The Philippines
 

to 13 Aug 1898 16 Nov 1897 - 16 Dec 1897 Republic in rebellion 12 Jun 1898 - 6 Sep 1907 14 Aug 1898 - 25 Mar 1936 26 Mar 1920 - 25 Mar 1936 Unofficial Local Flag, Adopted 25 Mar 1936 and 4 Jul 1946 (Banned 3 Jan 1942 - 14 Oct 1943) 3 Jan 1942 - 14 Oct 1943 18 Dec 1941 - 2 Sep 1945  Philippines at War 25 Feb 1985 - 25 Jul 1986 Adopted 13 Feb 1998 Map of the Philippines Hear National Anthem "Lupang Hinirang"  (Chosen Land) Text of National Anthem Adopted 12 Jun 1898 (banned 3 Jan 1942-14 Oct 1943) Constitutions (1899, 1935, 1973, 1973, 1986, 11 Feb 1987) Capital: Manila (Quezon City 12 Oct 1949 - 24 Jun 1976; Corregidor 24 Dec 1941 - 19 Feb 1942; Villa del Santísimo Nombre  de Jesús [Cebu City] 1565 - 1569; Ogtong [Iloilo] 1569 - 1571; (Spanish: Bacólor 6 Oct 1762 - 30 May 1764, Iloilo 1898-23 Dec 1898, Zamboanga 24 Dec 1898 - Jan 1899) (republic: Palanan 1900-1901; Malolos 1898-1900; Cavite Jun 1897-Jul 1898; Biak-na-Bato 1897) Currency: Philippine Peso (PHP); 1942-1945 Philippines  Gumpyo Peso (PHJ); 1772-1859 Spanish Escudo (XESE) National Holiday: 12 June (1898) Araw ng Kasarinlán (Independence Day) Population: 105,893,381 (2018) GDP: $877.2 billion (2017)  Exports: $48.2 billion (2017) Imports: $89.4 billion (2017) Ethnic groups: Tagalog 24.4%, Bisaya/Binisaya 11.4%, Cebuano 9.9%, Ilocano 8.8%, Hiligaynon/Ilonggo 8.4%, Bikol/Bicol 6.8%, Waray 4%, other local ethnicity 26.1%,  other foreign ethnicity 0.1% (2010) Total Active Armed Forces: 120,000 (2010) U.S. Forces: 257 (2023) Merchant marine: 1,615 ships (2018) Religions: Roman Catholic 80.6%, Protestant 8.2% (includes Philippine Council of Evangelical Churches 2.7%, National Council of Churches in the Philippines 1.2%, other Protestant 4.3%), Iglesia Ni Cristo 2.5%, other Christian  0.9%, Muslim 5.6%, tribal religions 0.2%, other 1.9%, none 0.1% (2010) International Organizations/Treaties: ADB, AIIB, APA, APEC, APM, ARF, ASEAN, BIS, BTWC, CCM, CD, CICA (observer), CP, CTBT, CWC, EAS, EITI, ESCR, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, IRENA (signatory), ISA, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, LU, MIGA, Moon, NAM, NPT, NTBT, OAS (observer), OPCW, PCA, PIF (partner), RCEP, SEGIB (associate observer), UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-KP, UNFCC-PA, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Philippines Index Chronology 17 Mar 1521                Sighted and claimed for Spain by Fernando de                              Magallanes (Fernão de Magalhães)(b. c.1480 - d.                              1521) and named the Archipelago de San Lazaro                              (Archipelago of Saint Lazarus).  1 Nov 1542                Re-claimed for Spain and named the Islas Filipinas,                               for Spanish King Felipe II (b. 1527 - d. 1598) by                              Capt. Ruy López de Villalobos (b. 1500 - d. 1546). 27 Apr 1565                Spanish colony (Islas Filipinas); subordinated                              to New Spain (see Mexico) until 29 Sep 1817.  6 Oct 1762 -  7 Apr 1764  British occupation (in Manila and Cavite)(Spanish                              administration moves to Bacolor administering the                              rest of the archipelago). 23 Mar 1897 - 16 Dec 1897  Insurgency government; from 16 Nov 1897, Republic                              of the Philippines (Republika ng Filipinas). 12 Jun 1898 - 13 Apr 1902  Proclamation of independence (Philippine Islands                              [Islas Filipinas]; from 21 Jan 1899, Philippine                              Republic [República Filipina]- which also claimed                              Palau [Islas Palaos]); insurrection against Spain                              and then the U.S. 13 Aug 1898                U.S. forces occupy Manila. 14 Aug 1898 -  1 Jul 1901  United States Military Government of the Philippine                              Islands (Pamahalaang Militar ng Estados Unidos sa                              Kapuluan ng Pilipinas/Gobierno Militar de los                              Estados Unidos de las Islas Filipinas)                              (continues in parts to 4 Jul 1902). 14 Aug 1898 -  3 Jan 1942  U.S territory (Philippine Islands). 11 Apr 1899                Treaty ceding Philippines by Spain to the U.S.                              (dated 10 Dec 1898) proclaimed (Philippine                              Islands). 15 Nov 1935 -  3 Jan 1942  Commonwealth of the Philippines (Mancomunidad de                              Filipinas).  3 Jan 1942 -  2 Sep 1945  Japanese military occupation (invasion begun 8 Dec                              1941, Manila occupied 2 Jan 1942, U.S. garrison                              on Corregidor surrenders 6 May 1942 and Leyte 25                              May 1942; U.S. forces land 27 Oct 1944, Manila                              liberated 27 Jan 1945). 14 Oct 1943 - 17 Aug 1945  Republic of the Philippines (nominal independence). 27 Feb 1945 -  4 Jul 1946  U.S territory. 27 Feb 1945                Commonwealth of the Philippines (restored).  4 Jul 1946                Sovereign independence proclaimed.  4 Jul 1946                Tagalog becomes an official language; 17 Jan 1973                              Tagalog (slightly modified) renamed Pilipino;                              Spanish ceases to be an official language; 11 Feb                              1987 Filipino becomes the official language;                              English remains a secondary official language.  4 Jul 1946                Republic of the Philippines (and from 17 Jan 1973,                              Republika ng Pilipinas). Bangsamoro Autonomous Region Cordillera Region Negros (1898-1901) Zamboanga (1899) Katagalugan (1902-1906) Maguindanao (from c.1515) Buayan (to 1901) Sulu (1457-1940) Philippine Independent Church

Governors-general
27 Apr 1565 - 20 Aug 1572  Miguel López de Legazpi y          (b. 1503? - d. 1572)
                             Gurruchategui 
20 Aug 1572 - 25 Aug 1575  Guido de Lavezaris                 (b. c.1499 - d. 1581)
25 Aug 1575 - Apr 1580     Francisco de Sande Picón           (b. 1540 - d. 1602)
Apr 1580 - 14 Feb 1583     Gonzalo Ronquillo de Peñalosa      (b. 1540 - d. 1583)
14 Feb 1583 - 16 May 1584  Diego Ronquillo de Peñalosa        (d. 1598)
                             (acting)
16 May 1584 - May 1590     Santiago de Vera                   (b. 15.. - d. 1606)
 1 Jun 1590 - 25 Oct 1593  Gómez Pérez das Mariñas y          (b. 1519 - d. 1593) 
                             Ribadeneira          
Oct 1593 -  3 Dec 1593     Pedro de Rojas (acting)            (b. 15.. - d. 1600)
 3 Dec 1593 - 14 Jul 1596  Luis Pérez das Mariñas y Páez de   (b. 1567? - d. 1603)
                             Sotomayor
14 Jul 1596 - May 1602     Francisco de Tello de Guzmán       (b. 1532 - d. 1603) 
May 1602 - 24 Jun 1606     Pedro Bravo de Acuña               (b. 15.. - d. 1606) 
24 Jun 1606 - 15 Jun 1608  Cristóbal Téllez de Almazán        (b. 15.. - d. 1612)
                             (president of the Audiencia) 
15 Jun 1608 - Apr 1609     Rodrigo de Vivero y Aberrucia      (b. 1564 - d. 1636)
                             (interim)
Apr 1609 - 19 Apr 1616     Juan de Silva                      (b. 1550 - d. 1616) 
19 Apr 1616 -  3 Jul 1618  Andres Alcaraz                     (b. c.1560 - d. c.1622)
                             (president of the Audiencia) 
 3 Jul 1618 - Jul 1624     Alonso Fajardo de Entenza y        (d. 1624)
                             de Guevara, Córdoba y Velasco 
Jul 1624 - Jun 1625        Jerónimo de Silva  
                             (president of the Audiencia) 
Jun 1625 - 29 Jun 1626     Fernándo de Silva y Silva (acting) (d. c.1642)
29 Jun 1626 - 22 Jul 1632  Juan Niño de Tavora                (d. 1632) 
22 Jul 1632 - 1633         Lorenzo de Olaso y Achótegui       (d. 1648)
                             (president of the Audiencia) 
29 Aug 1633 - 25 Jun 1635  Juan Cerezo de Salamanca 
25 Jun 1635 - 11 Aug 1644  Sebastián Hurtado de Corcuera      (b. 1587 - d. 1660)
                             y Gaviría
11 Aug 1644 - 25 Jul 1653  Diego Fajardo Chacón               (d. 1658)
25 Jul 1653 -  8 Sep 1663  Sabiniano Manrique de Lara         (b. c.1603 – d. 1683)
 8 Sep 1663 - 28 Sep 1668  Diego de Salcedo                   (d. 1669)
28 Sep 1668 - 24 Sep 1669  Juan Manuel de la Peña Bonifaz     (b. c.1625 - d. 1673)
                             (acting)
24 Sep 1669 - 21 Sep 1677  Manuel de León y Saravia           (b. c.1615 - d. 1677) 
11 Apr 1677 - 21 Sep 1677  Francisco Coloma y Maceda, marqués (b. 1617 - d. 1677)
                             de Canales de Chozas
                             (president of the Audiencia) 
21 Sep 1677 - 28 Sep 1678  Francisco Sotomayor y Mansilla
                             (president of the Audiencia) 
29 Sep 1678 - 24 Aug 1684  Juan de Vargas Hurtado             (d. 1690) 
24 Aug 1684 - 27 Apr 1689  Gabriel de Curuzealegui y Arriola  (d. 1689)
27 Apr 1689 - 25 Jul 1690  Alonso de Ávila Fuertes            (b. 1657 - d. c.1714)
                             (president of the Audiencia) 
25 Jul 1690 -  8 Dec 1701  Fausto Cruzat y Góngora            (b. 1651? - d. 1702)
 8 Dec 1701 - 25 Aug 1709  Domingo Zabálburu de Echevarri     (b. 16.. - d. 1709)
25 Aug 1709 -  4 Feb 1715  Martín de Ursúa y Arizmendi,
                             conde de Lizárraga               (b. 1653 - d. 1715)
 4 Feb 1715 -  9 Aug 1717  José de Torralba Ríos              (b. 1653 - d. 1726)
                             (president of the Audiencia) 
 9 Aug 1717 - 11 Oct 1719  Fernando Manuel de Bustillo        (b. 1663 - d. 1719)
                             Bustamante y Rueda       
11 Oct 1719 -  6 Aug 1721  Fray Francisco de la Cuesta,       (b. 1658 - d. 1724)
                             arzobispo de Manila (acting)
 6 Aug 1721 - 14 Aug 1729  Toribio José Miguel de Cossío y    (b. 1665 - d. 1743)
                             Campa, marqués de Torre Campo
14 Aug 1729 - Jul 1739     Fernando de Valdés y Tamón         (b. 1681 - d. 1759)
Jul 1739 - 21 Sep 1745     Gaspar Antonio de la Torre Ayala   (b. 1680 - d. 1745)
21 Sep 1745 - 20 Jul 1750  Fray Juan de Arechederra,          (b. 1681 - d. 1751)
                             arzobispo de Manila (acting)
20 Jul 1750 - 26 Jul 1754  Francisco José de Obando y Solís   (b. 1698 - d. 1755)
                             Rol de La Cerda, marqués de Obando             
26 Jul 1754 - 31 May 1759  Pedro Manuel de Arandía            (b. 1699 - d. 1759)
                             Santisteban          
Jun 1759 - Jul 1761        Miguel Lino de Ezpeleta,           (b. 1701 - d. 1771)
                             bispo de Zebu (acting)
Jul 1761 - 30 Jan 1764     Manuel Antonio Rojo del Río y      (b. 1708 - d. 1764)
                             Vieyra, arzobispo de Manila
                             (British prisoner from 6 Oct 1762
                             and held to reign as governor)
 4 Oct 1762 - 17 Mar 1764  Simón de Anda y Salazar (1st time) (b. 1709 - d. 1776)
                             (in Bacolor, in opposition to
                             British)
 2 Nov 1762 - 29 Mar 1764  Dawsonne Drake                     (b. 1724 - d. 1784)
                             (British governor of Manila)
17 Mar 1764 -  6 Jul 1765  Francisco Javier de la Torre
                             (acting, in opposition to British
                             to 7 Apr 1764, in Bacolor to 31 May 1764)
29 Mar 1764 -  7 Apr 1764  Alexander Dalrymple (acting)       (b. 1737 - d. 1808)
                             (British provisional deputy governor of Manila)
 6 Jul 1765 - Jul 1770     José Antonio Raón y Gutiérrez      (b. c.1700 - d. 1773)
Jul 1770 - 30 Oct 1776     Simón de Anda y Salazar (2nd time) (s.a.)
30 Oct 1776 - Jul 1778     Pedro Sarrio (1st time) (acting)   (d. c.1792)
Jul 1778 - 22 Sep 1787     José Basco y Vargas                (b. 1735 - d. 1805)
22 Sep 1787 -  1 Jul 1788  Pedro Sarrio (2nd time) (acting)   (s.a.)
 1 Jul 1788 -  1 Sep 1793  Félix Ignacio Juan Nicolás Antonio (b. 1738 - d. 1826)
                             José Joaquín Buenaventura
                             Berenguer de Marquina y FitzGerald    
 1 Sep 1793 -  7 Aug 1806  Rafael María de Aguilar y          (b. c.1737 - d. 1806)
                             Ponce de León          
 7 Aug 1806 -  4 Mar 1810  Mariano Fernández de Folgueras y   (b. 1766 - d. 1823)
                             y Fernández Flores (1st time)
                             (acting) 
 4 Mar 1810 -  4 Sep 1813  Manuel González Aguilar Torres de
                             Navarra y Montoya
 4 Sep 1813 - 10 Dec 1816  José de Gardoqui Jaraveita         (b. 1755 - d. 1816)
10 Dec 1816 - 30 Oct 1822  Mariano Fernández de Folgueras y   (s.a.)
                             y Fernández Flores (2nd time)
30 Oct 1822 - 14 Oct 1825  Juan Antonio Martínez Alcobendas   (b. 1769 - d. 1825)
14 Oct 1825 - 23 Dec 1830  Mariano Ricafort Palacín y Abarca  (b. 1776 - d. 1846)
23 Dec 1830 -  1 Mar 1835  Pascual Enrile y Alcedo            (b. 1772 - d. 1836)
 1 Mar 1835 - 23 Apr 1835  Gabriel de Torres y Velasco        (b. 1782 - d. 1835)
23 Apr 1835 -  9 Sep 1835  Joaquín de Crámer (acting)
 9 Sep 1835 - 27 Aug 1837  Pedro Antonio de Salazar Castillo  (b. 1782 - d. 1861)
                             y Varona (acting)
27 Aug 1837 - 29 Dec 1838  Andrés García Camba (acting)       (b. 1793 - d. 1861)
29 Dec 1838 - 14 Feb 1841  Luis Lardizábal y Montojo          (b. 1783 - d. 1841)
14 Feb 1841 - 17 Jun 1843  Marcelino de Oraá y Lecumberri     (b. 1788 - d. 1851)
17 Jun 1843 - 16 Jul 1844  Francisco de Paula Alcalá de       (b. 1792 - d. 1854)
                             la Torre
16 Jul 1844 - 26 Dec 1849  Narciso Clavería y Zaldúa          (b. 1795 - d. 1851)
26 Dec 1849 - 29 Jul 1850  Antonio María Blanco (acting)
29 Jul 1850 - 20 Dec 1853  Antonio de Urbiztondo y Eguía      (b. 1803 - d. 1857)
20 Dec 1853 -  2 Feb 1854  Ramón Montero y Blandino           (b. 1815 - d. 1860)
                             (1st time) (acting)
 2 Feb 1854 - 28 Oct 1854  Manuel Pavía y Lacy, marqués       (b. 1814 - d. 1896)
                             de Novaliches  
28 Oct 1854 - 20 Nov 1854  Ramón Montero y Blandino           (s.a.)
                             (2nd time) (acting)
20 Nov 1854 -  5 Dec 1856  Manuel Crespo y Cebrián            (b. 1793 - d. 1868)
 5 Dec 1856 -  9 Mar 1857  Ramón Montero y Blandino           (s.a.)
                             (3rd time) (acting)
 9 Mar 1857 - 12 Jan 1860  Fernando de Norzagaray y Escudero  (b. 1808 - d. 1860)
12 Jan 1860 - 29 Aug 1860  Ramón María Solano y Llanderal     (b. 1815 - d. 1860)
                             (acting)
29 Aug 1860 -  2 Feb 1861  Juan Herrera Dávila (acting)
 2 Feb 1861 -  7 Jul 1862  José Lemery e Ibarrola Ney y       (b. 1811 - d. 1886)
                             Gonzáles 
 7 Jul 1862 -  9 Jul 1862  Salvador Valdés Barruso (acting)   (b. 1810 - d. 1868)
 9 Jul 1862 - 24 Mar 1865  Rafael Echagüe y Bermingham        (b. 1815 - d. 1887)
24 Mar 1865 - 25 Apr 1865  Joaquín del Solar e Ibáñez         (b. 1815 - d. 1881)
                             (1st time) (acting)
25 Apr 1865 - 13 Jul 1866  Juan de Lara e Irigoyen            (b. 1808 - d. 1869)
13 Jul 1866 - 21 Sep 1866  José Laureano Sanz y Posse         (b. 1822 - d. 1898)
                             (acting)
21 Sep 1866 - 27 Sep 1866  Juan Antonio Osorio (acting)
27 Sep 1866 - 26 Oct 1866  Joaquín del Solar e Ibáñez         (s.a.)
                             (2nd time) (acting)
26 Oct 1866 -  7 Jun 1869  José de la Gándara y Navarro       (b. 1820 - d. 1885)
 7 Jun 1869 - 23 Jun 1869  Manuel Álvarez-Maldonado y Loriga  (b. 1808 - d. 1888)
                             (acting)
23 Jun 1869 -  4 Apr 1871  Carlos María de la Torre y Nava    (b. 1809 - d. 1879)
                             Cerrada
 4 Apr 1871 -  8 Jan 1873  Rafael de Izquierdo y Gutiérrez    (b. 1820 - d. 1882)
 8 Jan 1873 - 24 Jan 1873  Manuel Mac-Crohon y Blake (acting) (b. 1816 - d. 1877)
24 Jan 1873 - 17 Mar 1874  Juan Alaminos y de Vivar           (b. 1813 - d. 1899)
17 Mar 1874 - 18 Jun 1874  Manuel Blanco Valderrama (acting)  (b. 1815 - d. 1899)
18 Jun 1874 - 28 Feb 1877  José Malcampo y Monje, marqués     (b. 1828 - d. 1880)
                             de San Rafael, conde de Jolo,
                             vizconde de Mindanao
28 Feb 1877 - 20 Mar 1880  Domingo Moriones y Murillo         (b. 1823 - d. 1881) 
                             Zabaleta y Sanz, marqués de
                             Oroquieta
20 Mar 1880 - 15 Apr 1880  Rafael Rodríguez Arias (acting)    (b. 1820 - d. 1892)
15 Apr 1880 - 10 Mar 1883  Fernando Primo de Rivera y
                             Sobremonte (1st time)            (b. 1831 - d. 1921)
10 Mar 1883 -  7 Apr 1883  Emilio Molins y Lemaur (1st time)  (b. 1824 - d. 1889)
                             (acting)
 7 Apr 1883 -  1 Apr 1885  Joaquín Jovellar y Soler           (b. 1819 - d. 1892)
 1 Apr 1885 -  4 Apr 1885  Emilio Molins y Lemaur (2nd time)  (s.a.)
                             (acting)
 4 Apr 1885 - 25 Apr 1888  Emilio Terrero y Perinat           (b. 1827 - d. 1892)
25 Apr 1888 -  4 Jun 1888  Antonio Moltó y Díaz Berrio        (b. 1830 - d. 1902)
                             (acting)
 4 Jun 1888 -  5 Jun 1888  Federico Lobatón y Prieto (acting)
 5 Jun 1888 - 17 Nov 1891  Valeriano Weyler y Nicolau,        (b. 1838 - d. 1930)
                             marqués de Tenerife
17 Nov 1891 -  1 Mar 1893  Eulogio Despujol y Dusay,          (b. 1834 - d. 1907)
                             conde de Caspe
 1 Mar 1893 -  4 May 1893  Federico Ochando y Chumillas       (b. 1848 - d. 1929)
                             (acting)
 4 May 1893 - 13 Dec 1896  Ramón Blanco y Erenas,             (b. 1831 - d. 1906)
                             marqués de Peña Plata
Dec 1896                   Canuto Villanueva -Supremo         (d. 1897)
                             (at Pandi, Bulacan in rebllion)
13 Dec 1896 - 15 Apr 1897  Camilo García de Polavieja y del   (b. 1838 - d. 1914)
                             Castillo                      
15 Apr 1897 - 23 Apr 1897  José de Lachambre y Domínguez      (b. 1846 - d. 1903)
                             (acting)
23 Apr 1897 - 11 Apr 1898  Fernando Primo de Rivera y         (s.a.)
                             Sobremonte (2nd time)  
11 Apr 1898 - 24 Jul 1898  Basilio Agustín y Dávila           (b. 1840 - d. 1910)
24 Jul 1898 - 13 Aug 1898  Fermín Jáudenes y Álvarez (acting) (b. 1836 - d. 1915)
13 Aug 1898 - 18 Sep 1898  Francisco Rizzo y Ramírez (acting) (b. 1831 - d. 1910)
                             (at Malolos, in opposition to U.S.)
Sep 1898 -  3 Jun 1899     Diego de los Ríos (acting)         (b. 1850 - d. 1911)
                             (at Iloilo, in opposition to U.S.)
 3 Jun 1899 - 10 Dec 1899  Nicolás Jaramillo y Mesa           (b. 1839 - d. 1906)
                             (Spanish president of Commission for
                             Selection and Transportation of War Material)
President of the Presidential Administration
23 Mar 1897 -  1 Nov 1897  Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy            (b. 1869 - d. 1964)
President of the Supreme Government Council
 1 Nov 1897 - 16 Dec 1897  Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy            (s.a.)
Dictator of the Philippine Islands
24 May 1898 - 23 Jun 1898  Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy            (s.a.)
President of Revolutionary Government of the Philippines
23 Jun 1898 - 23 Jan 1899  Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy            (s.a.)
Presidents of the Republic
12 Jan 1899 -  1 Apr 1901  Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy            (s.a.)
 1 Apr 1901 - 13 Apr 1902  Miguel Malvar y Carpio             (b. 1865 - d. 1911)
U.S. Military Governors and Commanders of the Department of the Pacific
(from 7 Apr 1900, Division of the Philippines)
13 Aug 1898 - 29 Aug 1898  Wesley Merritt                     (b. 1834 - d. 1910)
29 Aug 1898 -  5 May 1900  Elwell Stephen Otis                (b. 1838 - d. 1909)
 5 May 1900 -  4 Jul 1901  Arthur MacArthur, Jr.              (b. 1845 - d. 1912)
 4 Jul 1901 -  4 Jul 1902  Adna Romanza Chaffee               (b. 1842 - d. 1914)
Civil Governors (and Presidents of United States Philippine Commission)
 4 Jul 1901 -  1 Feb 1904  William Howard Taft                (b. 1857 - d. 1930)
 1 Feb 1904 -  7 Feb 1905  Luke Edward Wright                 (b. 1846 - d. 1922)
Governors-general (and Presidents of United States Philippine Commission to 3 Oct 1916)
 7 Feb 1905 - 30 Mar 1906  Luke Edward Wright                 (s.a.)
30 Mar 1906 - 19 Sep 1906  Henry Clay Ide                     (b. 1844 - d. 1921)
                             (acting to 2 Apr 1906)
20 Sep 1906 - 11 Nov 1909  James Francis Smith                (b. 1859 - d. 1928)
11 Nov 1909 -  1 Sep 1913  William Cameron Forbes             (b. 1870 - d. 1959)
 1 Sep 1913 -  6 Oct 1913  Newton Whiting Gilbert (acting)    (b. 1862 - d. 1939)
 6 Oct 1913 -  5 Mar 1921  Francis Burton Harrison            (b. 1873 - d. 1957)
 5 Mar 1921 - 14 Oct 1921  Charles Emmett Yeater (acting)     (b. 1861 - d. 1943)
14 Oct 1921 -  7 Aug 1927  Leonard Wood                       (b. 1860 - d. 1927)
 7 Aug 1927 - 27 Dec 1927  Eugene Allen Gilmore (1st time)    (b. 1871 - d. 1953) 
                             (acting)
27 Dec 1927 - 23 Feb 1929  Henry Lewis Stimson                (b. 1867 - d. 1950)
23 Feb 1929 -  8 Jul 1929  Eugene Allen Gilmore (2nd time)    (s.a.)
                             (acting)
 8 Jul 1929 -  9 Jan 1932  Dwight Finley Davis                (b. 1879 - d. 1945)
21 Nov 1931 - 29 Feb 1932  George Charles Butte               (b. 1877 - d. 1940)
                             (acting [for Davis to 9 Jan 1932)]
29 Feb 1932 - 24 Mar 1933  Theodore Roosevelt III             (b. 1887 - d. 1944)
                             (= Theodore Roosevelt, Jr.)
16 Mar 1933 - 15 Jun 1933  John Hodgman Holliday              (b. 1879 - d. 1947)
                             (acting [for Roosevelt to 24 Mar 1933])
15 Jun 1933 - 14 Nov 1935  William Francis "Frank" Murphy     (b. 1890 - d. 1949)
Presidents
15 Nov 1935 - 17 Mar 1942  Manuel Luis Quezon Antonio y       (b. 1878 - d. 1944)  PN
                             Molina 
                            (in Australia exile 27 Mar - 21 Apr 1942,
                             in San Francisco, U.S. 9 - 13 May 1942, in
                             Washington, D.C. exile 13 May 1942 - 1 Aug 1944)
17 Mar 1942 -  1 May 1942  José Abad Santos y Basco (acting)  (b. 1886 - d. 1942)  Non-party
                             (Japanese prisoner from 10 Apr 1942)
Japanese Governor-general and Military Administrator, Japanese Military
Commander of the Philippines (commander of the IJA 14th Army)
 2 Jan 1942 -  8 Jun 1942  Masaharu Homma                     (b. 1887 - d. 1946)  Mil 
Japanese Military Governors (commanders of IJA 14th Army; from 28 Jun 1944, 14th Area Army)
 8 Jun 1942 - 28 May 1943  Shizuichi Tanaka                   (b. 1887 - d. 1945)  Mil 
28 May 1943 - 26 Sep 1944  Shigenori Kuroda                   (b. 1887 - d. 1952)  Mil 
26 Sep 1944 -  2 Sep 1945  Tomoyuki Yamashita                 (b. 1888 - d. 1946)  Mil
Chairman of the Executive Commission of the Philippine Council of State
23 Jan 1942 - 14 Oct 1943  Jorge Bartolomé Vargas y Celis     (b. 1890 - d. 1980)  KPBP
Presidents
14 Oct 1943 - 17 Aug 1945  José Paciano Laurel y García       (b. 1891 - d. 1959)  KPBP
 1 Aug 1944 - 28 Jun 1946  Sergio Osmeña y Suico              (b. 1878 - d. 1961)  PN
                            (in Washington, D.C. exile to 20 Oct 1944, in Manila 27 Feb 1945)
28 Jun 1946 - 15 Apr 1948  Manuel Roxas y Acuña               (b. 1892 - d. 1948)  PL
16 Apr 1948 - 30 Dec 1953  Elpidio Quirino y Rivera           (b. 1890 - d. 1956)  PL
30 Dec 1953 - 17 Mar 1957  Ramon Magsaysay y del Fierro       (b. 1907 - d. 1957)  PN
17 Mar 1957 - 30 Dec 1961  Carlos Polestico Garcia            (b. 1896 - d. 1971)  PN
30 Dec 1961 - 30 Dec 1965  Diosdado Pangan Macapagal          (b. 1910 - d. 1997)  PL
30 Dec 1965 - 25 Feb 1986  Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos  (b. 1917 - d. 1989)  PN;1978 KBL
25 Feb 1986 - 30 Jun 1992  Maria Corazon "Corry" Sumulong     (b. 1933 - d. 2009) PDP-LB+UNIDO
                             Cojuangco-Aquino (f)
30 Jun 1992 - 30 Jun 1998  Fidel Valdez Ramos                 (b. 1928 - d. 2022)  Lakas-CMD
30 Jun 1998 - 20 Jan 2001  Joseph Ejercito Estrada            (b. 1937)            PMP
                             (= Jose Marcelo Ejercito)
20 Jan 2001 - 30 Jun 2010  Maria Gloria Macaraeg Macapagal-   (b. 1947)            KAMPI;2009
                             Arroyo (f)                                            Lakas-CMD
30 Jun 2010 - 30 Jun 2016  Benigno Simeon Cojuangco Aquino III(b. 1960 - d. 2021)  PL
30 Jun 2016 - 30 Jun 2022  Rodrigo Roa Duterte                (b. 1945)            PDP-LB
30 Jun 2022 -              Ferdinand "Bongbong" Romualdez     (b. 1957)            PFP
                             Marcos, Jr.     

Prime ministers (of the revolutionary government)
21 Jan 1899 -  7 May 1899  Apolinario Mabini                  (b. 1864 - d. 1903)
 7 May 1899 - 13 Nov 1899  Pedro Alejandro Paterno            (b. 1858 - d. 1911)
Prime ministers
12 Jun 1978 -  8 Apr 1981  Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos  (s.a.)               KBL
 8 Apr 1981 - 25 Feb 1986  Cesar Enrique Aguinaldo Virata     (b. 1930)            KBL
25 Feb 1986 - 25 Mar 1986  Salvador Hidalgo Laurel            (b. 1928 - d. 2004)  UNIDO

U.S. High Commissioners of the Philippines
15 Nov 1935 - 31 Dec 1936  William Francis "Frank" Murphy     (s.a.)
13 May 1936 - 26 Apr 1937  James Weldon Jones (1st time)      (b. 1896 - d. 1982)
                             (acting [for Murphy to 1 Jan 1937])  
26 Apr 1937 - 12 Jul 1939  Paul Vories McNutt (1st time)      (b. 1891 - d. 1955)
11 May 1939 - 28 Oct 1939  James Weldon Jones (2nd time)      (s.a.)
                             (acting [for McNutt to 12 Jul 1939])
28 Oct 1939 - 12 Oct 1942  Francis Bowes Sayre, Sr.           (b. 1885 - d. 1972)
                             (in Washington, D.C. exile from 23 Feb 1942)
13 Oct 1942 - 14 Sep 1945  Harold LeClair Ickes               (b. 1874 - d. 1952)
                             (U.S. Interior Secretary, in charge of the
                             High commissioner's functions; in Washington, D.C.)
14 Sep 1945 -  4 Jul 1946  Paul Vories McNutt (2nd time)      (s.a.)
Director Generals of the Japanese Military Administration in the Philippines 
 3 Jan 1942 - 20 Jul 1942  Yoshihide Hayashi                  (b. 1891 - d. 1978)  Mil 
20 Jul 1942 - 22 Mar 1944  Takaji (Takazi) Wachi              (b. 1893 - d. 1978)  Mil
22 Mar 1944 - 19 Jun 1944  Haruki Isayama                     (b. 1894 - d. 1990)  Mil
19 Jun 1944 - 28 Jul 1944  Tsuchio Yamaguchi                  (b. 1896 - d. 1978)  Mil
28 Jul 1944 - 20 Oct 1944  Ryōzō Sakuma                       (b. 1894 - d. 1969)  Mil
20 Oct 1944 -  2 Sep 1945  Akira Mutō                         (b. 1892 - d. 1948)  Mil

Territorial Disputes: Philippines claims sovereignty over Scarborough Reef, known locally as Panatag Shoal (also claimed by China together with Taiwan), and over certain of the Spratly Islands, known locally as the Kalayaan (Freedom) Islands, also claimed by China, Malaysia, Taiwan, and Vietnam; in 2009, Philippine Baselines Law of 2009 classified the Kalayaan Island Group and the Scarborough Shoal as "a regime of islands under the Republic of the Philippines"; the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea," has eased tensions in the Spratly Islands but falls short of a legally binding "code of conduct" desired by several of the disputants; in Mar 2005, the national oil companies of China, the Philippines, and Vietnam signed a joint accord to conduct marine seismic activities in the Spratly Islands; Philippines retains a dormant claim to Malaysia's Sabah State in northern Borneo based on the Sultanate of Sulu's granting the Philippines Government power of attorney to pursue a sovereignty claim on his behalf; maritime delimitation negotiations continue with Palau.

Party abbreviations (parties banned 8 Dec 1942-17 Aug 1945): Lakas-CMD = Lakas-Demokratikong Kristiyano at Muslim (People's Power - Christian Muslim Democrats, centrist, christian/islamic democracy, 2008-2012 named Lakas-Kampi-CMD, est.1991); LDP = Laban ñg Demokratikong Pilipino (Struggle of Democratic Filipinos, center-right, est.1988); PDP-LB = Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan (Philippine Democratic Party-People's Power, centrist, social conservative, est.1982): PFP = Partido Federal ng Pilipinas (Federal Party of the Philippines, federalist, est.5 Oct 2018); PMP = Partido ng Masang Pilipino (Party of the Filipino Masses, populist, est.1991); PL = Partido Liberal ng Pilipinas (Liberal Party of the Philippines, centrist, split from PN, est.1946); PN = Partido Nacionalista (Nationalist Party, Filipino nationalist, conservative, est.1907); Mil = Military;
- Former parties: KAMPI = Kabalikat ng Malayang Pilipino (Partner of the Free Filipino, populist, center-right, 1997-2009, merged into Lakas-CMD); KBL = Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (New Society Movement, Marcos personalist, Filipino nationalist, conservative, est.1978); KPBP = Kapisanan ng Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas "KALIBAPI" (Association for Service to the New Philippines, nationalist, fascist, only legal party 4 Dec 1942-1945); UNIDO = United Nationalist Democratic Organization (democratic coalition of anti-F. Marcos parties, incl. PN, PL, Muslim Federal Party, Young Philippines Party, etc., 1980-1987)

 5 Nov 1898                Spanish administration overthrown in Negros Occidental.
24 Nov 1898                Spanish administration overthrown in Negros Oriental.
27 Nov 1898                Cantonal Republic of Negros (Cantón Republicano de Negros)
                             established.
30 Apr 1899                Under U.S. protection.
22 Jul 1899                Republic of Negros (República de Negros/Republika sa Negros).
30 Apr 1901                Extinguished by U.S.

Presidents
 5 Nov 1898 - 22 Jul 1899  Aniceto Lacson y Ledesma           (b. 1857 - d. 1931)  Katipunan
                             (to 27 Nov 1898 in Negros Occidental only)
24 Nov 1898 - 27 Nov 1898  Demetrio Larena                    (b. 1859 - d. 1916)
                             (in Negros Oriental only)
President of the Constituent Assembly
22 Jul 1899 -  6 Nov 1899  José Ruiz de Luzuriaga             (b. 1843 - d. 1921)
Civil Governor (from 20 Apr 1901, Governor General of the Provinces)
 6 Nov 1899 - 30 Apr 1901  Melecio Severino                   (b. 1866 - d. 1915)

Presidents of the Municipality of Zamboanga 
18 May 1899 - 16 Nov 1899  Vicente Álvarez y Solís            (b. 1862 - d. 1942)
16 Nov 1899 - Mar 1901     Isidoro Midel                      (b. 1869 - d. 19..)
Mar 1901 - Mar 1903        Mariano Arquiza

May 1902                   Katagalugan Republic (Republika ng Katagalugan or Republika
                             ng Kapuluang Katagalugan), also called "Tagalog Republic",
                             proclaimed in southern Luzon areas of Rizal, Laguna,
                             Cavite, and Tayabas.
 4 Jul 1906                Extinguished by U.S.

President
 6 May 1902 - 4 Jul 1906   Macario Sakay y de León            (b. 1878 - d. 1907)  Katipunan 

30 Oct 1899                U.S. administration begins (Military District of Mindanao and Jolo;
                             from 20 Mar 1900, Department of Mindanao and Jolo).
 1 Oct 1902                Military Department of Mindanao
25 Jul 1903                Moro Province created as a first step towards direct rule.
23 Jul 1914                Moro provinces abolished and replaced by the provinces of
                             Agusan, Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao, Jolo, Surigao and 
                             Zamboanga forming the Department of Mindanao and Sulu. 
 5 May 1920                Department of Mindanao and Sulu abolished, responsibility
                             for the Moro lands was transferred to the Philippine 
                             Department of the Interior. 
Feb 1935                   Moro lands part of Commonwealth of the Philippines,
1942 - 1945                Japanese occupation.
20 Dec 1950                Administration transferred directly to the Office of the President,
                             and then abolished in 1957.
 1 Aug 1989                Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao established by 
                             Republic Act #6734.
 4 Oct 1990 -  6 Oct 1990  Federal Republic of Mindanao (in rebellion).
 6 Nov 1990                Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) inaugurated,
                             covering Lanao del Sur (without Marawi city), Maguindanao
                             (without Cotabato city), Sulu, and Tawi-Tawi provinces.
19 Sep 2001                Basilan province (without Isabela city) and Marawi city
                             added to ARMM.
12 Aug 2013 - 28 Sep 2013  MNLF declares independence of Bangsamoro Republic in rebellion
                             in Zamboanga with Nur Misuari as president. On 28 Sep 2013 the
                             Philippine government retakes Zamboanga city.
27 Mar 2014                Comprehensive Agreement on Bangsamoro signed by the Philippines
                             and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF).
26 Jul 2018                Bangsamoro Organic Law signed into law by President Duterte to
                             abolish the ARMM and provide for the basic structure of
                             government for the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region, subject to
                             local plebiscites held on 21 Jan and 6 Feb 2019.
25 Jan 2019                Cotabato city added to what becomes the Bangsamoro Autonomous
                             Region in Muslim Mindanao (effective 15 Dec 2020).
22 Feb 2019                First members of the Bangsamororo Transition Authority took oath.
26 Feb 2019                Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM)
                             (Filipino: Rehiyong Awtonomo ng Bangsamoro sa Muslim Mindanao).
29 Mar 2019                Inauguration of the new Bangsamoro regional government.
27 May 2021                Maguindanao divided into Maguindanao del Norte and Maguindanao
                             del Sur provinces (effective 17 Sep 2022).

Commander of the Military District of Mindanao and Jolo
(subordinated to the commanders of the Division of the Philippines)
30 Oct 1899 - 20 Mar 1900  John Coalter Bates                 (b. 1842 - d. 1919) 
Commanders of the Military Department of Mindanao and Jolo
(subordinated to the commanders of the Division of the Philippines)
20 Mar 1900 - 31 Aug 1901  William August Kobbé               (b. 1841 - d. 1932)
31 Aug 1901 - 10 Jul 1902  George Whitefield Davis            (b. 1839 - d. 1918)
10 Jul 1902 - 30 Sep 1902  Samuel Storrow Sumner              (b. 1842 - d. 1937)
Commanders of the Military Department of Mindanao
(subordinated to the commanders of the Philippines Division)
 1 Oct 1902 - 30 Jun 1903  Samuel Storrow Sumner              (s.a.)
 1 Jul 1903 -  6 Aug 1903  William Miller Wallace (acting)    (b. 1844 - d. 1924)
 6 Aug 1903 - 14 Oct 1904  Leonard Wood (1st time)            (b. 1860 - d. 1927)
14 Oct 1904 - 15 Nov 1904  Philip Reade (acting)              (b. 1844 - d. 1919)
15 Nov 1904 - 31 May 1905  Leonard Wood (2nd time)            (s.a.)
31 May 1095 -  6 Jun 1905  Thomas Coverly Lebo (acting)       (b. 1842 - d. 1910)
 6 Jun 1905 -  1 Jul 1905  Henry Wygant (acting)              (b. 1850 - d. 1918)
 1 Jul 1905 - 25 Sep 1905  James A. Buchanan (1st time)       (b. 1843 - d. 1926)
25 Sep 1905 - 29 Sep 1905  Joseph F. Huston (acting)          (b. 1852 - d. 1917)
29 Sep 1905 - 21 Dec 1905  James A. Buchanan (2nd time)       (s.a.)
21 Dec 1905 - 12 Apr 1906  Leonard Wood (3rd time)            (s.a.)
12 Apr 1906 -  5 Apr 1909  Tasker Howard Bliss                (b. 1853 - d. 1930)
 5 Apr 1909 -  6 Sep 1909  Ralph Wilson Hoyt                  (b. 1849 - d. 1920)
 7 Sep 1909 -  4 Oct 1909  Thomas Childs Woodbury (interim)   (b. 1850 - d. 1911)
 5 Oct 1909 - 10 Nov 1909  Charles A. Williams (interim)      (b. 1852 - d. 1926)
11 Nov 1909 - 15 Dec 1913  John Joseph Pershing               (b. 1860 - d. 1948)
Governors of the Moro Province
(subordinated to the governors/governors-general of the Philippines)
25 Jul 1903 - 12 Apr 1906  Leonard Wood                       (s.a.)
26 Apr 1906 -  5 Apr 1909  Tasker Howard Bliss                (s.a.)
 5 Apr 1909 -  6 Sep 1909  Ralph Wilson Hoyt (acting)         (s.a.)
 6 Sep 1909 - 11 Nov 1909  Charles Baldwin Hagadorn (acting)  (b. 1866 - d. 1918)
11 Nov 1909 - 15 Dec 1913  John Joseph Pershing               (s.a.)
15 Dec 1913 - 23 Jul 1914  Frank Watson Carpenter             (b. 1870 - d. 1938)
Governor of the Department of Mindanao and Sulu
(subordinated to the governors-general of the Philippines)
23 Jul 1914 -  5 May 1920  Frank Watson Carpenter             (s.a.) 
Directors of the Bureau of Non-Christian Tribes
(subordinated to the Philippines Department of the Interior)
1920 - 15 Nov 1920         Teofisto Guingona, Sr. (1st time)  (b. 1883 - d. 1963)
15 Nov 1920 - 1921         Teodoro M. Kalaw (acting)          (b. 1884 - d. 1940)
1921 - 1925                Jose Gorgonio Sanvictores          (b. 1887 - d. 1979)
1925 -  1 Sep 1931         Ludovico Hidrosollo                (b. 1885 - d. 1962)
19 Sep 1931 - 24 Oct 1936  Teofisto Guingona, Sr. (2nd time)  (s.a.)
Commissioners for Mindanao and Sulu
(with the rank of Undersecretary in the Department of the Interior and Labor)
24 Oct 1936 - 31 Dec 1936  Teofisto Guingona, Sr. (acting)    (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1937 - 18 Apr 1939  Marcial Kasilag y Mendoza          (b. 1881 - d. 19..)  PDN
18 Apr 1939 -  4 Feb 1944  Teofisto Guingona, Sr. (1st time)  (s.a.)               PDN
 4 Feb 1944 - 29 Aug 1945  Paulino Torres Santos              (b. 1890 - d. 1945)  Mil  
1945 - 1950                Teofisto Guingona, Sr. (2nd time)  (s.a.)               PDN
President of the Federal Republic of Mindanao
 4 Oct 1990 -  6 Oct 1990  Alexander Noble (in rebellion)                          Mil
Governors of the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao
 6 Nov 1990 - Apr 1993     Zacaria A. Candao                  (b. 1952?)           Lakas-CMD
Apr 1993 - 30 Sep 1996     Lininding P. Pangandaman           (b. 1933? - d. 2013) Lakas-CMD
30 Sep 1996 - 27 Dec 2001  Nur Misuari                        (b. 1939)            Lakas-CMD
                             (suspended from 22 Nov 2001)
22 Nov 2001 - 27 Dec 2001  Alvarez S. Isnaji                  (b. 1946)            Lakas-CMD
                             (acting for suspended Misuari) 
27 Dec 2001 - 30 Sep 2005  Parouk Hussin                      (b. 1944)            Lakas-CMD
30 Sep 2005 - 10 Dec 2009  Zaldy Uy Ampatuan                  (b. 1967)            Lakas-CMD
                             (arrested 5 Dec 2009)
10 Dec 2009 - 22 Dec 2011  Ansaruddin Malik Alonto Adiong                          Lakas-CMD
                             (acting [for Ampatuan to 10 Dec 2009])
22 Dec 2011 - 22 Feb 2019  Mujiv Sabbihi Hataman              (b. 1972)            PL
                             (officer-in-charge to 30 Jun 2013)
Walis (Governors) of the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao
29 Mar 2019 -  5 Feb 2023  Sheikh Khalifa Usman Nando         (b. 1941? - d. 2023)  MILF
 5 Feb 2023 -  1 Mar 2023  Vacant
 1 Mar 2023 - 13 May 2024  Omarkhalid A. Ampatuan (acting)
                             (officer-in-charge)
13 May 2024 -              Sheikh Muslim M. Guiamaden         (b. 1963)             MILF

Chief minister of the Bangsamoro Transition Authority
22 Feb 2019 -              Al-Hajj Murad Balawag Ebrahim      (b. 1949)             UBJP

Party abbreviations: AMIN = Anak Mindanao (Mindanao based party-list); Lakas-CMD = Lakas-Demokratikong Kristiyano at Muslim (People's Power - Christian Muslim Democrats, centrist, christian/islamic democracy, 2008-2012 named Lakas-Kampi-CMD, est.1991); MILF = Moro Islamic Liberation Front (Jabhat Tahrir Moro al-Islamiyyah, Moro self-determinism, split from MNLF, est.1977); MNLF = Moro National Liberation Front (Moro regionalist, Muslim separatist, est.1972); PL = Partido Liberal ng Pilipinas (Liberal Party of the Philippines, centrist, split from PN, est.1946); UBJP = United Bangsamoro Justice Party (Islamic democratic, Moro self-determinism, political wing of MILF, est.May 2015);
- Former parties: PDN = Partido Democrata Nacional (Democrat Nationalist Party, est.2 Apr 1914)

18 Aug 1908                Mountain Province established by the Philippine Commission with
                             the enactment of Act No. 1876 (Ifugao, which was part of Nueva
                             Vizcaya province, and the former Spanish comandancias of
                             Amburayan, Apayao, Benguet, Bontoc, Kalinga and Lepanto, were
                             annexed to the newly created province as sub-provinces;
                             [Amburayan is abolished in 1920 and its territories are
                             transferred to the provinces of Ilocos Sur and La Union]).
18 Jun 1966                Mountain Province divided into the provinces of Benguet, Mountain
                             Province, Ifugao and Kalinga-Apayao by Republic Act No. 4695.
22 Jun 1973                Components of old Mountain Province are joined to Region 1
                             (Ilocos Region) and Region 2 (Cagayan Valley).
 9 Jun 1987                Interim Cordillera Regional Administration (ICRA).
15 Jul 1987                Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) created as a special
                             temporary administrative region while waiting for ongoing efforts
                             for the establishment of an autonomous region by Executive Order
                             220 (Ilocano: Rehion/Deppaar Administratibo ti Kordiliera;
                             Tagalog: Rehiyong Pampangasiwaan ng Cordillera)(comprising the
                             provinces of Abra, Benguet, Ifugao, Kalinga-Apayao, Mountain
                             province, and Baguio city).
 9 Apr 1988                First session of the Cordillera Executive Board held.
30 Jan 1990                Plebiscite vote rejects creation of an autonomous region (only
                             Ifugao voted for autonomy), 223,522 vote No and only 60,697 Yes.
30 Mar 1990                Cordillera Autonomous Region, with Ifugao as the sole province,
                             created by Administrative Order No. 160, s. 1990 (canceled by the
                             Philippines Supreme Court on 5 Dec 1990).
14 Feb 1995                Kalinga-Apayao split into two separate regular provinces (by
                             Republic Act No. 7878, approved by plebiscite 8 May 1995).
 7 Mar 1998                Second plebiscite rejects autonomy statute (only Apayao voted for
                             autonomy), 324,277 vote No vs. 134,847 Yes.

Executive Directors of the Cordillera Executive Board
 9 Apr 1988 - 1989         Ronald Cosalan (acting)                                 PL
1989                       Sergio R. Kawi                     (b. 1946? - d. 2006)
1989 - 1990                Augustus U. Saboy                  (b. 1928 - d. 2002)
1990 - 20 Aug 1991         Andres R. Bugnosen                 (b. 1928 - d. 2011)
Chairmen of the Regional Development Council of Cordillera Administrative Region
(also chairmen of the Cordillera Executive Board 1991-2001)
20 Aug 1991 - Nov 1991     Andres R. Bugnosen                 (s.a.)
                             (executive director)
Nov 1991 - 199.            Hilarion "Abe" Luis Pawid, Jr.
c.1998 - 200.              Gaspar "Gary" Anuman Cayat
Jan 2002 - Oct 2004        Raul M. Molintas                   (b. 1957)            NPC
Oct 2004 - 2007            Maximo B. Dalog                    (b. 1946)            PL
2007 - 30 Jun 2007         Rosette Yñiguez Lerias (f)         (b. 1945)
 1 Jul 2007 -  2 Dec 2010  Juan B. Ngalob (acting)
 2 Dec 2010 - 13 Aug 2014  Jocel C. Baac                      (b. 1961)            PL
13 Aug 2014 - 30 Mar 2017  Eustaquio P. Bersamin              (b. 1947)            PL
30 Mar 2017 - 30 Aug 2019  Mauricio "Morris" G. Domogan       (b. 1946)            UNA
30 Aug 2019 - 28 Oct 2019  Benjamin "Benjie" Banez Magalong   (b. 1960)            NPC
28 Oct 2019 - 2022         Jocelyn "Joy" Valera Bernos (f)    (b. 1977)            NUP
2022 - 22 Nov 2022         Susan A. Sumbeling (f) (acting)
22 Nov 2022 -              Elias Cayaba Bulut, Jr.            (b. 1970)            NPC

Party abbreviations: NPC = Nationalist People's Coalition (conservative, est.1992); NU = National Unity Party (christian democratic, est.4 Feb 2011, split from  Lakas Kampi CMD); PL = Partido Liberal ng Pilipinas (Liberal Party of the Philippines, center-left, est.1945); UNA = United Nationalist Alliance (nationalist, center-right, est.1 Jul 2015)

 

Capital: Kuta Wato (Cotabato)

Population: N/A

c.1520                     Sultanate of Maguindanao 
15 May 1845 - 1898         Under Spanish suzerainty.
30 Oct 1899                Under U.S. suzerainty, part of Philippines.
 4 Jul 1946                Part of independent Philippines.

Sultans
1699 - 10 Aug 1702         Maulana Kaharuddin Kudai            (d. 1702)
1702 - 1736                Bayan ul Anwar                      (d. 1745)
1711 - Mar 1733            Jaafar Sadiq Manamir                (d. 1733)
                             [pretender]
1733 - 1736                Tahiruddin Malinug
1736 - 1775                Pakir Maulana Khairuddin Hamza
1775 - 1780                Muhammad Paharuddin
1780 - 1805                Muhammad Amir ul Omra Azimuddin
                             Sikandar Sul Karnain bin Pakir
                             Maulana
1805 - 1830                Kawasa Anwaruddin bin Muhammad
                             Amirul Omra
1830 - 1854                Sikandar Kudratullah Muhammad       (d. 1854)
                             Jamalul Azam bin Raja Tiwa
1854 - 1857                Datu Amirul Intirinu Musa -Regent
1857 - 1883                Muhammad Makakwa bin Datu Intirinu  (d. 1883)
1883 - 1888                Muhammad Jalaluddin Pablu bin       (d. 1888)
                             Muhammad Makakwa 
1888 - 1906                Rajah Putri (f) -Regent
1906 - 1926                Muhammad Mangigin bin Datu          (d. 1926)
1926 - 1938                Iskandar Hijaban Mastura
1938 - 1991                Ismael bin Kalug
1991 -  8 Jun 2000         Muhammad Gutierrez bin Baraguir     (b. 19.. - d. 2000)
 8 Jun 2000 - 11 Jan 2006  Amir bin Muhammad Baraguir          (b. 1960 - d. 2006)

af.1668                    Sultanate of Buayan Darussalam 
22 Oct 1905                State ceases to exist.
26 Jan 2005                Recognized by the Philippines

Sultans
.... - 1872                Bangon Marajanun                    (d. 1872)
1872 - 1875                Bayao
1875 - 1899                Anwaruddin Uto                      (b. 18.. - d. 1902)
1899 - 22 Oct 1905         Dato Ali                            (b. 18.. - d. 1905)
1940 -  4 Jan 1986         Dato Kudanding Camsa                (b. 1890 - d. 1986)
 1 Oct 1990 - 30 Aug 2007  Akmad Utto Camsa                    (b. 1945 - d. 2007)
28 Jun 2008 -              Muhammad Amil Kusain Utto Camsa     (b. 1955)

c.15th cent. - 19th cent.

Flag from 19th cent. c.1850

War Flag c.1900

c.1380                     Islamic scholar Karim ul-Makhdum arrived in Simunul island
                             from Malacca.
17 Nov 1405                Sultanate of Sulu (Basilan, Palawan and Tawi-Tawi 
                             islands and part of Sabah [North Borneo]) founded.
c.1405 - 1578              Under suzerainty of Brunei.
21 Feb 1876                Spanish occupy Jolo.
22 Jan 1878                Agreement signed between the Sultanate of Sulu and British                              commercial syndicate (Alfred Dent and Baron de Overbeck), which
                             stipulated that North Borneo was either ceded or leased
                             (depending on translation used) to the British in return for
                             payment of five thousand malayan dollars per year (see Sabah: 
                             under Malaysian states).
22 Jul 1878                Under Spanish suzerainty.
 7 Mar 1885                By the Madrid Protocol of 1885 Spain renounced nominal claims
                             of the Sultan of Sulu (Jolo) over North Borneo.
30 Oct 1899                Under U.S. suzerainty.
22 Mar 1915                Part of Philippines (except regarding suzerainty over Sabah: 
                             see Malaysian states), by so called "Carpenter Agreement."
 4 Jul 1946                Part of independent Philippines.

Sultans
c.1685 - 1710              Sahabuddin
c.1710 - 1718              Mustafa Sharafuddin 
1718? - 1734               Badaruddin I                          (d. 1740)
1734 - 1735                Muhammad Nassaruddin III              (d. 1753) 
1735 - 1748                Muhammad Alimuddin I (1st time)
1748 - 1763                Muhammad Muizuddin                    (d. 1763) 
1763 - 1773                Muhammad Alimuddin I (2nd time)
1773 - 1778                Muhammad Israil                       (d. 1778)
1778 - 1789                Muhammad Azimuddin II
1789 - 1805                Muhammad Sharafuddin bin Sultan       (d. 1805)
                             Muhammad Azimuddin
1805                       Muhammad Azimuddin III bin Sultan     (d. 1805) 
                             Muhammad Sharafuddin
1805 - 1808                Aliyuddin I bin Sultan Muhammad 
                             Sharafuddin
1808 - 1823                Shakirullah bin Sultan Muhammad       (d. 1823)
                             Sharafuddin
1823 - 1842                Jamalul Kiram I bin Sultan Muhammad   (d. 1842)
                             Azimuddin
1842 - 24 Sep 1862         Muhammad Fazlul Kahir bin Sultan      (d. 1862)
                             Jamalul Kiram
24 Sep 1862 - 7/8 Apr 1881 Muhammad Jamalul Azam bin Sultan      (d. 1881)
                             Muhammad Fazlul Kahir
 8 Apr 1881 - 22 Feb 1884  Muhammad Badaruddin II bin Sultan     (d. 1884)
                             Muhammad Jamalul Azam
1884 - 1886                Muhammad Amirul Kiram bin Sultan      (b. 1863/70 - d. 1936)
                             Muhammad Jamalul Azam
11 Mar 1884 - 1887         Aliyuddin II bin Datu Israil          (d. 1891)
                             (rival sultan)
24 Sep 1886 - 1894         Muhammad Harunur Rashid bin Datu      (d. 1899)
                             Dakula 
                            (at Palawan as "Sultan Jubilado of Palawan" to 1899)
1894 -  7 Jun 1936         Muhammad Jamalul Kiram II bin         (b. 18.. - d. 1936)
                             Sultan Muhammad Jamalul Azam 
                             (rival sultan from 1886)
 7 Jun 1936 - 20 Nov 1936  Muwallil Wasit II bin Sultan          (d. 1936)
                             Muhammad Jamalul Azam
29 Jan 1937 - 1950         Zainal Abidin bin Uyung               (b. c.1880 - d. 1950)
                             (rival with following) 
29 Jan 1937 - 1950         Amirul Omra II (rival with preceding) (d. 1967)
1950 - 1974                Muhammad Ismael Kiram I               (d. 1974)
24 May 1974 - 16 Feb 1986  Muhammad Mahakuttah Abdulla Kiram     (d. 1986)
1980 - 1983                Muhammad Punjungan Kiram
                             (rival with Abdulla Kiram)
1983                       Abirin (Aguimuddin)
                             (rival with Abdulla Kiram)
1983 - 12 Mar 2001         Jamalul Dalus Strattan Kiram III      (b. 1938 - d. 2013)
                             (1st time)(rival with Abdulla Kiram)
12 Mar 2001 - 19 Sep 2015  Ismael Kiram II (co-ruler 2012-2013)  (b. 1939 - d. 2015)
11 Nov 2012 - 20 Oct 2013  Jamalul Dalus Strattan Kiram III      (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)

Spanish Governors of Sulu
Mar 1876 -  1 Oct 1876     Pascual Cervera y Topete              (b. 1839 - d. 1909) 
 1 Oct 1876 - 31 Dec 1876  Eduardo Fernández Bremon (1st time)
                             (acting)   
31 Dec 1876 - 28 Sep 1877  José Paulín (1st time) 
28 Sep 1877 -  3 Feb 1880  Carlos Martínez y Romero 
 3 Feb 1880 - 15 Nov 1881  Rafael González de Rivera 
15 Nov 1881 - 29 Apr 1882  Isidro Gutiérrez Soto 
29 Apr 1882 -  2 Jun 1882  José Paulín (2nd time) 
 2 Jun 1882 -  1 Oct 1882  Eduardo Fernández Bremon (2nd time) 
 1 Oct 1882 - 23 Jul 1885  Julian González Parrado               (b. 1841 - d. 1916) 
23 Jul 1885 - Jan 1886     Francisco Castilla 
Jan 1886 - 1893            Juan Arolas
1893                       Cesar Mattos 
1893 - 1896                Venancio Hernández Fernández          (b. 1839 - d. 1904)
1896 - May 1899            Luís Huerta