Pakistan

Map of Pakistan Hear National Anthem "Qaumī Tarāna" (National Anthem)" Adopted 13 Aug 1954 (de facto from 10 Aug 1950) Former National Anthem "Tarāna-e-Pakistan" (Long Live Pakistan) (14 Aug 1947-13 Aug 1949) (interim) Constitution (10 Aug 1973 [suspended 5 Jul 1977 - 30 Dec 1985, 15 Oct 1999 - 31 Dec 2002, 3 Nov 2007 - 15 Dec 2007]) ------------------------------------- Former Constitution (23 Mar 1956 - 7 Oct 1958) Capital: Islamabad (Karachi 1947 - 1 Aug 1960; Rawalpindi [provisional] 1 Aug 1960 - 14 Aug 1967; Legislative Capital: Dhaka 1962-1971) Currency: Pakistani Rupee (PKR)  National Holidays: 14 Aug (1947) Yāum-e-Āzādi (Independence Day) ---------------------------------- 23 Mar (1956) Yāum-e-Pakistan (Pakistan Day) Population: 247,653,551  (2003) GDP: $1.06 trillion (2017) Exports: $32.8 billion (2017) Imports: $63.1 billion (2017) Ethnic groups: Punjabi 52.6%, Pashtun (Pathan) 13.2%, Sindhi 11.7%, Muhajir (Urdu-speaking immigrants from India at the time of partition and their descendants) 7.5%, Balochi 4.3%,  other 10.7% (2000) Total Active Armed Forces: 617,000 (2010) Declared Nuclear Power (1998): est. 165 weapons (2021) Merchant marine: 53 ships (2018) Religions: Muslim (official) 96.4% (Sunni 85-90%, Shia 10-15%), other (includes Christian and Hindu) 3.6% (2010) International Organizations/Treaties: ADB, AIIB, ANT, APA, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BTWC, C, CD (observer), CERN (associate), CICA, CP, CWC, D-8, ECO, ESCR, FAO, G-11, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, IRENA, ISA, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, LAIA (observer), MIGA, Moon, NAM, NATO (global partner), NTBT, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, OST, PCA, SAARC, SACEP, SCO, UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-KP, UNFCC-PA, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Pakistan Index Chronology 15 Aug 1947                Independence (previously part of British India)                             (Pakistan)(style Dominion of Pakistan, in occasional                              official use, had no Constitutional status). 23 Mar 1956                Islamic Republic of Pakistan (Islami Jumhuriyya-yi                              Pakistan = Islami Jumhuriyat-e Pakistan).  23 Mar 1956                Urdu and Bengali state languages by the Constitution                              of 1956 (with English to continue in official use                              for a 20-year time span).  8 Dec 1958                Gwadar enclave sold to Pakistan by Oman.  8 Jun 1962                Republic of Pakistan (Jumhuriyya-yi Pakistan =                              Jumhuriyat-e Pakistan). 16 Jan 1964                Islamic Republic of Pakistan (Islami Jumhuriyya-yi                              Pakistan = to 14 Aug 1973 Islami Jumhuriyat-e                              Pakistan). 26 Mar 1971                East Pakistan secedes as Bangladesh. Azad Kashmir Provinces Princely States Gwadar (Gwadur) (1784-1958)  Ethnoliguistic map of Pakistan

King/Queen¹
15 Aug 1947 - 23 Mar 1956  the King/Queen of the United Kingdom
Governors-general (representing the British monarch as head of state)
15 Aug 1947 - 11 Sep 1948  Mohammad Ali Jinnah                (b. 1876 - d. 1948)  ML
                             (from 15 Aug 1947, with title Quaid-i-Azam ["Great Leader"])
11 Sep 1948 - 14 Sep 1948  Vacant
14 Sep 1948 - 19 Oct 1951  Sir Khwaja Nazimuddin              (b. 1894 - d. 1964)  ML
                             (acting to 12 Nov 1948)
19 Oct 1951 -  6 Oct 1955  Malik Ghulam Mohammad              (b. 1895 - d. 1956)  ML
 7 Aug 1955 - 23 Mar 1956  Iskandar Ali Mirza                 (b. 1899 - d. 1969)  Non-party
                             (acting for absent Mohammad to 6 Oct 1955)
Presidents
23 Mar 1956 - 27 Oct 1958  Iskandar Ali Mirza                 (s.a.)               RP
27 Oct 1958 - 25 Mar 1969  Mohammad Ayub Khan                 (b. 1907 - d. 1974) Mil;1962 CML
25 Mar 1969 - 20 Dec 1971  Agha Mohammad Yahya Khan           (b. 1917 - d. 1980)  Mil
                             (chief martial law administrator to 31 Mar 1969
                             [retroactive to 25 Mar 1969])
20 Dec 1971 - 14 Aug 1973  Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto                (b. 1928 - d. 1979)  PPP
                             (also chief martial law administrator to 14 Apr 1972)
14 Aug 1973 - 16 Sep 1978  Fazal Ilahi Chaudhri               (b. 1904 - d. 1982)  PPP
16 Sep 1978 - 17 Aug 1988  Mohammad Zia-ul-Haq                (b. 1924 - d. 1988)  Mil
17 Aug 1988 - 18 Jul 1993  Ghulam Ishaq Khan                  (b. 1915 - d. 2006)  Non-party
                             (acting to 13 Dec 1988)
18 Jul 1993 - 14 Nov 1993  Wasim Sajjad (1st time) (acting)   (b. 1941)            PML-N
14 Nov 1993 -  2 Dec 1997  Farooq Ahmed Leghari               (b. 1940 - d. 2010)  PPP
 2 Dec 1997 -  1 Jan 1998  Wasim Sajjad (2nd time) (acting)   (s.a.)               PML-N
 1 Jan 1998 - 20 Jun 2001  Mohammad Rafiq Tarar               (b. 1929 - d. 2022)  PML-N
20 Jun 2001 - 18 Aug 2008  Pervez Musharraf                   (b. 1943 - d. 2023) Mil;2007 Ind
18 Aug 2008 -  9 Sep 2008  Mohammad Mian Soomro (acting)      (b. 1950)            PML-Q
 9 Sep 2008 -  8 Sep 2013  Asif Ali Zardari (1st time)        (b. 1955)            PPP
 9 Sep 2013 -  9 Sep 2018  Mamnoon Hussain                    (b. 1940 - d. 2021)  PML-N
 9 Sep 2018 - 10 Mar 2024  Arif-ur-Rehman Alvi                (b. 1949)            PTI
10 Mar 2024 -              Asif Ali Zardari (2nd time)        (s.a.)               PPP 
 

Prime ministers
19 Jul 1947 - 16 Oct 1951  Liaquat Ali Khan                   (b. 1895 - d. 1951)  ML
17 Oct 1951 - 17 Apr 1953  Khwaja Nazimuddin                  (s.a.)               ML
17 Apr 1953 - 11 Aug 1955  Mohammad Ali Bogra                 (b. 1909 - d. 1963)  ML
11 Aug 1955 - 12 Sep 1956  Chaudhry Mohammad Ali              (b. 1905 - d. 1980)  ML
12 Sep 1956 - 17 Oct 1957  Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy          (b. 1893 - d. 1963)  AL
17 Oct 1957 - 16 Dec 1957  Ismail Ibrahim Chundrigar          (b. 1897 - d. 1960)  ML
16 Dec 1957 -  7 Oct 1958  Malik Firoz Khan Nun               (b. 1893 - d. 1970)  RP
 7 Oct 1958 - 28 Oct 1958  Mohammad Ayub Khan                 (s.a.)               Mil
                             (chief martial law administrator to 24 Oct 1958)
28 Oct 1958 -  7 Dec 1971  President's rule
 7 Dec 1971 - 20 Dec 1971  Nurul Amin                         (b. 1893 - d. 1974)  PPP
14 Aug 1973 -  5 Jul 1977  Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto                (s.a.)               PPP
 5 Jul 1977 - 24 Mar 1985  Mohammad Zia-ul-Haq                (s.a.)               Mil
                             (chief martial law administrator)
24 Mar 1985 - 29 May 1988  Mohammad Khan Junejo               (b. 1932 - d. 1993) Ind;1986 PML
 9 Jun 1988 - 17 Aug 1988  Mohammad Zia-ul-Haq (1st time)     (s.a.)               Mil
 2 Dec 1988 -  6 Aug 1990  Benazir Bhutto (f) (1st time)      (b. 1953 - d. 2007)  PPP
 6 Aug 1990 -  6 Nov 1990  Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi (interim)     (b. 1931 - d. 2009)  NPP
 6 Nov 1990 - 18 Apr 1993  Mohammad Nawaz Sharif (1st time)   (b. 1949)            PML-N
18 Apr 1993 - 26 May 1993  Balakh Sher Mazari (interim)       (b. 1928 - d. 2022)  Non-party
26 May 1993 - 18 Jul 1993  Mohammad Nawaz Sharif (2nd time)   (s.a.)               PML-N
18 Jul 1993 - 19 Oct 1993  Moeen Qureshi (interim)            (b. 1930 - d. 2016)  Non-party
19 Oct 1993 -  5 Nov 1996  Benazir Bhutto (f) (2nd time)      (s.a.)               PPP
 5 Nov 1996 - 17 Feb 1997  Malik Miraj Khalid (interim)       (b. 1916 - d. 2003)  Non-party
17 Feb 1997 - 12 Oct 1999  Mohammad Nawaz Sharif (3rd time)   (s.a.)               PML-N
12 Oct 1999 - 23 Nov 2002  Pervez Musharraf                   (s.a.)               Mil
                             (de facto to 14 Oct 1999; from 14 Oct 1999 chief executive)
23 Nov 2002 - 30 Jun 2004  Mir Zafarullah Khan Jamali         (b. 1944 - d. 2020)  PML-Q
30 Jun 2004 - 28 Aug 2004  Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain           (b. 1945)            PML-Q
28 Aug 2004 - 16 Nov 2007  Shaukat Aziz                       (b. 1949)            PML-Q
16 Nov 2007 - 25 Mar 2008  Mohammadmian Soomro (interim)      (s.a.)               PML-Q
25 Mar 2008 - 19 Jun 2012  Yousaf Raza Gillani                (b. 1952)            PPP
22 Jun 2012 - 25 Mar 2013  Raja Pervez Ashraf                 (b. 1950)            PPP
25 Mar 2013 -  5 Jun 2013  Mir Hazar Khan Khoso (interim)     (b. 1929 - d. 2021)  Non-party
 5 Jun 2013 - 28 Jul 2017  Mohammad Nawaz Sharif (4th time)   (s.a.)               PML-N
 1 Aug 2017 -  1 Jun 2018  Shahid Khaqan Abbasi               (b. 1958)            PML-N
 1 Jun 2018 - 18 Aug 2018  Nasirul Mulk                       (b. 1950)            Non-party
18 Aug 2018 - 11 Apr 2022  Imran Ahmad Khan Niazi             (b. 1952)            PTI
11 Apr 2022 - 14 Aug 2023  Mian Mohammad Shehbaz Sharif       (b. 1951)            PML-N
                             (1st time)
14 Aug 2023 -  4 Mar 2024  Anwar-ul-Haq Kakar (interim)       (b. 1971)            Non-party
 4 Mar 2024 -              Mian Mohammad Shehbaz Sharif       (s.a.)               PML-N
                             (2nd time)

 ¹The style of the ruler was:
(a) 15 Aug 1947 - 6 Feb 1952: "By the Grace of God, of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India"; the title "Emperor of India" was dropped as of 15 Aug 1947 by retroactive proclamation dated 22 Jun 1948.;
(b) 6 Feb 1952 - 29 May 1953: "By the Grace of God, of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas Queen, Defender of the Faith";
(c) 29 May 1953 - 23 Mar 1956: "Queen of the United Kingdom and of Her other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth."

Territorial Disputes: Various talks and confidence-building measures cautiously have begun to defuse tensions over Kashmir, particularly since the Oct 2005 earthquake in the region; Kashmir nevertheless remains the site of the world's largest and most militarized territorial dispute with portions under the de facto administration of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas); UN Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan has maintained a small group of peacekeepers since 1949; India does not recognize Pakistan's ceding historic Kashmir lands to China in 1964; India and Pakistan have maintained their 2004 cease-fire in Kashmir and initiated discussions on defusing the armed standoff in the Siachen glacier region; Pakistan protests India's fencing the highly militarized Line of Control and construction of the Baglihar Dam on the Chenab River in Jammu and Kashmir, which is part of the larger dispute on water sharing of the Indus River and its tributaries; to defuse tensions and prepare for discussions on a maritime boundary, India and Pakistan seek technical resolution of the disputed boundary in Sir Creek estuary at the mouth of the Rann of Kutch in the Arabian Sea; Pakistani maps continue to show the Junagadh claim in India's Gujarat State; since 2002, with UN assistance, Pakistan has repatriated 3.8 million Afghan refugees, leaving about 2.6 million; Pakistan has sent troops across and built fences along some remote tribal areas of its treaty-defined Durand Line border with Afghanistan, which serve as bases for foreign terrorists and other illegal activities; Afghan, Coalition, and Pakistan military meet periodically to clarify the alignment of the boundary on the ground and on maps.

Party abbreviations (political parties banned 7 Oct 1958-8 Jun 1962, 26 Mar 1969-30 Mar 1970, 1 Mar 1978-2 Oct 1988): Ind = Independent; NPP = National Peoples Party (social-democratic, split from PPP, merged into PML-Q 2004-08, est.1986); PML-N = Pakistani Muslim League-Nawaz (center-right, conservative, PML Nawaz Sharif faction, split from PML, est.1988); PML-Q = Pakistan Muslim League Quaid-e-Azam (liberal conservative, PML dissidents, nationalist, pro-Musharraf to 2010, as united Pakistan Muslim League [PML] May 2004-2008, split from PML-N, est.30 Jul 2002); PPP = Pakistan Peoples Party (Islamic socialist, populist, est.30 Nov 1967); PTI = Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (Pakistan Movement for Justice, centrist, nationalist, populist, Imran Khan personalist, est.25 Apr 1996); Mil = Military;
- Former parties: AL = Awami League (People's Muslim League, pro-East Pakistan autonomy, Bangala nationalist, 1949-1975); CML = Convention Muslim League (PML dissidents supporting Ayub Khan, split from PML, 1962-1969); ML = Muslim League (Pakistan nationalist, former All India Muslim League, Aug 1947-Oct 1958); MMA = Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal (United Council of Action, Islamist, coalition of religious parties, incl. JUI-F, Jamaat-e-Islami and JUP, 2002-2008); PML = Pakistan Muslim League (successor to ML, divided into many factions, 1962-1988); RP = Republican Party (supported creation of West Pakistan province, split from ML, Oct 1955-1958)