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Angola
 
[Portugal]
                to 11 Nov 1975 
 
[Langhans' proposal for Portuguese Angola, 1967]
          1967 (proposed colonial flag) 
 
              Adopted 11 Nov 1975
 
Map of Angola
Hear National Anthem
"Angola Avante"
(Forward Angola) 
Text of National Anthem
 Anthem Adopted 11 Nov 1975
Constitution
(5 Feb 2010; in Portuguese)
------------------------------
Interim Constitution
(11 Nov 1975 - 5 Feb 2010)
Capital: Luanda
(1912-1927 Humbo;
1927-1975 Nova Lisboa;
1576-1912 Loanda)
Currency: Kwanza (AOA)
National Holiday: 11 Nov (1975)
Independence Day
Population: 12,531,357 (2008)
GDP: $110.3 billion (2008)
Exports:  $72.5 billion (2008)
Imports: $15.2 billion (2008)
Ethnic groups: Ovimbundu 25.2%, Kimbundu 23.1%,
Bakongo 12.6%,
Lwenea (Luvale) 8.2%, Chokwe 5%, Kwanyam 4.1%, Nyaneka 3.9%, Luchazi 2.3%, Ambo (Ovambo) 2%,
Mbwela 1.7%, Nyemba 1.7%,
European 1%, other 9.2% (2000)
Total Armed Forces: 108,400 (2006)
Merchant marine: 6 ships (2008)
Religions: Christian 94.1% (Roman Catholic 62.1%,
Protestant 15%), indigenous beliefs 5%, other 0.9% (2001)
International Organizations/Treaties: ACP, AfDB, APM, AU, CEEAC, CPLP, CTBT (signatory), FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISA, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC, KP, LU, MIGA, NAM, NPT, OAS (observer), OPEC, SADC, UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Angola Index
Chronology
1482                        Discovered by Portuguese under Diogo Cão.
 1 Feb 1575                 Portuguese colony (Angola donataría).
15 Jul 1580 -  1 Dec 1640   Angola along with Portugal a Spanish possession.
1589                        Crown colony (Portuguese West Africa). 
26 Aug 1641-21/24 Aug 1648  Dutch occupation of coastal areas forcing
                              the Portuguese into the interior 
                              (Dutch West Africa)(in Luanda [Fort Aardenburgh]
                              26 Aug 1641 - 21/24 Aug 1648; Benguela Sep
                              1641 - 1648; Ensandeira Island 1645/46-1648). 
14 Feb 1885                 Portuguese possession confirmed by the Berlin
                              Conference.
15 Aug 1914                 Portuguese West Africa colony (sometimes 
                              called simply Angola).
11 Jun 1951                 Angola overseas province of Portugal.
 5 Apr 1962                 Angolan Revolutionary Government in Exile
                              (GRAE), from 1972, Supreme Council of the 
                              Liberation of Angola, established in Congo
                              (Kinshasa).
11 Nov 1975                 Independence from Portugal (People's Republic 
                              of Angola).
27 Aug 1992                 Republic of Angola
Traditional
States
Counter Governments
(1975-76,
 1979-2002)
Cabinda
 Map of Angolan
Tribes (1970)
 
 

Secretaries of the Popular Liberation Movement of Angola-Labor Party (MPLA-PT)
(to Dec 1977, Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola)
Dec 1962 - 10 Sep 1979     António Agostinho Neto             (b. 1922 - d. 1979)
                             (in exile to 4 Feb 1975 [in Léopoldville
                             to Nov 1963, then] in Brazzaville])
10 Sep 1979 - 26 Mar 1991  José Eduardo dos Santos            (b. 1942)
                             (acting to 21 Sep 1979)
                           (moves to multi-party rule 31 Mar 1991)

Captain-governor Donatário
 1 Feb 1575 – Oct 1588     Paulo Dias de Novais               (b. c.1510 - d. 1588)
Governors
Oct 1588 - 1590            Luís Serrão                        (d. 1590)
1590 - Jun 1592            André Ferreira Pereira
Jun 1592 – 08 Dec 1594     Francisco de Almeida
1593 – Aug 1595            Jerônimo de Almeida
Aug 1595 - 1602            João Furtado de Mendonça
1602 - 1603                João Rodrigues Coutinho            (d. 1603)
1603 - 1606                Manuel Cerveira Pereira (1st time)
1606 - 1607                Paio de Araujo de Azevedo
Sep 1607 - 1611            Manuel Pereira Forjaz              (d. 1611)
1611 - 1615                Bento Banha Cardoso
1615 – 11 Apr 1617         Manuel Cerveira Pereira (2nd time)
11 Apr 1617 – Nov 1617     Antonio Gonçalves Pita 
Nov 1617 - 1621            Luís Mendes de Vasconcelos
1621 - 1623                João Correia de Sousa              (d. 1626)
1623                       Pedro de Sousa Coelho
1623 - 1624                Simão de Mascarenhas
1624 -  4 Sep 1630         Fernão de Sousa                    (b. c.1570 - d. 16..)
 4 Sep 1630 - 1635         Manuel Pereira Coutinho
1635 - 18 Oct 1639         Francisco de Vasconcelos da Cunha
18 Oct 1639 - Oct 1645     Pedro César de Meneses             (d. 1674)
                             (from 1641, in opposition to Dutch rule)

Dutch Directors
1641 - 1642                Pieter Moorthamer (Mortamer)
1642 - 1648                Cornelis Hendrikszoon Ouman
Governors
Oct 1645 - May 1646        Francisco de Souto-Maior
                             (in opposition to Dutch rule)
May 1646 - 24 Aug 1648     Triumvirate Junta
                           - Bartolomeu de Vasconcelos da Cunha
                             (chairman of the Junta)
                           - António Teixeira de Mendonça
                           - João Zuzarte de Andrade

24 Aug 1648 - 1651         Salvador Correia de Sá e           (b. 1602 - d. 1688) 
                             Benavides
Oct 1651 - 1653            Rodrigo de Miranda Henriques       (b. 1600 - d. 1653)
1653 - Oct 1654            Bartolomeu de Vasconcelos 
                             da Cunha (acting)
Oct 1654 - 18 Apr 1658     Luís Mendes de Sousa Chichorro     (d. 1658)
18 Apr 1658 - 1661         João Fernandes Vieira              (b. c.1613 - d. 1681)
1661 - 20 Aug 1666         André Vidal de Negreiros           (b. 1606 - d. 1680)
20 Aug 1666 - Feb 1667     Tristão da Cunha
Feb 1667 - 1668            Junta
                           - António de Araujo de Azevedo
                           - Paulo Rebello da Cunha
                           - Roque Vieira de Lima
                           - Paulo Valente
                           - Diogo Vaz Camello 
1668 - 1669                Junta
                           - Thomaz Borges Madureira
                           - Luiz da Silva de Motta
                           - João de Araujo
                           - João Cardozo
                           - Gaspar Zuzarte de Andrade
                           - António Rodrigues de Andrade
1669 - 26 Aug 1669         Junta
                           - João Marques de Almeida
                           - António de Estrada
                           - João de Gouvea
                           - Thomaz Figueira Bultão
                           - Henrique de Mendonça
                           - João Ferreira da Maia
Aug 1669 - 1676            Francisco de Távora, conde de Alvor 
28 Aug 1676 – 11 Sep 1680  Ayres de Saldanha de Sousa e 
                             Meneses
11 Sep 1680 – 12 Sep 1684  João da Silva de Sousa
12 Sep 1684 –  8 Sep 1688  Luís Lobo da Silva
 8 Sep 1688 –  1 Nov 1691  João de Lencastre
 1 Nov 1691 –  3 Nov 1694  Gonçalo da Costa de Alcáçova
                             Carneiro de Menezes
 3 Nov 1694 –  9 Nov 1697  Henrique Jacques de Magalhães
 9 Nov 1697 –  5 Sep 1701  Luís César de Meneses              (b. 1653 - d. 1720)
 5 Sep 1701 - Dec 1702     Bernardim de Távora e Sousa Tavares(b. c.1630 - d. 1702) 
Dec 1702 – 20 Nov 1705     Chamber Senate
20 Nov 1705 –  4 Oct 1709  Lourenço de Almada                 (b. c.1650 - d. 1729)
 4 Oct 1709 – 22 Feb 1713  António de Saldanha de Albuquerque (b. c.1670 - d. 17..)
                             Castro e Ribafria
22 Feb 1713 – 15 Jun 1717  João Manuel de Noronha
15 Jun 1717 – 22 Mar 1722  Henrique de Figueiredo e Alarcão   (b. c.1660 - d. 17..)
22 Mar 1722 – 25 Apr 1725  António de Albuquerque Coelho de   (b. c.1685 - d. 1725) 
                             Carvalho
25 Apr 1725 –  7 May 1726  José Carvalho da Costa (acting)
 7 May 1726 – Dec 1732     Paulo Caetano de Albuquerque       (d. 1732)
Dec 1732 –  1 Jan 1733     Chamber Senate
 1 Jan 1733 –  1 Apr 1738  Rodrigo César de Menezes           (b. 1673 - d. 1738)
 1 Apr 1738 – 17 Apr 1748  Joaquim Jacques de Magalhães       (d. 1748)
17 Apr 1748 – 12 Jan 1749  Governing Junta 
                           - Frei Manoel de Santa Inês        (b. 1704 - d. 1771)
                           - Victoriano de Faria e Mello
                               Varejão Castello Branco
                           - Fernando José da Cunha Pereira 
12 Jan 1749 – 31 Jul 1753  António de Almeida Soares e        (b. 1699 - d. 1761)
                             Portugal, conde do Lavradio
31 Jul 1753 – 14 Oct 1758  António Álvares da Cunha           (b. 1700 - d. 1791)
14 Oct 1758 –  6 Jun 1764  António de Vasconcelos
 6 Jun 1764 – 21 Nov 1772  Francisco Inocêncio de Sousa       (b. c.1725 - d. ....)
                             Coutinho
21 Nov 1772 –  5 Dec 1779  António de Lencastre               (b. 1721 - d. ....)
 5 Dec 1779 – 19 Dec 1782  José Gonçalo da Câmara Coutinho    (d. 1783)
19 Dec 1782 – Sep 1784     Junta                          
                           - Luiz da Anunciação e Azevedo 
                           - Joaquim Manoel Garcia de Castro  (d. 1783)
                               Barbosa (to ... 1783)
                           - Francisco Xavier de Lobão
                               
Machado Pessanha (from ... 1783)
                           - João Monteiro de Moraes          (d. 1783)
                               (for 51 days)
                           - Pedro Alvares de Andrade da
                               Cunha Azevedo e Vasconcellos
                               (after Moraes)
Sep 1784 - 1790            José de Almeida e Vasconcelos      (b. 1737 - d. 18..)
                             Soveral Carvalho e Albergaria,
                             barão de Mossâmedes
1790 - 1797                Manuel de Almeida e Vasconcelos,
                             visconde da Lapa
1797 - 1802                Miguel António de Melo             (b. 1766 - d. 1836)
1802 - 1806                Fernando António Soares de Noronha (b. 1742 - d. 1814)
1806 – Mar 1807            Governing Junta
                           - Joaquim Maria Mascarenhas Castelo
                               Branco
                           - Duarte Cabreira de Brito e
                               Arvellos
                           - Manoel Pinto Coelho
                           - Eusébio Castela de Lemos  
Mar 1807 –  7 Jul 1810     António de Saldanha da Gama        (b. 1778 - d. 1839)
 7 Jul 1810 –  3 Jul 1816  José de Oliveira Barbosa,
         (b. 1753 - d. 1844) 
                             visconde do Rio Comprido  
 3 Jul 1816 –  7 Sep 1819  Luís da Motta Feo e Torres         (b. 1769 - d. 1823)
 7 Sep 1819 - 1821         Manuel Vieira Tovar de Albuquerque (b. 1776 - d. 1833)
1821 –  6 Feb 1822         Joaquim Inácio de Lima
 6 Feb 1822 –  2 Oct 1823  Bishop João Damasceno da Silva
                             Póvoas
                             (President of the Junta)
 2 Oct 1823 - 1824         Cristóvão Avelino Dias
1824 - 1829                Nicolau de Abreu Castelo-Branco    (b. 1781 - d. 18..)
1829 – 25 Jun 1834         José Maria de Sousa Macedo Almeida (b. 1787 - d. 1872)
                             e Vasconcelos, barão de Santa
                             Comba Dão
25 Jun 1834 – 20 Feb 1836  Leonardo José Vilela               (d. 1842)
                             (President of the Junta)
20 Feb 1836 – 21 Aug 1836  Domingos de Saldanha Oliveira e    (b. 1800 - d. 1836)
                             Daun 
21 Aug 1836 – Aug 1837     Governing Junta
                           - Leonardo José Vilela             (s.a.)
                           - Ant
ónio Carlos Coutinho
                           - Fernando da Fonseca Mesquita
                               e Solla, visconde de Francos   (b. 1795 - d. 1857)  
Governors-general
Aug 1837 – 25 Jan 1839     Manuel Bernardo Vidal
25 Jan 1839 – 23 Nov 1839  António Manuel de Noronha          (b. 1772 - d. 18..)
23 Nov 1839 - 1842         Manuel Eleutério Malheiro (acting)
1842 – 10 Jul 1843         José Xavier Bressane Leite         (b. 1780 - d. 1843)
10 Jul 1843 – 1844         Government Council  
                           - Carlos Augusto Franco
                           - Joaquim Ant
ónio de Carvalho e
                               Menezes
                           - Luiz Gomes Ribeiro 
                           - Ant
ónio de Azevedo Galiano   
1844 - 1845                Lourenço Germack Possolo           (b. 1779 - d. 18..)
1845 - 1848                Pedro Alexandrino da Cunha         (b. 1801 - d. 1850)
1848 - 1851                Adrião Acácio da Silveira Pinto
1851 - 1853                António Sérgio de Sousa            (b. 1809 - d. 1878)
1853                       António Ricardo Graça
1853 - 1854                Miguel Ximenes Rodrigues Sandoval  (b. 1806 - d. 1884)
                             de Castro e Viegas, visconde de 
                             Pinheiro
1854                       Provisonal Junta (incomplete)
                           - Joaquim de São Bento Moreira Reis(b. 1812 - d. 1887)
1854 - 1860                José Rodrigues Coelho do Amaral    (b. 1808 - d. 1873)
                             (1st time) 
1860 - 1861                Carlos Augusto Franco
1861 - 1862                Sebastião Lopes de Calheiros       (b. 1816 - d. 1899)
                             e Meneses
1862 - 1865                José Baptista de Andrade           (b. 1819 - d. 1902)
                             (1st time)
1865 – 1866                Government Council  (incomplete)
                           - José Lino de Oliveira            (b. 1803 - d. 1885)
1866 - 1868                Francisco Ant
ónio Gonçalves        (b. 1800 - d. 1875)
                             Cardoso
1868 - 1870                José Rodrigues Coelho do Amaral    (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
1870                       Joaquim José da Graça         
1870 - 1873                José Maria da Ponte e Horta
1873 - 1876                José Baptista de Andrade           (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
1876                       Government Council
                           - Tomás Gomes de Almeida
                           - Luis Carlos Garcia de Miranda
                           - Miguel Gomes de Almeida (1st time)
                           - Ant
ónio do Nascimento Pereira
                              Sampaio                     
1876 - 1878                Caetano Alexandre de Almeida       (b. 1824 - d. 1894)
                             e Albuquerque
1878 - 1880                Vasco Guedes de Carvalho e Meneses (b. 1824 - d. 1905)
1880 - 1882                António Eleutério Dantas           (d. 1882)
1882                       Government Council
                           - José Sebastião de Almeida Neto
                           - Miguel Gomes de Almeida 
(2nd time)
                           - Adelino Antero de Sá (1st time)
                           - Joaquim José Coelho de Carvalho Jr. 
1882 - 1886                Francisco Joaquim Ferreira do      (b. 1844 - d. 1923)
                             Amaral
1886                       Government Council
                           - Ant
ónio Tomás da Silva Leitão e
                               Castro
                           - Adelino Antero de Sá (2nd time)
                           - Onofre de Paiva Andrade  
                           - Guilherme Gomes Coelho                       
1886 - 1892                Guilherme Auguste de Brito Capêlo   (b. 1839 - d. 1926)
                             (1st time)
25 Aug 1892 - Sep 1893     Jaime Lôbo de Brito Godins (acting)
1893 - 1894                Alvaro Antonio da Costa Ferreira
                             (1st time)
1894 – 1895                Francisco Eugenio Pereira de Miranda
1895 – 1896                Álvaro Ant
ónio da Costa Ferreira
                             (2nd time)           
1896 - 1897                Guilherme Auguste de Brito Capêlo   (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
1897 – 1897                Government Council
                           - Ant
ónio Dias Ferreira
                           - Ant
ónio Maria Vieira Lisboa
                           - José Maria Pinto da Costa
                           - Lourenço Justiniano Padrel                                     
1897 - 1900                António Duarte Ramada Curto        (b. 1849 - d. 19..) 
                             (1st time)
1900 - 1903                Francisco Xavier Cabral de         (b. 1857 - d. 19..) 
                             Moncada
1903 - 1904                Eduardo Augusto Ferreira da Costa  (b. 1865 - d. 1907)
                             (1st time)
1904                       Custódio Miguel de Borja           (b. 1849 - d. 19..)
1904 - 1906                António Duarte Ramada Curto        (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)(acting)
1906                       Ernesto Augusto Gomes de Sousa
                             (1st time)(acting)
1906 - 1907                Eduardo Augusto Ferreira da Costa  (s.a.) 
                             (2nd time)
1907 – Jun 1907            Ernesto Augusto Gomes de Sousa
                             (2nd time)(acting)      
Jun 1907 - Jun 1909        Henrique Mitchell de Paiva         (b. 1861 - d. 1944)
                             Couceiro 
1909                       Álvaro António da Costa Ferreira   (b. 1853 - d. 1933)
                             (3rd time)(acting)
1909                       Government Council  
                           - João Evangelista de Lima Vidal
                           - Manuel Pereira Pimenta de Sousa e
                               Castro
                           - Francisco Maria Cabral de França      
1909 - 1910                José Augusto Alves Roçadas         (b. 1865 - d. 1926)
1910 - 1911                Caetano Francisco Cláudio Eugénio
                             Gonçalves (acting)
1911 - 1912                Manuel Maria Coelho                (b. 1857 - d. 1943)
1912                       Manuel Moreira da Fonseca (acting)
1912                       Ant
ónio Eduardo Romeiras de Macedo  
1912 - 1915                José Maria Mendes Ribeiro Norton   (b. 1867 - d. 1955)
                             de Matos
1915                       Mario Teixeira Malheiros (acting)
1915                       António Júlio da Costa Pereira de
  (b. 1852 - d. 1917)
                            Eça                            
1915                       Government Council
                           - Manuel do Sacramento Monteiro 
                           - Alberto Barbosa de Queirós
                           - Mario Teixeira Malheiros
1915 - 1916                Francisco Pais Teles de Ultra
                             Machado (acting)
1916 - 19 Oct 1917         Pedro Francisco Massano do Amorim  (b. 1862 - d. 1929)
1917 - 14 Sep 1918         Jaime Alberto de Castro Morais     (b. 1882 - d. 1973)
1918 - 10 May 1919         Filomeno da Câmara Melo Cabral     (b. 1873 - d. 1934)
1919                       Antonio Nogueira Mimoso Guerra     (b. 1867 - d. 1950)
                             (acting)
1919 – 1920                Francisco Coelho do Amaral Reis,   (b. 1873 - d. 1938)
                             visconde de Pedralva                    
1920                       Isidoro Pedro Leger Pereira Leite
                             (acting)
1920 – 1921                José Inácio da Silva (acting)
1921                       José de Abreu Barbosa Bacelar
                             (acting) 

High commissioners and Governors-general
1921 - 1923                José Maria Mendes Ribeiro Norton   (s.a.)
                             de Matos
1923 – 14 Aug 1924         Miguel de Almeida Santos (acting)  
1924 - 6 Sep 1924          João Augusto Crispiniano Soares
Sep 1924 - Jun 1925        Antero Tavares de Carvalho
Jun 1925 - 21 Jan 1926      Francisco Cunha Rêgo Chaves        (b. 1881 - d. 1941)
Jan 1926 - 16 Sep 1926     Artur de Sales Henriques (acting)           
1926 - 1928                António Vicente Ferreira
1928 - 1929                António Damas Mora (acting)
1929 - 1930                Filomeno da Câmara Melo Cabral     (s.a.)
1930 - 1931                José Dionísio Carneiro de Sousa
                             e Faro
1931 – 1934                Eduardo Ferreira Viana (acting)
1934 - 1935                Júlio Garcês de Lencastre
1935 - 1939                António Lopes Matheus
1939 – 1939                José Diogo Ferreira Martins (acting)
1940 - 1942                Manoel da Cunha e Costa Marques
                             Mano
1942                       Abel de Abreu Souto-Maior
1942 - 1943                Álvaro de Freitas Morna
1943                       José Rodrigues de Figueiredo dos
                             Santos
1943                       Manuel Pereira Figueira
1943 - 1947                Vasco Lopes Alves                  (b. 1898 - d. c.1975)
1947                       Fernando Falcão Pacheco Mena
1948 - 1955                José Agapito de Silva Carvalho
1955 - 1956                Manoel de Gusmão de Mascarenhas    (b. 1901 - d. ....)
                             Galvão
1956 - 15 Jan 1960         Horácio José de Sá Viana Rebelo    (b. 1910 - d. 1995)
15 Jan 1960 - 23 Jun 1961  Álvaro Rodrigues da Silva Tavares  (b. 1915)
23 Jun 1961 - 26 Sep 1962  Venâncio Augusto Deslandes         (b. 1909 - d. 1985)
26 Sep 1962 - 27 Oct 1966  Silvino Silvério Marquês (1st time)(b. 1918)
27 Oct 1966 - Oct 1972     Camilo Augusto de Miranda Rebocho  (b. 1920 - d. 1998)
                             Vaz
Oct 1972 - May 1974        Fernando Augusto Santos Castro     (b. 1922 - d. 1983)
May 1974 - 15 Jun 1974     Joaquín Franco Pinheiro (acting)
15 Jun 1974 - 24 Jul 1974  Silvino Silvério Marquês (2nd time)(s.a.)
24 Jul 1974 - 28 Jan 1975  António Alva Rosa Coutinho         (b. 1926 - d. 2010)
                             (acting to 29 Nov 1974)
28 Jan 1975 -  2 Aug 1975  António Silva Cardoso              (b. 1928)
 2 Aug 1975 - 26 Aug 1975  Ernesto Ferreira de Macedo (acting)
26 Aug 1975 - 10 Nov 1975  Leonel Alexandre Gomes Cardoso     (b. 1919 - d. 1988) 
Presidents 
11 Nov 1975 - 10 Sep 1979  António Agostinho Neto             (s.a.)              MPLA-PT 
10 Sep 1979 -              José Eduardo dos Santos            (s.a.)              MPLA-PT 
                             (acting to 21 Sep 1979)
 

Presidential Council of the Transitional Government
31 Jan 1975 - 15 Jul 1975  Lopo Fortunato Ferreira do         (b. 1942)            MPLA
                             Nascimento 
                            + José de Assunção Alberto Ndele  (b. 1940)            UNITA
                            + Johnny Eduardo Pinnock          (b. 1942 - d. 2000)  FNLA
                           (chairman in rotation)
Prime ministers
11 Nov 1975 -  9 Dec 1978  Lopo Fortunato Ferreira do         (s.a.)               MPLA-PT 
                             Nascimento
19 Jul 1991 -  2 Dec 1992  Fernando José de França Dias       (b. 1952)            MPLA-PT 
                             van Dúnem (1st time)
 2 Dec 1992 -  3 Jun 1996  Marcolino José Carlos Moco         (b. 1953)            MPLA-PT 
 3 Jun 1996 - 29 Jan 1999  Fernando José de França Dias       (s.a.)               MPLA-PT 
                             van Dúnem (2nd time)
 6 Dec 2002 - 30 Sep 2008  Fernando "Nando" da Piedade Dias   (b. 1952)            MPLA-PT
                             dos Santos
30 Sep 2008 -  5 Feb 2010  António Paulo Kassoma
             (b. 1951)            MPLA-PT
 5 Feb 2010 -              Post abolished


Supreme Council for the Liberation of Angola

[Angola - FNLA]

Prime minister
 5 Apr 1962 - 11 Nov 1975  Álvaro Holden Roberto             (b. 1923 - d. 2007)  FNLA
                             (provisional; in Leopoldville
                             [Khinshasa], Congo exile)
 

[Angola - MPLA]
              MPLA flag

Territorial Dispute: Cabindan separatists continue to return to the Angolan exclave from exile in neighboring states and Europe since the 2006 ceasefire and peace agreement
 
Party abbreviations: FNLA = Frente Nacional de Libertação para de Angola (National Front for the Liberation of Angola, northern regionalist; [formed 1957 as Unio das Populacoes do Norte de Angola UPNA]); MPLA-PT = Movimento Popular da Libertação de Angola -Partido de Trabalho
(Popular Liberation Movement of Angola-Labor Party, authoritarian/extreme leftist renounces marxism 26 Mar 1991, only legal party Nov 1975-1991, primarily ethnic Kimbundu); PDL = Partido Democratico Liberale (Liberal Democratic Party); UNITA = União Nacional para a Independência Total de Angola (National Union for the Total Independence of Angola, authoritarian/conservative, primarily ethnic Ovimbundu)


Counter governments: Democratic People's Republic of Angola
 
[Angola - UNITA]
                      UNITA flag
 

11 Nov 1975                Democratic People's Republic of Angola (counter-government,
                             at Huambo).
11 Feb 1976                Suppressed by Angolan government.
1979                       Democratic People's Republic of Angola (counter-government,
                             at Cunjamba and later Jamba).
1992                       Brief end to civil war which it resumes after UNITA disputes
                             national election results.
1994 - Dec 1998            Ceasefire.
 4 Apr 2002                Accord ends civil war.
 

Presidents of the Joint National Council for the Revolution
11 Nov 1975 - 11 Feb 1976  Álvaro Holden Roberto              (b. 1923 - d. 2007)  FNLA
                           + Jonas Malheiro Savimbi           (b. 1934 - d. 2002)  UNITA
Presidents
1979 - 22 Feb 2002         Jonas Malheiro Savimbi             (s.a.)               UNITA
22 Feb 2002 -  3 Mar 2002  António Sebastiao Dembo            (b. 1944 - d. 2002)  UNITA
 3 Mar 2002 -  4 Apr 2002  Paulo Armindo Lukamba Gato (acting)(b. 1954)            UNITA

                            (chairman of the managerial commission)

Prime ministers
23 Nov 1975 - 11 Feb 1976  José de Assunção Alberto Ndele     (b. 1940)            UNITA
                           + Johnny Eduardo Pinnock           (b. 1942 - d. 2000)  FNLA

Party abbreviations: FNLA = Frente Nacional para a Libertação de Angola (National Front for the Liberation of Angola, northern regionalist); UNITA = União Nacional para a Independência Total de Angola (National Union for the Total Independence of Angola, authoritarian,
conservative, primarily ethnic Ovimbundu)


Cabinda
 

Map of Cabinda
FLEC National Anthem
"Cabinda Pátria Imortal"
(Cabinda Immortal
 Homeland)
Text of  FLEC Anthem
Adopted 1975
Constitution
Capital: Cabinda City
(Tchiowa)
Currency: Kwanza
(AOA) 
FLEC National Holiday
1 Aug (1975)
Independence Day
Population: 421,329 (2008)
81,000 (1971)
GDP: $N/A
(included within Angola figures)
Ethnic groups: Bakongo, Ibinda, Lindji, Oyo,
Kotchi, Yombe, Sundi, Lumbo, Mayombe, others
FLEC Armed Forces: 600,
claims 5,000 (2002) 
Religions: mainly Roman Catholic, Protestant,
traditional beliefs
International Organizations FLEC: UNPO (from 1997)
29 Sep 1883                Cabinda a Portuguese protectorate (Portuguese Congo).
14 Feb 1885                Portuguese possession confirmed by the Berlin Conference.
18 Jul 1885                Portuguese Congo district created (seat: Cabinda).
1887                       Cabinda constituted as a circunscrição administrativa within the
                             Congo distrito, having a its own special resident.
1919                       Made a separate district of Cabinda.
 4 May 1921                Angola divided into 11 districts (subdivided into circunscriçoês),
                             Cabinda re-incorporated into the Congo district (by carta
                             orgânica da província).
Mar 1922                   District of Zaire created, the Intendancy of Cabinda 
                             becomes part of the Zaire district.
1930                       Intendancy of Zaire and Cabinda.
1932                       With the integration of districts of Zaire and Congo, the
                             Intendancy of Cabinda becomes directly dependent on the 
                             governor-general of Angola.
19 Mar 1933                The new Portuguese fundamental law maintains distinction 
                             between Angola and Cabinda among its overseas provinces.
 1 Jul 1934                Angola divided into 14 districts (by reforma administrativa 
                             ultramarina).
1936                       Angola divied into 5 provinces: Luanda (districts: Luanda, Cuanza
                             Norte, Congo, Zaire and Cabinda), Malanje, Benguela, Bié, Hula.
1946                       District of Cabinda restored.
28 May 1956                Cabinda administratively incorporated into Angola.
May 1963                   Organization of African Unity (OAU) ranks Cabinda as the
                             39th state still to be decolonized (Angola as the 35th). 
10 Jan 1967                FLEC establishes Cabindan government in exile in Congo (Kinshasa).
15 Jan 1975                Portugal meets with Angolan factions (MPLA, FNLA and UNITA) and,
                             under Alvor Agreement, recognizes Cabinda as part of Angola.
 1 Aug 1975                Independence declared by FLEC (Republic of Cabinda)
                             (not recognized by Portugal or other Angolan factions).
11 Nov 1975                Cabinda part of independent Angola.

Residents in Cabinda
1885 - 1886                Jaime Pereira de Sampaio Forjaz    (b. 1855 - d. 1921)
                             de Serpa Pimentel 
1890 - 1892                José António de Miranda 
                             (did not take office)
1892 - 1897                João Francisco Nunes
1897                       Luís Gonzaga Ribeiro               (b. 1864 - d. 1927)
1899                       Henrique Quirino da Fonseca        (b. 1868 - d. 1839)
Governors of Congo district
14 Jul 1887 - 1889         José Antonio de Brissac das        (b. 1846 - d. 1902)
                             Neves Ferreira

1889 - 1890                António de Azarado de Vasconcelos 
1890 - 1893                António Sérgio de Sousa 
1893 - 1895                Nuno de Freitas Queriol (1st time) (b. 1855 - d. 1924)
1895 - 1896                Jaime Pereira de Sampaio Forjaz de 
                             Serpa Pimenta
1895 - 1896                Eduardo Augusto Gomes de Sousa 
                             (1st time)
1896 - 1897                Nuno de Freitas Queriol (2nd time) (s.a.)
1897                       Eduardo Augusto Gomes de Sousa 
                             (2nd time)
1897 - 1899                Luís Bernardino Leitão Xavier
1899 - 1900                Henrique Quirino da Fonseca        (s.a.)
1900                       Augusto Pereira do Vale
1900 - 1901                Jaime da Fonseca Monteiro
1901                       Pedro de Azevedo Coutinho
1901                       Raúl Correia Betancourt de Furtado 
1901 - 1902                João dos Santos Pereira Jardim
Governors of Cabinda district
1946 - 1949                Raul de Lima 
1949 - 1956                Ismael Pais
1956                       João Baptista Duarte Pinheira
1956 - 1957                Jaime António Tavares Machado
                             Banazol

1957 - 1958                Norberto Augusto Lopes
1959 - 1961                José Paulo Paixão Barradas
1961 - 1963                Júlio de Araújo Ferreira           (b. 1905 - d 1995)
1964 - 1965                Artur João Cabral Carmona
1965 - 1966                Adriano Augusto Pires 
1966 - 1968                João Tiroa 
1968 - 1970                Américo Agostinho Mendóça Frazão
1970 - 1971                Eurico Ferreira Gonçalves          (b. 1916 - d. 2005)
1971 - 1975                João António Pinheiro 
1975 - Nov 1975            Manuel Freire Themudo Barata       (b. 1919 - d. 2003)
Governors of Cabinda province
197. - 197.                Domingos Evaristo "Kimba"                               MPLA-PT
197. - 19..                Armando Fandambo Dembo
19.. - 19..                Jorge Barros
Tchimpuaty (Chimpuaty)                     MPLA-PT
19.. - 19..                Pedro Maria Tonha "Pedale"         (b. 1941? - d. 1995) MPLA-PT
1991                       Maria Mambo Café (f)               (b. 1945
)            MPLA-PT  
1991 - Jan 1995            Augusto da Silva Tomás             (b. 1957)
            MPLA-PT
Jan 1995 - Apr 2002        José Amaro Tati (Taty)
                                 MPLA-PT  
Apr 2002 - 2009            José Aníbal Lopes Rocha                                 MPLA-PT
 1 Dec 2009 -              Mawete João Baptista               (b. 1947)            MPLA-PT

 

Cabinda government in exile

[FLEC 1974 flag]
       FLEC flag from 1974 

Presidents 
10 Jan 1967 -  1 Aug 1975  Pedro Simba Macosso                (b. 1927)            FLEC
                             (in Tshela, Congo [Kinshasa] exile)
Aug 1975 - Jan 1976        Luis de Gonzaga Ranque Franque     (b. 19.. - d. 2007)  FLEC 
                            (provisional to Aug 1975;
                             from 1976 in Congo [Kinshasa] exile)

Prime minister
Jul 1975 - Jan 1976        Francisco Xavier Lubota            (b. 1942? - d. 2006) FLEC
                            (provisional to 1 Aug 1975;
                             from Nov 1975 in Congo [Kinshasa] exile)

Party abbreviations: FELC = Frente para a Libertação do Enclave de Cabinda (Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda, Cabinda regionalist, separatist, est.1963], split 1976 into FLEC-N and FLEC-L); FLEC-L = FLEC-Lubota (FLEC faction, Francisco Xavier Lubota personalist, est.1976); FLEC-N = FLEC-N'Zita (FLEC faction, Henrique Tiaho N'Zita personalist, est.1976); MPLA-PT = Movimento Popular da Libertação de Angola -Partido de Trabalho(Popular Liberation Movement of Angola-Labor Party, authoritarian/extreme leftist renounces marxism 26 Mar 1991, only legal party Nov 1975-1991, primarily ethnic Kimbundu)






©2000  Ben Cahoon