Former Black Homelands (Bantustans)
Note: Ten self-governing territories
(Homelands) for different black ethnic groups were
established as part of the policy of apartheid on the
basis of the Promotion of Bantu Self-Government Act of
1959 and the Bantu Homelands (National States)
Constitution Act of 1971. The first of these Acts provided
for creation of the ethnic territories and their interim
authorities, and the latter for the self-government. Four
of the homelands were granted "independence" by South
Africa (recognized only by South Africa and each other).
These former South African Homelands or bantustans ceased
to exist 27 Apr 1994 and were re-incorporated into South
Africa, and all were absorbed into the new provinces.
Bophuthatswana
-
- 19 Apr 1972 - 19 Apr 1973
|
-
- 19 Apr 1973 - 27 Apr 1994
|
21 Apr
1961
Tswana Territorial Authority established.
Jun
1968
Tswanaland
1 Apr 1971
Bophuthatswana
1 Jun
1972
Self-government granted.
6 Dec 1977
Constituted as a sovereign and independent
state in accordance
with the
Status of Bophuthatswana Act, 1977 (Afrikaans:
Wet op
die Status van Bophuthatswana, 1977), passed by
the Senate and
House of Assembly of Republic of South Africa, assented
to on
20 Jun
1977 (effective on 6 Dec 1977).
6 Dec
1977
Declared independent by South Africa (Republic of
Bophuthatswana
[Riphaboliki ya Bophuthatswana = Republiek van
Bophuthatswana]);
(contemporary spelling [Tswana]: Repaboliki ya
Bophuthatswana),
only recognized only by South Africa and the other 'independent'
homelands.
13 Mar 1994 - 27 Apr 1994 Occupied by
South Africa.
27 Apr
1994
Re-incorporated into South
Africa (Status of Bophuthatswana Act,
1977 is repealed by South Africa).
Chairman and Chief executive officer
Apr 1961 - 1968
Tidimane Ramono Pilane
(b. 1907 - d. 2000)
Chief executive councillor
Dec 1968 - 1 Jun
1972 Lawrence Lucas Manyane
Mangope (b. 1923 - d. 2018)
Chief minister
1 Jun 1972 - 6 Dec 1977
Lawrence Lucas Manyane Mangope
(s.a.)
BNP;1974 BDP
President
6 Dec 1977 - 13
Mar 1994 Lawrence Lucas Manyane
Mangope (s.a.)
BDP
10 Feb 1988 - 10 Feb 1988 Rocky Ismael
Peter Malabane-Metsing(b. 1949 - d. 2016)
PPP
(in dissidence)
Administrators
13 Mar 1994 - 27 Apr 1994 Tjaart Van der
Walt
(b. 1934 - d. 2019)
+ Tebogo Job
Mokgoro
(b. 1948)
Commissioner-generals of Tswana (from 1 Apr 1971,
Bophuthatswana)
1 Jul 1960 - 1973
Ignatius Stefanus Kloppers
(b. 1907 - d. 1980)
Jul 1973 - Dec
1977 Gerhardus
"Gerrie" Renier Wessels (b. 1912 - d. 1998)
Party abbreviations: CDP
= Christian Democratic Party (former BDP, 1991-1994); Mil
= Military;
- Former parties: BDP
= Bophuthatswana Democratic Party (former BNP,
1974-1991, renamed CDP); BNP =
Bophuthatswana National Party (1972-1974, later BDP); PPP
= Progressive People's Party (1987-Feb
1988, banned 1988)
Ciskei
-
- 22 Jun 1973 - 27 Apr 1994
- (officially adopted 22 Jun
1977)
|
-
- According to Official Design
|
Map
of Ciskei
|
Hear
National Anthem
"Nkosi Sikelel'i Afrika"
(God, Bless Africa)
|
Text
of National Anthem
Adopted 4 Dec 1981
|
Constitution
(4 Dec 1981)
|
Capital: Bisho
(to 1981 Zwelitsha)
|
Currency: South
African
Rand (ZAR)
|
National Holiday: 4
Dec (1981)
Independence Day
|
Population: 1,088,476
(1992)
|
GDP: $291.9 million R
(1989)
|
Exports: $N/A
Imports: $N/A
|
Ethnic groups: Xhosa
(Rarabe-Xhosa and Mfengu)
|
Total Defense Force:
about 2,000 (1993)
|
Religions: N/A
|
International
Organizations/Treaties: CMA, DBSA, ECOSA, SACU, SECOSAF |
24 Mar
1961
Ciskei Territorial Authority established.
14 Nov
1968
Ciskei
1 Aug
1972
Self-government granted.
16 Oct 1981
Status of
Ciskei Act, 1981 (Afrikaans: Wet op die Status van
Ciskei,
1981) is assented to.
4 Dec
1981
Declared independent by South Africa (Republic of Ciskei
[iRiphabliki yeCiskei]); only recognized only by
South Africa
and the other 'independent' homelands.
22 Mar 1994 - 27 Apr 1994 Occupied by
South Africa.
27 Apr
1994
Re-incorporated into South
Africa (Status of Ciskei Act, 1981
is
repealed by South Africa).
Chairman and chief executive officer
Mar 1961 - 1968
Archibald
Velile Sandile
(d. 1968)
Chief Executive Councillor
1968 - 1 Aug 1972
Justice Thandathu
Jongilizwe (b. 1926
- d. 2021) CNP
Mabandla
Chief ministers
1 Aug 1972 - 21 May 1973
Justice Thandathu
Jongilizwe
(s.a.)
CNP
Mabandla
21 May 1973 -
1975
Lennox Leslie Wongama Sebe
(b. 1926 - d.
1994) CNIP
(1st time)
1975
Xhanti
Charles Sebe
(acting) (b. 1934? -
d. 1991) Mil
1975 - 4 Dec
1981
Lennox Leslie Wongama Sebe
(s.a.)
CNIP
(2nd time)
President
4 Dec 1981 - 4
Mar 1990 Lennox Leslie Wongama Sebe
(s.a.)
CNIP
(from Jun 1983, President for Life)
Chairman of the Military Committee
and of the Council of State
4 Mar 1990 - 22 Mar
1994 Joshua Oupa Gqozo
(b. 1952)
Mil;1991 ADP
Administrators
23 Mar 1994 - 27 Apr 1994 Pieter van
Rensburg Goosen
+ Bongani Blessing
Finca
(b. 1953)
Commissioner-generals of Ciskei
1 Jul 1960 - 1 Sep 1976 the
Commissioner-generals Transkei
1 Sep 1976 - 4 Dec 1981 Johan
J. Engelbrecht
Party abbreviations: ADP =
African Democratic Party (Gqozo
personalist, Jul 1991-1994); CNIP
= Ciskei National Independence Party (Sebe
personalist, split from CNP, 1978-1990 only
legal party, 1973-Mar 1990, suspended 1990); CNP
= Ciskei National Party (Mabandla personalist,
1968-1978); Mil = Military
Gazankulu
18 Dec 1973 - 27 Apr 1994
|
Map
of Gazankulu
|
Capital: Giyani
|
Hear
Local Anthem
"Nkosi Sikelel'i Afrika"
(God, Bless Africa)
|
Population: 803,806
(1992)
|
GDP: $323,880,000 R (1986)
|
Exports: $N/A
Imports: $N/A
|
Ethnic
groups: Shangaan-Tsonga, North Sotho,
Venda, Swazi
|
9 Nov 1962
Matshangana Territorial
Authority established.
1 Jul
1971
Machangana
1 Feb
1973
Gazankulu (self-rule granted).
27 Apr
1994
Re-integration into South
Africa.
Chairman and chief executive officer
19 Dec 1962 - Oct 1969 Adolf
Sunduza
Mhinga
(d. 1993)
Chief Executive Councillor
13 Oct 1969 - 1 Feb
1973 Hudson William Edison
Ntsanwisi (b. 1920 - d. 1993)
Chief ministers
1 Feb 1973 - 25 Mar
1993 Hudson William Edison
Ntsanwisi
(s.a.)
1983: XXP
25 Mar 1993 - Apr 1993
Edward Percy Mhinga (acting)
(b. 1927 - d. 2017) XPP
Apr 1993 - 27 Apr 1994
Samuel Dickenson Weller Nxumalo (b.
1926 - d. 2015) XPP
Commissioner-generals of Shangaan-Tsonga
(from 1 Feb 1973, Gazankulu)
1 May 1970 - 1980
Evert
Frederik Potgieter
(b. 1921 - d. 1994)
1980 - 1985
Jacobus "Kobus" Adriaan Jordaan
(b. 1937)
1 Jun 1985 - 1994
H.D. Mönnig
Party abbreviations: XPP
= Ximoko Progressive Party; XXP
= Ximoko Xa Rixaka (Whip of the Nation, only legal
party, est.1983, later XPP)
KaNgwane
-
- 31 Aug 1984 - 27 Apr 1994 No
Flag Adopted
|
Map
of KaNgwane
|
Capital: Nyamasane
(Louieville)
|
Hear
Local Anthem
"Nkosi Sikelel'i Afrika"
(God, Bless Africa)
|
Population: 597,783
(1992)
|
GDP: $151,620,000 R (1986)
|
Exports: $N/A
Imports: $N/A
|
Ethnic
groups: Swazi, Shangaan-Tsonga, Zulu
and North Sotho
|
23 Apr
1976
Swazi Territorial Authority established.
1 Oct 1977
KaNgwane
18 Jun 1982 - 9 Dec 1982
Dis-establishment of the KaNgwane
legislature by South Africa.
31 Aug
1984
Self-rule granted.
27 Apr
1994
Re-integration into South
Africa.
Chairmen and chief Executive Officers
23 Apr 1976 - 8 Oct 1977 Johannes
Mkolishi Dlamini
8 Oct 1977 - 18 Jun 1982 Enos John Mabuza
(1st time) (b. 1939
- d. 1997)
(from Apr 1981, chief executive councillor)
Administrator for Swazi Affairs
18 Jun 1982 - 9 Dec 1982 N.J.
Badenhorst
Chief ministers
9 Dec 1982 - 1
Apr 1991 Enos John Mabuza (2nd
time) (s.a.)
1988:
INP
(chief executive councillor to Aug 1984)
15 Apr 1991 - 27 Apr 1994 Mangisi Cephas
Zitha
(b. 1940)
Commissioner-generals of Swazi (from 1981,
KaNgwane)
1978 - 1 Feb
1982
George Frederik Botha
Feb 1982 - Jan
1988 Theunis
Nicolaas Hendrik "Punt" (b. 1917 - d.
1988)
Janson
1988 -
199.
H.J. Tempel
Party abbreviations: INP
= Inyandza National Movement (est.1978); IsNP
= Inzika National Party
KwaNdebele
6 Oct 1982 - 27 Apr 1994
|
Map
of KwaNdebele
|
Capital: KwaMhlanga
(Siyabuswa 1981-1986)
|
Hear
Local Anthem
"Nkosi Sikelel'i Afrika"
(God, Bless Africa)
|
Population: 373,012
(1992)
Moutse- 130,000 (1986)
|
GDP: $509,500,000 R (1986)
|
Exports: $N/A
Imports: $N/A
|
Ethnic
groups: South Ndebele, North Sotho, others
|
7 Oct
1977
South Ndebele Territorial Authority.
1 Oct 1979
KwaNdebele
1 Apr
1981
Self-rule granted.
12 Aug 1986
Legislative Assembly rejects
independence scheduled for 11 Dec 1986.
6 May 1987
Legislative Assembly makes
unanimous decision to opt for
independence. However, South Africa requests a
referendum be held.
29 Mar 1988 - 27 Apr 1994 Moutse district
(added 1986) administered by South Africa.
27 Apr
1994
Re-integration into South
Africa.
Chief ministers
Oct 1977 - 17 Nov 1986
Simon Somkhahlekwa
Skosana
(b. 1927 - d. 1986) Non-party
(chairman and chief executive officer to Sep 1979,
chief executive councillor Sep 1979 - Apr 1981)
17 Nov 1986 - 27 Nov 1986 Klaas Mtshiweni
(acting)
27 Nov 1986 - 3 Feb 1989 Prince
George Majozi Mahlangu (b.
1951)
3 Feb 1989 - 30 Apr
1990 Prince Jonas Masana Mabena
(b. 1936)
30 Apr 1990 - 27 Apr 1994 Prince
Senzangakhona James
(b. 1953 - d.
2005) IYS
Mahlangu
Commissioner-generals of KwaNdebele
1 Oct 1979 - 1981
J.A. van Tonder
1 Oct 1981 - 30 Jun 1985 Johan H.T.
Mills
1 Jul 1985 - 20 Sep 1986 Gerrie J.
van der Merwe
1986 -
1987
....
1 Jun 1987 -
199.
P.J.K. Kriel
Party abbreviations: Con
= Contralesa (traditional leadership, est.1987); IYS
= Intando ye Sizwe (The Will of the Nation
Party, est.1988)
KwaZulu
-
- 28 Oct 1977 - 30 May 1984
|
-
- 30 May 1984 - 27 Apr 1994
|
Map
of KwaZulu
|
Capital: Ulundi
|
Hear
Local Anthem
"Nkosi Sikelel'i Afrika"
(God, Bless Africa)
|
Population: 5,748,950
(1992)
|
GDP: $1,434,540,000 R (1986)
|
Exports: $N/A
Imports: $N/A
|
Ethnic
groups: Zulu, Xhosa, Swazi,
Basotho, others
|
9 Jun
1970
Zululand Territorial Authority
1 Apr
1972
KwaZulu
1 Feb
1977
Self-rule granted.
27 Apr
1994
Re-integration into South
Africa.
Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
9 Jun 1970 - 31 Mar 1972 Mangosuthu
Gatsha Buthelezi
(b. 1928 - d. 2023) INCLM
Chief Executive Councillor
1 Apr 1972 - 31 Jan 1977 Mangosuthu
Gatsha
Buthelezi
(s.a.)
INCLM
Chief minister
1 Feb 1977 - 27 Apr 1994 Mangosuthu
Gatsha
Buthelezi
(s.a.)
INCLM;
Gatsha Buthelezi
1990 IFP
Commissioner-generals of Zulu (from 1 Apr 1972,
KwaZulu)
1 Jul 1960 - 1965
Cornelius
Gert Nel
(b. 1908 - d. 1970)
1 Aug 1965 -
1970
Johannes Jeremias Boshoff
(b. 1895 - d. 1984)
1970 - Jul
1979
Philip Heinrich "Henry"
Torlage
(b. 1909 - d. 1987)
1 Aug 1979 - 1989
Paul
Nicholaas "Nico" Hansmeyer
(b. 1921 - d. ....)
1 Jan 1989 -
199. C.
Anthony "Tony"
Erskine
(b. 1932)
Party abbreviation: INCLM
= Inkatha Yenkululeko Yesizwe (Crown
National Cultural Liberation Movement, conservative,
anti-communist, constitutional monarchist, KwaZulu-Natal
regionalist, est.21 Mar 1975, renamed IQembu leNkatha
yeNkululeko/Inkatha Freedom Party [IFP] 14 Jul
1990)
Lebowa
5 Jul 1974 - 27 Apr 1994
|
Map
of Lebowa
|
Capital:
Lebowakgomo
|
Hear
Local Anthem
"Nkosi Sikelel'i Afrika"
(God, Bless Africa)
|
Population:
2,924,584 (1992)
|
GDP: $733,710,000 R (1986)
|
Exports: $N/A
Imports: $N/A
|
Ethnic
groups: North Sotho, Shangaan-Tsonga,
Ndebele, Swazi, others
|
10 Aug 1962
Lebowa Territorial Authority
established.
1 Jul 1971
Lebowa
2 Oct 1972
Self-rule granted.
27 Apr
1994
Re-integration into South
Africa.
Chief ministers
Aug 1962 - 8 May
1973 Mokgoma Maurice Maserumule
Matlala(b. 1924 - d. 2021) LNP
(chairman and chief executive officer to 14 Aug 1969,
chief executive councillor 14 Aug 1969 - 2
Oct 1972)
8 May 1973
- 7 Oct 1987 Cedric Makepeace
Namedi
(b. 1912 - d. 1987) LPP
Phatudi
7 Oct 1987 - 21 Oct 1987 Zacharia
Tompi Seleka (acting)
LPP
21 Oct 1987 - 27 Apr 1994 Mogoboya Noko
Nelson Ramodike (b. 1941 - d.
2012) LPP
(from 1989, Prime minister)
Commissioner-generals of North Sotho (from 1
Jul 1971, Lebowa)
1 Jul 1960 - 1971
Werner Willi
Max Eiselen (b. 1899 –
d. 1977)
1972 - 1977
Gert Pieter
Christiaan
(b. 1919 - d. 1977)
Bezuidenhout
1977 - 1982
Roelof
McLachlan
(b. 1916 - d. 1982)
1982 - 31 Jan
1988
Petrus Johannes Visser Erasmus (b. 1919 -
d. 19..)
Pretorius
Mar 1988 - 22 Nov 1989
Nicolaas Johan
Nieuwoudt
(b. 1929 - d. 1989)
1 Apr 1990 - Nov 1992
J. Martin "Thabo" Koekemoer
(b. 1938)
1992 -
1994
....
Party abbreviations: LNP
= Lebowa National Party; LPP =
Lebowa People's Party (est.1972, from 1988 renamed Thari
ya Setshaba)
Qwaqwa
18 Jul 1975 - 27 Apr 1994
|
Map
of Qwaqwa
|
Capital:
Phuthaditjhaba
|
Hear
Local Anthem
"Nkosi Sikelel'i Afrika"
(God, Bless Africa)
|
Population: 288,155
(1992)
|
GDP: $151,990,000 R (1986)
|
Exports: $N/A
Imports: $N/A
|
Ethnic
groups: Basotho (Qwaqwa, Kwena, Tlokwa)
|
24 Apr
1969
Basotho ba Borwa (North Sotho) Territorial
Authority established.
1 Apr
1972
Basotho Qwaqwa
1 Nov
1974
Qwaqwa (self-rule achieved).
27 Apr
1994
Re-integration into South Africa.
Chief ministers
Apr 1969 - 19 May 1975
Wessels Mota
(d. 1988)
1974: BUP
(chairman and chief executive officer to 1 Oct 1971,
chief executive councillor 1 Oct 1971 - 1 Nov 1974)
19 May 1975 - 27 Apr 1994 Tsiame Kenneth
Mopeli
(b. 1930 - d. 2014) DP
Commissioner-generals of South
Sotho (1972-74 Basotho Qwaqwa; from
1
Nov 1974 Qwaqwa)
1 Jul 1960 - Apr 1970
Simon Frederik Papenfus
(b. 1905 - d. 1978)
1970 - 1975
Nicolaas Christiaan "Chris" van
(b. 1913 - d. 1987)
Rooyen Sadie
1 Oct 1975 - 9 Nov 1983
Jacobus Stephanus "Kosie"
(b. 1918 - d. 2010)
Pansegrouw
1983/84 -
1985
J.M. van Rooyen
(b. 19.. - d. 1985)
1 Jul 1985 - 14 Mar 1990 David
"Dawie" McKenzie Grewar
(b. 1927 - d. 1990)
16 May 1990 - 1994
Willem Adriaan Odendaal
Party abbreviations: BUP = Basotho
Unity Party (est.1974); DP = Dikwankwetla Party
(governing party, est.1974)
Transkei
-
- 1964 - 31 May 1966
(Provisional)
|
-
- 31 May 1966 - 27 Apr 1994
|
Map
of The Transkei
|
Hear
National Anthem
"Nkosi Sikelel'i Afrika"
(God, Bless Africa)
|
Text
of National Anthem
Adopted 26 Oct 1976
|
Constitution
(26 Oct 1976)
|
Capital: Umtata
|
Currency: South
African
Rand (ZAR)
|
National Holiday: 26
Oct (1976)
Independence Day
|
Population: 4,746,796
(1992)
|
GDP: $784 million R
(1989)
|
Exports: $N/A
Imports: $N/A
|
Ethnic groups: mainly
Xhosa, Basotho,
Zulu, white
|
Total Defense Force:
3,500-4,000 (1993)
|
Religions: N/A
|
International
Organizations/Treaties: CMA, DBSA, ECOSA, SACU, SECOSAF |
1959
Transkei Territorial Authority established.
24 Mar 1961
Transkei
30 May
1963
Self-government granted by the Transkei
Constitution Act.
24 Jun 1976
Status of the Transkei Act, 1976
(Afrikaans: Wet op die Status van
die Transkei, 1976) is assented to.
26 Oct
1976
Declared independent by South Africa (Republic of
Transkei
[iRiphabliki ye Transkei = Rephaboliki ya
Transkei = Republiek
van
Transkei])(Xhosa was the sole official language
according
to the Constitution of 1976; Sesotho, English and
Afrikaans
were confirmed for legislative use); only recognized
only by
South Africa and the other 'independent' homelands.
27 Apr
1994
Re-incorporated into South
Africa (Status of Transkei Act, 1976
is repealed by South Africa).
Presidents (Prezidanti)
26 Oct 1976 - 1 Dec 1978 Botha
Manzolwandle Jongilizwe
(b. 1913 - d. 1978) NIPT
Sigcau
1 Dec 1978 - 20 Feb 1979 Zwelibanzi
Maneli Mabandla (acting)(b. 1906 - d. 19..)
20 Feb 1979 - 20 Feb 1986 Kaiser
Daliwonga Matanzima
(b.
1915 - d. 2003) NIPT
20 Feb 1986 - 27 Apr 1994 Tutor
Nyangilizwe Vulindlela (b. 1921 -
d. 1997) NIPT;1987
Ndamase
Non-party
Chairman and chief executive officer
1959 - Mar 1961
Botha
Manzolwandle Jongilizwe
(s.a.)
Sigcau
Chief executive councillor
24 Mar 1961 - 6 Dec 1963 Kaiser
Daliwonga Matanzima
(s.a.)
Chief minister
6 Dec 1963 - 26 Oct 1976 Kaiser
Daliwonga Matanzima
(s.a.)
1964: NIPT
Prime ministers
26 Oct 1976 - 20 Feb 1979 Kaiser
Daliwonga Matanzima
(s.a.)
NIPT
20 Feb 1979 - 24 Sep 1987 George Mzimvubu
Matanzima
(b. 1918 - d. 2000) NIPT
25 Sep 1987 - 5 Oct 1987 Dumnisani
Gladstone
Gwadiso (b.
1952)
NIPT
(acting)
5 Oct 1987 - 30 Dec 1987
Stella Margaret Nomzano Sigcau (f) (b. 1937 - d.
2006) NIPT
Chairman of the Military Council and of the
Council of Ministers
30 Dec 1987 - 27 Apr 1994 Harrington
Bantu
Holomisa
(b.
1955)
Mil
Commissioner-generals for the Xhosa (from 1961,
Transkei and Ciskei)
1 Jul 1960 - 31 May 1974 Johannes
"Hans" Hendrikus Abraham (b. 1908 – d. 1978)
31 May 1974 - 26 Oct 1976 D.H. "Danie"
Potgieter
Party abbreviations (from Dec 1987
parties banned): NIPT
= National Independence Party of Transkei
(pro-independence, 1964-1987); Mil
= Military
Venda
1 May 1973 - 27 Apr 1994
|
1962
Thohoyandou Territorial Authority
20 Jun
1969
Venda Territorial Authority
1 Jun 1971
Venda
1 Feb
1973
Self-government achieved.
2 Jul 1979
Status of Venda Act, 1979 (Afrikaans: Wet op die
Status van Venda,
1979) is assented to.
13 Sep
1979
Declared independent by South Africa (Republic of Venda
[Riphabuliki ya Venda = Republiek van Venda]);
only recognized
by South Africa and the other 'independent'
homelands.
1990
English is
recognized as the official language (Venda and
Afrikaans may be used for judicial and administrative
purposes).
27 Apr
1994
Re-incorporated into South
Africa (Status of Venda Act, 1979
is repealed by South Africa).
Presidents
13 Sep 1979 - 17 Apr 1988 Patrick Ramaano
Mbulaheni Mphephu (b. 1926 - d. 1988)
VNP
17 Apr 1988 - 5 Apr 1990 Frank
Nndwakhulu Ravhele
(b. 1926 - d. 1999) VNP
(acting to 10 May 1988)
Chairmen of the Council of National Unity
5 Apr 1990
- 25 Jan 1994 Gabriel Mutheiwana Ramushwana
(b. 1941 - d. 2015) Mil
25 Jan 1994 - 27 Apr 1994 Tshamano Gerso
Ramabulana
(b.
1940 - d. 2020) Mil
Chairman and chief executive officer
1962 - Oct 1969
Patrick Ramaano Mbulaheni
Mphephu (s.a.)
Chief executive councillor
Oct 1969 - 1 Feb
1973 Patrick Ramaano Mbulaheni
Mphephu (s.a.)
Chief minister
1 Feb 1973 - 13 Sep 1979
Patrick Ramaano Mbulaheni Mphephu
(s.a.)
VNP
Commissioner-generals of Venda
(and to 1969, Tsonga)
Apr 1966 - 1975
Michiel Daniel Christiaan
de (b. 1901 - d.
1984)
Wet Nel
1 May 1975 - 12 Sep 1979
Johannes Cornelius Otto
(b. 1910 - d. 1985)
Party abbreviations: VNP
= Venda National Party (traditionalist, only legal party
Aug 1986-Apr 1990, banned from Apr 1990); Mil
= Military
© Ben Cahoon
|