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Angola
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![[Portugal]](pt.gif)
![[Langhans' proposal for Portuguese Angola, 1967]](ao-1967.gif)
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Secretaries of the Popular Liberation Movement of Angola-Labor
Party (MPLA-PT)
(to Dec 1977, Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola)
Dec 1962 - 10 Sep 1979 António Agostinho
Neto
(b. 1922 - d. 1979)
(in exile to 4 Feb 1975 [in Léopoldville
to Nov 1963, then] in Brazzaville])
10 Sep 1979 - 26 Mar 1991 José Eduardo dos Santos
(b. 1942)
(acting to 21 Sep 1979)
(moves to multi-party rule 26 Mar 1991)
Captain-governor Donatário
1 Feb 1575 - 1589
Paulo Días de Novias (b. c.1510 - d. 1589)
Governors
1578 - 1591
Luís Serrão
1591 - Jun 1592
André Ferreira Pereira
Jun 1592 - 1593
Francisco de Almeida
1593 - 1594
Jerónimo de Almeida
1594 - 1602
João Furtado de Mendonça
1602 - 1603
João Rodrigues Coutinho
1603 - 1606
Manuel Cerveira Pereira (1st time)
1606 - 1607
Paio de Araujo de Azevedo
Sep 1607 - 1611
Manuel Pereira Forjaz
1611 - 1615
Bento Banha Cardoso
1615 - 1617
Manuel Cerveira Pereira (2nd time)
1617 - 1621
Luís Mendes de Vasconcelos
1621 - 1623
João Correia de Sousa
1623
Pedro de Sousa Coelho
1623 - 1624
Simão de Mascarenhas
1624 - 4 Sep 1630
Fernão de Sousa (b. c.1570 - d. 16..)
4 Sep 1630 - 1635
Manuel Pereira Coutinho
1635 - 18 Oct 1639
Francisco de Vasconcelos da Cunha
18 Oct 1639 - Oct 1645 Pedro César
de Meneses
(from 1641, in opposition to Dutch rule)
Dutch Directors
1641 - 1642
Pieter Moorthamer
1642 - 1648
Cornelis Hendrikszoon Ouman
Governors
Oct 1645 - 1646
Francisco de Souto-Maior
(in opposition to Dutch rule)
1646 - 24 Aug 1648
Triumvirate Junta
- Bartolomeu de Vasconcelos da Cunha
(chairman of the Junta)
- António Teixeira de Mendonça
- João Zuzarte de Andrade
24 Aug 1648 - 1651
Salvador Correia de Sá e
Benavides
Oct 1651 - 1653
Rodrigo de Miranda Henriques
1653 - Oct 1654
Bartolomeu de Vasconcelos
da Cunha (acting)
Oct 1654 - 18 Apr 1658 Luís Mendes
de Sousa Chicorro
18 Apr 1658 - 1661
João Fernandes Vieira
1661 - Sep 1666
André Vidal de Negreiros
Sep 1666 - Feb 1667 Tristão
da Cunha
Feb 1667 - 1668
Junta
- Antonio de Araujo de Azevedo
- Paulo Rebello da Cunha
- Roque Vieira de Lima
- Paulo Valente
- Diogo Vaz Camello
1668 - 1669
Junta
- Thomaz Borges Madureira
- Luiz da Silva de Motta
- João de Araujo
- João Cardozo
- Gaspar Zuzarte de Andrade
- Antonio Rodrigues de Andrade
1669 - 26 Aug 1669
Junta
- João Marques de Almeida
- Antonio de Estrada
- João de Gouvea
- Thomaz Figueira Bultão
- Henrique de Mendonça
- João Ferreira da Maia
Aug 1669 - 1676
Francisco de Távora
1676 - 1680
Pires de Saldanha de Sousa e
Meneses
1680 - 1684
João da Silva e Sousa
1684 - 1688
Luís Lobo da Silva
1688 - 1691
João de Lencastre
1691 - 1694
Gonçalo da Costa de Alcáçova
Carneiro de Meneses
1694 - 1697
Henrique Jacques de Magalhães
1698 - 1701
Luís César de Meneses
(b. 1653 - d. 1720)
1701 - Dec 1702
Bernardino de Tavora e
Sousa
(b. c.1630 - d. 1702)
Dec 1702 - Nov 1705 Chamber
Senate
20 Nov 1705 - 1709
Lourenço de Almada
(b. c.1645 - d. 1729)
1709 - 1713
António de Saldanha de Albuquerque (b. c.1670 - d. 17..)
Castro e Ribafria
1713 - 1717
João Manuel de Noronha
1717 - 1722
Henrique de Figueiredo e Alarcão
1722 - 1725
António de Albuquerque Coelho de (b. c.1685 - d. 17..)
Carvalho
1725 - 1726
José Carvalho da Costa (acting)
1726 - 1732
Paulo Caetano de Albuquerque (d. 1732)
1733 - 1738
Rodrigo César de Menezes (b. 1673 - d. 1738)
1738 - 1748
Joaquim Jacques de Magalhães
(d. 1748)
1748 - 1749
Fonseca Coutinho (acting)
1749 - 1753
António de Almeida Soares e
(b. 1699 - d. 1761)
Portugal, conde do Lavradio
1753 - 1758
António Álvares da Cunha
1758 - 1764
António de Vasconcelos
1764 - 1772
Francisco Inocêncio de Sousa (b. c.1725 - d. ....)
Coutinho
1772 - 1779
António de Lencastre
(b. 1721 - d. ....)
1779 - 1782
José Gonçalo da Gama
1782 - 1783
Junta
- Luiz da Annunção, obispo
- Joaquim Manoel Garcia (to 178.)
- Francisco-Xavier de Lobão
(after Garcia)
- João Monteiro de Moraes
(for 51 days)
- Pedro Alvares de Andrade
(after Moraes)
1784 - 1790
José de Almeida e Vasconcelos (b.
1737 - d. 18..)
Soveral Carvalho e Albergaria,
barão de Mossâmedes
1790 - 1797
Manuel de Almeida e Vasconcelos,
visconde da Lapa
1797 - 1802
Miguel António de Melo
1802 - 1806
Fernão António de Noronha
1807 - 1810
António de Saldanha da Gama
(b. 1778 - d. 1839)
1810 - 1816
José de Oliveira Barbosa
1816 - 1819
Luís da Motta Feo e Torres
(b. 1769 - d. 1823)
1819 - 1821
Manuel Vieira Tovar de Albuquerque
1821 - 1822
Joaquim Inácio de Lima
1822 - 1823
Bishop João Damasceno Da Silva
Póvoas (President of the Junta)
1823
Cristóvão Avelino Dias
1823 - 1829
Nicolau de Abreu Castelo-Branco (b. 1781 - d. 18..)
1829 - 1834
José Maria de Sousa Macedo Almeida (b. 1787 - d. 1872)
e Vasconcelos, barão de Santa
Comba Dão
1834 - 1836
Junta
- Leonardo José Vilela
(president of the Junta)
- Candido Francisco da Silva
- Inocencio Matoso de Andrade
Camara
1836
Domingos de Saldanha Oliveira e (b. 1800
- d. 1836)
Daun
Governors-general
1837 - 1839
Manuel Bernardo Vidal
1839
António Manuel de Noronha
(b. 1772 - d. 18..)
1839 - 1842
Manuel Eleutério Malheiro (acting)
1842 - 1843
José Xavier Bressane Leite
(b. 1780 - d. 1843)
1843 - 1845
Lourenço Germack Possolo
(b. 1779 - d. 18..)
1845 - 1848
Pedro Alexandrino da Cunha
(b. 1801 - d. 1850)
1848 - 1851
Adrião Acácio da Silveira Pinto
1851 - 1853
António Sérgio de Sousa
(b. 1809 - d. 1878)
1853
António Ricardo Graça
1853 - 1854
Miguel Ximenes Rodrigues Sandoval (b. 1806 - d. 1884)
de Castro e Viegas, visconde de
Pinheiro
1854 - 1860
José Rodrigues Coelho do Amaral (b. 1808 - d.
1873)
(1st time)
1860 - 1861
Carlos Augusto Franco
1861 - 1862
Sebastião Lopes de Calheiros
(b. 1816 - d. 1899)
e Meneses
1862 - 1865
José Baptista de Andrade
(b. 1819 - d. 1902)
(1st time)
1865 - 1868
Francisco Antonio Gonçalves
(b. 1800 - d. 1875)
Cardoso
1868 - 1870
José Rodrigues Coelho do Amaral (s.a.)
(2nd time)
1870 - 1873
José Maria da Ponte e Horta
1873 - 1876
José Baptista de Andrade
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
1876 - 1878
Caetano Alexandre de Almeida (b. 1824
- d. 1894)
e Albuquerque
1878 - 1880
Vasco Guedes de Carvalho e Meneses (b. 1824 - d. 1905)
1880 - 1882
António Eleutério Dantas
1882 - 1886
Francisco Joaquim Ferreira do (b. 1844 -
d. 1923)
Amaral
1886 - 1892
Gilherme Auguste de Brito Capêlo (b. 1839 - d. 1926)
(1st time)
25 Aug 1892 - Sep 1893 Jaime Lôbo
de Brito Godins (acting)
1893 - 1896
Álvaro Ferreira
1896 - 1897
Gilherme Auguste de Brito Capêlo (s.a.)
(2nd time)
1897 - 1900
António Duarte Ramada Curto
(b. 1849 - d. 19..)
(1st time)
1900 - 1903
Francisco Xavier Cabral de (b. 1857 - d. 19..)
Moncada
1903 - 1904
Eduardo Augusto Ferreira da Costa (b. 1865 - d. 1907)
(1st time)
1904
Custódio Miguel de Borja
(b. 1849 - d. 19..)
1904 - 1905
António Duarte Ramada Curto
(s.a.)
(2nd time)(acting)
1905 - 1906
Caminho de Ferro de Mossámedes
1906 - 1907
Eduardo Augusto Ferreira da Costa (s.a.)
(2nd time)
Jun 1907 - Jun 1909 Henrique
Mitchell de Paiva (b. 1861
- d. 1944)
Couceiro
1909
Álvaro António da Costa Ferreira
(b. 1853 - d. 1933)
(acting)
1909 - 1910
José Augusto Alves Roçadas
(b. 1865 - d. 1926)
1910 - 1911
Caetano Francisco Cláudio Eugénio
Gonçalves (acting)
1911 - 1912
Manuel Maria Coelho
(b. 1857 - d. 1943)
1912 - 1915
José Mendes Ribeiro Norton de (b.
1867 - d. 1955)
Matos
1915 - 1916
António Júlio da Costa Pereira de
Eça
1916 - 1917
Pedro Francisco Massano do Amorim (b. 1862 - d. 1929)
1917 - 1918
Jaime Alberto de Castro Morais (b. 1882 - d. 1973)
1918 - 1919
Filomeno da Câmara Melo Cabral (b. 1873 -
d. 1934)
1919 - 1920
Mimoso Guera (acting)
1920 - 1921
Francisco Coelho do Amaral Reis, (b. 1873 - d. 1938)
visconde de Pedralva
High commissioners and Governors-general
1921 - 1924
José Mendes Ribeiro Norton de (s.a.)
Matos
1924
João Augusto Crispiniano Soares
1924 - 1925
Antero Tavares de Carvalho
1925 - 1926
Francisco Cunha Rêgo Cháves (b. 1881 - d. 1941)
1926 - 1928
António Vicente Ferreira
1928 - 1929
António Damas Mora (acting)
1929 - 1931
Filomeno da Câmara Melo Cabral (s.a.)
1931 - 1933
José Dionísio Carneiro de Sousa
e Faro
1933 - 1935
Eduardo Dato e Iradier (b. 1856 - d. 1921)
1936 - 1936
Júlio Garcês de Lencastre
1936 - 1940
António Lopes Matheus
1940 - 1942
Manoel da Cunha e Costa Marquês
Mano
1942
Abel de Abreu Souto-Maior
1942 - 1943
Álvaro de Freitas Morna
1943
Manuel Pereira Figueira
1943 - 1947
Vasco Lopes Alves
(b. 1898 - d. c.1975)
1947
Fernando Falcão Pacheco Mena
1948 - 1955
José Agapito de Silva Carvalho
1955 - 1956
Manoel de Gusmão Mascarenhas
(b. 1901)
Gaivão
1956 - 15 Jan 1960
Horácio Sá Viana Rebelo (b. c.1900)
15 Jan 1960 - 23 Jun 1961 Álvaro Rodrigues da Silva
Tavares (b. 1915)
23 Jun 1961 - 26 Sep 1962 Venâncio Augusto Deslandes
(b. 1909 - d. 1985)
26 Sep 1962 - 27 Oct 1966 Silvino Silvério Marquês
(1st time)(b. 1918)
27 Oct 1966 - Oct 1972 Camilo Augusto de
Miranda Rebocho (b. 1920 - d. 1998)
Vaz
Oct 1972 - May 1974 Fernando
Augusto Santos Castro (b. 1922 - d. 1983)
May 1974 - 15 Jun 1974 Joaquín Franco
Pinheiro (acting)
15 Jun 1974 - 24 Jul 1974 Silvino Silvério Marquês
(2nd time)(s.a.)
24 Jul 1974 - 28 Jan 1975 António Alva Rosa Coutinho
(b. 1926)
(acting to 29 Nov 1974)
28 Jan 1975 - 2 Aug 1975 António Silva Cardoso
(b. 1928)
2 Aug 1975 - 26 Aug 1975 Ernesto Ferreira de Macedo
(acting)
26 Aug 1975 - 10 Nov 1975 Leonel Alexandre Gomes Cardoso (b. 1919 - d. 1988)
Presidents
11 Nov 1975 - 10 Sep 1979 António Agostinho Neto
(s.a.)
MPLA-PT
10 Sep 1979 -
José Eduardo dos Santos
(s.a.)
MPLA-PT
(acting to 21 Sep 1979)
Presidential Council of the Transitional Government
31 Jan 1975 - 15 Jul 1975 Lopo Fortunato Ferreira do
(b. 1942)
MPLA
Nascimento
+ José de Assunção Alberto Ndele
(b. 1940)
UNITA
+ Johnny Eduardo Pinnock
(b. 1942 - d. 2000) FNLA
(Chairman in rotation)
Prime ministers
11 Nov 1975 - 9 Dec 1978 Lopo Fortunato Ferreira do
(s.a.)
MPLA-PT
Nascimento
19 Jul 1991 - 2 Dec 1992 Fernando José de França
Dias (b. 1952)
MPLA-PT
van Dúnem (1st time)
2 Dec 1992 - 3 Jun 1996 Marcolino José Carlos
Moco (b. 1953)
MPLA-PT
3 Jun 1996 - 29 Jan 1999 Fernando José de França
Dias (s.a.)
MPLA-PT
van Dúnem (2nd time)
6 Dec 2002 -
Fernando "Nando" da Piedade Dias (b. 1952)
MPLA-PT
dos Santos
Supreme Council for the Liberation of Angola
![[Angola - FNLA]](ao-fnla.gif)
Prime minister
5 Apr 1962 - 11 Nov 1975 Álvaro Holden Roberto
(b. 1923 - d. 2007) FNLA
(provisional; in Leopoldville
[Khinshasa], Congo exile)
![[Angola - MPLA]](ao-mpla.gif)
- Territorial Dispute: Many Cabinda exclave secessionists have sought shelter in neighboring states.
- Party abbreviations: FNLA = Frente Nacional de Libertação para de Angola (National Front for the Liberation of Angola, northern regionalist; [formed 1957 as Unio das Populacoes do Norte de Angola UPNA]); MPLA-PT = Movimento Popular da Libertação de Angola -Partido de Trabalho
- (Popular Liberation Movement of Angola-Labor Party, authoritarian/extreme leftist renounces marxism 26 Mar 1991, only legal party Nov 1975-1991, primarily ethnic Kimbundu); PDL = Partido Democratico Liberale (Liberal Democratic Party); UNITA = União Nacional para a Independência Total de Angola (National Union for the Total Independence of Angola, authoritarian/conservative, primarily ethnic Ovimbundu)
Counter governments: Democratic People's Republic of Angola
![[Angola - UNITA]](ao-unita.gif)
11 Nov 1975 Democratic People's Republic of Angola (counter-government,
at Huambo).
11 Feb 1976 Suppressed by Angolan government.
1979 Democratic People's Republic of Angola (counter-government,
at Cunjamba and later Jamba).
1992 Brief end to civil war which it resumes after UNITA disputes
national election results.
1994 - Dec 1998 Ceasefire.
4 Apr 2002 Accord ends civil war.
Presidents of the Joint National Council for the Revolution
11 Nov 1975 - 11 Feb 1976 Álvaro Holden Roberto
(b. 1923 - d. 2007) FNLA
+ Jonas Malheiro Savimbi
(b. 1934 - d. 2002) UNITA
Presidents
1979 - 22 Feb 2002
Jonas Malheiro Savimbi
(s.a.)
UNITA
22 Feb 2002 - 3 Mar 2002 António Sebastiao Dembo (b. 1944 - d. 2002) UNITA
3 Mar 2002 - 4 Apr 2002 Paulo Armindo Lukamba Gato
(acting)(b. 1954)
UNITA
(chairman of the managerial commission)
Prime ministers
23 Nov 1975 - 11 Feb 1976 José de Assunção
Alberto Ndele (b. 1940)
UNITA
+ Johnny Eduardo Pinnock
(b. 1942 - d. 2000) FNLA
Party abbreviations: FNLA = Frente Nacional para a
Libertação de Angola (National Front for the Liberation of
Angola, northern regionalist); UNITA = União Nacional para
a Independência Total de Angola (National Union for the Total Independence
of Angola, authoritarian,
conservative, primarily ethnic Ovimbundu)
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"Pátria Imortal" (Immortal Homeland) |
Adopted 1975 |
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(Tchiowa) |
(AOA) |
1 Aug (1975) Independence Day |
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(included within Angola figures) |
Kotchi, Yombe, Sundi, Lumbo, Mayombe, others |
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claims 5,000 (2002) |
traditional beliefs |
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| International Organizations FLEC: UNPO (from 1997) | |||
- 29 Sep 1883 Cabinda a Portuguese protectorate (Portuguese Congo).
- 14 Feb 1885 Portuguese possession confirmed by the Berlin Conference.
- 18 Jul 1885 Portuguese Congo district created (seat: Cabinda).
- 1887 Cabinda constituted as a circunscrição administrativa within the
- Congo distrito, having a its own special resident.
- 1919 Made a separate district of Cabinda.
- 4 May 1921 Angola divided into 11 districts (subdivided into circunscriçoês),
- Cabinda re-incorporated into the Congo district (by carta
- orgânica da província).
- Mar 1922 District of Zaire created, the Intendancy of Cabinda
- becomes part of the Zaire district.
- 1930 Intendancy of Zaire and Cabinda.
- 1932 With the integration of districts of Zaire and Congo, the
- Intendancy of Cabinda becomes directly dependent on the
- governor-general of Angola.
- 19 Mar 1933 The new Portuguese fundamental law maintains distinction
- between Angola and Cabinda among its overseas provinces.
- 1 Jul 1934 Angola divided into 14 districts (by reforma administrativa
- ultramarina).
- 1936 Angola divied into 5 provinces: Luanda (districts: Luanda, Cuanza
- Norte, Congo, Zaire and Cabinda), Malanje, Benguela, Bié, Hula.
- 1946 District of Cabinda restored.
- 28 May 1956 Cabinda administratively incorporated into Angola.
- May 1963 Organization of African Unity (OAU) ranks Cabinda as the
- 39th state still to be decolonized (Angola as the 35th).
- 10 Jan 1967 FLEC establishes Cabindan government in exile in Congo (Kinshasa).
- 15 Jan 1975 Portugal meets with Angolan factions (MPLA, FNLA and UNITA) and,
- under Alvor Agreement, recognizes Cabinda as part of Angola.
- 1 Aug 1975 Independence declared by FLEC (Republic of Cabinda)
- (not recognized by Portugal or other Angolan factions).
- 11 Nov 1975 Cabinda part of independent Angola.
1885 - 1886 Jaime Pereira de Sampaio Forjaz
de Serpa Pimentel
1890 - 1892 José António de Miranda
(did not take office)
1892 - 1897 João Francisco Nunes
1897 Luís Gonzaga Ribeiro
1899 Henrique Quirino da Fonseca
Governors of Congo district
14 Jul 1887 - 1889 João de Brissac das Neves Ferreira
1889 - 1890 António de Azarado de Vasconcelos
1890 - 1893 António Sérgio de Sousa
1893 - 1895 Nuno de Freitas Queriol (1st time)
1895 - 1896 Jaime Pereira de Sampaio Forjaz de
Serpa Pimenta
1895 - 1896 Eduardo Augusto Gomes de Sousa
(1st time)
1896 - 1897 Nuno de Freitas Queriol (2nd time)
1897 Eduardo Augusto Gomes de Sousa
(2nd time)
1897 - 1899 Luís Bernardino Leitão Xavier
1899 - 1900 Henrique Quirino da Fonseca
1900 Augusto Pereira do Vale
1900 - 1901 Jaime da Fonseca Monteiro
1901 Pedro de Azevedo Coutinho
1901 Raúl Correia Betancourt de Furtado
1901 - 1902 João dos Santos Pereira Jardim
Governors of Cabinda district
1946 - 1949 Raul de Lima
1949 - 1956 Ismael Pais
1956 João Baptista Duarte Pinheira
1956 - 1957 Jaime António Tavares Machado
Banazol
1957 - 1958 Norberto Augusto Lopes
1959 - 1961 José Paulo Paixão Barradas
1961 - 1963 Júlio de Araújo Ferreiro
1964 - 1965 Artur João Cabral Carmona
1965 - 1966 Adriano Augusto Pires
1966 - 1968 João Tiroa
1968 - 1970 Américo Agostinho Mendóça Frazão
1970 - 1971 Eurico Ferreira Gonçalves
1971 - 1975 João António Pinheiro
1975 - Nov 1975 Manuel Freire Themudo Barata (b. 1919 - d. 2003)
Governors of Cabinda province
Nov 1975 - 19.. Armando Dembo
19.. - 19.. Pedro Maria Tonha "Pedale" (b. 1941? - d. 1995)
19.. - 1991 ....
1991 Maria Mambo Café (f) (b. 1945)
1991 - Jan 1995 Augusto da Silva Tomás
Jan 1995 - Apr 2002 José Amaro Tati
Apr 2002 - José Aníbal Lopes Rocha
![[FLEC 1974 flag]](ao-flecb.gif)
FLEC flag from 1974
10 Jan 1967 - 1 Aug 1975 Pedro Simba Macosso (b. 1927) FLEC
(in Tshela, Congo [Kinshasa] exile)
Aug 1975 - Jan 1976 Luis de Gonzaga Branque Franque FLEC
(provisional to Aug 1975;
from 1976 in Congo [Kinshasa] exile)
Prime minister
Jul 1975 - Jan 1976 Francisco
Xavier Lubota (b. 1942? - d. 2006) FLEC
(provisional to 1 Aug 1975;
from Nov 1975 in Congo [Kinshasa] exile)
Party abbreviations: FELC = Frente para a Libertação
do Enclave de Cabinda (Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda,
Cabinda regionalist, separatist, est.1963], split 1976 into FLEC-N and FLEC-L);
FLEC-L = FLEC-Lubota (FLEC faction, Francisco Xavier Lubota
personalist, est.1976);
FLEC-N = FLEC-N'Zita (FLEC faction, Henrique Tiaho N'Zita
personalist, est.1976)
©2000 Ben Cahoon