Dominican Republic
 

to 22 Jul 1795;  8 Jul 1809 - 30 Nov 1821; 18 Mar 1861 - 14 Sep 1863  22 Jul 1795 - 8 Jul 1809     30 Nov 1821 - 9 Feb 1822     9 Feb 1822 - 27 Feb 1844     27 Feb 1844 - 6 Nov 1844 1844-1861 and from 14 Sep 1863 Civil Flag 6 Nov 1844 - 18 Mar 1861; Re-adopted 14 Sep 1863 State Flag  Map of the Dominican Republic Hear National Anthem "Hino Nacional" (National Anthem) a.k.a. "Quisqueyanos valientes" (Valient Sons of Quisqueye) Text of National Anthem Adopted 30 May 1934 (unofficial from 7 Jun 1897) ------------------------------------ Former Anthem “Canción Dominicana” (Dominican Song) (1844-1885) Constitution  (26 Jan 2010; in Spanish) Capital: Santo Domingo  de Guzmán (Santo Domingo 1495-1936,   21 Nov 1961 - 28 Nov 1996; Ciudad Trujillo 8 Jan 1936 - 21 Nov 1961; La Nueva Isabela 1493-1495) Currency: Dominican Peso (DOP); 1905-1947 US Dollar (USD) National Holiday: 27 Feb (1844) Día de la Independencia (Independence Day) Population: 10,298,756 (2018) GDP: $173 billion (2017) Exports: $10.12 billion (2017) Imports: $17.7 billion (2017) Ethnic groups: mixed 70.4% (mestizo/indio 58%, mulatto 12.4%), black 15.8%, white 13.5%, other 0.3% (2014) Total Active Armed Forces: 49,910 (2010) Merchant marine: 23 ships (2017) Religions: Roman Catholic 80.6%, Protestant 8.8%, Pentecostal 2.7%, other Christian 2.8%, not religious 2.7%, other 2.4% (2015) International Organizations/Treaties: ACP, ACS, AOSIS, APM, BCIE, BTWC, CAFTA, CAP, Caricom (observer), CCM, CD, CELAC, CTBT, CWC, EITI, ESCR, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, ICSID (signatory), IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, IRENA, ISA, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, LAES, LAIA (observer), LAP, LU, MIGA, NAM, NPT, NTBT, OAS, OIF (observer), OPANAL, OPCW, OST, PA (observer), PCA, Petrocaribe, SEGIB, SICA, UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-KP, UNFCC-PA, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Dominican Republic Chronology    6 Dec 1492                Discovered by Columbus and claimed for Spain,                               named Hispañiola. 1496 - 25 Nov 1500         Granted to Christopher Columbus (Cristóbal Colón).  4 Aug 1496                The city of Santo Domingo is founded. 25 Nov 1500                Crown colony 1511 - 1517                Audiencia of Santo Domingo 1520 - 1797                Audiencia (restored; with authority over                              Cuba [to 1764], Florida [to 1763], Venezuela                               [to 1739], Jamaica [to 1655], Puerto Rico,                              and Trinidad [to 1739]). 1521 - 1821                Subordinated to New Spain (see Mexico). 20 Sep 1697                Spain recognizes French claim to western                               Hispaniola; eastern part- as French                              Saint-Domingue (see Haiti); western part-                              Spanish Santo Domingo by Treaty of Ryswick. 22 Jul 1795                Spain cedes Santo Domingo to France (but                              Spanish administration continues to 26 Jan 1801). Oct 1795 - 26 Jan 1801     French occupation of Santo Domingo (as Saint-                              Domingue). 25 Oct 1797 - Mar 1801     Nominally organized as French départements of                              Iganne, Samana and Sud; from 1802 part of                               French colony of Saint-Domingue (but from 1 Jan                              1804 includes only Santo Domingo due to Haitian                              independence). 26 Jan 1801 - 20 May 1802  Haitian occupation, proclaiming the abolition of                              slavery on behalf of the French Republic. 20 May 1802 -  9 Jul 1809  French rule over Santo Domingo (restored). Feb 1805 - 1806            Haitian invasion, Santo Domingo under siege 5-28                              Mar 1805. 13 Dec 1808                Santo Domingo reverts to Spain (French                              administration ends on 9 Jul 1809 with the fall                              of Santo Domingo).  7 Jul 1809 - Aug 1809     British occupy Samaná and take the port of                              Santo Domingo on 9 Jul 1809. 19 Mar 1812 -  4 May 1814  Santo Domingo a diputación provincial of Spain. 19 Mar 1820 -  1 Dec 1821  Puerto Rico a diputación provincial of Spain.  1 Dec 1821                Independence (Independent State of the Spanish                               Part of Haiti in Colombia [Estado Independiente                              de la Parte Española de Haití en Colombia]).  1 Dec 1821 -  9 Feb 1822  (Nominally) part of Gran Colombia (see Colombia).  9 Feb 1822 - 27 Feb 1844  Incorporated into Haiti. 27 Feb 1844                Independence (Dominican Republic [República                              Dominicana]). 27 Feb 1844 - 24 Jan 1856  Dominican war of independence. 18 Mar 1861 -  4 May 1865  Spanish colony (Santo Domingo to 8 Jun 1861).  8 Jun 1861                Captaincy-general of Santo Domingo (Capitanía                              General de Santo Domingo). 16 Aug 1863 -  3 Mar 1865  Dominican restoration war. 14 Sep 1863                Act of independence of is signed at Santiago de los                              Caballeros. 14 Sep 1863                Dominican Republic (República Dominicana).  1 May 1865                Spain revokes annexation (recognizing independence                              of Dominican Republic). 11 Jul 1865                Spanish administration leaves Santo Domingo. 29 Nov 1869 - 16 May 1870  Government requests annexation to United States.  1 Apr 1903 - 21 Apr 1903  U.S. troops deployed in Santo Domingo and Puerto                              Plata.  3 Jan 1904 - 11 Feb 1904  U.S. troops deployed in Santo Domingo and Puerto                              Plata. 28 Mar 1905 -  2 Apr 1941  U.S. protectorate.  5 May 1916 - 18 Sep 1924  U.S. occupation. 29 Nov 1916 - 21 Oct 1922  Military Government of Santo Domingo. 28 Apr 1965 - 21 Sep 1966  U.S. and Organization of American States (OAS)                              Inter-American Force intervention.

De facto ruler (Generalisimo)
16 Aug 1930 - 30 May 1961  Rafael Leonidas Trujillo y Molina (b. 1891 - d. 1961)  Mil/PD

Governors
1492 - 1496                Cristóbal Colón (1st time)        (b. 1451 - d. 1506)
                              (viceroy) 
1496 - 1498                Bartolomé Colón                   (c. 1461 - d. 1514)
1498 - 1500                Cristóbal Colón (2nd time)        (s.a.)
                              (viceroy) 
1500 - 11 Jul 1502         Francisco Fernández de Bobadilla  (b. c.1448 - d. 1502)
                             (royal commissioner)
1502 - 1509                Fray Nicolás de Ovando y Cáceres  (b. 1460 - d. 1511)
10 Jul 1509 - 15 Apr 1515  Diego Colón y Perestrelo          (b. c.1480 - d. 1526)
                             (1st time) 
1515 - 1516                Cristóbal Lebrón (interim)        (d. 1529)
14 Dec 1516 - 1519         Gobierno de la Real Audiencia
                           - Fray Luis de Figueroa           (d. 1523)
                           - Fray Bernardino de Manzanedo
                           - Fray Ildefonso de Santo Domingo
                              de la Orden de San Jerónimo
22 Dec 1519 - 1520         Rodrigo de Figueroa               (b. c.1471 - d. c.1525)
Nov 1520 - 1524            Diego Colón y Perestrelo          (s.a.) 
                             (2nd time) 
Jueces de la Real Audiencia
1524 - 1527                Gaspar de Espinosa                (b. 1484 - d. 1537)
                           + Alonso de Zuazo                 (b. 1466 - d. 1539) 
1527 -  1 Aug 1531         Sebastián Ramírez de Fuenleal,    (b. 1490 - d. 1547)
                             bispo de Santo Domingo
 1 Aug 1531 - 14 Dec 1533  Alonso de Zuazo                   (s.a.)
14 Dec 1533 - 1535         Alonso de Fuenmayor, bispo        (b. c.1490 - d. 1560)
                             de Santo Domingo
Governors and Captains-general
1535 - 1540                Alonso de Fuenmayor, bispo         (s.a.)
                             de Santo Domingo (1st time)
1540                       Luis Colón de Toledo               (b. 1522 - d. 1572)
1540 - 1544                Alonso de Fuenmayor, bispo         (s.a.)
                             de Santo Domingo (2nd time)
 1 Jan 1544 - 1549         Alonso López de Cerrato            (b. c.1490 - d. 1555)
1549 - 1556                Alonso de Fuenmayor, arzobispo     (s.a.)
                             de Santo Domingo (3rd time) 
1556 - 1558                Alonso de Maldonado
1558 - 1560                Juan López de Cepeda               (d. c.1601)
1560 - 1561                Juan Echagoyan
22 Jan 1561 - 1564         Alonso Arias de Herrera 
1564 - 1565                Antonio de Osorio y Villegas       (b. c.1543 - d. 1608)
1565 - 1567                Alonso de Grajeda
1567 - 1568                Diego de Vera
1568 - 1572                Antonio Mejía
1572 - 1576                Francisco de Vera
President-Governors and Captains-general
 1 Jan 1577 - 13 Apr 1581  Gregorio González de Cuenca        (b. c.1524 - d. 1581)
1581 - 1583                Pedro de Arceo (acting)
 4 Nov 1583 - 1586         Cristóbal de Ovalles               (d. 1586)
1586 - 1587                Aliaga (acting)
1587 - 1594                Lope de Vega Portocarrero (1st time)
1594                       Baltasar de Villafaña
1594 - 1596                Lope de Vega Portocarrero (2nd time)
13 Jun 1596 - 26 Oct 1600  Diego de Osorio                    (b. c.1545 - d. 1600)
1601                       Pedro Sanz Morquecho
19 Sep 1601 - 11 Feb 1608  Antonio de Osorio y Villegas       (b. c.1543 - d. 1608)
17 Jul 1608 - Aug 1623     Diego Gómez de Sandoval            (d. 1623)
1623 - 1624                Juan Martínez Tenorio
1624 - 1627                Diego de Acuña
1627 - 1634                Gabriel de Chávez y Osorio
1634 - 1635                Diego Gil de la Sierpe
1635 - 1637                Alonso de Cereceda
1637                       Domingo de Osorio
1637 - 1646                Juan de Bitrián y Viamonte y   
                             Navarra
1646 - Mar 1649            Nicolás de Velazco Altamirano
1649 - 1650                Juan Melgarejo Ponce de León
1650 - 16 Mar 1651         Luís Fernández de Córdoba
1651 - 1652                Francisco Pantoja de Ayala
1652 - 1656                Bernardino de Meneses Bracamonte   (b.c.1625 - d. 1656)
                             y Zapata, conde de Peñalba
15 May 1656 - 1658         Félix de Zúñiga y Avellaneda,
                             conde del Sacro Imperio
1658 - 1660                Pérez Andrés Franco
1660 - 1662                Juan Francisco de Montemayor       (b. 1618 - d. 1685)
                             Córdoba y Cuenca
1662 - 1670                Juan de Balboa y Mogrovejo
1670 - 1671                Pedro de Cobos y Carvajal
1670 - 15 Jul 1677         Ignacio de Zayas Bazán
1677 - Sep 1678            Juan Padilla de Guardiola y        (b. 1643 - d. 1691)
                             Guzmán
Sep 1678 - 12 Jul 1684     Francisco de Segura Sandoval     
                             y Castilla
1684 - 1689                Andrés de Robles y Gómez           (d. 1694)
                             (interim to 14 Jun 1686) 
1689 - 1698                Ignacio Pérez-Caro y Fernández
                             de Oviedo (1st time)
1698 - 1699                Gil Correoso Catalán
1699 -  6 Aug 1702         Severino de Manzaneda Salinas      (b. c.1640 - d. af.1702)
                             y Rojas
1702 - 1704                Juan del Barranco
1704 -  4 Nov 1706         Ignacio Pérez-Caro y Fernández
                             de Oviedo
1706 - 1708                Sebastián de Cereceda y Girón      (b. 1644 - d. 1723)
                             (1st time)(interim)
1708 - Sep 1711            Guillermo Morfi (William Murphy)   (b. c.1661 - d. c.123)
1711 - 15 Apr 1714         Pedro de Niela y Torres          
1714 - 1715                Francisco de la Rocha y Labarcés
May 1715 - 16 Jul 1724     Fernando Constanzo y Ramírez,      (b. 1669 - d. 1724)
                             caballero de Santiago
1724 - 1732                Francisco de la Rocha Ferrer       (b. 1686 - d. 17..) 
                             y Labarcés
1732 - 1739                Alonso de Castro y Mazo 
1739 - 1750                Pedro Zorrilla de San Martín,      (b. 1694 - d. 17..)
                             marqués de la Gándara Real
1750 -  8 Oct 1750         Juan José Colomo                   (d. 1750)
1750 - 18 Jun 1751         José de Zunnier de Basteros        (d. 1751)
                             (acting)
1751 - 1759                Francisco Rubio y Peñaranda        (b. 1700 - d. 1773)
1759 - 1771                Manuel Azlor de Aragón y Urríes    (b. 1708 - d. 1787)
16 Apr 1771 - 1779         José Solano y Bote Carrasco y Díaz,(b. 1726 - d. 1806) 
                             marqués del Socorro
1779 - 26 Sep 1785         Isidro de Peralta y Rojas          (b. 1727 - d. 1785)
26 Sep 1785 - 17 Apr 1786  Joaquín García y Moreno (1st time) (b. 1732 - d. 1811)
                             (acting)
17 Apr 1786 -  2 Jun 1788  Manuel González de Aguilar Torres  (d. 1788)
                             de Navarra y Montoya
1788 - 15 Sep 1788         Pedro Carani (acting)
15 Sep 1788 - 1788         José Antonio de Urizar y Bolívar   (b. 1738 - d. af.1808)
                             (acting) 
 1 Dec 1788 - 26 Jan 1801  Joaquín García y Moreno (2nd time) (s.a.)
1796 - 1798                Philippe-Rose Roume de Saint-      (b. 1743 - d. 1804)
                             Laurent -Provisional Agent
 4 Oct 1799 - 1801         Antoine Chanlatte -Commissioner    (b. 1749 - d. 1815)
Governors
26 Jan 1801 - 20 May 1802  Pierre François Dominique          (b. 1743? - d. 1803)
                             Toussaint-Louverture      
 5 Mar 1801 - 1803         Jean-Baptiste Jacques Stanislas    (b. 1753 - d. 1808) 
                             de Combis d'Augustine
                             (commissioner; from 6 Jun 1801, prefect)
1802 - Nov 1802            François-Marie Périchou de         (b. 1757 - d. 1825)
                             Kerversau
1803                       François-Jacques Lequoy de         (b. 1748 - d. 1804)
                             Montgiraud -Prefect
Jun 1803 - 14 Nov 1803     Louis-Maurice Taupin de            (b. 1757 - d. 1823)
                             Magnytot -Prefect
Nov 1802 -  7 Nov 1808     Jean-Louis Ferrand                 (b. 1758 - d. 1808)
 7 Nov 1808 -  9 Jul 1809  Joseph-David, comte de Barquier    (b. 1757 - d. 1844)
                              (acting)
Governors and Captains-general
13 Dec 1808 - 11 Feb 1811  Juan Sánchez Ramírez               (b. 1762 - d. 1811)
                             (in opposition to French to 9 Jul 1809)
 7 Jul 1809 - Aug 1809     Hugh Lyle Carmichael               (b. 1764 - d. 1813)
                             (British commander in Samaná)
1811 - 1812                Manuel Caballero (acting)
1812 - 1813                José Masot (acting)
1813 - 1818                Carlos de Urrutia y Montoya        (b. 1750 - d. 1825)
1818 - 1821                Sebastián Kíndelan y Oregón        (b. 1757 - d. 1826)
1821 -  1 Dec 1821         Pascual Real
Political Governor and State President
 1 Dec 1821 -  9 Feb 1822  José Núñez de Cáceres y Albor      (b. 1772 - d. 1846)
Commanders of Haitian Forces
 9 Feb 1822 - 1832         Jérôme-Maximilien Bargella         (b. 1773 - d. 1843)
1832 - Feb 1843            Bernard-Philippe-Alexis Carrié     (b. 1780 - d. 1867)
1843                       Charles Rivière-Hérard             (b. 1789 - d. 1850)
1843 - 27 Feb 1844         Léo Hérard 
President of the Provisional Governing Junta
28 Feb 1844 -  1 Mar 1844  Francisco del Rosario Sánchez      (b. 1817 - d. 1861)  Lib
Presidents of the Central Governing Junta
 1 Mar 1844 -  5 Jun 1844  Tomás Bobadilla y Briones          (b. 1785 - d. 1871)  Tri
 5 Jun 1844 -  9 Jun 1844  José María Caminero Ferrer         (b. 1782 - d. 1852)  Con
 9 Jun 1844 - 13 Jul 1844  Francisco del Rosario Sánchez      (s.a.)               Lib
13 Jul 1844 - 13 Nov 1844  Pedro Santana Familias             (b. 1801 - d. 1864)  PA
                            (concurrently Supreme Chief)
Presidents
13 Nov 1844 -  4 Aug 1848  Pedro Santana Familias (1st time)  (s.a.)               PA
 4 Aug 1848 -  8 Sep 1848  Council of Secretaries of State
                           - Félix Mercenario Montaño         (b. 1789 - d. 1861)
                           - Domingo de la Rocha Angulo       (b. 1797 - d. 1883)
                           - José María Caminero Ferrer       (s.a.)               Con
                           - Manuel José Jimenes González     (b. 1808 - d. 1854)  Lib
 8 Sep 1848 - 29 May 1849  Manuel José Jimenes González       (s.a.)
30 May 1849 - 23 Sep 1849  Pedro Santana Familias (2nd time)  (s.a.)               PA
                             (Supreme Chief of the Republic)
24 Sep 1849 - 15 Feb 1853  Buenaventura Báez Méndez           (b. 1812 - d. 1884)  PR
                             (1st time)
15 Feb 1853 - 26 May 1856  Pedro Santana Familias (3rd time)  (s.a.)               PA
26 May 1856 -  8 Oct 1856  Manuel de Regla Mota y Álvarez     (b. 1795 - d. 1864)  PA
                             de Fuentes 
 8 Oct 1856 - 12 Jun 1858  Buenaventura Báez Méndez           (s.a.)               PR
                             (2nd time)
12 Jun 1858 - 27 Jul 1858  José Desiderio Valverde Pérez      (b. c.1822 - d. 1904)Tri
                            (in dissidence from 22 Jul 1857 [as President
                             of the Provisional Government to 1 Mar 1858]
                             and then to 28 Aug 1858)
27 Jul 1858 - 18 Mar 1861  Pedro Santana Familias (4th time)  (s.a.)               PA
                             (acting to 31 Jan 1859)
Governors and Captains-general
18 Mar 1861 - 20 Jul 1862  Pedro Santana Familias,            (s.a.)
                             (from 28 Mar 1862) marqués de las
                             Carreras
                             (de facto acting to 8 Jun 1861)
20 Jul 1862 - 23 Oct 1863  José Felipe Rivero y Lemoine       (b. 1797 - d. 1873)
23 Oct 1863 - 29 Mar 1864  Carlos de Vargas y Cerveto         (b. 1817 - d. 1876)
29 Mar 1864 - 11 Jul 1865  José de la Gándara y Navarro       (b. 1820 - d. 1885)
                             (nominally from 1 May 1865)
Presidents
14 Sep 1863 - 10 Oct 1864  José Antonio Salcedo Ramírez       (b. 1816 - d. 1864)  Res
                             (President of the Government [provisional to 24 Aug 1864])
10 Oct 1864 - 23 Jan 1865  Gaspar Polanco y Borbón            (b. 1816 - d. 1867)  Res
                             (President of the Provisional Government)
23 Jan 1865 - 24 Jan 1865  Generals-in-chief, temporarily in-charge
                           by the Will of the People and the Army,
                           of the Executive Power
                           - Pedro Antonio Pimentel Chamorro  (b. 1830 - d. 1874)  Mil
                           - Benito Monción Durán             (b. 1826 - d. 1898)  Mil
                           - Federico de Jesús García y       (b. 1835 - d. 1873)  Mil
                              de la Cruz 
24 Jan 1865 - 24 Mar 1865  Benigno Filomeno de Rojas y Ramos  (b. 1811 - d. 1865)  Res
                            (President of the Superior Governing 
                             Junta to 27 Feb 1865, then President 
                             of the Sovereign National Convention)
25 Mar 1865 -  4 Aug 1865  Pedro Antonio Pimentel Chamorro    (s.a.)               PA
 4 Aug 1865 - 15 Nov 1865  José María Cabral y de Luna        (b. 1816 - d. 1899)  PA
                            (Protector of the Republic)(1st time)
15 Nov 1865 -  8 Dec 1865  Pedro Guillermo y Guerrero         (b. 1814 - d. 1867)  PR
                            (President of the Provisional Government;
                             in dissidence as President of the Central
                             Governing Junta from earlier in 1865)
 8 Dec 1865 - 29 May 1866  Buenaventura Báez Méndez           (s.a.)               PR
                             (3rd time)
29 May 1866 - 22 Aug 1866  Triumvirate of the Republic
                           (in dissidence from 1 May 1866)
                           - Pedro Antonio Pimentel Chamorro  (s.a.)
                           - Gregorio Luperón                 (b. 1839 - d. 1897)  PA
                           - Federico de Jesús García y de    (s.a.)               Mil
                               la Cruz
22 Aug 1866 - 31 Jan 1868  José María Cabral y de Luna        (s.a.)               PA
                            (Chief of Public Administration to 29 Sep 1866)
                            (2nd time)
22 Dec 1867 - 13 Feb 1868  José Antonio Hungría               (b. 1819 - d. 1872)  Mil/PR
                            (President of the Central Government
                            Junta, in dissidence)
31 Jan 1868 - 13 Feb 1868  Manuel Altagracia Cáceres          (b. 1838 - d. 1878) 
                             Fernández (acting)
13 Feb 1868 -  2 May 1868  Junta of Generals
                           - José Antonio Hungría             (s.a.)               Mil/PR
                           - Francisco Antonio Gómez y Baez   (b. 1819 - d. 1883)  Mil/PR
                           - José Ramón Luciano y Franco      (b. 1822 - d. 1890)  Mil/PR
 2 May 1868 -  2 Jan 1874  Buenaventura Báez Méndez           (s.a.)               PR
                             (4th time) 
 2 Jan 1874 - 21 Jan 1874  Ignacio María González y Santín    (b. 1840 - d. 1915)  Ver
                             (Supreme Chief; in dissidence from 27 Nov 1873)
                             (1st time)
22 Jan 1874 -  6 Apr 1874  Generals-in-Chief
                           - Ignacio María González y Santín  (s.a.)               Mil
                           - Manuel Altagracia Cáceres        (s.a.)               Mil
                              Fernández 
 6 Apr 1874 - 23 Feb 1876  Ignacio María González y Santín    (s.a.)               Ver
                             (2nd time)(Supreme Chief 10 Sep 1874 - 12 Apr 1875)
 7 Feb 1876 - Feb 1876     Constitutional Executive Junta
                           (in rebellion)
                           - Esteban Díaz
                           - Máximo Grullón Salcedo           (b. 1826 - d. 1877)
                           - Manuel de Jesús de Peña y        (b. 1834 - d. 1915)
                               Reynoso 
                           - Alfredo Deetjen Merecette        (b. 1826 - d. 1896)
                           - Isidro Pereyra Casado            (b. 1839 - d. 1893)
23 Feb 1876 - 29 Apr 1876  Council of Secretaries of State
                           - Pedro Tomás Garrido Matos        (b. 1827 - d. 1895)
                           - José de Jesús Eduardo de Castro
                               Álvarez
                           - Pedro Pablo de Bonilla y         (b. 1807 - d. 1881?)
                               Correa-Cruzaso
                           - Juan Bautista Zafra y Miranda    (b. 1840 - d. 1886)
                           - Pedro Pablo López Villanueva     (b. 1842 - d. 1902)
                               (to 7 Mar 1876)
                           - Jacinto Peynado y Tejón          (b. 1826 - d. 1897)
                               (from 7 Mar 1876)
29 Apr 1876 -  5 Oct 1876  Ulises Francisco Espaillat y       (b. 1823 - d. 1878)  PA
                             Quinoñes 
Oct 1876 - 30 Oct 1876     Gabino Crespo                      (d. 1878)            Mil
                            (president of the Central Government
                             Junta of Restoration Movement; in rebellion)
 5 Oct 1876 - 11 Nov 1876  Superior Governing Junta
                           - Pedro Pablo López Villanueva     (s.a.)
                           - José Caminero Matías             (d. 1892)
                           - Juan Esteban Ariza Matos         (b. 1820 - d. 1882)
                           - Fidel Rodríguez Urdaneta
                           - José de Jesús Eduardo de Castro  (b. 1829 - d. 1885)
                               Álvarez
                           - Juan Bautista Zafra y Miranda    (s.a.)
                           - Pedro Tomás Garrido Matos        (s.a.)
11 Nov 1876 -  9 Dec 1876  Ignacio María González y Santín    (s.a.)               Ver
                             (3rd time) (Supreme Chief) 
10 Dec 1876 - 26 Dec 1876  Marcos Ezequiel Antonio Cabral     (b. 1843 - d. 1903) 
                             Figuereo
                             (President of Provisional Governing Junta)
27 Dec 1876 -  2 Mar 1878  Buenaventura Báez Méndez           (s.a.)               PR
                             (5th time)(provisional to 21 Mar 1877)
 1 Mar 1878 - 13 Apr 1878  Ignacio María González y Santín    (s.a.)               Ver
                             (4th time)(President of the Provisional 
                             Government of National Movement, in dissidence)
 2 Mar 1878 -  5 Mar 1878  Council of Secretaries of State
                           - José María Cabral y de Luna      (s.a.)               PA
                           - Joaquín Antonio Montolío Morales (b. 1821 - d. 1911) 
 5 Mar 1878 -  6 Jul 1878  Cesáreo Guillermo y Bastardo       (b. 1847 - d. 1885)  PR
                             (1st time)(President of Provisional Government)
 6 Jul 1878 -  2 Sep 1878  Ignacio María González y Santín    (s.a.)               Ver
                             (5th time)
 2 Sep 1878 -  6 Sep 1878  Superior Chiefs of Revolutionary Movement
                           - Ulises Hilarión Heureaux Lebert  (b. 1845 - d. 1899)  Mil/PA
                           - Cesáreo Guillermo y Bastardo     (s.a.)               Mil
 6 Sep 1878 - 30 Sep 1878  Jacinto del Rosario de Castro      (b. 1811 - d. 1896)  Mil
                             (acting)
30 Sep 1878 - 27 Feb 1879  Council of Secretaries of State
                           - Cesáreo Guillermo y Bastardo     (s.a.)               PR
                           - Alejandro Angulo Guridi          (b. 1823 - d. 1906)
                           - Pedro Ramón María Aristy Díaz    (b. 1848 - d. 1880)
27 Feb 1879 -  6 Dec 1879  Cesáreo Guillermo y Bastardo       (s.a.)               PR
                             (2nd time)
 6 Dec 1879 -  1 Sep 1880  Gregorio Luperón                   (s.a.)               PA
                             (president of provisional government;
                             in dissidence from 7 Oct 1879) 
 1 Sep 1880 -  1 Sep 1882  Fernando Arturo de Meriño y        (b. 1833 - d. 1906)  PA
                             Ramírez 
 1 Sep 1882 -  1 Sep 1884  Ulises Hilarión Heureaux Lebert    (s.a.)               PA
                             (1st time)        
 1 Sep 1884 - 16 May 1885  Francisco Gregorio Billini y       (b. 1844 - d. 1898)  PA
                             Aristy 
16 May 1885 -  6 Jan 1887  Alejandro Woss y Gil (1st time)    (b. 1856 - d. 1932)  PA
 6 Jan 1887 - 27 Mar 1889  Ulises Hilarión Heureaux Lebert    (s.a.)               PA
                             (2nd time)       
27 Mar 1889 - 30 Apr 1889  Manuel María de la Concepción      (b. 1830 - d. 1897)  PR
                             Gautier (acting) 
30 Apr 1889 - 26 Jul 1899  Ulises Hilarión Heureaux Lebert    (s.a.)               PA
                             (3rd time)       
26 Jul 1899 - 30 Aug 1899  Juan Wenceslao Figuereo Casó       (b. 1834 - d. 1910)  PR
31 Aug 1899                Council of Secretaries of State
                           - Tomás Demetrio Morales Bernal    (b. 1848 - d. 1904)
                           - Arístides Patiño Valdés          (b. 1856 - d. 1928)
                           - Enrique Henríquez y Alfau        (b. 1859 - d. 1940)
                           - Jaime Rodolfo Vidal Castillo     (b. 1862 - d. 19..)
                           - Braulio Álvarez y del            (b. 1841 - d. 1927)
                              Castillo (undersecretary) 
31 Aug 1899 -  4 Sep 1899  People's Revolutionary Governing Junta
                           - Mariano Antonio de las Mercedes  (b. 1838 - d. 1909)
                               Cestero Aybar
                           - Álvaro Logroño                   (b. 1855 - d. 1915)
                           - Arístides Patiño Valdés          (s.a.)
                           - Pedro María Mejía y Cotes        (b. 1844 - d. 1916) 
 4 Sep 1899 - 15 Nov 1899  Felipe Horacio Vásquez Lajara      (b. 1860 - d. 1936)  PA
                            (President of the Provisional Government;
                             in dissidence from 1 Aug 1899)
                             (1st time)
15 Nov 1899 -  2 May 1902  Juan Isidro Jimenes Pereyra        (b. 1846 - d. 1919)  PA 
                             (1st time)
26 Apr 1902 - 23 Apr 1903  Felipe Horacio Vásquez Lajara      (s.a.)               PR
                             (president of Provisional Government)
                             (2nd time)
23 Apr 1903 - 24 Nov 1903  Alejandro Woss y Gil (2nd time)    (s.a.)               PA
                             (president of Provisional Government to 1 Aug 1903)
24 Oct 1903 - 12 Jan 1906  Carlos Felipe Morales Languasco    (b. 1867 - d. 1914)  PR
                             (President of the Provisional Government
                             to 19 Apr 1904; left the country 25 Dec 1905)
25 Dec 1905 - 29 Dec 1905  Council of Secretaries of State
                           (acting for Morales)
                           - Manuel Lamarche García           (b. 1852 - d. 1915)
                           - Emiliano Tejera Penson           (b. 1841 - d. 1923)
                           - Andrés Julio Montolío Moscoso    (b. 1821 - d. 1911)
                           - Francisco Leonte Vásquez Lajara  (b. 1856 - d. 1923)
                           - Carlos Eduardo Ginebra Pelegrín  (b. 1874 - d. 1939)
                           - Eladio Abdom Victoria Victoria   (b. 1864 - d. 1939)  PR
                           - Federico Velásquez y Hernández   (b. 1867 - d. 1934)
29 Dec 1905 - 19 Nov 1911  Ramón Arturo Cáceres Vásquez       (b. 1866 - d. 1911)  PR
                             (acting for Morales to 12 Jan 1906)
19 Nov 1911 -  6 Dec 1911  Council of Secretaries
                           - Miguel Antonio Román Rodríguez   (b. 1834 - d. 1920)
                           - José María Cabral y Baéz         (b. 1864 - d. 1937)
                           - Manuel de Jesús María Ulpiano    (b. 1878 - d. 1955)
                               Troncoso de la Concha 
                           - Federico Velásquez y Hernández   (s.a.)
                               (1st time)
                           - Manuel Lamarche García           (s.a.) 
                           - Emilio Tejera Bonetti            (b. 1880 - d. 1968)
                              (to 30 Nov 1911)
                           - Rafael Díaz
 6 Dec 1911 - 30 Nov 1912  Eladio Abdom Victoria Victoria     (s.a.)               PR
                             (interim to 27 Feb 1912)
 1 Dec 1912 - 13 Apr 1913  Adolfo Alejandro Nouel y           (b. 1862 - d. 1937)  Non-party
                             Bobadilla (interim)
14 Apr 1913 - 27 Aug 1914  José Bordas Valdés (interim)       (b. 1874 - d. 1968)  Non-party 
28 Aug 1914 -  5 Dec 1914  Ramón Báez Machado (provisional)   (b. 1858 - d. 1929)  Non-party
 5 Dec 1914 -  7 May 1916  Juan Isidro Jimenes Pereyra        (s.a.)               PA
                             (2nd time)
 7 May 1916 - 31 Jul 1916  Council of Secretaries
                           - Jaime Mota Vidal                 (b. 1860 - d. 1928)
                           - Bernardo José Arturo Pichardo y  (b. 1877 - d. 1924)
                               Patín 
                           - José Manuel Jimenes Domínguez    (b. 1881 - d. 1947) 
                               (to 1916)
                           - Federico Velásquez y Hernández   (s.a.)
                               (2nd time)(from 1916) 
31 Jul 1916 - 29 Nov 1916  Francisco Hilario Henríquez y      (b. 1859 - d. 1935)  PA
                             Carvajal (provisional)
Commanding Forces in Occupation in Santo Domingo
29 Nov 1916 -  4 Apr 1917  Harry Shepard Knapp                (b. 1856 - d. 1923)  Mil
Military Governors of Santo Domingo
 4 Apr 1917 - 18 Nov 1918  Harry Shepard Knapp                (s.a.)               Mil
23 Aug 1917 - 11 Sep 1917  Edwin Alexander Anderson, Jr.      (b. 1860 - d. 1933)  Mil
                             (acting for Knapp)
29 Oct 1917 - 29 Nov 1917  Joseph Henry Pendleton (1st time)  (b. 1860 - d. 1942)  Mil
                             (acting for Knapp)
 5 Feb 1918 - 17 Mar 1918  Joseph Henry Pendleton (2nd time)  (s.a.)               Mil
                             (acting for Knapp)
 6 Apr 1918 -  1 Jun 1918  Joseph Henry Pendleton (3rd time)  (s.a.)               Mil
                             (acting for Knapp)
 2 Jul 1918 -  1 Sep 1918  Joseph Henry Pendleton (4th time)  (s.a.)               Mil
                             (acting for Knapp)
18 Nov 1918 - 25 Feb 1919  Benjamin Hebard Fuller (acting)    (b. 1870 - d. 1937)  Mil
25 Feb 1919 -  3 Jun 1921  Thomas Snowden, Jr.                (b. 1857 - d. 1930)  Mil
 3 Jun 1921 - 20 Oct 1922  Samuel Shelburne Robison           (b. 1867 - d. 1952)  Mil
 3 Jan 1922 - 19 Feb 1922  Harry Lee (1st time)               (b. 1872 - d. 1935)  Mil
                             (acting for Robison)
14 Jun 1922 - 24 Jul 1922  Harry Lee (2nd time)               (s.a.)               Mil
                             (acting for Robison)
Presidents
21 Oct 1922 - 12 Jul 1924  Juan Bautista Vicini Burgos        (b. 1871 - d. 1935)  Lib 
                             (provisional)
12 Jul 1924 -  2 Mar 1930  Felipe Horacio Vásquez Lajara      (s.a.)               PN
                             (3rd time)
 3 Mar 1930 - 16 Aug 1930  Juan Rafael Estrella Ureña (acting)(b. 1889 - d. 1945)  Rep
16 Aug 1930 - 16 Aug 1938  Rafael Leonidas Trujillo y Molina  (s.a.)               Mil/PD
                             (1st time)
16 Aug 1938 -  7 Mar 1940  Jacinto Bienvenido Peynado y       (b. 1878 - d. 1940)  PD
                             Peynado 
 7 Mar 1940 - 18 May 1942  Manuel de Jesús María Ulpiano      (s.a.)               PD
                             Troncoso de la Concha 
18 May 1942 - 16 Aug 1952  Rafael Leonidas Trujillo y Molina  (s.a.)               PD/Mil
                             (2nd time)(acting to 16 Aug 1942)
16 Aug 1952 -  3 Aug 1960  Héctor Bienvenido Trujillo y       (b. 1908 - d. 2002)  PD
                             Molina
 3 Aug 1960 - 16 Jan 1962  Joaquín Antonio Balaguer Ricardo   (b. 1906/07-d. 2002) PD
                             (1st time)
16 Jan 1962 - 17 Jan 1962  Civic-Military Council
                           - Armando Óscar Pacheco Román      (b. 1901 - d. 1983)
                           - Luis Emilio Amiama Tió           (b. 1914 - d. 1980)
                           - Antonio Cosme Imbert Barrera     (b. 1920 - d. 2016)  Mil
                           - Enrique Rafael Valdez Vidaurre   (b. 1927 - d. 2003)
                           - Wilfredo Medina Natalio          (d. ....)
17 Jan 1962 - 18 Jan 1962  Huberto Carlos Conrado Godofred    (b. 1901 - d. 1962)  Mil
                             Bogaert Román
                             (president of Civic-Military Council)
18 Jan 1962 - 27 Feb 1963  Rafael Filiberto Bonnelly Fondeur  (b. 1904 - d. 1979)  Rep
27 Feb 1963 - 25 Sep 1963  Juan Emilio Bosch Gaviño           (b. 1909 - d. 2001)  PRD
25 Sep 1963 - 26 Sep 1963  Víctor Elby Viñas Román            (b. 1925? - d. 2004) Mil
                            (chairman Provisional Junta)
26 Sep 1963 - 25 Apr 1965  Triumvirate
                           - Emilio de los Santos y Salcié    (b. 1903 - d. 1986)  UCN 
                              (to 22 Dec 1963) (chairman)
                           - Manuel Enrique Tavares Espaillat (b. 1924 - d. 1984)  UCN
                              (to 27 Jun 1964)
                           - Ramón Tapia Espinal              (b. 1926 - d. 2002)  UCN
                              (to 8 Apr 1964)
                           - Donald Joseph Reid Cabral        (b. 1923 - d. 2006)  UCN
                              (from 30 Dec 1963)(chairman)
                           - Ramón Cáceres Troncoso           (b. 1930 - d. 2020)  UCN
                              (from 18 Apr 1964)
13 Oct 1963 -  4 Nov 1963  Juan Casasnovas Garrido            (b. 1918 - d. 1998)  PRD 
                             (provisional; in dissidence)
25 Apr 1965  (hours)       Revolutionary Committee
                           - Vinicio Antonio Fernández Pérez                       Mil
                           - Giovanni Gutiérrez Ramírez                            Mil
                           - Francisco Alberto Caamaño Deñó   (b. 1932 - d. 1973)  Mil
                           - Eladio Ramírez Sánchez           (b. 1934 - d. 2001)
                           - Pedro Bartolomé Benoit           (b. 1921 - d. 2012)  Mil
                              Vanderhorst
25 Apr 1965 - 27 Apr 1965  José Rafael Molina Ureña           (b. 1921 - d. 2000)  PRD
                             (provisional)
27 Apr 1965 -  1 May 1965  no recognized national authority
 1 May 1965 -  7 May 1965  Pedro Bartolomé Benoit Vanderhorst (s.a.)               Mil
                             (chairman military junta)
 4 May 1965 -  3 Sep 1965  Francisco Alberto Caamaño Deñó     (s.a.)               Mil
                             (in dissidence) 
 7 May 1965 - 30 Aug 1965  Antonio Cosme Imbert Barrera       (s.a.)               Mil
30 Aug 1965 -  3 Sep 1965  no recognized national authority
 3 Sep 1965 -  1 Jul 1966  Héctor Federico García Godoy       (b. 1921 - d. 1970)  PRSC
                             Cáceres (provisional)
 1 Jul 1966 - 16 Aug 1978  Joaquín Antonio Balaguer Ricardo   (s.a.)               PRSC 
                             (2nd time)
16 Aug 1978 -  4 Jul 1982  Silvestre Antonio Guzmán Fernández (b. 1911 - d. 1982)  PRD
 4 Jul 1982 - 16 Aug 1982  Jacobo Majluta Azar                (b. 1934 - d. 1996)  PRD
16 Aug 1982 - 16 Aug 1986  José Salvador Omar Jorge Blanco    (b. 1926 - d. 2010)  PRD
16 Aug 1986 - 16 Aug 1996  Joaquín Antonio Balaguer Ricardo   (s.a.)               PRSC
                             (3rd time)
16 Aug 1996 - 16 Aug 2000  Leonel Antonio Fernández Reyna     (b. 1953)            PLD 
                             (1st time)
16 Aug 2000 - 16 Aug 2004  Rafael Hipólito Mejía Domínqez     (b. 1941)            PRD 
16 Aug 2004 - 16 Aug 2012  Leonel Antonio Fernández Reyna     (s.a.)               PLD 
                             (2nd time)
16 Aug 2012 - 16 Aug 2020  Danilo Medina Sánchez              (b. 1951)            PLD
16 Aug 2020 -              Luis Rodolfo Abinader Corona       (b. 1967)            PRM

U.S. Military Commanders
 1 Apr 1903 - 21 Apr 1903  Richard G. McConnell               (b. 18.. - d. 1904)
                            (commander marine detachment U.S.S. Atlanta)
 3 Feb 1904 - 11 Feb 1904  James Philips Parker               (b. 1855 - d. 1942)
                            (commander landing party U.S.S. Newark)
 5 May 1916 - 12 May 1916  Frederic "Fritz" May Wise, Jr.     (b. 1877 - d. 1940)
                            (commander Marine expeditionary force)
12 May 1916 - 23 May 1916  William Banks Caperton             (b. 1855 - d. 1941)
                            (commander U.S. cruiser squadron, Atlantic Fleet)
Commanders of all U.S. Naval Forces ashore in Santo Domingo
23 May 1916 - 21 Jun 1916  Theodore P. Kane                   (b. 1868 - d. 1943)
21 Jun 1916 - 29 Nov 1916  Joseph Henry Pendleton             (s.a.)
U.S. Military Governors of Santo Domingo
29 Nov 1916 - 18 Nov 1918  Harry Shepard Knapp                (s.a.)
23 Aug 1917 - 11 Sep 1917  Edwin Alexander Anderson, Jr.      (s.a.) 
                             (acting for Knapp)
29 Oct 1917 - 29 Nov 1917  Joseph Henry Pendleton (1st time)  (s.a.)
                             (acting for Knapp)
 5 Feb 1918 - 17 Mar 1918  Joseph Henry Pendleton (2nd time)  (s.a.) 
                             (acting for Knapp)
 6 Apr 1918 -  1 Jun 1918  Joseph Henry Pendleton (3rd time)  (s.a.) 
                             (acting for Knapp)
 2 Jul 1918 -  1 Sep 1918  Joseph Henry Pendleton (4th time)  (s.a.)
                             (acting for Knapp)
18 Nov 1918 - 25 Feb 1919  Benjamin Hebard Fuller             (s.a.)  
25 Feb 1919 -  3 Jun 1921  Thomas Snowden, Jr.                (s.a.) 
 3 Jun 1921 - 20 Oct 1922  Samuel Shelburne Robison           (s.a.)
 3 Jan 1922 - 19 Feb 1922  Harry Lee (1st time)               (s.a.) 
                             (acting for Robison)
14 Jun 1922 - 24 Jul 1922  Harry Lee (2nd time)               (s.a.)
                             (acting for Robison)
21 Oct 1922 - 12 Jul 1924  Harry Lee (acting to Mar 1923)     (s.a.)
U.S. Commissioner to the Dominican Republic, with the rank of
Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary
29 Jul 1922 - 12 Jul 1924  Benjamin Sumner Welles             (b. 1892 - d. 1961)
Commanders of U.S. Land Forces (from 28 May 1965, Commander U.S. Forces in the
Dominican Republic and Deputy Commander Inter-American Peace Force [USFORDOMREP])
 1 May 1965 - 13 Jan 1966  Bruce Palmer, Jr.                  (b. 1913 - d. 2000)
13 Jan 1966 - Sep 1966     Robert R. Linvill                  (b. 1913 - d. ....)
Commanders of the Inter-American Peace Force (IAPF)
23 May 1965 - 31 May 1965  Bruce Palmer, Jr. (U.S.)(acting)   (s.a.)
31 May 1965 - 17 Jan 1966  Hugo Panasco Alvim (Brazil)        (b. 1901 - d. 1978)
17 Jan 1966 - 21 Sep 1966  Álvaro Alves da Silva Braga        (b. 1906 - d. 1971)
                             (Brazil)

Territorial Disputes: Haitian migrants cross the porous border into the Dominican Republic to find work; illegal migrants from the Dominican Republic cross the Mona Passage each year to Puerto Rico to find better work.

Party abbreviations: PLD = Partido de la Liberación Dominicana (Dominican Liberation Party, progressive centrist, est.1973); PRD = Partido Revolucionario Dominicano (Dominican Revolutionary Party, social-democratic, center-left, est.1939); PRM = Partido Revolucionario Moderno (Modern Revolutionary Party, social democratic, reformist, former Alianza Social Dominicana [Dominican Social Alliance], est.9 Sep 2014); PRSC = Partido Reformista Social Cristiano (Social Christian Reformist Party, conservative, center-right, est.1963); Mil = Military;
- Former parties: Con = Conservative; Lib = Liberal; PA = Partido Azule ("Blue" Party, "los Bolos," liberal, from 1899 nicknamed "Jimenistas," later becomes Partido Nacional Liberal and Partido Nacional, 19th cent.-1916); PD = Partido Dominicano (Dominican Party, conservative, authoritarian, Trujillo personalist, de facto only party, 1931-1961); PN = Partido Nacional (National Party); PR = Partido Rojo ("Red" Party, "los Coludos," conservative, from 1899 nicknamed "Horacistas", 19th cent.-1916); Rep = Partido Republicano (Republican Party); Res = Restaurador (Restoration, opponents of Spanish rule); Tri = Trinitario (Trinitarin, conservative, pro-independence, 1838-1858); Ver = Partido Verde ("Green" party, Unionist, union between PA and PR)