United States of America
 

12 Apr 1606 - 4 Jul 1776	1775 - 14 Jun 1777  U.S. First Naval Jack	2 Jan 1776 - 14 Jun 1777 (Grand Union Flag)
14 Jun 1777 - 4 Jul 1795	1777 - 1795 Variant ("Betsy Ross" Flag)	4 Jul 1795 - 4 Jul 1818 ("Star Spangled Banner")
4 Jul 1861 - 4 Jul 1863 (Civil War Era Flag)	4 Jul 1912 - 4 Jul 1959 (48 Star American flag)	Adopted 4 Jul 1960

Note:  A white star was added to the blue canton every year that a new state was admitted to the union, until 4 Jul 1960 when the last state was admitted.  For more please see Flags of the World's History of the Stars and Stripes 1777-1960.
  

Map of United States Hear National Anthem  "The Star Spangled Banner" Adopted 3 Mar 1931 Former Unofficial Anthem "Hail Columbia" (1789 - 3 Mar 1931) Constitution (4 Mar 1789) Map U.S. Expansion Declaration of Independence (4 Jul 1776) Articles of Confederation (2 Mar 1781 - 4 Mar 1789) Bill of Rights and Amendments Capital: Washington, D.C. (Philadelphia 1774 -1776,  1778-1783 and 1790-1800; New York City 1785-1790;  Trenton 1784; Annapolis 1783 - 1784; Princeton 1783; Baltimore  1776-1777; York 1777- 1778; Lancaster 1777) Currency: U.S. Dollar (USD); 1775-1792 U.S. Continental Dollar (USC) National Holiday: 4 Jul (1776) Independence Day (federal holiday from 28 Jun 1870) Population: 341,963,408 (2024) GDP: $24.7 trillion (2023) Exports: $3.1 trillion (2023) Imports: $3.8 trillion (2023) Ethnic groups: white 61.6%, black 12.4%, Asian and Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander 6.2%, American  Indian and Alaska Native 1.1%, other 8.4%, two or more races 10.2% (2020)¹ Total Armed Forces: 1,326,050 (2023) Declared Nuclear Power (1945): est. 5,600 weapons (2021) Merchant marine: 3,533 ships (2023) Religions: Protestant 45.6% (incl. Evangelical 14.5%, mainline 16.4%, historically Black 7.3%, other Protestant 7.4%), Roman Catholic 21.8%, Orthodox Christian 0.5%, Jehovah's Witness 0.5%, Mormon 1.3%, Jewish 1.4%, Muslim 0.8%, Buddhist 0.8%, Hindu 0.5%, other religions (incl. Sikh, Baha'i, Taoist, Jains, Unitarians, New Age religions, Native American  religions, etc.) 3.5%, unaffiliated (incl. Atheist 5%, Antagonistic 6%, nothing in particular 18%) 23.3%, no answer 1% (2020) International Organizations/Treaties: AC, ADB (nonregional), AfDB (nonregional), AG, ANZUS, APEC, ANT (consultative), ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), AUKUS (signatory), BIS, BSEC (observer), BTWC, CAFTA, CBSS (observer), CD, CE (observer), CERN (observer), CFE, CICA (observer), CP, CPLP (associate observer), CTBT (signatory), CWC, EAPC, EAS, EBRD, ECOWAS (partner), ENMOD, ESCR (signatory), FAO, FATF, G-5, G-7, G- 8, G-10, G-20, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partner), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IORA (partner), IRENA, ISA (observer), ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MTCR, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NPT, NSG, NTBT, OAS, OECD, OPCW, OSCE, OST, PA (observer), PAM (partner), Paris Club, PC, PCA, PIF (partner), SAARC (observer), SELEC (observer), SICA (observer), UN, UNESCO, UNCLOS (signatory), UNCTAD, UNFCC, UNFCC-KP, UNFCC-PA (withdrawing), UNHCR, UNRWA, UNSC (permanent), UPU, USMCA, WA, WCO, WFTU, WHO (withdrawing), WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC United States Index Chronology 1607/1620                  English colonies founded (from 1607 at Jamestown                              in Virginia, and in 1620 at Plymouth Bay in                              Massachusetts).  5 Sep 1774 - 26 Oct 1774  First Continental Congress, composed of delegates                              from the 13 British colonies in North America,                              meets in response to the passing of the "Coercive                              Acts" ("Intolerable Acts") by the British                              Parliament. 20 Oct 1774                "Continental Association" adopted by the Continental                              Congress, implementing a trade boycott with the                              United Kingdom (effective 1 Dec 1774). 19 Apr 1775 - 17 Mar 1776  British occupation of Boston. 23 Aug 1775                "Proclamation for Suppressing Rebellion and                              Sedition" issued by the British government.  2 Jul 1776                Resolution in favor of independence of 13 British                              colonies in North America (Connecticut, Delaware,                              Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire,                               New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania,                              Rhode Island, South Carolina, and Virginia) is                              passed by the Continental Congress.  4 Jul 1776                The British colonies represented in the Continental                              Congress (s.a.) are proclaimed "free and                              independent states" by a declaration approved by                              the Congress on 4 Jul 1776. The "Declaration of                              Independence" used both "United Colonies" and                              "United States of America" as a term of reference                              (a resolution of the Congress of 9 Sep 1776                              provided for the replacement of "United Colonies"                              with "United States" in all commissions and                              instruments of the Continental Congress). 15 Sep 1776 - 25 Nov 1783  British occupation of New York City. 26 Sep 1777 - 18 Jun 1778  British occupation of Philadelphia. 15 Nov 1777                "Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union" are                              passed by the Continental Congress.  1 Mar 1781                United States of America (the "Articles of                              Confederation and Perpetual Union" effective upon                              the completion of ratification by the 13 states).  3 Sep 1783                Independence recognized by the United Kingdom (by                              the Treaty of Paris, ratified 12 May 1784).  4 Mar 1789                U.S. Constitution effective (11 of the 13 original                              states have ratified it by that time). 21 Nov 1789                North Carolina ratifies the Constitution. 29 May 1790                Rhode Island ratifies the Constitution. 20 Dec 1803                Louisiana territory purchased from France (treaty                              signed 20 Apr 1803). 20 Oct 1818                Boundary between British North America and the                              United States along the 49th parallel set, by the                              Treaty of 1818 (effective 30 Jan 1819). 22 Feb 1819                Florida acquired from Spain (ratified 22 Feb 1821). 29 Dec 1845                Texas enters the union. 15 Jun 1846                Oregon country annexed (ratified 18 Jun 1846).  2 Feb 1848                Mexican cession annexed by Treaty of Guadalupe                              Hidalgo (effective 30 May 1848). 20 Dec 1853                Gadsden purchase (effective 30 Jun 1854).  8 Feb 1861 - 10 May 1865  Confederate States of America in secession. 30 Mar 1867                Alaska purchased from Russia (ratified by 9 Apr 1867) 12 Aug 1898                Hawaii annexed (by resolution of 7 Jul 1898). States A to D F to K L to M N        O to R S to U  V to W U.S. Cities A to L - M to W  U.S. Federal Government  Minor U.S. Territories  Native American Nations Vermont (1777-1791) Confederate States of America (1860-1865) California Republic (1846) West Florida Republic (1810) Kingdom of Hawaii (1795-1900) Republic of Texas (1835-1846)

Presidents of the ("Continental") Congress

 5 Sep 1774 - 22 Oct 1774  Peyton Randolph (1st time)         (b. 1721 - d. 1775)  Non-party

22 Oct 1774 - 26 Oct 1774  Henry Middleton                    (b. 1717 - d. 1784)  Non-party

10 May 1775 - 24 May 1775  Peyton Randolph (2nd time)         (s.a.)               Non-party

24 May 1775 - 29 Oct 1777  John Hancock                       (b. 1737 - d. 1793)  Non-party

29 Oct 1777 -  1 Nov 1777  Charles Thomson (acting)           (b. 1729 - d. 1824)  Non-party

 1 Nov 1777 -  9 Dec 1778  Henry Laurens                      (b. 1724 - d. 1792)  Non-party

10 Dec 1778 - 28 Sep 1779  John Jay                           (b. 1745 - d. 1829)  Non-party

28 Sep 1779 -  2 Mar 1781  Samuel Huntington                  (b. 1731 - d. 1796)  Non-party

Presidents of the United States in Congress Assembled

 2 Mar 1781 - 10 Jul 1781  Samuel Huntington                  (s.a.)               Non-party

10 Jul 1781 -  4 Nov 1781  Thomas McKean                      (b. 1734 - d. 1817)  Non-party

 5 Nov 1781 -  3 Nov 1782  John Hanson                        (b. 1721 - d. 1783)  Non-party

 4 Nov 1782 -  2 Nov 1783  Elias Boudinot                     (b. 1740 - d. 1821)  Non-party

 3 Nov 1783 - 31 Oct 1784  Thomas Mifflin                     (b. 1744 - d. 1800)  Non-party

 3 Nov 1783 - 13 Dec 1783  Daniel Carroll (acting for Mifflin)(b. 1730 - d. 1796)  Non-party

30 Nov 1784 -  6 Nov 1785  Richard Henry Lee                  (b. 1732 - d. 1794)  Non-party

23 Nov 1785 -  5 Jun 1786  John Hancock                       (s.a.)               Non-party

23 Nov 1785 - 12 May 1786  David Ramsay (acting for Hancock)  (b. 1749 - d. 1815)  Non-party

15 May 1786 -  5 Nov 1786  Nathaniel Gorham                   (b. 1738 - d. 1796)  Non-party

                             (acting for Hancock to 5 Jun 1786)

 2 Feb 1787 -  4 Nov 1787  Arthur St. Clair                   (b. 1736 - d. 1818)  Non-party

22 Jan 1788 -  2 Mar 1789  Cyrus Griffin                      (b. 1748 - d. 1810)  Non-party

Speaker of the House of Representatives²

 1 Apr 1789 - 30 Apr 1789  Frederick Augustus Muhlenberg      (b. 1750 - d. 1801)  Fed

Presidents³

30 Apr 1789 -  4 Mar 1797  George Washington                  (b. 1732 - d. 1799)  Non-party

 4 Mar 1797 -  4 Mar 1801  John Adams                         (b. 1735 - d. 1826)  Fed

 4 Mar 1801 -  4 Mar 1809  Thomas Jefferson                   (b. 1743 - d. 1826)  Dem-Rep

 4 Mar 1809 -  4 Mar 1817  James Madison                      (b. 1751 - d. 1836)  Dem-Rep

 4 Mar 1817 -  4 Mar 1825  James Monroe                       (b. 1758 - d. 1831)  Dem-Rep

 4 Mar 1825 -  4 Mar 1829  John Quincy Adams                  (b. 1767 - d. 1848)  Dem-Rep

 4 Mar 1829 -  4 Mar 1837  Andrew Jackson                     (b. 1767 - d. 1845)  Dem

 4 Mar 1837 -  4 Mar 1841  Martin Van Buren                   (b. 1782 - d. 1862)  Dem

 4 Mar 1841 -  4 Apr 1841  William Henry Harrison             (b. 1773 - d. 1841)  Whg

 4 Apr 1841 -  4 Mar 1845  John Tyler                         (b. 1790 - d. 1862)  Whg

 4 Mar 1845 -  4 Mar 1849  James Knox Polk                    (b. 1795 - d. 1849)  Dem

 5 Mar 1849 -  9 Jul 1850  Zachary Taylor                     (b. 1784 - d. 1850)  Whg

 9 Jul 1850 -  4 Mar 1853  Millard Fillmore                   (b. 1800 - d. 1874)  Whg

 4 Mar 1853 -  4 Mar 1857  Franklin Pierce                    (b. 1804 - d. 1869)  Dem

 4 Mar 1857 -  4 Mar 1861  James Buchanan                     (b. 1791 - d. 1868)  Dem

  4 Mar 1861 - 15 Apr 1865  Abraham Lincoln                    (b. 1809 - d. 1865)  Rep

15 Apr 1865 -  4 Mar 1869  Andrew Johnson                     (b. 1808 - d. 1875)  Dem

 4 Mar 1869 -  4 Mar 1877  Ulysses Simpson Grant              (b. 1822 - d. 1885)  Rep

 4 Mar 1877 -  4 Mar 1881  Rutherford Birchard Hayes          (b. 1822 - d. 1893)  Rep

 4 Mar 1881 - 19 Sep 1881  James Abram Garfield               (b. 1831 - d. 1881)  Rep

19 Sep 1881 -  4 Mar 1885  Chester Alan Arthur                (b. 1830 - d. 1886)  Rep

 4 Mar 1885 -  4 Mar 1889  Stephen Grover Cleveland           (b. 1837 - d. 1908)  Dem

                             (1st time)

 4 Mar 1889 -  4 Mar 1893  Benjamin Harrison                  (b. 1833 - d. 1901)  Rep

 4 Mar 1893 -  4 Mar 1897  Stephen Grover Cleveland           (s.a.)               Dem

                             (2nd time) 

 4 Mar 1897 - 14 Sep 1901  William McKinley                   (b. 1843 - d. 1901)  Rep

14 Sep 1901 -  4 Mar 1909  Theodore Roosevelt                 (b. 1858 - d. 1919)  Rep

 4 Mar 1909 -  4 Mar 1913  William Howard Taft                (b. 1857 - d. 1930)  Rep

 4 Mar 1913 -  4 Mar 1921  Woodrow Thomas Wilson              (b. 1856 - d. 1924)  Dem

 4 Mar 1921 -  2 Aug 1923  Warren Gamaliel Harding            (b. 1865 - d. 1923)  Rep

 2 Aug 1923 -  4 Mar 1929  John Calvin Coolidge               (b. 1872 - d. 1933)  Rep

 4 Mar 1929 -  4 Mar 1933  Herbert Clark Hoover               (b. 1874 - d. 1964)  Rep

 4 Mar 1933 - 12 Apr 1945  Franklin Delano Roosevelt          (b. 1882 - d. 1945)  Dem

12 Apr 1945 - 20 Jan 1953  Harry S. Truman                    (b. 1884 - d. 1972)  Dem

20 Jan 1953 - 20 Jan 1961  Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower      (b. 1890 - d. 1969)  Rep

20 Jan 1961 - 22 Nov 1963  John Fitzgerald Kennedy            (b. 1917 - d. 1963)  Dem

22 Nov 1963 - 20 Jan 1969  Lyndon Baines Johnson              (b. 1908 - d. 1973)  Dem

20 Jan 1969 -  9 Aug 1974  Richard Milhous Nixon              (b. 1913 - d. 1994)  Rep

 9 Aug 1974 - 20 Jan 1977  Gerald Rudolph Ford                (b. 1913 - d. 2006)  Rep

20 Jan 1977 - 20 Jan 1981  James "Jimmy" Earl Carter          (b. 1924 - d. 2024)  Dem

20 Jan 1981 - 20 Jan 1989  Ronald Wilson Reagan               (b. 1911 - d. 2004)  Rep

20 Jan 1989 - 20 Jan 1993  George Herbert Walker Bush         (b. 1924 - d. 2018)  Rep

20 Jan 1993 - 20 Jan 2001  William "Bill" Jefferson Clinton   (b. 1946)            Dem

20 Jan 2001 - 20 Jan 2009  George Walker Bush                 (b. 1946)            Rep

20 Jan 2009 - 20 Jan 2017  Barack Hussein Obama               (b. 1961)            Dem

20 Jan 2017 - 20 Jan 2021  Donald John Trump (1st time)       (b. 1946)            Rep

20 Jan 2021 - 20 Jan 2025  Joseph Robinette Biden, Jr.        (b. 1942)            Dem

20 Jan 2025 -              Donald John Trump (2nd time)       (s.a.)               Rep

 ¹a separate listing for Hispanic is not included because the U.S. Census Bureau considers Hispanic to mean persons of Spanish/Hispanic/Latino origin including those of Mexican, Cuban, Puerto Rican, Dominican, Spanish, and Central or South American origin living in the U.S. who may be of any race or ethnic group (white, black, Asian, etc.); about 18% of the total U.S. population is Hispanic or Latino (2020).

 ³On six occasions, a president took the oath of office one or (in Tyler's case) two days after the beginning of his term of office, either because the demise of the presidency was due to the death of the incumbent or because of religious scruples about swearing an oath on Sunday. These occasions are: Monroe 1821 (upon reelection), Tyler 1841, Taylor 1849, Fillmore 1850, Arthur 1881, Coolidge 1923. Although the oath is necessary for a president to "enter on the execution of the office," the presidential term itself begins on time. On two occasions the new president took the oath of office in public the day after the beginning of the term but, in view of the concerns voiced about earlier Sunday deferrals, had taken the oath in private (Hayes 1877 actually one day early). The beginnings of the terms are listed here, not the oath-taking dates. It may be noted in this context that there is no substance to the legend that David Rice Atchison (b. 1807 - d. 1886)(Dem) was president 4-5 Mar 1849. (If not being sworn in as president is held against Zachary Taylor's being president already from noon on 4 Mar 1849, it cannot be argued that another person, however qualified otherwise, could have been acting president without being sworn in that capacity).

Territorial Disputes: the U.S. has intensified domestic security measures and is collaborating closely with its neighbors, Canada and Mexico, to monitor and control legal and illegal personnel, transport, and commodities across the international borders; U.S. has made no territorial claim in Antarctica (but has reserved the right to do so) and does not recognize the claims of any other nations; 1990 Maritime Boundary Agreement in the Bering Sea still awaits Russian Duma ratification; Canada and the United States dispute how to divide the Beaufort Sea and the status of the Northwest Passage but continue to work cooperatively to survey the Arctic continental shelf; because of the dispute over Machias Seal Island and adjoining North Rock, the terminus of the land boundary beyond Canada's Grand Manon Island and the U.S. state of Maine is not defined; the Bahamas and U.S. have not been able to agree on a maritime boundary, the two countries have met several times to define their maritime boundary; U.S. Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay is leased from Cuba and only mutual agreement or U.S. abandonment of the area can terminate the lease; Haiti claims U.S.-administered Navassa Island, the dispute dates to 1857, when the U.S. claimed the Navassa Island under the 1856 Guano Act, Haiti claims it has had ownership over Navassa Island continuously since its 1801 constitution laid claim to "adjacent lands"; in May 2016, the Marshall Islands filed a declaration of authority with the UN over Wake Island, which is currently a U.S. territory, reaffirming that it considers Wake Island part of its territory; control over Wake Island would drastically increase the Marshall Islands' exclusive economic zone; the U.S. State Department is assembling a group of experts from both countries to discuss the maritime boundary; Tokelau included American Samoa's Swains Island among the islands listed in its 2006 draft constitution, the 1980 Treaty of Tokehega delineates the maritime boundary between American Samoa and Tokelau, while not specifically mentioning Swains Island, the treaty notes in its preamble that New Zealand does not claim as part of Tokelau any island administered as part of American Samoa; Jamaica has largely dormant claim to Bajo Nuevo Bank; the Serranilla Bank is possibly claimed by Colombia and Honduras but on 19 Nov 2012 in regards to Nicaraguan claims over both Bajo Nuevo and Serranilla Banks the International Court of Justice (ICJ) upheld Colombia's sovereignty over both banks. 

Party abbreviations: Dem = Democratic Party (liberal, center-left, former D-R, est.1829); Rep = Republican Party (conservative, center-right, est.1854);
- Former parties: D-R = Democratic-Republican Party (pro-states rights, anti-Federalist, 1791-1829, renamed Dem); Fed = Federalist Party (conservative, federalist, 1792-1824); Whg = Whig Party (economic nationalist, protectionist, anti-Jacksonian, 1833-1860)

9 Jan 1861 - 4 Mar 1861   4 Mar 1861 - 1 May 1863   10 Dec 1861 - 1 May 1863 13 Star Version   1 May 1863 - 4 Mar 1865   4 Mar 1865 - 10 May 1865   Map of the Confederate States of America Hear National Anthem "God Save the South" (1861-10 May 1865) Popular Patriotic Song "Dixie" Constitution (22 Feb 1862) ---------------------------- Provisional Constitution (8 Feb 1861-1862) Capital: Richmond (Montgomery 4 Feb 1861-29 May 1861; Danville 3-10 Apr 1865) Currency: Confederate States Dollar (CSAD) (Apr 1861-May 1865) National Holiday: 4 Jul (1776) Independence Day Population: 9,103,332 (1860 est.) Exports: $17 million (1863 est.) Imports: $5,332,469  (1863 (est.) Armed Forces: 439,675 (1865) International Organizations/Treaties: None Confederate States Index Chronology    4 Feb 1861                Congress of secessionist states                              convenes in Montgomery, Alabama.  8 Feb 1861                Confederate States of America founded by                               Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana,                              Mississippi, and South Carolina.  5 Mar 1861                Accession of Texas. 20 May 1861                Accession of Arkansas and North Carolina. 23 May 1861                Accession of Virginia. 22 Jul 1861                Accession of Tennessee. 28 Nov 1861                Accession of Missouri. 10 Dec 1861                Accession of Kentucky. 10 May 1865                President Davis captured in Irwinville,                              Georgia; Confederate government ceases. Confederate Government (1861-1865)

Note: The states making up the Confederate States of America previously seceded from the United States; the secession of Missouri and Kentucky affected only geographic parts of

those states.

 

Chairman of the Congress

 4 Feb 1861 (hours)        Robert Woodward Barnwell           (b. 1801 - d. 1882)  Dem

President of the Congress

 4 Feb 1861 - 18 Feb 1861  Howell Cobb                        (b. 1815 - d. 1868)  Dem

President

18 Feb 1861 - 10 May 1865  Jefferson Davis                    (b. 1808 - d. 1889)  Dem

1821                       Province of Mexico.
14 Jun 1846 -  9 Jul 1846  California Republic proclaimed during the "Bear flag 
                             Revolt" at Sonoma (ruling only that small town).
 7 Jul 1846                California occupied by U.S. military.
 9 Sep 1850                State of the U.S.

President
14 Jun 1846 -  9 Jul 1846  William Brown Ide                 (b. 1796 - d. 1852)

22 Sep 1810                Convention of representatives of several districts of West
                             Florida assumes the authority of the governor of West Florida.
26 Sep 1810                Districts of West Florida are declared a free and independent State,
                             declaration of independence is passed by the Convention.
26 Sep 1810                State of Florida (also Commonwealth of Florida)(used interchangeably
                             in official documents; the form of oath of allegiance approved by
                             the Convention 10 Oct 1810 refers to Commonwealth of West Florida).
27 Oct 1810                The territory including the area occupied by the West Florida
                             Republic is proclaimed to be part of the Territory of Orleans
                             by the U.S.
10 Dec 1810                Incorporated into Louisiana (as the parishes of East Baton Rouge,
                             East Feliciana, St. Tammany, Tangipahoa, and West Feliciana
                             referred to as the Baton Rouge District).

President of the Convention
25 Jul 1810 - 21 Nov 1810  John Rhea                         (b. 1753 - d. 1832)
                             (convention adjourned 28 Oct 1810, never met again)
Chairman of the Committee of the Convention
(Committee of the Convention vested with full powers by that body)
10 Oct 1810 - 21 Nov 1810  John Hunter Johnson               (b. 1778 - d. 1819)
Governor, Commander-in-Chief of the Military Forces of the State of Florida
21 Nov 1810 - 29 Nov 1810  Vacant
                           - John Rea (president of senate)  (s.a.)
                           - John Hunter Johnson             (s.a.)
                             (speaker of the house of representatives)
                           (acting)
29 Nov 1810 - 10 Dec 1810  Fulwar Skipwith                   (b. 1765 - d. 1839)

Kings¹
1795 -  8 May 1819         Kamehameha I "the Great"           (b. 1758? - d. 1819)
20 May 1819 - 14 Jul 1824  Kamehameha II                      (b. 1797 - d. 1824)
14 Jul 1824 -  6 May 1825  Ka‘ahumanu (f) -Regent             (b. 1772? - d. 1832)
                            (regent [for Kamehameha II from 27 Nov 1823;
                             then for Kamehameha III to 5 Jun 1832])
 6 May 1825 - 15 Dec 1854  Kamehameha III                     (b. 1814 - d. 1854)
Jun 1832 - Mar 1833        Kinau (= Ka'ahumanu II) (f)-Regent (b. 1805 - d. 1839)
25 Feb 1843 - 31 Jul 1843  Lord George Paulet -U.K. Commander (b. 1803 - d. 1879)
                             (chairman of provisional commission)
25 Feb 1843 - 31 Jul l843  Kekauluohi (f) -Regent             (b. 1794 - d. 1845)
15 Dec 1854 - 30 Nov 1863  Kamehameha IV                      (b. 1834 - d. 1863)
30 Nov 1863                Princess Victoria Kamamalu (f)     (b. 1838 - d. 1866)
                             (= Ka'ahumanu IV) -Regent
30 Nov 1863 - 11 Dec 1872  Kamehameha V                       (b. 1830 - d. 1872)
11 Dec 1872 -  9 Jan 1873  Executive Ministry
                           - Ferdinand William Hutchison      (b. 1819 - d. 1893)
                           - Robert Stirling (1st time)       (d. 1889)
                           - Stephen Henry Phillips           (b. 1823 - d. 1897)
 9 Jan 1873 -  3 Feb 1874  Lunalilo                           (b. 1835 - d. 1874)
                             (= William Charles Lunalilo)
 3 Feb 1874 - 13 Feb 1874  Executive Ministry
                           - Edwin Oscar Hall                 (b. 1810 - d. 1883)
                           - Charles Reed Bishop              (b. 1822 - d. 1915)
                           - Robert Stirling (2nd time)       (s.a.)
                           - Albert Francis Judd              (b. 1838 - d. 1900)
13 Feb 1874 - 20 Jan 1891  Kalakaua (= David Kalakaua)        (b. 1836 - d. 1891)
Queen¹
20 Jan 1891 - 17 Jan 1893  Liliuokalani                       (b. 1838 - d. 1917) 
                            (regent 20-29 Jan 1891; abdicated 24 Jan 1895)
Chairman of the Citizen's Committee of Public Safety
14 Jan 1893 - 17 Jan 1893  Henry Ernest Cooper (in rebellion) (b. 1857 - d. 1929)
President of the Provisional Government of the Hawaiian Islands
17 Jan 1893 -  4 Jul 1894  Sanford Ballard Dole               (b. 1844 - d. 1926)  RP
24 Aug 1893 - 19 Oct 1893  Francis March Hatch                (b. 1852 - d. 1923)  RP
                             (acting for Dole)
President of the Republic of Hawai‘i
 4 Jul 1894 - 14 Jun 1900  Sanford Ballard Dole               (s.a.)               AUP

Kuhina Nui (Premiers)²
May 1819 -  5 Jun 1832     Ka‘ahumanu (f)                     (s.a.)
                             (from 4 Dec 1825 Elikapeka Ka‘ahumanu = Elizabeth Kaahumanu)
 5 Jun 1832 -  4 Apr 1839  Kinau (= Ka'ahumanu II) (f)        (s.a.)
 5 Apr 1839 -  7 Jun 1845  Kekauluohi (= Ka'ahumanu III) (f)  (s.a.)
10 Jun 1845 -  5 Sep 1853  John Kaleipaihala Young II         (b. c.1810 - d. 1857)
                             (= Keoni Ana Opio) (1st time)
 5 Sep 1853 - 14 Sep 1853  Lot Kamehameh (= Kamehameha V)     (s.a.)
14 Sep 1853 - 16 Jan 1855  John Kaleipaihala Young II         (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
16 Jan 1855 - 19 Dec 1863  Victoria Kamamalu (f)              (s.a.)
                             (= Kaahumanu IV)
19 Dec 1863 - 24 Aug 1864  Mataio Kekuanaoa                   (b. 1791 - d. 1868)
24 Aug 1864                Post abolished

U.S. Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary 
23 Sep 1889 - 18 May 1893  John Leavitt Stevens               (b. 1820 - d. 1895)
                             (minister resident to 6 Dec 1889)
Special Commissioner
23 May 1893 -  8 Aug 1893  James Henderson Blount             (b. 1837 - d. 1903)
U.S. Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary
 7 Nov 1893 -  6 Jan 1897  Albert Shelby Willis               (b. 1843 - d. 1897)
22 Apr 1897 - 12 Aug 1898  Harold Marsh Sewall                (b. 1860 - d. 1924)
Special Agent
12 Aug 1898 - 14 Jun 1900  Harold Marsh Sewall                (s.a.)

Party abbreviations: AUP = American Union Party (republican, pro-U.S. annexation, 1894-1900); RP = Reform Party (pro-US business elite, 1884-1900)

Apr 1810                   Ceded to Kingdom of the Hawaiian Islands (Kaumualii is
                             allowed to keep his title for life).
 1 Jul 1816 -  7 Jul 1817  Russian America Co. colony at Fort Elizabeth
                             near Waimea (and 8 Oct 1816 Forts Alexander and Barclay).
26 May 1824                Separate monarchy extinct.
 8 Aug 1824 - 18 Aug 1824  Revolt attempts to restore Kauai kingdom.

Kings (title Ali‘i Nui)
17.. - 17..                Kaweloleimakua
17.. - 1730                Kualii Kunuiakea                   (d. 1730)
                             Kuikealaikauaokalani
1730 - 1770                Peleioholani                       (d. 1770)
1770 - 1794                Kamakahelei (f) -Queen             (d. 1794)
1794 - 26 May 1824         (George) Kaumualii                 (b. c.1778 - d. 1824)
                             (royal governor from 1810; prisoner in Honolulu from 1821)
 8 Aug 1824 - 18 Aug 1824  George Humehume (in rebellion)     (b. 1798 - d. 1826)

Russian Governor at Fort Elizabeth
 1 Jul 1816 -  7 Jul 1817  Georg Anton Scheffer (Schäffer)    (b. 1779 - d. 1836)

1783                       Annexes Oahu.
 1 May 1795                Part of Kingdom of the Hawaiian Islands.

Kings (title Ali‘i Nui)
.... - 17..                Lonohonuakini
17.. - 17..                Kaulahea II
17.. - 1736                Kekaulike Kuihonoikamoku           (d. 1736)
1736 - 1765                Kamehamehanui Ailuau               (d. 1765)
1765 - 1794                Kahekili II                        (b. c.1737 - d. 1794)
1794 - Jul 1794            Kaeokulani                         (d. 1794)
Jul 1794 -  1 May 1795     Kalanikupule                       (d. 1795)
Jul 1794 -  6 Dec 1794     Kaeokulani (in dissidence)         (b. c.1754 - d. 1794)

1783                       Conquered by Kingdom of Maui.
 1 May 1795                Part of Kingdom of the Hawaiian Islands.

Kings (title Ali‘i Nui)
17.. - 1730                Kualii Kunuiakea                   (d. 1730)
                             Kuikealaikauaokalani
1730 - 1737                Kapionookalani                     (d. 1737)
1737 - 1738                Kanahaokalani                      (d. 1738)
1738 - 1770                Peleioholani                       (d. 1770)
1770 - 1773                Kumahana
1773 - 1783                Kaneoneo                           (d. 1785)

 ¹Full style of the ruler:
(a) 1810 - 14 Jun 1852: Ali‘i Nui ("King"). The traditional style of the rulers of the major Hawaiian polities is Ali‘i Nui, literally "Great Chief." This style is adopted in the Hawaiian-language text of the Constitution of 6 Oct 1840. The English-language text uses the style "King";
(b) 14 Jun 1852 -  6 Jul 1887: Ali‘i o ko Hawai‘i Pae ‘Āina ("King of the Hawaiian Islands");
(c) 30 Nov 1863 - 11 Dec 1872 in some documents: Ma ka Lokomaika‘i o ke Akua, Ke Ali‘i o ko Hawai‘i Pae ‘Āina ("by the grace of God, King of the Hawaiian Islands");
(d)  6 Jul 1887 - 29 Jan 1891: Mō‘ī o ko Hawai‘i Pae ‘Āina ("King of the Hawaiian Islands");
(e) 29 Jan 1891 - 17 Jan 1893: Mō‘ī Wahine o ko Hawai‘i Pae ‘Āina ("Queen of the Hawaiian Islands");
(f) 17 Jan 1893 -  4 Jul 1894: Peresidena o ke Aupuni Kūikawā o ko Hawai‘i Pae ‘Āina ("President of the Provisional Government of the Hawaiian Islands");
(g)  4 Jul 1894 - 14 Jun 1900: Peresidena o ka Repubalika o Hawai‘i ("President of the Republic of Hawai‘i").

  ²The Hawaiian office most commonly translated as that of 'Prime minister' is Kuhina nui. The office was created in 1819 upon the death of Kamehameha I. Kamehameha's favorite wife, Ka‘ahumanu, reported that it was the King's wish that she become in effect the co-sovereign along with the King's young son. In her position as Kuhina nui she ruled the Kingdom until Kamehameha II came to majority and then for the remainder of her life. The Kuhina nui's power was greater than that of a prime minister in the western sense. The Constitution of 1864 abolished the office of Kuhina nui returning the power held by the Kuhina nui back to the monarch.

Governor
15 Nov 1835 -  1 Mar 1836  Henry Smith                        (b. 1788 - d. 1851)
                             (suspended from 11 Jan 1836, continues in opposition)
Governor of the Provisional Government
11 Jan 1836 -  1 Mar 1836  James W. Robinson (acting)         (b. 1790 - d. 1857)
President of the Convention
 2 Mar 1836 - 17 Mar 1836  Richard Ellis                      (b. 1781 - d. 1846)
Presidents of the Republic of Texas
17 Mar 1836 - 22 Oct 1836  David Gouverneur Burnet            (b. 1788 - d. 1870)
22 Oct 1836 - 10 Dec 1838  Samuel "Sam" Houston (1st time)    (b. 1793 - d. 1863)
10 Dec 1838 - 13 Dec 1841  Mirabeau Buonaparte Lamar          (b. 1798 - d. 1859)
13 Dec 1841 -  9 Dec 1844  Samuel "Sam" Houston (2nd time)    (s.a.)
 9 Dec 1844 - 19 Feb 1846  Anson Jones                        (b. 1798 - d. 1858)