "Free" French).  8 Nov 1942 - 12 Nov 1942  Allied landings in Algeria (Algiers 8 Nov 1942,                              Oran 9 Nov 1942, Bougie [Béjaïa] 11 Nov 1942,                              Bone [Annaba] 12 Nov 1942, the last Vichy forces                              surrender on 14 Nov 1942). 20 Sep 1947                France publishes an Organic Statute for Algeria                              (statut organique de l'Algérie), calling for the                              creation of an Algerian Assembly (passed 29 Aug                              1947).  1 Nov 1954 - 18 Mar 1962  Algerian War of independence. 19 Sep 1958                Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic                             (PARG) is established in exile (receiving some                              international recognition). 18 Mar 1962                Évian Accords on Algerian self-determination signed                              by France and the FLN (approved by referendums in                              France on 8 Apr 1962 by 91%, and in Algeria on                              1 Jul 1962 by 99.7%).  3 Jul 1962                Recognition of independence of Algeria by France.  3 Jul 1962                Algerian State 25 Sep 1962                People's Democratic Republic of Algeria 10 Sep 1963                Arabic receives the status of national and official                              language upon promulgation of the constitution. French Sahara (1957-1962) Bone (Bona) (1535-1710) Bougie (1510-1555) Oney (Honaine) (1531-1534) Oran (1509-1792) Peñón de Algiers (1510-1529,  1534-1541) Constanine (Qusantina) (1567-1848) Kel Ahaggar Tuggurt

Rulers (Sheyh) of Algiers
15.. - 1516                Selim al-Toumi al-Tha'alibi        (d. 1516)
1516 - 1517                Baba Aruj (Oruç Reis)              (b. c.1474 - d. 1518)
Ottoman Governor of Algiers
1517 - May 1518            Baba Aruj (Oruç Reis)              (s.a.)
Beylerbeys of Algiers
1518 - 1520                Khair ad-Din (Hayreddin Barbarossa)(b. c.1474 - d. 1546)
                             (1st time)
1520 - 1525                Ahmed Belkadi -Kabyle leader
1525 - 4 Jul 1545          Khair ad-Din (Hayreddin Barbarossa)(s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
1535 - 1543                Hasan Aga                          (b. c.1487 - d. 1545)
                             (acting for Barbarosa)
1543 - 1544                Haji Beshir Pasha 
                             (acting for Barbarosa)
1544 - 1545                Hasan Pasha                        (b. c.1517 - d. 1572)
                             (acting for Barbarosa)
1545 - Sep 1551            Hasan Pasha (1st time)             (s.a.)
Sep 1551 - May 1552        Khalifa Saffah (acting)
May 1552 - 1556            Salah Raïs (Salih Reis)            (b. c.1488 - d. c.1568)
1556 - Jun 1556            Hasan Corso (acting)               (b. c.1518 - d. 1556)
                             (Pietro Paolo Tavera)
1556 - 1557                Muhammad Kurdogli                  (d. 1557)
Jun 1557 - 1557            Yahyia (acting)
1557                       Yusuf I (acting)
1557 - 1561                Hasan Pasha (2nd time)             (s.a.)
1561 - Sep 1562            Hasan Khüsro Aga (acting)
Sep 1562 - 1562            Ahmad Pasha Qabia (acting)
1562 - 1566                Hasan Pasha (3rd time)             (s.a.)
1566 - Mar 1568            Muhammad I Pasha
27 Jun 1568 - 28 Oct 1571  Kılıç Ali Paşa (= Uluç Reis)       (b. c.1496 - d. 1587)
                             (Giovanni Dionigi Galeni)
1568 - 1570                Mehmed Pasha (2nd time)
                             (acting for Ölj Ali Pasha)
28 Oct 1571 - 1573         Arab Ahmed (acting)                (d. 1578)
1573 - May 1577            Qa'id Ramadan 
Pashas
May 1577 - 1580            Hasan III Pasha "Veneziano"        (d. af.1588)
                             (1st time)
1580 - 1582                Jafer Pasha 
1582                       Qa`id Ramadan 
1582 - 1584                Hasan III Pasha "Veneziano"        (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
1584 - 1586                Mami Muhammad Pasha
1586                       Deli Ahmed Pasha
1586 - 1588                Hasan III Pasha "Veneziano"        (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)
1588 - 1591                Kader (or Haydar) Pasha            (d. 1605)
                             (1st time) 
1591 - 1593                Haji Shaban Pasha
1593 - 1594                Mustafa II Pasha (1st time) 
1594 - 1596                Kader Pasha (2nd time)             (s.a.)
1596 - 1599                Mustafa II Pasha (2nd time)
1599 - 1601                Daly Hassan Pasha
1601 - 1603                Süleyman Pasha
1603 - 1605                Kader Pasha (3rd time)             (s.a.)
1605 - 1607                Köse Mustafa III Pasha (1st time)
1607 - 1610                Rizvan Pasha
1610 - 1613                Köse Mustafa III Pasha (2nd time)
1613 - 1616                Shaykh Huseyin Pasha (1st time)
1616                       Köse Mustafa III Pasha (3rd time)
1616 - Jan 1617            Süleyman Katanya
Jan 1617 - 1619            Shaykh Hüseyin Pasha (2nd time)
1619 - 1621                Sherif Koça (Koja)
1621                       Khizr Pasha (4th time)
1621                       Mustafa IV Pasha
1622                       Khüsrev Pasha
1622 - 1623                Vacant
1623 - 1626                Murad Pasha
1626 - 1627                Vacant
1627 - 1629                Hüseyin Pasha (1st time)
1629 - 1629/30             Yunus
1629/30 - 1634             Hüseyin Pasha (2nd time)
1634 - 1636                Yusuf II Pasha
1636 - 1638                Abu'l-Hasan Ali Pasha
1638 - Aug 1640            Shaykh Hüseyin Pasha
Aug 1640 - 1642            Abu Djamal Youssef Pasha
1642 - 1645                Mehmed Brusali Pasha
1645                       Ali Biçnin (Bijnin) Pasha
1645 - 1647                Mahmud Brusali Pasha
1647 - 1650                Yusuf III Pasha
1650 - 1653                Mehmed Pasha
1653 - 1655                Ahmad II Pasha (1st time)
1655 - 1656                Ibrahim Pasha (1st time)
1656 - 1657                Ahmad II Pasha (2nd time)
1657 - 1658                Ibrahim Pasha (2nd time)
1658 - 1659                Ahmad II Pasha (3rd time)
1659 - 1685                Ismail Pasha
1685 - 1689                Haji Hüseyin I Pasha "Mezzomorto"  (d. 1701)
1689 - 1694                ....
1694                       Mustapha V Pasha
1694 - 1695                'Umar Pasha (1st time)
1695 - 1698                Musa Pasha
1698 - 1700                'Umar Pasha (2nd time)
1700 - 1710                ....
Aghas
1659 - 1660                Khalil Aga                         (d. 1659)
1660 - 1661                Ramadan Aga                        (d. 1661)
1661 - 1665                Shaban Aga                         (d. 1665)
1665 - 1671                Ali Aga                            (d. 1671)
Deys (also styled Sultans of Algiers)
1671 - 1677                Muhammad I Trik
1677 - 22 Jul 1683         Hassan I Baba                      (d. 1683)
22 Jul 1683 - 1685         Hüseyin I Pasha "Mezzomorto"       (s.a.)
1686 - Dec 1688            Ibrahim I
Dec 1688 - Jul 1695        Haji Shaban "Chabane"              (d. 1695)
Jul 1695 - Dec 1698        Haji Ahmed I                       (d. 1698)
Dec 1698 - 1700            Hassan II Chavush 
1700 - Oct 1705            Haji Mustafa I                     (d. 1705)
Oct 1705 - Apr 1706        Hüseyin II Khoja
Apr 1706 - Mar 1710        Muhammad II Bektash                (d. 1710)
Mar 1710 - 17 Jun 1710     Deli Ibrahim II                    (d. 1710)
17 Jun 1710 -  4 Apr 1718  Ali II Shavush "Baba Ali Chaouch"  (d. 1718)
 4 Apr 1718 - 18 May 1724  Muhammad III                       (b. 1682 - d. 1724)
18 May 1724 - 1731         'Abdi "Curd Abdi"                  (b. c.1665 - d. 1731)
1731 - Nov 1745            Ibrahim III Baba                   (d. 1745)
Nov 1745 - Feb 1748        Ibrahim IV "Kücük"
Feb 1748 - 11 Dec 1754     Muhammad IV "el Retorto"           (b. c.1684 - d. 1754)
11 Dec 1754 - Feb 1766     Ali III "Bou Seba"                 (d. 1766)
Feb 1766 - 12 Jul 1791     Muhammad V ben Osman               (b. 1710 - d. 1791)
12 Jul 1791 - Jun 1798     Sidi Hassan III                    (d. 1798)
Jun 1798 -  1 Jul 1805     Mustafa II
 1 Jul 1805 - 15 Nov 1808  Ahmed II
15 Nov 1808 - Feb 1809     Ali IV ar-Rasul
Feb 1809 - Mar 1815        Haji Ali V ben Khrelil             (d. 1815)
Mar 1815 - 11 Apr 1815     Haji Muhammad VI "Kharnadji"       (d. 1815)
11 Apr 1815 -  2 May 1817  Omar Agha                          (b. 1773 - d. 1817)
 2 May 1817 -  1 Mar 1818  Ali VI "Khoja", "Meguer"           (b. c.1674 - d. 1818)
 1 Mar 1818 -  5 Jul 1830  Hüseyin III                        (b. 1767 - d. 1838)
                             (French prisoner to 15 Jul 1830)
Military Commanders
 5 Jul 1830 -  3 Sep 1830  Louis, comte de Chaisne de         (b. 1773 - d. 1846)
                             Bourmont 
 3 Sep 1830 - 21 Mar 1831  Bertrand, comte Clauzel            (b. 1772 - d. 1842)
21 Mar 1831 -  6 Dec 1831  Pierre, baron Berthezène           (b. 1775 - d. 1847)
 6 Dec 1831 - 29 Apr 1833  René Savary, duc de Rovigo         (b. 1774 - d. 1833)
22 Nov 1832 - Dec 1843     Abd-el-Kader -Emir of Mascara      (b. 1808 - d. 1883)
                             (Amir al-Mu´minin [also styled Sultan], 
                             in rebellion [to 23 Dec 1847 in exile in Morocco])
29 Apr 1833 - 27 Jul 1834  Théophile, baron Voirol            (b. 1781 - d. 1853)
Governors-general
27 Jul 1834 -  8 Jul 1835  Jean-Baptiste Drouet, comte        (b. 1765 - d. 1844)
                             d'Erlon 
 8 Jul 1835 - 12 Feb 1837  Bertrand, comte Clauzel            (s.a.)
12 Feb 1837 - 13 Oct 1837  Charles-Marie Denys, comte         (b. 1793 - d. 1837)
                             de Damrémont
 1 Dec 1837 - 18 Jan 1841  Sylvain Charles, comte Valée       (b. 1773 - d. 1846)
19 Jan 1841 - 22 Feb 1841  Jean-Paul, vicomte Schramm         (b. 1789 - d. 1884)
                             (acting)
22 Feb 1841 - 27 Sep 1847  Thomas Robert Bugeaud, marquis     (b. 1784 - d. 1849)
                             de la Piconnerie, (from 1844) 
                             duc d'Isly
 1 Sep 1845 -  6 Jul 1847  Louis Juchault de Lamoricière      (b. 1806 - d. 1865)
                             (acting for Bugeaud) 
 6 Jul 1847 - 27 Sep 1847  Marie-Alphonse Bedeau              (b. 1804 - d. 1863)
                             (acting for Bugeaud)
27 Sep 1847 - 24 Feb 1848  Henri Eugène Philippe Louis        (b. 1822 - d. 1897)
                             d'Orléans, duc d'Aumale 
24 Feb 1848 - 29 Apr 1848  Louis Eugène Cavaignac             (b. 1802 - d. 1857)
29 Apr 1848 -  9 Sep 1848  Nicolas Anne Théodule Changarnier  (b. 1793 - d. 1877)
 9 Sep 1848 - 22 Oct 1850  Viala, baron Charon                (b. 1794 - d. 1880)
22 Oct 1850 - 10 May 1851  Alphonse Henri, comte d'Hautpoul   (b. 1789 - d. 1865)
10 May 1851 - 11 Dec 1851  Aimable Jean Jacques Pélissier     (b. 1794 - d. 1864)
                             (1st time)
11 Dec 1851 - 31 Aug 1858  Jacques Louis César Alexandre      (b. 1795 - d. 1871)
                             Randon (from 1852, Jacques Louis
                             César Alexandre, comte de Randon)
Military commanders
31 Aug 1858 - 24 Apr 1859  Patrice Maurice de Mac-Mahon       (b. 1808 - d. 1893)
24 Apr 1859 - 17 Aug 1859  Philippe Antoine Gues-Viller       (b. 1791 - d. 1865)
17 Aug 1859 - 24 Nov 1860  Edmond Charles de Martimprey       (b. 1808 - d. 1883)
Governors-general
24 Nov 1860 - 22 May 1864  Aimable Jean Jacques Pélissier,    (s.a.)
                             duc de Malakoff (2nd time)
22 May 1864 -  1 Sep 1864  Edmond Charles de Martimprey       (s.a.)
                             (acting)
 1 Sep 1864 - 27 Jul 1870  Patrice Maurice de Mac-Mahon       (b. 1808 - d. 1893)
27 Jul 1870 - 23 Oct 1870  Louis, baron Durrieu (acting)      (b. 1812 - d. 1877)
23 Oct 1870 - 16 Nov 1870  Jean Louis Marie Walsin-Esterhazy  (b. 1804 - d. 1871)
                             (acting)
Extraordinary Commissioners (also prefects of Oran)
16 Nov 1870 -  8 Feb 1871  Charles du Bouzet                  (b. 1817 - d. 1883)
c.Nov 1870 - Mar 1871      Benoît François Romuald Vuillermoz (b. 1820 - d. 1877) 
                             (Head of the Committee of Defense
                             and mayor of Algiers; in opposition)
 8 Feb 1871 - 29 Mar 1871  Alexis Lambert                     (b. 1829 - d. 1877) 
Governors-general
29 Mar 1871 - 10 Jun 1873  Louis Henri, comte de Gueydon      (b. 1809 - d. 1886)
10 Jun 1873 - 15 Mar 1879  Antoine Eugène Alfred Chanzy       (b. 1823 - d. 1883)
15 Mar 1879 - 26 Nov 1881  Albert Grévy (acting)              (b. 1834 - d. 1899)
26 Nov 1881 - 18 Apr 1891  Louis Tirman                       (b. 1837 - d. 1899)
18 Apr 1891 -  1 Oct 1897  Jules Cambon                       (b. 1845 - d. 1935)
 1 Oct 1897 - 26 Jul 1898  Louis Lépine                       (b. 1846 - d. 1933)
26 Jul 1898 -  3 Oct 1900  Édouard Laferrières                (b. 1813 - d. 1901)
 3 Oct 1900 - 18 Jun 1901  Charles Célestin Jonnart (1st time)(b. 1857 - d. 1927) 
                             (acting) 
18 Jun 1901 - 11 Apr 1903  Paul Révoil                        (b. 1856 - d. 1914)
11 Apr 1903 -  5 May 1903  Maurice Varnier (acting)           (b. 1851 - d. 1919)
 5 May 1903 - 22 May 1911  Charles Célestin Jonnart (2nd time)(s.a.)
                             (acting) 
22 May 1911 - 29 Jan 1918  Charles Lutaud                     (b. 1855 - d. 1921)
29 Jan 1918 - 29 Aug 1919  Charles Célestin Jonnart (3rd time)(s.a.)
                             (acting) 
29 Aug 1919 - 28 Jul 1921  Jean Baptiste Eugène Abel          (b. 1863 - d. 1921)
28 Jul 1921 - 17 Apr 1925  Théodore Steeg                     (b. 1868 - d. 1950)
17 Apr 1925 - 12 May 1925  Henri Dubief (acting)              (b. 1856 - d. 1934)
12 May 1925 - 20 Nov 1927  Maurice Viollette                  (b. 1870 - d. 1960)
20 Nov 1927 -  3 Oct 1930  Pierre Louis Bordes                (b. 1870 - d. 1943)
 3 Oct 1930 - 21 Sep 1935  Jules Gaston Henri Carde           (b. 1874 - d. 1949)
21 Sep 1935 - 20 Jul 1940  Georges Le Beau                    (b. 1879 - d. 1962)
20 Jul 1940 - 16 Jul 1941  Jean Charles Abrial                (b. 1879 - d. 1962)
16 Jul 1941 - 20 Nov 1941  Maxime Weygand                     (b. 1867 - d. 1965)
20 Nov 1941 - 20 Jan 1943  Yves Charles Chatel                (b. 1865 - d. 1944)
14 Nov 1942 - 24 Dec 1942  Jean Louis Xavier François Darlan  (b. 1881 – d. 1942)
                             (High Commissioner of France for North and West Africa)
24 Dec 1942 -  3 Jun 1943  Henri Honoré Giraud                (b. 1879 - d. 1949)
                             (acting High Commissioner of France for North Africa)
20 Jan 1943 -  3 Jun 1943  Marcel Peyrouton                   (b. 1887 - d. 1983)
 3 Jun 1943 -  8 Sep 1944  Georges Catroux                    (b. 1877 - d. 1969)
                             (minister of North African Affairs 10 Sep - 16 Nov 1944)
 8 Sep 1944 - 11 Feb 1948  Yves Chataigneau                   (b. 1891 - d. 1961)
11 Feb 1948 -  9 Mar 1951  Marcel Edmond Naegelen             (b. 1892 - d. 1978)
12 Apr 1951 - 26 Jan 1955  Roger Léonard                      (b. 1898 - d. 1987)
26 Jan 1955 -  1 Feb 1956  Jacques Émile Soustelle            (b. 1912 - d. 1990)
Resident ministers
 1 Feb 1956 -  9 Feb 1956  Georges Catroux                    (s.a.)
 9 Feb 1956 - 13 May 1958  Robert Lacoste                     (b. 1898 - d. 1989)
13 May 1958 -  1 Jun 1958  André Mutter                       (b. 1901 - d. 1973)
13 May 1958 - 23 May 1958  Jacques Massu                      (b. 1908 - d. 2002)  Mil
                            (president of the Committee of Public 
                             Safety, in rebellion)
23 May 1958 -  7 Jun 1958  Jacques Massu                      (s.a.)               Mil
                           + Chérif Sid Cara                  (b. 1902 - d. 1999)
                           (presidents of the Central Committee 
                            of Public Safety, in rebellion) 
Delegates-general
 7 Jun 1958 - 12 Dec 1958  Raoul Albin Louis Salan            (b. 1899 - d. 1984)
12 Dec 1958 - 23 Nov 1960  Paul Albert Louis Delouvrier       (b. 1914 - d. 1995)
23 Nov 1960 - 19 Mar 1962  Jean Morin                         (b. 1916 - d. 2008)
21 Apr 1961 - 25 Apr 1961  Directorate (in rebellion)
                           - Maurice Challe                   (b. 1905 - d. 1979)  Mil
                           - André Zeller                     (b. 1898 - d. 1979)  Mil
                           - Edmond Jules René Jouhaud        (b. 1905 - d. 1995)  Mil
                           - Raoul Albin Louis Salan          (s.a.)               Mil
High Commissioner
19 Mar 1962 -  3 Jul 1962  Christian Fouchet                  (b. 1911 - d. 1974)
President of the Algerian Provisional Executive (in Rocher-Noir [Boumerdès])
 7 Apr 1962 -  3 Jul 1962  Abderrahmane Farès                 (b. 1911 - d. 1991)  FLN
President of the Provisional Executive of the Algerian State
 3 Jul 1962 - 25 Sep 1962  Abderrahmane Farès                 (s.a.)               FLN
President of the Constituent National Assembly
25 Sep 1962 - 27 Sep 1962  Ferhat Said Ahmed Abbas            (b. 1899 - d. 1985)  FLN
President of the Government
27 Sep 1962 - 17 Sep 1963  Mohamed Ahmed Ben Bella            (b. 1918 - d. 2012)  FLN
President
17 Sep 1963 - 19 Jun 1965  Mohamed Ahmed Ben Bella            (s.a.)               FLN
President of the Council of Revolution
19 Jun 1965 - 12 Dec 1976  Houari Boumedienne                 (b. 1932 - d. 1978)  FLN
President
12 Dec 1976 - 27 Dec 1978  Houari Boumedienne                 (s.a.)               FLN
State President
27 Dec 1978 -  9 Feb 1979  Rabah Bitat                        (b. 1925 - d. 2000)  FLN
Presidents
 9 Feb 1979 - 11 Jan 1992  Chadli Bendjedid                   (b. 1929 - d. 2012)  FLN
11 Jan 1992 - 14 Jan 1992  Abdelmalek Benhabyles (acting)     (b. 1921 - d. 2018)  FLN
                             (president of Constitutional Council)
14 Jan 1992 - 31 Jan 1994  Supreme Council of State
                           - Mohammed Boudiaf                 (b. 1919 - d. 1992)  Non-party
                              (to 29 Jun 1992; president 14 Jan - 29 Jun 1992)
                           - Khaled Nezzar                    (b. 1937 - d. 2023)  Mil
                           - Mohamed Ali Haroun               (b. 1927)            Non-party
                           - Tedjini Haddam                   (b. 1921 - d. 2000)  Non-party
                           - Ali Hussain Kafi                 (b. 1928 - d. 2013)  Non-party
                              (president from 2 Jul 1992) 
                           - Rédha Malik (from 2 Jul 1992)    (b. 1931 - d. 2017)  Non-party
State President
31 Jan 1994 - 27 Nov 1995  Liamine Zéroual                    (b. 1941)            Non-party
Presidents
27 Nov 1995 - 27 Apr 1999  Liamine Zéroual                    (s.a.)       Non-party;1997 RND
27 Apr 1999 -  3 Apr 2019  Abdelaziz Ahmed Bouteflika         (b. 1937 - d. 2021)  RND
26 Nov 2005 - 31 Dec 2005  Ahmed Ouyahia                      (b. 1952)            RND
                             (acting for absent Bouteflika)
27 Apr 2013 - 16 Jul 2013  Abdelmalek Sellal                  (b. 1948)            FLN
                             (acting for absent Bouteflika)
State Presidents
 3 Apr 2019 - 19 Dec 2019  Abdelkader Bensalah                (b. 1941 - d. 2021)  RND
                             (acting to 9 Apr 2019)
19 Dec 2019 -              Abdelmadjid Tebboune               (b. 1945)            FLN
28 Oct 2020 - 29 Dec 2020  Abdelaziz Djerad (1st time)        (b. 1954)            Non-party
                             (acting for absent Tebboune)  
10 Jan 2021 - 12 Feb 2021  Abdelaziz Djerad (2nd time)        (s.a.)               Non-party
                             (acting for absent Tebboune)                 

Presidents of the Council of the Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic
(in Tunis and Tripoli exile to 1 Jul 1962)
19 Sep 1958 - 29 Aug 1961  Ferhat Said Ahmed Abbas            (s.a.)               FLN
29 Aug 1961 - 27 Sep 1962  Benyoussef Benkhedda               (b. 1920 - d. 2003)  FLN 
Prime ministers¹
27 Sep 1962 - 18 Sep 1963  Mohamed Ahmed Ben Bella            (s.a.)               FLN
18 Sep 1963 - 10 Jul 1965  Post abolished
10 Jul 1965 - 27 Dec 1978  Houari Boumedienne                 (s.a.)               FLN
27 Dec 1978 -  8 Mar 1979  Post abolished
 8 Mar 1979 - 22 Jan 1984  Mohamed Benahmed Abdelghani        (b. 1927 - d. 1996)  FLN 
22 Jan 1984 -  5 Nov 1988  Abdelhamid Brahimi                 (b. 1936 - d. 2021)  FLN 
 5 Nov 1988 -  9 Sep 1989  Kasdi Merbah                       (b. 1938 - d. 1993)  FLN 
 9 Sep 1989 -  5 Jun 1991  Mouloud Hamrouche                  (b. 1943)            FLN
 5 Jun 1991 -  8 Jul 1992  Sid Ahmed Ghozali                  (b. 1937 - d. 2025)  FLN 
 8 Jul 1992 - 21 Aug 1993  Bélaïd Abdesselam                  (b. 1928 - d. 2020)  FLN 
21 Aug 1993 - 11 Apr 1994  Rédha Malik                        (s.a.)               Non-party
11 Apr 1994 - 31 Dec 1995  Mokdad Sifi                        (b. 1940)            Non-party
31 Dec 1995 - 14 Dec 1998  Ahmed Ouyahia (1st time)           (s.a.)        Non-party;1997 RND
14 Dec 1998 - 23 Dec 1999  Ismaïl Hamdani                     (b. 1930 - d. 2017)  Non-party
23 Dec 1999 - 26 Aug 2000  Ahmed Benbitour                    (b. 1946)            Non-party
26 Aug 2000 -  5 May 2003  Ali Benflis                        (b. 1944)            FLN
 5 May 2003 - 24 May 2006  Ahmed Ouyahia (2nd time)           (s.a.)               RND
24 May 2006 - 23 Jun 2008  Abdelaziz Belkhadem                (b. 1945)            FLN 
23 Jun 2008 -  3 Sep 2012  Ahmed Ouyahia (3rd time)           (s.a.)               RND
 3 Sep 2012 - 13 Mar 2014  Abdelmalek Sellal (1st time)       (s.a.)               FLN
13 Mar 2014 - 28 Apr 2014  Youcef Yousfi (interim)            (b. 1941)            Non-party
28 Apr 2014 - 25 May 2017  Abdelmalek Sellal (2nd time)       (s.a.)               FLN
25 May 2017 - 16 Aug 2017  Abdelmadjid Tebboune               (s.a.)               FLN
16 Aug 2017 - 12 Mar 2019  Ahmed Ouyahia (4th time)           (s.a.)               RND
12 Mar 2019 - 19 Dec 2019  Noureddine Bedoui                  (b. 1959)            Non-party
19 Dec 2019 - 28 Dec 2019  Sabri Boukadoum (interim)          (b. 1958)            Non-party
28 Dec 2019 - 30 Jun 2021  Abdelaziz Djerad                   (s.a.)               Non-party
30 Jun 2021 - 11 Nov 2023  Ayman (Aïmene) Benabderrahmane     (b. 1960)            Non-party
11 Nov 2023 - 28 Aug 2025  Mohamed Ennadir "Nadir" Larbaoui   (b. 1949)            Non-party
28 Aug 2025 -              Sifi Ghrieb (acting to 14 Sep 2025)(b. 1973)            Non-party

Party abbreviations (religious based parties banned Mar 1997): FLN = Front pour la Libération Nationale/Jabhah al-Tahrir al-Watani (Front for National Liberation, Algerian nationalist, socialist, 1962-1989 only legal party, est.1 Nov 1954); RND = Rassemblement National Démocratie (National Rally for Democracy, liberal, est.1997); Mil = Military;
- Former parties: PRS = Parti de la Révolution Socialiste (Party of Socialist Revolution, socialist, split from FLN, 1962-89 illegal, 1962-1979); UNR = Union pour la Nouvelle République (Union for the New Republic, French Guallist, conservative, 1958-1968)

Minister of Algeria (in Paris)
19 Jun 1957 - 14 May 1958  Robert Lacoste                     (b. 1898 - d. 1989)  PS
Minister of State for Algerian Affairs (in Paris)
22 Nov 1960 - 28 Nov 1962  Louis Joxe                         (b. 1901 - d. 1991)  UNR
Secretary of State to the Prime Minister, in charge of Algerian Affairs (in Paris)
 6 Dec 1962 -  8 Jan 1966  Jean de Broglie                    (b. 1921 - d. 1976)  RI

Ministers of State, in charge of the Sahara (in Paris)
13 Jun 1957 - 14 May 1958  Max Lejeune (1st time)             (b. 1909 - d. 1995)  SFIO
14 May 1958 -  1 Jun 1958  Édouard Corniglion-Molinier        (b. 1899 - d. 1960)  CNRS
 3 Jun 1958 -  8 Jan 1959  Max Lejeune (2nd time)             (s.a.)               SFIO
 5 Feb 1960 - 24 Aug 1961  Robert Lecourt                     (b. 1908 - d. 2004)  MRP
24 Aug 1961 - 15 Apr 1962  Louis Lucien Raymond Jacquinot     (b. 1898 - d. 1993)  CNIP

Party abbreviations: CNIP = Centre National des Indépendants et Paysans (National Centre of Independents and Farmers, liberal-conservative, 1949-2002); CNRS = Centre National des Républicains Sociaux (National Centre of Social Republicans, French Gaullist, conservative, 1956-1958, merged into UNR); MRP = Mouvement Républicain Populaire (Republican People's Movement, christian democratic, center-right, 1944-1967); PS = Parti Socialiste (Socialist Party, social-democratic, former SFIO, est.4 May 1969); RI = Républicains Indépendants (Independent Republicans, non-Gaullist, liberal-conservative, 1962-1977, then Parti Républicaine); SFIO = Section Française de l'Internationale Ouvrière (French Section of the Workers Internationale, socialist, center-left, 1905-1969, then PS)

French Military Bases in Algeria
    

18 Mar 1962                Évian Accords allow France to maintain some military forces
                             in Algeria after independence and to continue using existing
                             military facilities for specified periods. 
 3 Jul 1962                High Command of the French Forces in Algeria (Commandement
                             Supérieur des Forces Françaises en Algérie) established in
                             succession to the 10th Military Region.
 1 Jul 1964                Command formally disbanded. French troops withdrawn (except from
                             Mers el-Kébir, Colomb-Béchar, Hammaguir, and Reggane).

High Commanders of French Forces in Algeria
 3 Jul 1962 - 17 Jul 1962  Michel Fourquet                    (b. 1914 - d. 1992)  Mil
18 Jul 1962 -  7 Nov 1963  Michel Marie René de Brébisson     (b. 1905 - d. 1991)  Mil
 8 Nov 1963 - 15 Jun 1964  Philippe Malivoire Filhol de Camas (b. 1907 - d. 1992)  Mil

Mers el-Kébir (Mazalquivir)
    
13 Sep 1505 - 21 Jan 1708  Spanish occupation of Marsa Al-Kabir (as Mazalquivir),
                             (from 19 May 1509 administration moved to Oran).
21 Jan 1708                Occupied by Algiers, part of the Ottoman Empire.
16 Jul 1732 - 29 Feb 1792  Spanish re-occupation of Mazalquivir (see under Oran).
29 Feb 1792                Spanish abandon Mazalquivir, Ottoman rule restored.
13 Dec 1830                Occupied by France, renamed Saint-André-de-Mers-el-Kébir.
 3 Jul 1940                British naval attack on "Vichy" France forces at Mers el-Kébir,
                             killing 1,297 French servicemen and the sinking the
                             battleship Bretagne.
18 Mar 1962                Évian Accords allow France to continue using the major naval
                             base of Mers el-Kebir on a 15 year lease.
 7 Jun 1962                Creation of a command for the expanded Combined Forces Strategic
                             Base of Mers el-Kebir (Commandement de la base stratégique de
                             Mers el-Kébir), subordinated to the High Commander of the
                             French Forces in Algeria.
 3 Jul 1962                Mers el-Kebir Strategic Base (Commandement supérieur de la base
                             Stratégique de Mers el-Kébir) becomes a separate High command,
                             directly subordinated to the French Ministry of the Armed Forces.
31 Jan 1968                Mers el-Kebir (Marsa Al-Kabir) having not fulfilled its strategic
                             expectations - the base (except the Bou-Sfer airport) is already
                             transferred to Algeria.   
23 Dec 1970                Bou-Sfer (Boucefar) airport is transferred to Algeria.

Spanish Captains-general and Governors of Mazalquivir
13 Sep 1505 - Mar 1508     Diego Fernández de Córdoba y       (b. 1463 - d. 1518)
                             Arellano
Dec 1506 - Jun 1507        Ruy Díaz Álvarez de Rojas y        (b. c.1465 - d. 1535)
                             Narváez (interim governor)
Mar 1508 - 17 May 1509     Ruy Díaz Álvarez de Rojas y        (s.a.)
                             Narváez
French Commanders (from Jul 1962, High Commanders) of the Mers el-Kébir Strategic Base
19 Jun 1962 - 1964         Robert Louis Barthélemy            (b. 1904 - d. 1972)  Mil
13 Apr 1964 - 27 Sep 1965  Jean Auguste Victor Barlier        (b. 1908 - d. 1997)  Mil
1965 - 31 Jan 1968         Jean Gaston Chaigneau              (b. 1909 - d. 2004)  Mil

Sahara Military Bases

24 Apr 1947                Creation of the Joint Inter-Armed Forces Special Equipment Testing
                             Center (Centre Interarmées d'Essais d'Engins Spéciaux [CIEES])
                             entrusted with the development of new weapons. In the course of
                             the following years three major bases (Colomb-Béchar, Hammaguir,
                             and Reggane) are established in the Algerian Sahara.
13 Feb 1960 - 25 Apr 1961  France conducts four atmospheric nuclear tests in the Algerian
                             Sahara under the Saharan Military Experiments Center (Centre
                             Saharien d'Expérimentations Militaires). 
 7 Nov 1961 - 16 Feb 1966  France conducts a further 13 underground nuclear tests in the
                             Algerian Sahara under the Military Experiments Center of the
                             Oasis (Centre d'Expérimentations Militaires des Oasis).
18 Mar 1962                A secret annex to the Évian Accords allows France to continue
                             using these bases for a period of five years.
14 Mar 1964                Bases are formed into a separate military command - Joint Inter-
                             Armed Forces Special Equipment Testing Center, Colomb-Béchar Air
                             Base and Sahara Military Sites (CIEES, Base Aérienne de Colomb-
                             Béchar et des Sites Militaires au Sahara).
30 Jun 1967                The command is abolished, the bases (except Reggane airport) are
                             transferred to Algeria (effective 1 Jul 1967).
 1 Oct 1968                Reggane airport is transferred to Algeria.
    
Director of the Joint Inter-Armed Forces Special Equipment Testing Center, Commander
of the Colomb-Béchar Air Base and Commander of the Sahara Military Sites
14 Mar 1964 - 30 Jun 1967  Yves Jean-François Hautière        (b. 1914 - d. 1985)  Mil

1152 - 1156                Annaba (Bône) occupied by the Norman Kingdom of Sicily ("Naples").
1535 - 1541                Annaba (Bône) occupied by Spain.
1641 - 1710                Bone a possession of the Republic of Genoa.
1710                       Annexed by Algiers. 
27 Mar 1832                Conquered by France and incorporated into Algeria, named Bône
                             (from 1962, named Annaba).

Governor (Alcaídes)
1535 - 16 Oct 1540         Alvar Gómez de Orozco Said el Zagal(d. 1540)
1540 - 1541                Luis Pérez de Vargas               (b. c.1493 - d. 1550)
Genoese Governors
1641 - 1710                ....

31 Jan 1510 - 27 Sep 1555  Bougie (Bugía) occupied by Spain.
29 Sep 1833                Conquered by France and incorporated into Algeria
                             (from 1962, named Béjaïa).

to 1708; 1732 - 1792

1708 - 1732; 1792 - 1831

13 Sep 1505                Mazalquivir (Marsa Al-Kabir )occupied by the Spanish.
19 May 1509                Oran occupied by the Spanish.
21 Jan 1708                Occupied by Algiers, part of the Ottoman Empire.
 1 Jul 1732                Spanish re-occupy Orán and (on 2 Jul 1732) Mazalquivir.
10 Oct 1790                Earthquake kills an estimated 3,000 people, including 250 soldiers
                             and the captain-general. The event leads to negotiations for
                             the Spanish abandonment of Oran.
27 Fep 1792                Spanish abandon Orán (Mazalquivir abandoned 29 Feb 1792).
 6 Mar 1792                Re-incorporated into the Ottoman Empire.
 4 Jan 1831                Conquered by France and incorporated into Algeria.

Captains-general and Governors of Orán and Mazalquivir
23 May 1509 - 31 Aug 1509  Pedro Navarro, conde de Oliveto    (b. c.1460 - d. 1528)
 1 Sep 1509 - Jan 1510     Rui Díaz Álvarez de Rojas y        (b. c.1465 - d. 1535)
                             Narváez, alcaide de Mazalquivir
                             (interim)
Jan 1510 - Dec 1512        Diego Fernández de Córdoba y       (b. 1463 - d. 1518)
                             Arellano (1st time)
Jan 1513 - Sep 1517        Martín de Argote (interim)
Sep 1517 - Mar 1522        Diego Fernández de Córdoba y       (s.a.)
                             Arellano, marquès de Comarès
                             (2nd time)
Mar 1522 - Sep 1523        Luis Fernández de Córdoba,         (b. c.1482 - d. 1564) 
                             marquès de Comarès (1st time)
15 Sep 1523 - 21 May 1525  Luis Gómez de Cárdenas (interim)
22 May 1525 - Feb 1531     Luis Fernández de Córdoba,         (s.a.) 
                             marquès de Comarès (2nd time)
Feb 1531 -  1 Jun 1534     Pedro Muñiz de Godoy y Fernández   (d. c.1550)
                             de Córdova (interim)
 4 Jun 1534 -  4 Dec 1545  Martín Alonso Fernández de         (b. c.1498 - d. 1558) 
                             Córdoba Montemayor y Velasco, 
                             conde de Alcaudete (1st time)
 4 Dec 1545 -  7 Jul 1546  Alonso Fernández de Córdoba        (b. 1512 - d. 1565)
                             y Velasco, conde de Alcaudete
                             (1st time)
 7 Jul 1546 - 26 Aug 1558  Martín Alonso Fernández de         (s.a.) 
                             Córdoba Montemayor y Velasco, 
                             conde de Alcaudete (2nd time)
27 Aug 1558 - 12 Jun 1564  Alonso Fernández de Córdoba        (s.a.)
                             y Velasco, conde de Alcaudete
                             (2nd time)(acting to 21 Dec 1558)
12 Jun 1564 - 17 Jul 1564  Andrés Ponce de Léon y de las      (b. 1515 - d. 1575)
                             Infantas (1st time)(interim)
18 Jul 1564 - 20 Nov 1565  Andrés Ponce de León y de las      (s.a.)
                             Infantas (2nd time)
                           + Francisco de Valencia, alcaide   (b. c.1523 - d. 1606)
                               de la fortaleza de Mazalquivir
                           (interim)
21 Nov 1565 -  9 Jul 1567  Hernán Tello de Guzmán y Quiñones  (d. 1591)
                             (interim)
10 Jul 1567 -  3 Nov 1571  Frey Pedro Luis Garcerán de Borja  (b. 1528 - d. 1592) 
                             y Castro y Pinós, marqués de
                             Navarrés
 3 Nov 1571 - 12 Mar 1573  Felipe de Borja y de Castro-Pinós  (b. c.1530 - d. 1587)
                             (interim)
13 Mar 1573 -  4 Feb 1574  Diego Fernández de Córdoba,        (b. 1524 - d. 1601)
                             conde de Comares (1st time)
 5 Feb 1574 -  8 Dec 1575  Luis de Bocanegra y Beaumont       (b. c.1530 - d. c.1580)
                             (interim)
 9 Dec 1575 - 21 Jul 1580  José Martín de Córdoba y Velasco,  (b. c.1520 - d. 1604) 
                             marqués de Cortes (1st time)
25 Jul 1580 - 23 Apr 1581  Pedro de Padilla (1st time)        (b. 1550 - d. 1599)
                             (interim)                
23 Apr 1581 - 25 Aug 1585  José Martín de Córdoba y Velasco,  (s.a.) 
                             marqués de Cortes (2nd time)
26 Aug 1585 - 14 Nov 1589  Pedro de Padilla (2nd time)        (s.a.)
15 Nov 1589 - 17 Aug 1594  Diego Fernández de Córdoba,        (s.a.)
                             conde de Comares (2nd time)
17 Aug 1594 - 20 May 1596  Gabriel Nuño de Zúñiga             (b. 1544 - d. 1599)
21 May 1596 -  5 Dec 1604  Francisco Fernández de Córdoba     (b. 1562 - d. 1632)
                             y Velasco, conde de Alcaudete
 6 Dec 1604 -  4 Jul 1607  Juan Ramírez de Guzmán y Toledo,   (b. 1525 - d. 1607)
                             conde de Teba, marqués de
                             Ardales
 5 Jul 1607 - 10 Aug 1608  Diego de Toledo y Guzmán (interim)
11 Aug 1608 - 25 Oct 1616  Felipe Ramírez de Arellano y       (b. 1585 - d. 1620)
                             Zúñiga, conde de Aguilar de
                             Inestrillas
26 Oct 1616 -  9 Apr 1622  Jorge de Cárdenas Manrique,        (b. 1584 - d. 1644) 
                             duque de Maqueda y Nájera,
                             marqués de Elche (1st time)
 9 Apr 1622 -  9 May 1624  Juan Manrique de Cárdenas (interim)(b. 1587 - d. 1634)
10 May 1624 - 11 Oct 1625  Jorge de Cárdenas Manrique,        (s.a.) 
                             duque de Maqueda y Nájera,
                             marqués de Elche (2nd time)
12 Oct 1625 -  6 Apr 1628  Antonio Sancho Dávila y Toledo,    (b. 1590 - d. 1666)
                             marqués de Velada y de San Román
 7 Apr 1628 -  9 Feb 1632  Francisco González de Andía        (b. 1575 - d. 1659) 
                             Irarrazábal y Zárate, visconde 
                             de Santa Clara de Avedillo
                             (interim)
 9 Feb 1632 - 16 Jun 1639  Antonio de Zúñiga y de la Cueva,   (b. c.1590 - d. 1652)
                             marqués de Flores-Dávila 
                             (1st time)
17 Jun 1639 -  2 Dec 1643  Álvaro de Bazán Manrique de Lara   (b. 1571 - d. 1646) 
                             y Benavides, marqués de Santa
                             Cruz de Mudela y de Viso
 3 Dec 1643 - 28 Nov 1647  Rodrigo Pimentel Ponce de León,    (b. 1602 - d. 1679)
                             marqués de Viana del Bollo
28 Nov 1647 - 31 Jan 1652  Antonio de Zúñiga y de la Cueva,   (s.a.)
                             marqués de Flores-Dávila 
                             (2nd time)
 1 Feb 1652 -  4 Oct 1652  Government Junta [six members]
 5 Oct 1652 - 30 Jun 1660  Antonio Gómez Dávila Toledo        (b. c.1615 - d. 1689) 
                             y Osorio, marqués de San Román
 1 Jul 1660 - 22 May 1666  Gaspar Messía Felípez de Guzmán,   (b. 1630 - d. 1666) 
                             duque de Sanlúcar la Mayor,
                             marqués de Leganés
23 May 1666 - 10 May 1672  Fernando Joaquín Fajardo de        (b. 1635 - d. 1693)    
                             Requeséns y Zúñiga, marqués
                             de Los Vélez, marqués de Molina, 
                             marqués de Martorell
11 May 1672 - 19 May 1675  Diego de Portugal (interim)
20 May 1675 - 11 Jun 1678  Iñigo de Toledo y Osorio
12 Jun 1678 -  9 Mar 1681  Pedro Andrés Ramírez de Guzmán y   (b. 1649 - d. 1681) 
                             Portocarrero, marqués de la
                             Algava y Hardales, conde de Teba
                             y de Buendía
10 Mar 1681 - 12 Apr 1681  Mariana de Velasco y Ayala, viuda  (d. 1699)
                             del marqués de la Algava (f)
                             (acting)
13 Apr 1681 - 18 Sep 1682  Gaspar Portocarrero de la Vega y   (b. 1633 - d. 1693) 
                             Rojas, conde de la Monclova
19 Sep 1682 -  2 Sep 1683  Pedro Félix José de Silva y        (b. 1642 - d. 1697) 
                             Meneses Padilla y Gaitán,
                             conde de Cifuentes, marqués
                             de Arconchel
 3 Sep 1683 - 18 Mar 1685  José Antonio de Funes de           (b. 1623 - d. 1685) 
                             Villalpando y Climent, marqués
                             de Osera y de Castañeda
19 Mar 1685 -  2 May 1685  María Leonor de Monroy y Aragón (f)(b. 1622 - d. 16..)
                             (acting)
 2 May 1685 - 15 Jan 1687  Antonio de Paniagua de Loysa y     (b. c.1640 - d. 1687) 
                             Zúñiga, marqués de Santa Cruz
                             de Paniagua
16 Jan 1687 -  4 Apr 1687  Beatriz María Antonia de Escobar
                             y Ovando, viuda del marqués de
                             Santa Cruz (f) (interim)
 5 Apr 1687 -  9 Jul 1687  Frey Diego de Bracamonte           (d. 1687)
 9 Jul 1687 - 14 Jul 1687  Junta (acting)
                           - Miguel de Zufre
                           - Diego Merino
                           - Francisco Ramírez de Arellano
15 Jul 1687 - 19 Sep 1687  Pedro Manuel de Colón de Portugal, (b. 1651 - d. 1710)
                             duque de Veraguas (interim)
20 Sep 1687 - 10 Feb 1691  Félix Nieto de Silva, marqués      (b. 1635 - d. 1691)
                             de Tenebrón, conde de Guaro
11 Feb 1691 - 27 Jul 1691  Lorenzo de Ripalda y Ureta         (b. 1646 - d. af.1695)
                             (1st time) (interim)
28 Jul 1691 - 22 Jun 1692  Juan Luis de Orliens, conde de     (b. 1640 - d. 1692)
                             Charni
                             (= Louis d'Orléans, comte de Charny)
23 Jun 1692 - 24 Sep 1692  Lorenzo de Ripalda y Ureta         (s.a.)
                             (2nd time) (interim)
25 Sep 1692 - 14 Jul 1697  Andrés Cópula, duque de Canzano,   (b. 1638 - d. 1697)
                             marqués de Robledo 
15 Jul 1697 - 31 May 1701  Arias Gonzalo Dávila y Pacheco,    (b. 1666 - d. 1738)
                             marqués de Casasola
 1 Jun 1701 - 21 Oct 1704  Juan Francisco Manrique de Arana   (b. 1655 - d. 1736) 
                             y de Iraola
22 Oct 1704 -  7 Sep 1707  Carlos Carrafa, conde de Rupelmonte
                             (Rupelmonde)
 8 Sep 1707 - 21 Jan 1708  Melchor de Avellaneda Sandoval     (b. 1653 - d. 1719)
                             y Rojas, marqués de Valdecañas
1708 -  1 Jul 1732         Shabah Bey -Ottoman [Wali] governor
 1 Jul 1732 - 30 Jul 1732  José Francisco Carrillo de         (b. 1761 - d. 1747)
                             Albornoz y Montiel Esquivel y
                             Guzmán, conde Montemar
                             (commander)
30 Jul 1732 - 21 Nov 1732  Álvaro de Navía Osorio y Vigil,    (b. 1684 - d. 1732)
                             marqués de Santa Cruz de
                             Marcenado
1732 - 1733                Bartolomé Ladrón de Guevara
                             (interim)
May 1733 - 16 Jul 1733     Antonio Arias del Castillo y       (b. 1686 - d. 1740)
                             Ventimiglia, marqués de
                             Villadarias
 1 Oct 1733 - Sep 1738    José Fernández de Vallejo y de la  (b. c.1675 - d. 1743)
                             Canal
1738 - 1742                José Basilio Francisco Aramburu y  (b. 1668 - d. 1752)
                             Artorrasagasti
1742 - 27 Dec 1748         Alejandro Leroy de la Mothe        (b. 1675 - d. 1748)
                             (Alejandro Leroy de Ville, señor de la Mothe)
24 Feb 1749 - Feb 1752     Pedro de Algaín, marqués de
                             Real Corona
Mar 1752 - 23 Mar 1758     Juan Antonio de Escoiquiz,         (b. 1695 - d. 1758)
                             mariscal de Campo
 4 May 1758 - 1765         Juan Martín Zermeño (Cermeño)      (b. 1700 - d. 1773)
Apr 1761 - May 1761        Carlos Vanderbock
                             (acting for Zermeño)
 4 Jun 1765 - 28 Jul 1767  Cristóbal de Córdoba
1767                       Cant Prevost (interim)
 8 Sep 1767 - 17 Sep 1770  Victorio Alcondolo Bolognino       (b. 1740 - d. 1782)
                             Visconti, conde de Bolognino
17 Sep 1770 - 12 May 1774  Eugenio Fernández de Alvarado y    (b. 1715 - d. 1780)  
                             Perales Hurtado y Colomo,
                             marqués de los Tabalosos
12 May 1774 - Sep 1774     Narciso Vázquez y Nicuesa (interim)
17 Sep 1774 -  3 Aug 1776  Pedro Martín Cermeño y Paredes     (b. 1722 - d. 1790)
13 Sep 1776 - 28 Feb 1779  Luis Antonio de Carvajal (interim) (d. 1779)
1779                       José Pérez Brito (interim)  
18 Jun 1779 - 27 Sep 1784  Pedro Guelfi y Albergotti,         (b. 1712 - d. 1785)
                             mariscal de Campo
28 Sep 1784 -  9 Apr 1788  Luis de las Casas y Aragorri       (b. 1745 - d. 1800)
 9 Apr 1788 - 28 Sep 1788  Juan Gil (interim)
28 Sep 1788 - Mar 1789     Dionisio del Duque (interim)       (b. 1732 - d. 1806)
Mar 1789 - 29 May 1790     Manuel de Pineda y de la Torre,    (b. c.1735 - d. 1827)
                             marqués de Campo Santo
29 May 1790 - 10 Oct 1790  Basilio Gascón y Cisneros (interim)(b. 17.. - d. 1790)
10 Oct 1790 - 15 Oct 1790  Joaquín González Mayone y Ferrari, (b. 1738 - d. 1805)
                             conde de Cumbre-Hermosa
 4 Nov 1790 - 27 Feb 1792  Juan Antonio de Courten y González (b. 1730 - d. 1796)
Beys of Oran (governors)
27 Feb 1792 - 1799         Muhammad al-Kabir                  (d. 1799)
1799                       Osman Bey
1799 - 1802                Mustafa el kaïd (interim)
1802 - 1805                Mustafa Bey el-Manzali
1805 - 1807                Mehmed Bey Makkalas                (d. 1807)
1807 - 1812                Mehmed al-Reqid
1812 - 1817                Ali Kara Baghli                    (d. 1817)
1817 - 1830                Hassan Bey
1830 - 1831                Sidi Ahmed

Peñón de Algiers

1510 - 29 May 1529         Spanish occupation of Peñón de Algiers (El Peñón de Argel)
                             island in Algiers harbor.
29 May 1529                Peñón fortress dismantled by the Ottomans.

Captains and Alcaide
1510 - 1514                .... [unknown]
16 May 1514 - Mar 1515     Diego Pérez de Vargas
Mar 1515 - Oct 1516?       Mosén Quint
                            (= Nicolao Quint, Nicolau de Quint)
1516 - 15..                Gaspar de Villaragaud (Vilaragaudt)
c.1521                     Hernando de Vargas           
152. - 29 May 1529         Martín de Vargas                   (d. 1529)

1525 - 1837

1525                       Part of Ottoman Empire (Qusantina).
1567                       Beylik of Qusantina, subject to Algiers.
1826                       Local Kabyle population declares independence.
10 - 13 Oct 1837           Constantine (Qusantina) under siege by France.
13 Oct 1837                Constantine conquered by France.
15 Dec 1837                Last bey is deposed by France.
 9 Dec 1848                Incorporated into Algeria.

Beys
1567 - 1574                Ramdane Tchulak Bey 
1574 - 1588                Djaâfer Bey 
1588 - 1608                Mohammed ben Ferhat Bey
1608 - 1622                Hassan Bey 
1622 - 1647                Mourad Bey 
1647 - 1652                Ferhat Bey 
1652 - 1666                Mohamed ben Ferhat Bey 
1666 - 1673                Redjeb ben Ferhat Bey 
1673 - 1676                Kheïr ed-din Bey 
1676 - 1679                Abdul-Rahman Dali Bey 
1679 - 1687                Omar ben Abd-el Ramdan 
1687 - 1692                Châban Bey 
1692 - 1700                Ali Khodja (Hoça) Bey              (d. 1700) 
1700 - 1702                Ahmed Bey ben Ferhat
1702 - 1707                Brahem Bey
1708                       Ali Bey ben Hamouda
1708 - 1709                Hussein Chaouch 
1709                       Abd-el Rahman Bey ben Ferhat
1710                       Hosseïn Denguezli Bey
1710 - 1713                Ali Bey ben Salah
1713 - 1746                Kelian Hussein Bey Bou Komia
1746 - 1754                Hussein bey Bousnek                (d. 1754)
1753 - 1756                Hosseïn Bey Zereg-Aïnou 
1756 - 1771                Ahmed Bey el-Kolli 
1771 - 1792                Salah Bey ben Mostefa              (b. 1725 - d. 1792)
1792                       Brahem Bey Bou Sebâ 
1792 - 1795                Hussein Bey ben Bousnek            (d. 1795)
Feb 1795 - Jan 1798        Moustapha Bey ben Sliman           (d. 1798)
                             el-Ouznadji
Jan 1798 - 1803            Hadj Mostefa Ingliz Bey 
1803 - 1804                Osman Bey ben Koulougli            (d. 1804)
1804 - 1806                Abdallah Khodja Bey ben Smaïl      (d. 1806) 
1806 - 1807                Hussein Bey ben Salah Bey 
Aug 1807 - 1808            Ali Bey ben Youssef
1808                       Ahmed Bey Rouhou                   (d. 1808)
1808 - 1811                Ahmed Bey Tobbal                   (d. 1811)
1811 - 1814                Mohamed Nàman Bey                  (d. 1814) 
1814 - 1818                Mohamed Chakar Bey                 (d. 1818)
1818 (33 days)             Kara Mostefa Bey                   (d. 1818) 
1818 (1 month)             Ahmed Bey Ben Abdullah el-Memlouk  (d. 1822?)
                             (1st time)
1818                       Brahem Critli Bey                  (d. 1818)
1818 - 1819                M'Hamed Ben Daoud el-Mili Bey 
1819 - Aug 1820            Brahem Khodja el-Gherbi            (d. 1820) 
Oct 1820 - 1822            Ahmed Bey Ben Abdullah el-Memlouk  (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
1822 - 1824                Ibrahim Bey                        (d. 1832)
1824 - 1826                Mohammed Bey Malamli 
1826 - 15 Dec 1837         Ahmed Bey ben Mohammed Chérif      (b. c.1784 - d. 1850)
                             (in opposition to 10 Sep 1842)

c.1750                     Kel Ahaggar Tuareg confederation established.
1903                       Under French suzerainty.
1962                       Confederation not recognized by independent Algeria.
1977                       Confederation declared terminated by Algeria, but position of
                             Amenokal continues largely as honorary.  

Rulers (title Amenokal)
17.. - 17..                Salah
17.. - 17..                Muhammad al-Khir ag Salah
17.. - 17..                Sidi ag Muhammad al-Khir
17.. - 1790                Yunus ag Sidi
1790 - 1830                Ag Mama ag Sidi
1830 - 1877                al-Hajj Ahmad
1877 - 1900                Ahitaghel ag Mokhammed Biska       (d. 1900)
1900 - 1905                Attisi ag Amellal 
                           - jointly with -
1900 - 1905                Mokhammed ag Urzig 
1905 - 23 Dec 1920         Musa ag Amastan                    (b. 1867 - d. 1920)
1920 - 26 Mar 1941         Akhamuk ag Ihemma                  (b. 1874 - d. 1941)
1941 - 1950                Meslar ag Amayas                   (d. 1950)
1950 - 1975                Bayy ag Akhamuk                    (d. 1975)
1975 - 28 Dec 2005         al-Hajj Musa ag Akhamuk            (b. 19.. - d. 2005)
 3 Mar 2006 -              Edaber Ahmad ag Muhammad

1414                       Sultanate of Tuggurt founded in southern Algeria.
 2 Dec 1854                Abolished by French colonial authority.
13 May 1871 - 12 Dec 1871  Rebellion against French colonial authority.

Sultans
.... - ....                `Ali II 
.... - ....                Mabruk (Mubarak) 
.... - ....                `Ali III 
.... - ....                Mustafa 
.... - ....                Sulayman III 
1729                       Ahmad III 
.... - ....                Muhammad I al-`Akhal 
.... - ....                Ahmad IV 
.... - ....                Farhat 
.... - ....                Ibrahim
.... - ....                `Abd al-Qadir I (1st time)
                           + Ahmad V
.... - ....                Khalid
.... - ....                `Abd al-Qadir I (2nd time)
175. - 1759                `Umar I bin Bu-Kumetin
1759 - 1765                Muhammad II
1765 - 1766                `Umar II bin Muhammad 
1766 - 1778                Ahmad VI 
1778 - 1782                `Abd al-Qadir II
1782 - 1792                Farhat II 
1792 - 1804                Ibrahim II 
1804                       al-Khazan
1804 - 1822                Muhammad III
1822 - 1830                `Amar (`Amir) II 
1830 - 1831                Ibrahim III 
1831 - 1833                `Ali IV bin al-Kabir 
1833 - 1840                `Aisha (Aichouch)(f)
1840 - 1852                `Abd ar-Rahman 
1852                       `Abd al-Qadir III 
1852 - 1854                 Sulayman IV